Human brain functions. Brain: structure and functions

The brain is part of the central nervous system, main regulator everyone vital functions body. As a result of its defeat, serious illnesses. The brain contains 25 billion neurons that make up the cerebral gray matter. The brain is covered by three membranes - hard, soft and arachnoid, located between them, through the channels of which cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates. Liquor is a kind of hydraulic shock absorber. The brain of an adult man weighs on average 1375 g, a woman - 1245 g. However, this does not mean that it is better developed in men. Sometimes the weight of the brain can reach 1800 g.

Structure

The brain consists of 5 main sections: the telencephalon, diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain and medulla oblongata. The telencephalon makes up 80% of the total mass of the brain. He reached out from frontal bone to the occipital. The telencephalon consists of two hemispheres, in which there are many grooves and convolutions. It is divided into several lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital). There is a distinction between the subcortex and the cerebral cortex. The subcortex consists of subcortical nuclei that regulate various functions body. The brain is located in three cranial fossae. The large hemispheres occupy the anterior and middle fossae, and the posterior fossa is the cerebellum, under which the medulla oblongata is located.

Functions

The functions of different parts of the brain are different.

Finite brain

There are about 10 billion neurons in the gray cortex. They make up only a 3-mm layer, but their nerve fibers are branched like a network. Each neuron can have up to 10,000 contacts with other neurons. Part nerve fibers through corpus callosum The cerebrum connects the right and left hemispheres. Neurons make up gray matter, and fibers make up white matter. Inside the cerebral hemispheres, between the frontal lobes and the diencephalon, there are accumulations of gray matter. These are the basal ganglia. Ganglia are collections of neurons that transmit information.

Diencephalon

The diencephalon is divided into ventral (hypothalamus) and dorsal (thalamus, metathalamus, epithalamus) parts. The thalamus is a mediator in which all irritations received from the outside world converge and are sent to the cerebral hemispheres so that the body can adequately adapt to the constantly changing environment. The hypothalamus is the main subcortical center for regulating the autonomic functions of the body.

Midbrain

Extends from the anterior edge of the pons to the optic tracts and papillary bodies. Consists of the cerebrum and quadrigeminal peduncles. Through midbrain All ascending pathways pass to the cerebral cortex and cerebellum and descending pathways carrying impulses to the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. It is important for processing nerve impulses coming from visual and auditory receptors.

Cerebellum and pons

The cerebellum is located in the occipital region behind the medulla oblongata and the pons. It consists of two hemispheres and a worm between them. The surface of the cerebellum is dotted with grooves. The cerebellum is involved in the coordination of complex motor acts.

Ventricles of the brain

The lateral ventricles are located in the forebrain hemispheres. The third ventricle is located between the optic thalamus and is connected to the fourth ventricle, which communicates with the subarachnoid space. The cerebrospinal fluid located in the ventricles also circulates in the arachnoid mater.

Functions of the cerebrum

Thanks to the work of the brain, a person can think, feel, hear, see, touch, and move. The large (final) brain controls all the vital processes occurring in the human body, and is also the “container” of all our intellectual abilities. What distinguishes humans from the animal world is, first of all, developed speech and the ability for abstract thinking, i.e. the ability to think in moral or logical categories. Only in human consciousness can various ideas arise, for example, political, philosophical, theological, artistic, technical, creative.

In addition, the brain regulates and coordinates the work of all human muscles (both those that a person can control through willpower and those that do not depend on a person’s will, for example, the heart muscle). The muscles receive a series of impulses from the central nervous system, to which the muscles respond by contracting with a certain strength and duration. Impulses enter the brain from various organs feelings, causing the necessary reactions, for example, turning the head in the direction from which the noise is heard.

Left cerebral hemisphere controls the right half of the body, and the right controls the left. The two hemispheres complement each other.

The brain resembles Walnut, there are three large sections in it - the trunk, the subcortical section and the cerebral cortex. The total surface of the cortex increases due to numerous grooves that divide the entire surface of the hemisphere into convex convolutions and lobes. Three main sulci - central, lateral and parieto-occipital - divide each hemisphere into four lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal. Individual areas of the cerebral cortex have different functional significance. The cerebral cortex receives impulses from receptor formations. Each peripheral receptor apparatus in the cortex corresponds to an area called the cortical nucleus of the analyzer. An analyzer is an anatomical and physiological formation that provides perception and analysis of information about phenomena occurring in environment and (or) inside the human body, and forming sensations specific to a particular analyzer (for example, pain, visual, auditory analyzer). The areas of the cortex where the cortical nuclei of the analyzers are located are called the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex. The motor zone of the cerebral cortex interacts with sensory zones; when it is irritated, movement occurs. This can be shown on simple example: when a candle flame approaches, the pain and heat receptors of the fingers begin to send signals, then the neurons of the corresponding analyzer identify these signals as pain caused by a burn, and the muscles are “given the order” to withdraw the hand.

Association zones

Association zones are functional areas of the cerebral cortex. They connect incoming sensory information with previously received and stored in memory, and also compare information received from different receptors. Sensory signals are comprehended, interpreted and, if necessary, transmitted to the associated motor area. Thus, associative zones are involved in the processes of thinking, remembering and learning.

Telencephalon lobes

The telencephalon is divided into the frontal, occipital, temporal and parietal lobes. The frontal lobe contains areas of intelligence, concentration, and motor areas; in the temporal - auditory zones, in the parietal - zones of taste, touch, spatial orientation, and in the occipital - visual zones.

Speech zone

Extensive damage to the left temporal lobe, for example due to severe head trauma and various diseases, as well as after a stroke, are usually accompanied by sensory and motor speech disorders.

The telencephalon is the youngest and most developed part of the brain, which determines a person’s ability to think, feel, speak, analyze, and also controls all processes occurring in the body. The functions of other parts of the brain primarily include control and transmission of impulses, many vital functions - they regulate the exchange of hormones, metabolism, reflexes, etc.

Oxygen is required for the normal functioning of the brain. For example, if during cardiac arrest or trauma carotid artery violated cerebral circulation, then after a few seconds the person loses consciousness, and after 2 minutes the brain cells begin to die.

Functions of the diencephalon

The optic thalamus (thalamus) and hypothalamus (hypothalamus) are parts of diencephalon. Impulses from all receptors in the body enter the nuclei of the thalamus. The received information is processed in the thalamus and sent to the cerebral hemispheres. The thalamus connects to the cerebellum and the so-called limbic system. The hypothalamus regulates autonomic functions body. The influence of the hypothalamus is carried out through the nervous system and glands internal secretion. The hypothalamus is also involved in the regulation of the functions of many endocrine glands and metabolism, as well as in the regulation of body temperature and the activity of the cardiovascular and digestive systems.

Limbic system

The limbic system plays an important role in shaping human emotional behavior. The limbic system includes nerve formations located on the medial side telencephalon. This area has not yet been fully explored. It is assumed that the limbic system and the subthalamus controlled by it are responsible for many of our feelings and desires, for example, under their influence thirst and hunger, fear, aggressiveness, and sexual desire arise.

Brain stem functions

The brainstem is a phylogenetically ancient part of the brain, consisting of the midbrain, hindbrain and medulla oblongata. The midbrain contains the primary visual and auditory centers. With their participation, orienting reflexes to light and sound are carried out. The centers for regulating breathing are located in the medulla oblongata. cardiovascular activity, functions digestive organs, as well as metabolism. The medulla oblongata takes part in the implementation of such reflex acts as chewing, sucking, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting.

Functions of the cerebellum

The cerebellum controls body movements. The cerebellum receives impulses from all receptors that are stimulated during body movements. Cerebellar function may be impaired by drinking alcohol or other substances that cause dizziness. Therefore, under the influence of intoxication, people are not able to normally coordinate their movements. IN last years There is growing evidence that the cerebellum is important in cognitive activity person.

Cranial nerves

Besides spinal cord Twelve cranial nerves are also very important: pairs I and II - olfactory and optic nerves; III, IV VI pairs - oculomotor nerves; V pair -trigeminal nerve- innervates the masticatory muscles; VII - facial nerve- innervates facial muscles, also contains secretory fibers to the lacrimal and salivary glands; VIII pair- vestibulocochlear nerve - connects the organs of hearing, balance and gravity; IX pair - glossopharyngeal nerve- innervates the pharynx and its muscles, parotid gland, taste buds of the tongue; X pair - nervus vagus-divided into a number of branches that innervate the lungs, heart, intestines, and regulate their functions; XI pair - accessory nerve - innervates muscles shoulder girdle. As a result of the merger spinal nerves The XII pair is formed - the hypoglossal nerve - innervates the muscles of the tongue and the hypoglossal apparatus.

The main regulator of the body's functioning is the brain. In this article we will briefly talk about the structure and functions of the parts of the human brain. With the help of this material, you can quickly and easily recall the topics covered in grade 8, prepare Additional information to the lesson.

general characteristics

The brain is one of the constituent organs of the central nervous system. Doctors are still studying it. It consists of 25 billion neurons, which are presented in the form of gray matter.

Rice. 1. Sections of the brain.

In addition, this organ of the nervous system is covered with the following types of membrane:

• soft;
• hard;
• arachnoid (cerebrospinal fluid circulates in it - cerebrospinal fluid, which serves as a kind of shock absorber and protects against impacts).

The brains of men and women differ in their mass. In representatives of the stronger sex, its weight is 100 g more. However mental development does not depend in any way on this indicator.

The functions of generator and impulse transmission are performed by neurons. Inside the brain there are ventricles (cavities), from them to different departments human body paired cranial nerves arise. There are a total of 12 such pairs in the body.

Structure

The main organ of the nervous system consists of three parts:

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• two hemispheres;
• trunk;
• cerebellum.

It also has five departments:

• final, constituting 80% of the mass;
• intermediate;
• rear;
• average;
• oblong.

Each section consists of a specific set of cells (white and gray matter).

White matter is presented in the form of nerve fibers, which can be of three types:

• association - connect cortical areas in one hemisphere;
• commissural - connect the two hemispheres;
• projection - connect the cortex with the underlying formations.

Gray matter consists of neuron nuclei, their functions include the transmission of information.

Rice. 2. Lobes of the cerebral cortex.

The following table will help you understand in more detail the structure and functions of the brain:

Table “Structure and functions of the brain”

Rice. 3. Functions of parts of the brain.

The brainstem consists of the medulla oblongata, midbrain, diencephalon and pons. The trunk is the connecting link between the spinal and head sections of the central nervous system. Its functions include controlling articulate speech, heartbeat and breathing.

What have we learned?

The brain is complex mechanism who directs the work of everyone internal systems body. It consists of five departments, each of which performs certain functions. Without the work of this part of the central nervous system, it is difficult to imagine the vital activity of the entire organism.

Test on the topic

Evaluation of the report

Average rating: 4.6. Total ratings received: 369.

1. Where is the brain located? How is he protected?

The brain is located in the cranial cavity. It is protected by the bones of the skull and three meninges: soft, arachnoid and hard, between which cerebrospinal fluid circulates, which provides shock absorption to the brain, protects it from shocks when the body position changes.

2. What parts does the human brain consist of? What parts make up the brain stem? Reflect this in the form of a general diagram.

3. What are the similarities and differences in the functions of the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord?

The medulla oblongata is a direct continuation of the spinal cord above the foramen magnum and has a structure similar to it. Both the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord have conductive and reflex functions. The difference is in the location in the medulla oblongata of a cluster of nuclei that form the centers of respiration and blood circulation, the centers of some digestive (sucking, swallowing, gastric secretion) and protective (coughing, sneezing, vomiting, blinking) reflexes.

4. Explain why injuries at the junction of the skull and the spine often lead to death. In what situations can this happen?

In case of damage to the articulation of the skull with the spine, the place of transition of the spinal cord into the medulla oblongata is damaged, which means that the paths coming from the centers of respiration and blood circulation of the medulla oblongata are damaged, which leads to instant death. Most often, such injuries occur in car accidents, when, during sudden braking, a person’s head first sharply moves forward and then returns back, while the restrained body remains in place. The head makes a movement similar to the movement of a whip, which is why such fractures are called “whiplash-shaped”.

5. Damage to which part of the brain is associated with impaired facial expression in humans?

The facial nerve, the center of which is located in the pons, is responsible for human facial expressions.

6. How does the cerebellum work? What can damage it lead to?

The cerebellum is located above medulla oblongata and consists of two small lateral hemispheres, the middle part, which is the most ancient and is called the vermis, and three pairs of legs connecting the cerebellum with the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. The cerebellar hemispheres are covered with gray matter (cerebellar cortex), under which there is white matter. The vermis and cerebellar peduncles also consist of white matter. Within the white matter of the cerebellum there are nuclei formed by gray matter. The cerebellar cortex has numerous grooves and convolutions. A cross section of the cerebellum resembles a branching tree, which is why the cerebellar white matter is sometimes called the “cerebellar tree of life.”

The cerebellum ensures the maintenance of muscle tone and body posture, coordinates body movements, making them more accurate and consistent, and controls the maintenance of balance, since the cerebellum receives information from the muscles, tendons, joints and motor centers of the brain. When the cerebellar vermis is destroyed, a person cannot walk or stand, and the sense of balance is impaired. With lesions of the hemispheres, a decrease in muscle tone is observed, severe trembling limbs, impaired accuracy and speed of voluntary movements, fast fatiguability. Oral and written speech is also affected.

7. Which part of the brain is responsible for responding to visual and auditory stimuli?

The quadrigeminal region of the midbrain is responsible for the response to visual and auditory stimuli.

8. In what part of the human brain is the sensation of pain formed?

Supreme center pain sensitivity is the thalamus.

9. Where is the higher center of the autonomic nervous system located?

In the hypothalamus.

10. Which parts of the brain are more developed in humans compared to other vertebrates?

The structure of the brain of almost all vertebrates is similar and consists of 5 sections. Humans are characterized by greater differentiation of the sulci and convolutions of the cerebral hemispheres compared to other vertebrates, and greater development of visual centers, since only humans and primates can see the entire color gamut.

11. Make a summary table “Functions of parts of the brain.”

The brain, of course, is the main part of the human central nervous system.

Scientists estimate that it is only 8% used.

Therefore, its hidden possibilities are limitless and unexplored. Also, no relationship was found between human talents and capabilities. The structure and functions of the brain imply control over all vital functions of the body.

The location of parts of the brain under the protection of strong bones cranium ensures the normal functioning of the body.

Structure

The human brain is reliably protected by strong bones of the skull, and occupies almost the entire space of the cranium. Anatomists conventionally distinguish the following parts of the brain: two hemispheres, the brainstem and the cerebellum.

Another division is also accepted. The parts of the brain are the temporal, frontal lobes, as well as the crown and back of the head.

Its structure is made up of more than one hundred billion neurons. Its normal weight varies greatly, but reaches 1800 grams, in women average a little lower.

The brain consists of gray matter. The cortex consists of the same gray matter formed by almost the entire mass of nerve cells that belong to this organ.

Hidden underneath is white matter, consisting of processes of neurons, which are conductors through which transmissions are transmitted. nerve impulses from the body to the subcortex for analysis, as well as commands from the cortex to parts of the body.

The control areas of the brain are located in the cortex, but they are also found in the white matter. The deep centers are called nuclear.

It represents the structure of the brain; in its depths there is a hollow region consisting of 4 ventricles, separated by ducts, where the bloodstream circulates. protective functions liquid. On the outside, it is protected by three shells.

Functions

The human brain is the manager of the entire life of the body, from the smallest movements to the highest functions of thinking.

The brain regions and their functions include processing signals received from receptor mechanisms. Many scientists believe that its functions also include responsibility for emotions, feelings, and memory.

Useful to know: Gray matter of the brain, its structure, functions and properties

The basic functions of the brain, as well as the specific responsibilities of its areas, should be considered in detail.

Movement

All physical activity The body is controlled by the central gyrus, which runs along the anterior part of the parietal lobe. The centers located in the occipital region are responsible for coordination of movements and the ability to maintain balance.

In addition to the back of the head, such centers are located directly in the cerebellum; this organ is also responsible for muscle memory. Therefore, malfunctions in the cerebellum lead to disturbances in the functioning of the musculoskeletal system.

Sensitivity

All sensory functions are controlled by the central gyrus, which runs along the posterior part of the parietal lobe. The control center for the position of the body and its members is also located here.

Sense organs

The centers located in the temporal lobes are responsible for auditory sensations. Visual sensations for a person are provided by centers located in the back of the head. Their work is clearly shown by the vision test table.

The interweaving of convolutions at the junction of the temporal and frontal lobes hides the centers responsible for olfactory, gustatory, and tactile sensations.

Speech function

This functionality is usually divided into the ability to produce speech and the ability to understand speech.

The first function is called motor, and the second sensory. The areas responsible for them are numerous and located in the convolutions of the right and left hemispheres.

Reflex function

The so-called oblong section includes areas responsible for vital important processes, not controlled by consciousness.

These include contractions of the heart muscle, breathing, contraction and expansion blood vessels, protective reflexes such as lacrimation, sneezing, gagging, as well as control of the condition of smooth muscles internal organs.

Shell functions

The brain has three membranes.

The structure of the brain is such that, in addition to protection, each of the membranes performs certain functions.

The soft shell is designed to ensure normal blood supply and a constant flow of oxygen for its uninterrupted functioning. Also the smallest blood vessels related to soft shell, produce cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles.

Useful to know: Forebrain: functions and structural features

The arachnoid membrane is the area where cerebrospinal fluid circulates and performs the work that lymph does in the rest of the body. That is, it provides protection against penetration of pathological agents into the central nervous system.

The dura mater adheres to the bones of the skull, together with them it ensures the stability of gray and white medulla, protects it from shocks and shifts due to mechanical impacts on the head. Also, the hard shell separates its sections.

Departments

What does the brain consist of?

The structures and main functions of the brain are carried out by it in different parts. From an anatomical point of view, the organ is made up of five sections, which were formed during the process of ontogenesis.

Different parts of the brain control and are responsible for the work individual systems and human organs. The brain is main body human body, its specific departments are responsible for the functioning of the human body as a whole.

Oblong

This part of the brain is a natural part of the spinal cord. It was formed in the process of ontogenesis first of all, and it is here that the centers responsible for unconditional reflex functions, as well as breathing, blood circulation, metabolism, and other processes not controlled by consciousness.

hindbrain

What is the hindbrain responsible for?

The cerebellum, which is a scaled-down model of the organ, is located in this area. It is the hindbrain that is responsible for coordination of movements and the ability to maintain balance.

And it is the hindbrain that is the area where nerve impulses coming from the limbs and other parts of the body and back are transmitted through the neurons of the cerebellum, that is, all motor activity of a person is controlled.

Average

This part of the brain is not fully understood. The midbrain, its structure and functions are not fully understood. It is known that centers responsible for peripheral vision, reaction to sudden noises. It is also known that parts of the brain responsible for normal work organs of perception.

Intermediate

A section called the thalamus is located here. All nerve impulses sent by different parts of the body to the centers located in the hemispheres pass through it. The role of the thalamus is to control the adaptation of the body, provides a response to external stimuli, supports normal sensory perception.

Useful to know: How to improve blood circulation in the brain: recommendations, medications, exercises and folk remedies

The intermediate section contains the hypothalamus. This part of the brain stabilizes the functioning of the peripheral nervous system and also controls the functioning of all internal organs. This is where the body switches on and off.

It is the hypothalamus that regulates body temperature, the tone of blood vessels, contraction of the smooth muscles of internal organs (peristalsis), and also creates a feeling of hunger and satiety. The hypothalamus controls the functioning of the pituitary gland. That is, it is responsible for the functioning endocrine system, controls the synthesis of hormones.

Finite

The telencephalon is one of the youngest parts of the brain. The corpus callosum provides communication between the right and left hemispheres. In the process of ontogenesis, it was formed last of all components, it makes up the main part of the organ.

Parts of the telencephalon carry out all higher nervous activity. The overwhelming number of convolutions are located here, it is closely connected with the subcortex, through it the entire life of the body is controlled.

The brain, its structure and functions remain largely unclear to scientists.

Many scientists are studying it, but they are still far from solving all the mysteries. The peculiarity of this organ is that it right hemisphere controls the functioning of the left side of the body, and is also responsible for general processes in the body, and the left hemisphere coordinates the right side of the body, and is responsible for talents, abilities, thinking, emotions, memory.

The brain is a powerful control center that sends commands throughout the body and controls the progress of their implementation. It is thanks to him that we perceive the world and are able to interact with it. What kind of brain has modern man, his intellect, thinking, were the result of millions of years of continuous evolution of mankind, his structure is unique.

The brain is characterized by division into zones, each of which specializes in performing its own specific functions. It is important to have information about what functions each zone performs. Then you can easily understand why specific symptoms for such common diseases as Alzheimer's disease, stroke, etc. Disorders can be regulated with medication, as well as with the help special exercises, physiotherapy.

The brain is structurally divided into:

• rear;
• average;
• front.

Each of them has their own role.

In an embryo, the head develops faster than other parts of the body. In a one-month-old embryo, all three parts of the brain can be easily seen. During this period they look like “brain bubbles”. The brain of a newborn is the most developed system in his body.

Scientists attribute the hindbrain and midbrain to more ancient structures. It is this part that is entrusted with the most important functions - maintaining breathing and blood circulation. The boundaries of their functions are clearly separated. Each gyrus does its job. The more pronounced the groove became during development, the more functions it could perform. But the anterior section provides everything that connects us with external environment(speech, hearing, memory, ability to think, emotions).

There is an opinion that a woman's brain is smaller than a man's brain. Data from modern hardware studies, in particular on a tomograph, have not confirmed this. This definition can easily be called erroneous. Brain different people may differ in size, weight, but this does not depend on gender.

Knowing the structure of the brain, you can understand why certain diseases appear and what their symptoms depend on.

Structurally, the brain consists of two hemispheres: right and left. Externally they are very similar and interconnected a huge amount nerve fibers. Each person has one side that is dominant, right-handers have the left side, and left-handers have the right side.

There are also four lobes of the brain. You can clearly see how the functions of the shares are differentiated.

What are shares?

The cerebral cortex has four lobes:

1. occipital;
2. parietal;
3. temporal;
4. frontal

Each share has a pair. All of them are responsible for maintaining the vital functions of the body and contact with the outside world. If injury, inflammation, or disease of the brain occurs, the function of the affected area may be completely or partially lost.

Frontal

These lobes have a frontal location, they occupy the forehead area. Let's figure out what the frontal lobe is responsible for. The frontal lobes of the brain are responsible for sending commands to all organs and systems. They can be figuratively called a “command post.” It would take a long time to list all their functions. These centers are responsible for all actions and provide the most important human qualities(initiative, independence, critical self-esteem, etc.). When they are defeated, a person becomes carefree, changeable, his aspirations have no meaning, he is prone to inappropriate jokes. Such symptoms may indicate atrophy of the frontal lobes, leading to passivity, which is easily mistaken for laziness.

Each lobe has a dominant and auxiliary part. For right-handed people, the left area will be dominant and vice versa. If you separate them, it is easier to understand which functions are assigned to a specific area.

It is the frontal lobes that control human behavior. This part of the brain sends commands that prevent a specific antisocial action from being performed. It is easy to notice how dementia patients are affected this zone. The internal limiter is turned off, and the person can tirelessly use obscene language, indulge in obscenities, etc.

The frontal lobes of the brain are also responsible for planning, organizing voluntary actions, and mastering the necessary skills. Thanks to them, those actions that seem very difficult at first become automatic over time. But when these areas are damaged, the person performs the actions as if anew each time, and automaticity is not developed. Such patients forget how to go to the store, how to cook, etc.

When the frontal lobes are damaged, perseveration can occur, in which patients literally become fixated on performing the same action. A person may repeat the same word, phrase, or constantly move objects around aimlessly.

The frontal lobes have a main, dominant, most often left, lobe. Thanks to her work, speech, attention, and abstract thinking are organized.

It is the frontal lobes that are responsible for maintaining the human body in vertical position. Patients with their lesions are distinguished by a hunched posture and a mincing gait.

Temporal

They are responsible for hearing, turning sounds into images. They provide speech perception and communication in general. The dominant temporal lobe of the brain allows you to fill the words you hear with meaning and select the necessary lexemes in order to express your thoughts. The non-dominant helps to recognize intonation and determine the expression of a human face.

The anterior and middle temporal regions are responsible for the sense of smell. If it is lost in old age, this may signal a nascent one.

The hippocampus is responsible for long-term memory. It is he who stores all our memories.

If both temporal lobes are affected, a person cannot assimilate visual images, becomes serene, and his sexuality goes through the roof.

Parietal

In order to understand the functions of the parietal lobes, it is important to understand that the dominant and non-dominant side will do different jobs.

The dominant parietal lobe of the brain helps to understand the structure of the whole through its parts, their structure, order. Thanks to her, we know how to put individual parts into a whole. The ability to read is very indicative of this. To read a word, you need to put the letters together, and you need to create a phrase from the words. Manipulations with numbers are also carried out.

The parietal lobe helps to link individual movements into a complete action. When this function is disrupted, apraxia is observed. Patients cannot perform basic actions, for example, they are not able to get dressed. This happens with Alzheimer's disease. A person simply forgets how to make the necessary movements.

The dominant area helps you feel your body, distinguish between right and left side, relate parts and the whole. This regulation is involved in spatial orientation.

The non-dominant side (in right-handed people it is right) combines information that comes from the occipital lobes and allows three-dimensional perception the world. If the non-dominant parietal lobe is disrupted, visual agnosia may occur, in which a person is unable to recognize objects, landscapes, or even faces.

The parietal lobes are involved in the perception of pain, cold, and heat. Their functioning also ensures orientation in space.

Occipital

The occipital lobes process visual information. It is with these lobes of the brain that we actually “see.” They read signals that come from the eyes. The occipital lobe is responsible for processing information about shape, color, and movement. The parietal lobe then turns this information into a three-dimensional image.

If a person stops recognizing familiar objects or loved ones, this may indicate a dysfunction in the occipital or temporal lobe of the brain. In a number of diseases, the brain loses the ability to process received signals.

How the hemispheres of the brain are connected

The hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum. This is a large plexus of nerve fibers through which the signal is transmitted between the hemispheres. Adhesions are also involved in the joining process. There is a posterior, anterior, and superior commissure (fornix commissure). This organization helps to divide the functions of the brain between its individual lobes. This feature has been developed over millions of years of continuous evolution.

Conclusion

So, each department has its own functional load. If a separate lobe suffers due to injury or disease, another zone may take over some of its functions. Psychiatry has accumulated a lot of evidence of such redistribution.

It is important to remember that the brain cannot function fully without nutrients. The diet should have a variety of products, from which nerve cells will receive necessary substances. It is also important to improve blood supply to the brain. It is promoted by playing sports, walking on fresh air, moderate amount spices in the diet.