World population. Composition and structure of the population. Predominance of female population

According to UN estimates, in 2015 there were 101.8 men for every 100 women in the world. The gap is insignificant, but only at first glance - the number of men has been constantly growing since 1960. In addition, the ratio of men to women in the world is extremely uneven. In Arab countries, men far outnumber women, while in former countries Soviet Union on the contrary, there is a shortage of the male population. We found out in which countries the fair sex predominates.

Latvia

84.8 per 100

There is a clear shortage of men in the Baltics - Latvian women cannot find a partner in their homeland, so they often go to other EU countries in search of men.



Lithuania

Ratio of men to women: 85.3 per 100

Latvians' closest neighbors, Lithuanians, also rank first in terms of the number of women in the country. The situation with childbirth here is also sad - fewer and fewer couples are finding each other and fewer and fewer children are being born, and this is despite a rather high mortality rate.



Martinique

: 84.5 per 100

A small island in the Caribbean Sea can easily be called an archipelago of women - there is one of the strongest imbalances in demographics in favor of women.



Curacao

Ratio of men to women: 85.6 per 100

Another Caribbean state in which demographic matriarchy reigns - men can be brought here by the whole shipload.



Guadeloupe

Ratio of men to women: 86 to 100

The former French colony, like others like it, suffers greatly from a lack of harmony between local men and women, due to which the population of the archipelago is constantly declining.



Ukraine

Male to female ratio: 86.3 per 100

Slavic women are very beautiful, and in Ukraine there are many more of them than men. That is why Ukraine is consistently a proven supplier of “wives for export.”



Belarus

Male to female ratio: 86.8 per 100

Absolutely identical indicators for another Slavic country from the former USSR. In Belarus there is a real hunt for quality men, who are clearly in short supply here.



Armenia

Ratio of men to women: 86.5 per 100

Armenian women are beautiful and passionate, which cannot be said about Armenian men. That is why the country is born more girls, from which world-class stars like Kim Kardashian may well grow.



Russia

Male to female ratio: 86.8 per 100

In Russia, as in other Slavic countries, last decades There is a steady increase in the number of women, while men are becoming fewer and fewer. The reason for this is lifestyle Russian men, due to which average term their lives are almost ten years shorter than those of women.



Estonia

Ratio of men to women: 88 to 100

Estonians are considered the closest relatives of Finns. The local beauties are naturally fair-haired and blue-eyed, but there is no one to appreciate this - there is a clear shortage of men in the country.



Salvador

Ratio of men to women: 88.4 per 100

Since the early 1990s, the Central American state of El Salvador has been in economic crisis. During this time, the number of able-bodied men has fallen significantly reproductive age— the trend towards an increase in the number of women is very acute here.



Hungary

Male to female ratio: 90.8 per 100

In the 1990s, Hungary acquired the unofficial status of the main country supplying beautiful actresses for adult films. This trend is not surprising - there are not enough men here, and those that exist are so spoiled female attention that they lose their hunting skills.

Sex ratio is a demographic term. It shows the number of men for every 100 women. The ideal ratio is 105 to 107 men per 100 women. This optimal proportion was first recorded in 1710.

It has been proven that when a society is dominated by men, the risk of murder and violence increases. In the same countries where more women, the disparity in income between the two genders is often bad for the economy. After all a large number of unmarried women leads to a decrease in fertility.

In general, there are more men than women in the world. According to the UN, last year the sex ratio was 101.8:100. However, there are many countries where the number of women exceeds the number of men.

Express information on the country

The Earth is in third place in terms of distance from the Sun and in fifth place among all planets solar system to size.

Age– 4.54 billion years

Average radius – 6,378.2 km

Average circumference – 40,030.2 km

Square– 510,072 million km² (29.1% land and 70.9% water)

Number of continents– 6: Eurasia, Africa, North America, South America, Australia and Antarctica

Number of oceans– 4: Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic

Population– 7.3 billion people. (50.4% men and 49.6% women)

Most populous states: Monaco (18,678 people/km2), Singapore (7607 people/km2) and Vatican City (1914 people/km2)

Number of countries: total 252, independent 195

Number of languages ​​in the world– about 6,000

Quantity official languages – 95; the most common: English (56 countries), French (29 countries) and Arabic (24 countries)

Number of nationalities– about 2,000

Climate zones: equatorial, tropical, temperate and arctic (main) + subequatorial, subtropical and subarctic (transitional)

Latvia

Latvia ranks first in the ranking of countries with the largest imbalance in gender ratio. In 2015, for every 100 women, there were 84.8 men. Thus, women made up 54.1% of the total population. This is partly the consequences of World War II. Additionally, men in Latvia have a high mortality rate due to problems such as alcoholism, smoking and careless driving. About 80% of suicides in Latvia are committed by men. The most common reasons are unemployment and difficult financial situations. Women live on average 11 years longer than men.

Lithuania

The gender gap in Lithuania is primarily attributed to factors that increase the mortality rate for men. Firstly, the number of men who smoke is significantly higher than smoking women, which puts their health at risk. Secondly, the life expectancy of the male population is being reduced mental illness, depression and suicide. Women in Lithuania live on average 79.3 years, while men live only 68.1. The gender gap is especially noticeable among Lithuanians aged 30-40. In 2015, women made up 54% of the total population.

Curacao

Curacao is a self-governing island nation in the Caribbean Sea. In 2015, women made up 53.9% of the total population. At the same time, the sex ratio was 92 to 100. The average life expectancy for women was 80.2 years, and for men - 72.4 years. Most women fall into the age group of 15 to 64 years.

Ukraine

Women in Ukraine make up 53.7% of the total population. As in the case of Latvia, there are still echoes of the Second World War. The average life expectancy for men is 62 years, and for women – 74. Ukrainians often have serious problems with health, and in combination with high level emigration contributes to a decrease in the country's male population.

10 countries where there are far more women than men

The reasons for gender imbalance can be very different, but research shows that it is extremely undesirable. In such countries, educated women with high incomes cannot find partners. At the same time, men who are unable to provide for their family begin to suffer from problems with mental health. Both sexes are losers.

“Sex and age composition of the population” - Think about it. You can dream. Age structure of the population. Age composition. Compare Overseas Europe and Africa. Age structure of the world population. Sex composition of the world population. Practical work. Extended top. Compare the age composition. Male to female ratio. Demographic load. Dependence of age composition on the type of reproduction. Sex and age pyramids. Does the age composition correspond to the types of population reproduction?

“Questions on population” - Give the concept of the science of “demography”. Scattered rural settlement. What is a "population explosion"? Geography of the world population. Each team comes up with 3 questions for their opponents in 10 minutes. Round 3 What processes does the natural movement of the population include? Prove that in Russia until the beginning of the 20th century there were traditions of large families. In Europe and America, representatives of the language family predominate. What types of external migration are typical for modern Russia.

“Sex and age structure of the population” - States in which men predominate. Type of population reproduction. Expanded reproduction. The reasons that determine the ratio of male and female population. Sex and age structure of the population of Russia. Please indicate the correct statements. Generation of children. Maximum proportion of elderly. The proportion of elderly people is higher than the proportion of children. Mexico. Population reproduction. Ratio of male and female population.

“World Population Test” - One family - one child. How many people show up every hour? What is the current population of the world? Summarizing. Which country is the most multinational? What type of population reproduction is typical for Algeria. Evaluation criteria. Work in a notebook. Armenians, Spaniards, Chinese. How many people are born every year in the world. Canada, Denmark. Natural population growth. For Russia, what is a person who leaves for permanent residence?

“Geography of the World Population” - The world's largest migrations. High performance fertility and natural increase and relatively low performance mortality. Religious composition of the population. Record-breaking countries in terms of population. Population dynamics. Low rates of birth rate, death rate and natural increase. World population growth 1950-2000. Lifespan. Geography of the world population. Maximum and minimum indicators life expectancy.

“World Population Structure” - Religious composition of the population. Confucianism. Distribution of major languages. Number of students. Chinese. Buddhism. Protestantism. Labor resources. Predominance of the female population. Islam. Equality of all people. Catholic Church. Christianity. Classification by language. Predominance of the male population. Multinational states. Sex composition of the population. Educational composition. The influence of the age structure of the population on labor resources.

There is a biological law according to which more males are born in any population than females. Humanity is no exception to this law: more boys are born than girls at all times - on average, there are 103-107 boys for every 100 girls. Therefore, in the age category up to 15 years there are many more boys. But due to the fact that male body in general, they are more susceptible to diseases and tolerate them worse; the mortality rate of boys is higher than that of girls. As a result, the numbers of both of them level off upon reaching adulthood (approximately 20-25 years), and then the preponderance of women over men begins to steadily increase. The greater “resilience” of the female body also explains the greater average life expectancy of women. This is the normal situation. However, it is often disrupted, which is facilitated, firstly, by wars, and secondly, by external migrations. Of course, losses in wars are most significant among the male population. In external migrations, men are also much more active than women.

Another important factor influencing sexual structure population, is religion, which in a number of countries still continues to determine the position of women in society. In most countries of the world, women dominate the population. But in the world as a whole there are about 35 million more men. Thus, they account for 50.3 % population of the Earth. Moreover, of all regions, men clearly predominate only in Foreign Asia; there are almost 75 million more of them there.

The numerical predominance of men is characteristic primarily for Muslim countries. This is partly due to higher female mortality, which is caused by the very low age limit for brides. Many of these girl wives die during childbirth. The “overweight” of men leads to the fact that the demand for brides in Muslim countries exceeds the supply. There is no such thing as an “old maid” here, since all women get married. However, not only early marriages are the reason for the numerical predominance of men in Muslim society. The fact is that in Islamic countries the least number of girls are born in the world, and this happens due to the biological laws of regulation of the sexual structure of the population. It has been proven that if an acute shortage of individuals of a certain sex occurs in any population, then it immediately reacts with a sharp increase in the birth rate of individuals of this particular sex, as if correcting the situation. For example, after a war, when many men die, the number of newborn boys begins to greatly exceed the average statistical norm. There are not enough women in Muslim countries. It would seem that here the biological law of gender regulation should also work and eliminate the disproportion. But it is here that the system, streamlined by nature itself, stumbles upon the main feature of marriage relations in Islam - polygamy, or polygamy. Each such family, which has at least two wives (according to Muslim laws, it is believed that the optimal number of wives for a man is four), is a closed mini-population, isolated from the entire population of Muslim society. And in this mini-population there is precisely an excess of women and a shortage of men. Thus, the more numerous the harem, the more effectively the biological law operates, making up for the lack of males.

This situation is typical for the Gulf countries, which, in addition to being Muslim, attract large numbers of male immigrants. In the UAE and Kuwait, the proportion of men is 61 %, and in Qatar - 67% (this means that in Qatar there are 1,720 men per 1,000 women, with a world average ratio of 1,000 women to 1,014 men). And yet, in absolute terms, the “preponderance” of men over women is especially large in countries with large populations, such as India, China and Pakistan. So, at the beginning of the 21st century. in India there were 36 million more men than women, in China - by 23 million, in Pakistan - by 4.2 million. The main reason for the predominance of the male population in India is the degraded position of women in Indian society.

INIndia The mortality rate among women is much higher than among men, which is due to the lower level of nutrition and health care for women. In Indian society, women are subject to pronounced gender segregation and are always dependent on their male relatives in the family. In order to get married, a girl has to pay a large sum of money to her groom's family, and if her family does not have that much money, then she remains unmarried, which is a disgrace to the family. Therefore, the birth of a girl in a low-income family is considered a misfortune, which they try to prevent by all means. In India they say: “Raising a daughter is like watering a tree in your neighbor’s garden.”

IN China The male population also numerically predominates largely due to the social inequality of women, especially in rural areas. In addition, the strict demographic policy pursued in the country encourages families to give preference to having a boy rather than a girl.

IN developed countries and in countries with economies in transition, the population is predominantly female. Here the level of social development of society is higher, and women on average live longer than men. The largest share of women (up to 53 - 54%) is in Latvia, Estonia, Ukraine, Belarus and Russia.

The type of population reproduction determines it age structure. There are usually three age groups of the population: children(under 15 years old), able-bodied, or adults (15 - 65 years old), and elderly(over 65 years old). On average, the world share of children is 31%, working age - 62.2%, elderly - 6.8%. Since regions of the world are at different stages demographic transition, the differences in the age structure of the populations of their constituent countries are very significant. In developing countries, with expanded population reproduction, the proportion of children is very large (35 - 40%) and, conversely, the proportion of elderly people is very small (5 - 10%). In developed countries and countries with economies in transition, there are a significant number of able-bodied (usually more than 60%) and elderly (18 - 20%) people, which is due to simple or even narrowed reproduction of the population.

Depending on the distribution of the population by age groups, there are three types age structure population: progressive (proportion of children - 40%, elderly people - 10 %), stationary (27 and 23%) and regressive (20 and 30%). These types of age structure correspond to three types of population reproduction: expanded, simple and narrowed.

The maximum proportion of children is typical for African countries. In Niger, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burkina Faso, Angola, Somalia and Burundi, children make up about 1/2 of the country's population. The oldest countries are in Europe. In Italy, Germany, Greece, Belgium, Spain and Sweden the proportion of elderly people exceeds 22%. Due to the aging population in Europe, pension provision is becoming an important issue. Developed countries already spend more than 1/10 on pensions of its GDP. In Russia, the population is also gradually aging: the share of children is only 19%, and the share of elderly people is already 18%.

AGE AND SEX COMPOSITION AND POPULATION STRUCTURE

Different types of population reproduction affect its age and sex composition, which in turn determines the country’s supply of labor resources.

Labor resources- the entire population capable of working. Includes those employed at home and personal subsidiary plot, students, employed and unemployed.

EAN (economically active population)- part of the working population that participates in material production and non-production spheres, as well as actively job seekers(unemployed). In other words, these are all employed and unemployed.

Table 14. Age composition and structure of the world population

In developed countries, the share of children in the entire population is on average 23%, elderly people 15%, and in developing countries 43% and 6%, respectively.

For graphical analysis of the age and sex composition of the population, a special type of diagram is widely used: the age-sex pyramid.

Age is the main criterion in determining the main productive part of the population - the labor force. The degree of their involvement in production is evidenced by the indicator of the economically active population.

On average, approximately 45% of the total population, or about 2.7 billion people, can be classified as economically active in the world. In Russia, countries of foreign Europe, and North America, this figure (50-60% or more) is higher than the world average with high, and sometimes very high, female employment. In countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America it is usually lower than the world average (40-45%). This is explained by their greater economic backwardness, a very high proportion of children, although millions of children and adolescents work, and the significantly lower involvement of women in social production.

Age-sex pyramid of countries of the first and second types of reproduction.
(to enlarge the image, click on the picture)

SEX COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION

Masculine and feminine principles are equivalent in nature. Although on average about 104-107 boys are born for every 100 girls, by the age of 15 the ratio of both sexes levels off. But in subsequent age groups The formation of the gender composition of the population in different countries occurs differently.

In about half the world's countries, women are in the majority. This preponderance is most significant in a number of CIS countries, in foreign Europe, in North America. This is explained primarily by the fact that average duration Women usually live several years longer than men (see Table 7. “Average life expectancy at the end of the 90s of the twentieth century”). In many countries in these regions, the excess number of women is due to the loss of the male population during the Second World War. As new generations enter into life, the gap in the numbers of men and women usually evens out, but there are exceptions to this rule.

In 1997, there were 9 million more women than men in Russia. According to forecasts, by 2010 this gap will increase to 10-11 million, which is associated primarily with increased mortality among the male population.

In Africa, Latin America, Australia and Oceania, the number of men and women is approximately equal.

But in foreign Asia, men noticeably predominate. This is largely due to the existing for a long time the degraded position of women in the family and in society (early marriages, numerous and early childbearing in conditions of poverty, hunger and disease). IN Lately began to influence the gender composition of the population of a number of Asian countries big influence external population migrations.

In oil producing countries Persian Gulf as a result of the large influx of men work force the proportion of men in the entire population is 55-65%. There is no such excess anywhere else in the world.

And yet the overall global figure is particularly affected by the preponderance of men in the world's two most populous countries - China and India. That is why in the world as a whole there are 101 men for every 100 women.

RACIAL AND ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION

Human race- a historically established group of people who have similar external (physical) characteristics that are inherited.

Composition and structure human races, (%).

Ethnic groups (peoples)- an established stable community of people united by language, territory, economy, culture, national identity and opposing itself to all other similar groups.

In total, there are 3-4 thousand peoples, or ethnic groups, in the world, some of which have formed into nations, while others are nationalities and tribes. Naturally, with such a number of peoples, their classification is necessary. For population geography highest value have classifications of peoples, firstly, by number and, secondly, by language.

The classification of peoples by number indicates, first of all, the exclusively big differences between them: from the Chinese, of whom there are already more than 1.3 billion, to the Vedda tribe in Sri Lanka or the Botokuds in Brazil, which number less than 1 thousand people. The bulk of the world's population consists of large and especially the largest nations, while many hundreds of small nations account for only a few percent of the population globe. But both large and small nations have made and are making their contribution to world culture.

The classification of peoples by language is based on the principle of their kinship.

All languages ​​are united into language families, which are divided into language groups. The most common of them is the Indo-European family.

The languages ​​of this family are spoken by 150 peoples with a total population of more than 2.5 billion people, belonging to 11 language groups and living in all parts of the world. In foreign Europe and America, the languages ​​of this family are spoken by 95% of the total population.

More than 1 billion people speak languages ​​of the Sino-Tibetan family, mainly Chinese, more than 250 million speak languages ​​of the Afroasiatic family, mainly Arabic. The number of most other families is much smaller.

In cases where national (ethnic) boundaries coincide with political ones, mononational states; Most of them are in Europe, Latin America, Australia and Oceania, and the Middle East. There are also binational states- Belgium, Canada. Along with these, there are many countries that represent multinational states; Some of them are home to dozens and even hundreds of peoples. In many cases they have a federal or confederal administrative-territorial structure.

CLASSIFICATION OF COUNTRIES BY NATIONAL BASIS.

1. mononational(i.e. the main ethnic group is over 90%). There are most of them in Europe (Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Austria, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Italy, Portugal), Asia ( Saudi Arabia, Japan, Bangladesh, Korea, some small countries), in Latin America (since Indians, mulattoes, mestizos are considered parts of single nations), in Africa (Egypt, Libya, Somalia, Madagascar);
2. with a sharp predominance of one nation, but in the presence of more or less significant minorities (Great Britain, France, Spain, Finland, Romania, China, Mongolia, USA, Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand and etc.);
3. binational(Belgium, Canada);
4. with a more complex national composition, but relatively homogeneous ethnically (mainly in Asia: Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Malaysia, Laos; as well as in Central, Eastern and South Africa; they are also found in Latin America);
5. multinational countries with a complex and ethnically diverse composition (India, Russia, Switzerland, Indonesia, the Philippines, many countries in Western and Southern Africa).

The most diverse region is South Asia, and the most diverse country is India.

In multinational and binational countries there is complex problem interethnic relations. First of all, this applies to developing countries, where a progressive process of uniting related tribes into nationalities, and nationalities into nations, is taking place.

Since the mid-70s. national question has become more acute in many economically developed countries, which is primarily due to the actual economic and social inequality of the nations and nationalities living in them. This primarily applies to the UK, France, Canada, Belgium, Spain, and South Africa.

There are two main nations in Canada - English-Canadians and French-Canadians; The official languages ​​are English and French. French Canadians live compactly in the province of Quebec, which forms “French Canada” in contrast to all the other provinces that make up “English Canada”. But Anglo-Canadians are higher in the social hierarchy, occupy key positions in the economy, and this leads to a constant aggravation of interethnic relations. Some French-Canadians even put forward a demand for a sovereign Quebec, that is, the creation of an independent French-Canadian state.

Since the late 80s. became very complicated interethnic relations in Russia and in a number of other states formed on the territory of the former USSR, in countries of Eastern Europe, especially in the republics of the former Yugoslavia.

Table 15. Largest nations and most common languages, at the beginning of the 90s

Racial discrimination- infringement of the rights of any group of citizens due to their nationality. Extreme degree racial discrimination elevated to the rank public policy - apartheid(South Africa until the mid-80s of the twentieth century).

RELIGIOUS COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION

Depending on their distribution and role, all religions are divided into world And national.

WORLD RELIGIONS

The most widespread of the world's religions is Christianity (it includes three branches - Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox), which is practiced by approximately 2.4 billion people, mainly in Europe, America and Australia. The second place in the number of believers (1.3 billion) is occupied by Islam (Muslim), which is declared the state religion in many countries of the world, located mainly in Asia and Africa. Nowadays the Muslim world includes more than 50 countries, and there are Muslim communities in 120 countries. In Russia, almost 20 million people profess Islam. The third place among world religions in terms of the number of adherents belongs to Buddhism (500 million), widespread in Central, Southeast and East Asia.

Recently, the Islamic factor has begun to have a very large influence on the entire world development. Today the Muslim world includes more than 50 countries, and there are Muslim communities in 120 countries.

Geography of world religions.

The largest Islamic states in terms of population are Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria (from 100 to 200 million believers), Iran, Turkey, Egypt (from 50 to 70). In Russia, almost 20 million people profess Islam; This is the second most important and popular religion in the country after Christianity.

Self Arabic word"Islam" literally means "submission". However, many acute political and religious conflicts are associated with this religion. Behind him stands Islamic extremism, which seeks to replace civil society with an Islamic one organized according to Sharia law. On the other side, moderate Islam can easily get along with civil society.

NATIONAL RELIGIONS

1. Hinduism - 750 million people. (India, Nepal, Sri Lanka)
2. Confucianism - 200 million people. (China)
3. Shintoism (Japan)
4. Local traditional religions (Africa, South America, Oceania, China, Indonesia).

Judaism also became widespread - one of the ancient religions, many of whose provisions were adopted by Christianity.

Adapting to changing conditions, religion continues to have a great impact on the morals, customs, personal lives of people, and their relationships in the family. In particular, it greatly affects population reproduction.

In Protestant countries, the age of marriage is usually the latest, and obtaining a divorce is not very difficult. In some Catholic countries (Spain, Latin American countries), the law allows men to marry from the age of 14, and women from the age of 12. It is now also much easier for a Catholic to get a divorce than 20-30 years ago, when it was actually prohibited. The age of marriage is very low in Muslim countries, where religion encourages early and compulsory marriages, large families, polygamy and mostly has a negative attitude towards demographic policy. Hinduism also encourages early and compulsory marriage and large families, although, unlike Islam, it prohibits divorce and secondary marriages. Previously, in India, half of teenage girls under 14 were married. But even now half of women get married before the age of 18. And Confucian morality in China clearly contributes to the implementation of demographic policy.

Religious contradictions are often intertwined with racial and national ones, leading to the emergence of long-term “hot spots.” For many years now, political tension has persisted in Northern Ireland (Ulster), where religious strife continues unabated between Catholics, who make up the indigenous, but more disadvantaged part of the population, and Protestants (descendants of settlers from England and Scotland), who occupy key positions in the economic and political life this part of Great Britain.
Tests: 1

Leading ideas: The population represents the basis of the material life of society, an active element of our planet. People of all races, nations and nationalities are equally capable of participating in material production and in spiritual life.

Basic concepts: demography, growth rates and population growth rates, population reproduction, fertility (birth rate), mortality (death rate), natural increase (natural increase rate), traditional, transitional, modern type of reproduction, demographic explosion, demographic crisis, demographic policy, migration (emigration, immigration), demographic situation, gender and age structure of the population, gender and age pyramid, EAN, labor resources, employment structure; resettlement and placement of the population; urbanization, agglomeration, megalopolis, race, ethnicity, discrimination, apartheid, world and national religions.

Skills and abilities: be able to calculate and apply indicators of reproduction, labor supply (EAN), urbanization, etc. for individual countries and groups of countries, as well as analyze and draw conclusions (compare, generalize, determine trends and consequences of these trends), read, compare and analyze age and gender indicators pyramids of various countries and groups of countries; Using atlas maps and other sources, characterize changes in basic indicators across the world, characterize the population of the country (region) according to the plan using atlas maps.