Purulent meningitis - symptoms and treatment in adults. Local symptoms of purulent wounds. Suppuration in children

Purulent inflammation is a fairly relevant topic for discussion, since recently everything more people I started turning to doctors with similar problems. The reasons for such a sharp deterioration in the health of the population may be various factors. We want to talk about them and much more in our article. The information collected is aimed at helping those affected by this disease.

What is inflammation

Purulent inflammation is one of them, and before we begin to understand its types, we need to understand what it is. Even ancient healers determined that this is a protective reaction of the human body to an irritant. Both a virus and a splinter can act as an irritant. There are many terms that characterize this process, but the most basic is phagocytosis, which the famous Mechnikov spoke about, that is, the process of destroying an irritating agent inside a cell.

Causes of purulent inflammation

In medicine, there are several possible reasons for when rotting begins. Among the most common options are:

entry of infections and their toxins into the human body;
consequences of exposure to external factors such as burns, radiation, frostbite;
consequences of bruises or other types of wounds;
exposure to chemical irritants;
internal processes in the body, such as salt deposits.

What happens at the moment when purulent tissue inflammation begins? To understand the essence, let's take the simplest example: getting hit by a splinter. When it just gets into the skin, it can be absolutely impossible to get it out, but after a while we can easily remove it from the skin along with the pus, which manages to collect during this time. What happened, and why did the pus accumulate, how did the purulent inflammation begin? A splinter that gets into the skin is perceived by the body as a foreign body and a threat. How does the body react? It increases blood flow to the affected area, the blood brings with it many useful elements that work like a clock, and each of them performs its task:

the platelet sticks together with its own kind and thus forms a protective layer on the wound;
the red blood cell supplies the affected area of the skin or organ with oxygen;
plasma brings nutrients for speedy healing wounds;
white cells (leukocytes) enter into battle with the foreign body directly.

Where does pus come from? The fact is that in the process of struggle, white blood cells die; their role is to grasp foreign body, absorb it and destroy it. But, destroying the enemy, the leukocyte itself is destroyed, acquiring a yellowish color, this is pus. If, in the process of fighting an irritant, certain parts of the skin or organ die, then the leukocyte also clasps the dead parts to prevent them from developing the process in the body. Thus, leukocytes make way for the pus to emerge upward. If you have pain when pressing on a purulent inflammation, it means that nerve endings, of which there are a huge number in the body, have been affected. In this case, you need to carefully examine the affected area to avoid complications.

Forms of inflammation

Considering where the process began and how strong or weak a person’s immunity is, we can identify the following forms of purulent inflammation:

Abscess - that's what they call it purulent formation, which is formed in the tissue, while it is separated into a separate capsule. The formation of an abscess indicates a good situation. A protective crust immediately begins to form around it, preventing the spread of infection. This is often how purulent inflammation of the tooth is characterized.
Phlegmon - characterized by a looser consistency of formation, which most often occurs in the space between the muscles. It is an indicator that a person does not have very good immunity. Most often, the patient is admitted to the hospital to resolve the problem.
Empyema is a collection of pus in organs with a hollow structure. IN in this case The boundaries of the abscess are the natural tissue of the organ.

Course of purulent inflammation

There are two types of this kind of inflammation: acute and chronic. Acute purulent inflammation spreads quite quickly, and soon we can observe a surge of exudate outward, either onto the surface of the skin or into the adjacent organ cavity. A large amount of pus can lead to intoxication of the body, and, as a result, to its depletion. Chronic purulent inflammation changes the composition of the cell, and lymphocytes and microphages begin to appear in its composition. This form is also characterized by the formation of scars and hardening, but all this is only possible with the wrong decision.

Outcome of the disease

Of course, the outcome of the disease, like any other disease, depends on the correct treatment and the nature of the wound. What should you be wary of first?

Scarring. Rarely do people have scars after an unsuccessful fight against inflammation.
Bleeding. If the disease has reached lymph nodes, then this may be exactly the outcome.
Gangrene. This is one of the most terrible options; tissue death begins, that is, necrosis.

Purulent inflammation of the skin

Most often, we all encounter this type of inflammation. In what variants can we see it?

Pyoderma - appears as a result of improper handling of insect bites, small cuts in the skin, etc. On the skin it looks like small blisters around the wound.
Follicle - in this case, the hair sac is under threat, it begins to fester.
A furuncle is a melting of the hair follicle. The dangerous factor is that it very easily develops into the disease furunculosis, when many such formations are already observed.
Carbuncle - also but large in size, usually treated with surgical methods, after which a large empty cavity remains in the skin, then scars appear at the site of the wound.
Hidradenitis is a purulent formation in the groin or armpit area where sebaceous glands.

Complications

How the rotting process ends depends on several important factors:

degree of aggression of the irritating element;
depth of penetration of infection;
the quality of the victim's immunity.

After the treatment has ended and the cavity with pus has emptied, it remains in its place soft fabric, which is then replaced by fresh skin, but scars may appear. If the treatment was not carried out correctly, then a complication process may begin, which does not have a very good effect on the person’s condition:

pus can spread to other tissues and organs;
during the process of decay, infection can enter the bloodstream, and, as a result, sepsis, bleeding and thrombosis can begin;
death of skin and organ tissues;
weakening of the immune system and the general condition of the human body, which can lead to underdevelopment of organs.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the severity of the disease. Both treatment at home and surgical intervention, as well as treatment in a hospital, are allowed.

Let's consider possible treatment options:

in case of an abscess, an incision is made in the person and the cavity where the pus was washed out, the wound is closed from environmental influences;
for phlegmon it is necessary to use medicines after opening the abscesses and deep cleaning;
in case of epiema, surgical intervention is necessary, when the tissue of the organ is opened, the pus is removed, the cavity is cleaned, then intensive treatment is carried out aimed at raising immunity and healing the wound.

It is important to know that during treatment various kinds ulcers should be avoided contact with water; no compresses or massages should be done, so as not to provoke the spread of infection. The skin must be treated with special products for the same purpose. Zelenka and iodine are the most common alcohol solutions used for this purpose.

If you are faced with a simple splinter, then, of course, you can deal with it at home, but you also need to be very careful. Before removing a splinter, you need to carefully treat both the affected area of the skin and the tool you will use to remove it. After extraction, you should immediately treat the skin with alcohol and cover the wound with a band-aid until it heals or forms a protective crust.

Antibiotics

The use of antibiotics is allowed only under the strict supervision of the attending physician. Self-medication is not allowed, as this can significantly worsen the patient's condition. Before you start taking a medicine, you need to determine a person's sensitivity to its components. Of course, it is not recommended to use antibiotics unless they are urgently needed. It is important to remember that the use of antibiotics, especially uncontrolled, can harm the normal functioning of the body. Once you suspect the presence of purulent inflammation, immediately contact a specialist for help. If you have undergone surgery and there are scars left, then modern plastic surgery can correct any shortcomings.

Purulent diseases and their development depend on the following conditions: penetration of pyogenic microbes into the body tissues, the state of the body and environmental conditions. Therefore, all measures to prevent acute purulent diseases must take into account the listed reasons on which the appearance and development of these diseases depends.

Causes of purulent diseases. One of the main reasons for the occurrence of purulent diseases is, as stated, the penetration of certain pyogenic microbes from the outside into the tissues or blood of the body through various damages skin or mucous membranes. Therefore, one of the important ways to prevent many purulent diseases is to prevent injuries both at work and at home.

In the presence of any open injury, the timely provision of rational first aid in compliance with general rules aseptics and antiseptics, as well as immediate processing minor damage by trained persons or in the form of self- and mutual assistance.

For any damage to tissues and organs, no matter what they arise from (wounds, operations), it is very great importance has the prevention of purulent complications. It consists of a number of measures aimed at preventing the entry of purulent microbes into wounds and further development infections. In this regard, the organization and quality of the first and emergency care to all persons accidentally injured.

Purulent diseases prevention A. Prevention wound infection(and consequently, possible purulent complications) consists, first of all, in careful compliance with all modern rules of surgical asepsis when providing medical care (when applying dressings, injections, dressings, etc.).

To prevent the penetration of pyogenic microbes into the wound, many methods have been proposed. The simplest of them is to lubricate minor damage to the skin with iodine tincture or alcohol solution brilliant green. More top scores gives the use of N. N. Novikov’s liquid, which has the following composition: tannin - 1.0, brilliant green - 0.2, 96° alcohol - 0.2, castor oil- 0.5 and collodion - 20.0. Using a pipette or glass rod, this liquid or BF-6 glue is applied directly to the damaged area of the skin and the surrounding skin surface. After 1-2 minutes, a dense elastic film forms over the damaged area of skin. For minor injuries, you can use another method: the wound and its circumference are wiped (washed) with a 3-5% soap solution or a 0.25 - 0.5% ammonia solution using gauze or cotton balls, dried, lubricated with iodine tincture, sprinkled a mixture of penicillin and streptocide and carefully sealed with an adhesive plaster. To prevent infection during microtrauma, a colloidal solution of furatsilin or brilliant green can also be used.

In the prevention of purulent diseases during wounds and operations, it is very important prophylactic use antibiotics or sulfa drugs. Paramedics and nurses should make extensive use of them when providing first aid for wounds. For this, they use, for example, sprinkling the wound with penicillin, streptocide, or even better - a mixture of them.

For large wounds, open fractures or burns, penicillin or bicillin should be administered intramuscularly. If injections are not possible, antibiotics are given orally in tablet form. After this, patients who have wounds that require primary surgical treatment are referred to a doctor. When a doctor treats fresh wounds, as well as during various operations (before and postoperative period) also widely use general and local antibiotics.

The prophylactic use of antibiotics for various open injuries and operations contributes to better wound healing, a significant reduction in purulent complications and their severity, and a faster recovery and restoration of the working capacity of patients.

In the prevention of further spread of acute purulent processes and the appearance various complications Timely and rational treatment of primary inflammatory diseases, especially in the initial stages of their development. Thus, timely use of antibiotics and surgical intervention for a limited abscess can prevent its transition to a more common and severe disease - phlegmon, as well as the appearance of complications such as lymphangitis, lymphadenitis. Timely and rational treatment of one boil can prevent its transition to furunculosis, timely surgery for acute appendicitis or other acute purulent process in abdominal cavity prevents the development of general peritonitis, etc. The fight against pustular diseases (pyodermitis) at work and at home is also of great importance.

Speaking about the prevention of purulent diseases, it should be emphasized that all medical personnel must meticulously observe the rules of personal hygiene ( frequent washing hands, changing gloves and gowns), since dirty hands, dirty clothes contribute to the spread of pyogenic infection. In this regard, purulent diseases in individuals are of particular danger to surgical patients. medical personnel(boils, abscesses), as well as diseases such as sore throat, flu. The presence of these diseases among personnel can lead to infection of patients and their wounds and to the possible appearance of certain purulent diseases in them.

In addition to pyogenic infection, the occurrence and development of various purulent diseases largely depend on the body's defenses. Therefore, in the prevention of any, including purulent diseases, activities that strengthen the human body are of great importance: regular physical education and sports, correct mode work and rest, wet rubdowns, air baths, etc. General strengthening and hardening of the body increases its resistance to various infections and, to one degree or another, determines a more favorable course and outcome in the event of the development of a purulent disease.

In the prevention of many purulent diseases, the improvement of the external environment in which a person lives and works, that is, the improvement of working and living conditions, is of great importance. For example, in the prevention of a number of purulent diseases (furunculosis, pyodermatitis, etc.), general hygiene measures and skin care (especially hands) play an important role.

This includes proper sanitary-hygienic and sanitary-technical working conditions in industrial enterprises and agricultural work, combating dust and contamination of premises, rational and clean workwear, organization of showers, baths, laundries, measures to combat skin contamination ( various oils and liquids), as well as the struggle to improve everyday life (regular washing in the shower or bath, changing linen). To prevent diseases of the skin of the hands in some industries, it is advisable to use various protective ointments and methods of sanitation (health improvement) of the hands.

It should be remembered that continuous improvement of the culture of work and life is the main way to reduce morbidity in general and various purulent processes in particular.

Finally, in the prevention of many purulent diseases, sanitary and educational work among the population is of great importance. The role of sanitary educational work among the population (conversations, lectures, use of the press, radio, television) is especially great in preventing various microtraumas and pustular diseases(often the cause of more dangerous acute purulent processes), as well as complications of acute diseases of the abdominal organs (appendicitis, cholecystitis, peritonitis). Purulent diseases, as a rule, require urgent hospitalization of patients and immediate surgical intervention.

Smart propaganda initial signs purulent diseases and advice on the need early treatment behind medical care lead to a significant improvement in outcomes and a reduction in the number of various complications.

Suppuration is a form of inflammation that is accompanied by the formation of pus, consisting of living and dead bacteria, protein-rich fluid and dead leukocytes (white blood cells).

Inflammation is the body's protective response to various tissue damage. If the damage is caused by an internal bacterial infection, the inflammatory process (during which white blood cells fight pathogens) is usually accompanied by suppuration. Most often, suppuration is caused by so-called pyogenic bacteria.

Reasons for the formation of pus, or why does suppuration occur?

A cold usually begins with a sore or sore throat and nasal congestion; they are followed by sneezing, runny nose and general malaise.

In this case, thick yellow discharge from the ear or nose, which are often accompanied by pain in the eyes, headache and fever.

This occurs due to the penetration into the body first of a viral infection that affects the mucous membrane of the throat and nose, and then of a bacterial infection that causes it to suppurate. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections.

Suppuration can result from getting into the wound pathogens during surgery. Although sterile instruments are used in operating rooms, bacteria are still present in environment, and, despite the use of antibiotics, the wound suppurates. Sometimes it appears one to two weeks or even several months after surgery. The pus is usually removed surgically.

Complications of suppuration, or consequences of the formation of pus

The accumulation of pus in the body often leads to undesirable consequences. The patient feels general malaise, loses his appetite, and gradually loses weight. As a result, anemia may develop, the cause of which is severe exhaustion body.

Maintaining sterility in operating rooms significantly reduces the risk of wounds festering during surgery.

Is prolonged wound suppuration dangerous?

If a person is healthy and able to resist infection, suppuration usually goes away fairly quickly. However, when the patient's body is weakened (for example, by illness), prolonged suppuration can lead to general malaise, weight loss and even anemia.

What are abscesses?

An abscess is a limited purulent inflammation of tissue. The body’s protective reaction is manifested in the formation of a capsule that prevents further distribution microbes into healthy tissues of the body. Moreover, the stronger the body’s defenses, the more pus is formed. In the case of a weak immune system, only a small abscess is formed.

An abscess located close to the surface of the skin or mucous membrane is characterized by redness and painful swelling. With deeply located abscesses, the functions of the affected organ are disrupted, body temperature rises, and pain occurs. An undetected deep abscess is often a source of infection throughout the body.

Abscess treatment: abscess drainage

As a rule, the patient's condition improves after removal of the pus. Often the abscess goes away without any treatment: it ruptures on its own and its contents pour out. Sometimes, to speed up “ripening,” compresses are applied to the damaged area. To reduce pain and speed healing, the abscess is opened and drained. This procedure is performed by a surgeon in a hospital and, if necessary, under local anesthesia.

Abscesses can develop in any organ, including the lungs, mouth, rectum, and muscles. Sometimes, when pus stagnates, the abscess becomes chronic or cold (without manifestations of an inflammatory reaction) and puts pressure on nearby organs. This condition requires surgical treatment. After draining a large abscess, there is an empty space in which the doctor temporarily places a gauze pad. Sometimes, to completely remove the pus, it is necessary to introduce temporary artificial drainages (thin plastic tubes).

In our other publications, read more about an abscess (abscess) - the main factor in the formation of pus.

Diseases of the nasal cavity always create huge troubles for a person, making it almost impossible to sleep normally. Treatment of purulent sinusitis should be timely and comprehensive. Otherwise, the disease may become chronic.

Purulent sinusitis is a disease that causes inflammation of the maxillary sinuses. It is one of the forms of sinusitis.

Classification of types of purulent sinusitis according to the location of inflammation:

Left-handed;
Right-handed;
Bilateral.

Also, diseases are classified according to the nature of their development:

Acute form;
Chronic form.

The easiest way to cure the acute form of purulent sinusitis. If the pathology develops into a chronic stage, then it is almost impossible.

Causes of purulent sinusitis

Most often, the cause of the development of the disease is a common cold, acute respiratory infection or acute respiratory viral infection. But there are other factors that can trigger the disease.

Causes of inflammation of the maxillary sinuses:

Bacteria that are associated with a runny nose;
Allergic reactions;
Formation of polyps in the nasal cavity;
The presence of any acute inflammatory process in the body;
Weakening of the immune system;
Frequent rhinitis;
Infection may occur due to dental diseases;
Incompletely cured colds.

Having found out exactly what caused purulent sinusitis, it will be much easier and faster to completely cure it.

Main symptoms

In order to accurately make a diagnosis, you need to know all the main symptoms of purulent sinusitis. The symptoms of the disease are almost the same as for sinusitis. But making a diagnosis yourself at home is not recommended, since you can only harm your health.

Immediately after signs of purulent sinusitis appear, you should consult an otolaryngologist.

Signs of purulent sinusitis:

Increase in body temperature to high values;
Severe chills;
Nasal congestion;
Difficulty breathing, insensitivity to odors;
Strong headache(especially in the area of the temples and bridge of the nose);
Copious discharge from the sinuses;
Feeling of pain and tightness in the eyeballs;
Weakness, lack of appetite;
Muscle pain;
In some cases, a cough may occur;
Problems with sleep (insomnia may develop due to sinus congestion).

Sinusitis usually lasts more than 10 days. The pathology is accompanied by acute symptoms for 3 days.

Based on the symptoms and treatment of the disease, purulent sinusitis is selected individually. Treating sinusitis at home is highly undesirable.

How to treat purulent sinusitis

Acute purulent sinusitis cannot be started and waited until all the symptoms go away on their own. If only one sinus is blocked, the treatment will still apply to the entire mucous membrane.

What to do if the pus does not come out? First of all, consult a doctor. He will look at the patient's condition and then prescribe medication. For a disease such as acute sinusitis, treatment must be timely.

Drug therapy for acute purulent sinusitis:

Antibiotics

Acute and chronic purulent sinusitis is treated mainly with broad-spectrum antibiotics. The course of antibiotics is 10 calendar days. You can’t take antibiotics for longer, because the body begins to get used to it and the effect active ingredients drugs against bacteria weakens. If the symptoms of the disease do not go away, then other antibiotics are prescribed.

Vasoconstrictor drugs

To relieve inflammation and reduce swelling, your doctor may prescribe vasoconstrictors. For example, it could be Rinonorm, Nazivin or Otrivin. The purpose of these sprays is to “free up” the sinuses so that antiseptic and antibacterial agents can penetrate. Use vasoconstrictor sprays 2-3 times a day, 20 minutes before rinsing the nose.

Antiallergic drugs

If purulent sinusitis was caused allergic reaction body on external stimuli, then antiallergic drugs are prescribed. With their help you can relieve swelling and inflammation of the mucous membrane. The doctor may prescribe Tavegil, Suprastin, Eden or Diazolin.

Antibacterial sprays

Antibacterial sprays are prescribed for all forms of sinusitis. They destroy harmful bacteria and promote better penetration of antibiotics.

Surgical interventions

TO surgical intervention resorted to extremely rarely, when the disease is in an advanced state and drug treatment does not produce any results. A nose piercing is done if the pus is compressed and naturally he doesn't come out.

How to cure a disease using traditional methods

Treating sinusitis at home using alternative medicine recipes can only be done with the permission of the attending physician. And it should be used as an additional treatment to the main therapy prescribed by the otolaryngologist.

Treatment at home with folk recipes:

Washing

One of the simplest, but at the same time effective remedies for sinusitis is rinsing. For this procedure you will need medicinal herbs (for example, it could be chamomile, sage or thyme) and 250 ml of filtered water. Pour water over the herbs and put on fire. Bring the broth to a boil, then reduce the heat and continue to simmer for another 10 minutes. Remove from heat and leave to steep for 10 minutes. Strain the broth through cheesecloth and wait until it cools to room temperature. Before washing the maxillary sinuses, you need to make sure that the temperature of the decoction is comfortable for the mucous membrane.

But before starting rinsing, it is advisable to make sure that the patient is not allergic to any of the herbs.

For rinsing, you can use regular salt, or sea salt without additives. Dilute 1 tbsp. l. in a glass of warm water and rinse your sinuses once a day.

Inhalations

Various inhalations are also very effective in treating pathology. To prepare, you need to take 300 ml of water, eucalyptus essential oil or fir oil. Heat the water a little and add 3 drops of essential oil. Cover with a towel and breathe in the steam for 20 minutes. Inhalations can also be carried out with decoctions of medicinal herbs.

To get rid of nasal congestion, you can use onions. You need to take one fresh onion and grate it on a fine grater. Take several breaths over the bow through each nostril. If there is a burning sensation or other discomfort, then this procedure will have to be abandoned.