Why should you go to bed at 10 pm? The value of hours of sleep. Human biological rhythms

The modern weapon cartridge, in the form in which we are accustomed to seeing it, originates in the middle of the 19th century.

Just shortly before this, solid-drawn metal cartridges replaced imperfect paper ones, and in 1861 people dealing with weapons appreciated the advantages of a center-ignition cartridge (with a primer in the center of the bottom of the cartridge case).

Over the century and a half that has passed since then, the unitary weapon cartridge has undergone a lot of changes and innovations, but most of them can be seen by looking inside, so to speak - outwardly, modern cartridges differ little from their ancestors: still the same cartridge case with gunpowder, the same igniter capsule and a bullet. The bullet, following the path of its evolution, was subjected to a huge number of experiments, which was reflected in its many types.

And if from the very beginning gunsmiths sought to improve such indicators as speed and flatness of flight, then gunsmiths of our time are faced with much more non-trivial tasks.

Thanks to the photo project “AMMO” by the Austrian photographer Sabine Perlman, we have the opportunity to see various cartridges in cross-section - this will allow us to understand the reason for the diversity of such a simple thing at first glance as a weapon cartridge.

Before you is perhaps the oldest of all the ammunition presented here - the .450 Adams caliber revolver cartridge, adopted for service in 1868. The cartridge is filled with black smoky powder and has a shellless lead bullet. Due to the softness and ductility of lead (especially when it gets into bone). As a result, the Hague Peace Convention of 1899 prohibited the use of easily deformable ammunition in hostilities.

And this is a more modern ammunition - a common British pistol cartridge of 9x19 mm Luger/Parabellum caliber. As you can see, here the lead bullet has a copper shell - this prevents the bore from becoming leaded when fired and naturally complies with the conditions of the convention. Pistol ammunition, as a rule, has a larger caliber than rifle ammunition - thus increasing the stopping effect of the weapon in close combat.

Next on our list are pistol cartridges with so-called hollow-point bullets. When it hits a target, such a bullet opens up like an umbrella, which achieves its very high stopping effect. This type of ammunition is used to equip police and civilian self-defense weapons. By the way, in the first photo of the article you can see what happens to a semi-jacketed hollow-point bullet when fired into water.

And this is a Wadcutter pistol cartridge in 9x19 mm Luger/Parabellum caliber. Don't be fooled by the cavity in its bullet, which gives this cartridge a resemblance to hollow-point ammunition. These cartridges are used for shooting at the shooting range, and the sharp edges of the brass bullet allow you to get clear and even holes in paper targets.

The 9x17mm pistol cartridge (.380 Browning) was also developed for target practice. Its bullet has a tracer composition, and when it hits a target, it produces a clearly visible flash and a cloud of colored smoke visible from afar.

The cartridge for the .224 BOZ submachine gun is designed to destroy armored targets - a 5.56mm caliber bullet at a distance of 90 meters pierces 20 layers of Kevlar fabric with a 1.6mm thick titanium insert and then penetrates a block of ballistic gelatin to a depth of more than half a meter. Impressive, isn't it?

And this is already a cartridge special purpose High Safety Ammunition in 9x19 mm Luger/Parabellum caliber used by anti-terrorism units. Ammunition of this type is designed to hit lightly armored targets: this task is assigned to steel darts placed in a copper shell and filled with plastic; in addition, the use of these cartridges eliminates the risk of hitting people behind the criminal, since the peculiarity of their design eliminates the possibility of hitting the target on the fly.

The Sky Marshall 9x19 mm Luger/Parabellum cartridge is used by Israeli anti-terrorism units. Steel balls filled with polymer resin, as in the previous case, are needed to defeat the enemy without the risk of causing harm to the hostages located near the terrorist - when the target is hit, the integrity of the non-jacketed bullet is broken and thereby eliminating the possibility of hitting through, while the massive steel buckshot retains a high lethal effect.

Special 9 mm Special Glaser cartridges are used in anti-terrorism operations carried out on board aircraft. A bullet consisting of a copper shell filled with lead shot and sealed with a plastic cap eliminates the possibility of ricochet, just like Sky Marshall cartridges, these ammunition can be used without fear of hitting civilians behind the criminal.

The 9mm Speer Target cartridge was specifically designed for compact, short-barreled revolvers. Its lightweight plastic bullet causes a traumatic effect. Since the amount of gunpowder in this cartridge is very small, its effect is only effective at short distances.

The SSB machine gun cartridge has an interesting design of the striking element. To be more precise, there are three of these same elements (submunitions) in the cartridge - which is why it is also called triplex ammunition. Cartridges of this design have a very high stopping effect due to the increased affected area. Also, cartridges of this type can be equipped with submunitions of different nature of action - carbide, tracer, incendiary, etc.

Experimental cartridge XM216 caliber 5.56x45 mm (.223 Remington) with a sub-caliber carbide arrow. Although ammunition of this type showed exceptional results in flight speed and armor-piercing power, they, with rare exceptions, were not used beyond the test sites. Along with the fact that the carbide dart easily penetrated Kevlar armor, it also easily stopped when it hit a board or sandbag. The very high flight speed of the arrow (1400 m/s) made it possible to shoot at moving distant targets with virtually no anticipation, but the low accuracy reduced all the shooter’s efforts to nothing.

Armor-piercing cartridge with a massive heavy bullet. To prevent damage to the bore when firing cartridges with carbide bullets, most of it, and sometimes the entire bullet, is placed in a glass made of brass or copper.

Blank training cartridge in 6.5x55 mm Mauser caliber. As strange as it may seem, the bullet in this cartridge is wooden and is needed for proper operation weapon automation and avoidance of cartridge misalignment when feeding from the clip. Such a wooden bullet, of course, cannot hit the target - the bullet is completely destroyed when leaving the bore of the weapon.

The 7.92x57 Mauser training cartridge can easily be confused with a blank charge, but simulating the sound of a shot is not its task - it helps you learn how to load and unload a weapon, while maintaining the dimensions and weight of the cartridge.

Training cartridge L14A1 caliber 7.62x54 mm with a tracer bullet. In this training cartridge, only the base of the case and the internal element of the bullet are made of metal, the rest is all plastic. In addition, the weight of gunpowder in this training cartridge is much smaller than usual - this was done to reduce the stopping power, which is practically unimportant during training shooting. Replacing metal with plastic, of course, has a positive effect on the cost of the cartridge and on the safety of people shooting - as I already said, a light plastic bullet cannot cause serious damage and does not ricochet when it encounters an obstacle.

Cartridge for combat smoothbore weapons. The use of pump-action smoothbore weapons fully justified itself during liberation operations. This cartridge is an ammunition for defeating enemy armored personnel - for this purpose it has hard-alloy dart-like elements that easily penetrate body armor, while, again, the possibility of hitting civilians in close proximity to the criminal is excluded.

And in the article “” you can find out how this main part of the ammunition has evolved

About what the projectile should have oblong shape and they knew how to spin in flight even before the invention of firearms. But they were not able to bring these ideas to life immediately.

Bullet types:

AP - Armor Piercing - armor-piercing
FMJ – Full Metal Jacketed – Shell
EFMJ - Expanding Full Metal Jacketed
GLASER Safety Slug - easily destructible (with "controlled ballistics")
JFP - Jacketed Flat Point
JHP - Jacketed HollowPoint - Semi-Jacketed HollowPoint
JSP - Jacketed SoftPoint - Semi-shelled
JRN - Jacketed Round Nose
Hydrashock - semi-shell with expansive recess
L - Lead - All lead
LHP - Lead HollowPoint - Shellless with Expansive Hollow
LRN - Lead RoundNose
LSW - Lead SemiWadcutter - Sheathless blunt-nosed for target and training shooting
LWC - Lead WadCutter - Sheathless blunt nose for target and training shooting
THV - Tres Haute Vitesse - High speed with high stopping power and low penetration

This photo shows a bullet mold that allows you to cast both a round and an oblong bullet at the same time. With the adoption of oblong bullets It turned out to be possible, without reducing the mass of the bullet (without reducing its destructive power), to slightly reduce the caliber.
The main advantages of the new bullets were:
the long leading part of the bullet ensured a strong hold of the bullet in the rifling, which protected it from stalling with strong charges, gave a monotonous fight, and with reinforced charges improved the ballistic qualities of the weapon;
good pressing of the bullet into the rifling by the force of powder gases;
the increased weight of the bullet contributed to better retention of its initial speed during flight and increased penetration;
pointed head form bullets contributed to better overcoming air resistance;
the flat and recessed bottom of the bullet better absorbed the pressure of the powder gases than a round bullet;

LHP - Lead HollowPoint - Shellless with Expansive Hollow

All-lead bullet with an expansive cavity.

Full Metal Jacketed

Expansiveness

Tom Burzynski - development and improvement of expansion bullets

In the early 70s, Tom Burzynski introduced the Hydra Shock bullet, which turned out to be so effective that in the mid-80s Federal Cartridge Corporation bought the patent and immediately became a worthy competitor to such US weapons manufacturers as Winchester and Remington. Burzynski recently developed the Expanding Full Metal Jacket (EFMJ) with controlled expansion. The figure shows the structure of this bullet. The core consists of two parts: rubber at the head of the bullet and lead. The tompak shell has deep longitudinal cuts. This bullet can be used even where legislation prohibits the use of expansion bullets.

Non-fragmenting expansion bullets and controlled expansion

The idea of ​​a light bullet that develops high speed, but easily releases kinetic energy.

Taurus Copper Bullet - solid copper Taurus bullet

THV “Tres Haute Vites” – very high speed

This hollow, lightweight bullet was designed in France specifically for the police in order to obtain ammunition with good penetration ability, high speed, stopping power and accuracy, as well as less recoil. To work on this project, SFM (Societe Fransais de Municiones) invited designer Antoine. The revolutionary "reverse curvature" design of the bullet head follows the direction of the shock waves generated when the bullet contacts the target at an angle of 90°. The bullet is armor-piercing, but in addition, it has a high stopping effect. The bullet quickly loses speed as it passes through the target due to its light weight. The bullet material was not specifically stated, but on known examples it is copper. The contours of the head part have two options: with a thin nose and with a thickened one. The second option was created specifically for self-loading pistols, because Thin-nosed bullets were often the cause of delays in self-loading pistols. The figure on the right shows both options. Subsequent use of this bullet revealed the following disadvantages: The cost of ammunition was very high. The shallow depth of the wound channel was not sufficient to affect vital organs.

The Monad Bullets

Penetrating and stopping action

AP - Armor Piercing - Russian-made armor-piercing pistol bullet.

Charlie Kelsey and the Perfect Bullet

Charlie Kelsey wanted to design “a bullet for all occasions.” In other words, not expansive with good penetration properties and stopping effect. This required extensive research into the shape and hardness of the stiffeners and bullet material to obtain optimal characteristics rigidity. These studies took too much time and effort. By the time it became clear how to anneal a bullet, what copper and zinc alloy to use and what size stiffeners should be, Charlie was on the verge of bankruptcy. He had to move out of his apartment and sell his personal belongings. Last months During his life, he practically did not communicate with friends and relatives and nothing was known about him until the moment when the police discovered his body. Charlie Kelsey was killed by unknown assailants in 2003.

The all-copper Davel bullet does not deform or fragment in soft obstacles. Manufactured by Sinterfire Corp. The reverse bending of the bullet has the same wound effect as the TXV bullet. But the penetration ability is much higher due to the stiffening ribs and bullet material.
As you can see in the image, the bullet penetrates two steel sheets and flips over as it passes the gelatin block. The shift of the bullet’s center of gravity back is responsible for the fact that the bullet turns over in soft obstacles - this in turn determines the large wound effect. Especially because it creates a large, temporarily pulsating cavity, as seen in the image below.

Ricochet

Air Freedom Round

Glaser

Training bullets

This section contains bullets that are used for training.
A training cartridge should not have those characteristics (penetration and stopping action) that are so important for a cartridge intended for combat use (and significantly increase the cost of ammunition), but at the same time it should have characteristics that are important specifically for training.
The main reason why these bullets (cartridges) are used as training bullets is their relative low price. The price of a cartridge ranges from 12 cents (FMJ) to 20 dollars or more per piece.
They also include bullets that do not contain lead, which is harmful to health, and cartridges without mercury salts in capsules.
The next desirable feature of such bullets is the absence of ricochet. Fragment bullets and wad cutter bullets are suitable for this purpose.

Plastic and rubber bullets are also used for training.

Unidentified bullets

There are different types of bullets great amount. Considering that not only large companies, but also private individuals are involved in manufacturing, some bullets are not only difficult to identify, but even to guess their purpose.

FOR EXAMPLE:
This bullet (pictured on the left) consists of a shell filled with plastic - the manufacturer, purpose and composition of the plastic are unknown. The Winchester company, whose mark is on the cartridge, denies its manufacture.
It is naturally impossible to cover all the variety of bullets in one article. We tried only to show the dynamics of development and the main ideas.

There are a huge variety of designs and types of bullets. This ensures reliable defeat of any game animal under normal conditions. this method distance. Types of bullets according to their lethal qualities are classified according to their design characteristics. First of all, this refers to the division into two very unequal parts: the smaller one includes non-expansive bullets, and the larger one includes expansive bullets. The first are without deformation or destruction when hit, and the second are those that change shape, change diameter, which thus cause lethal destruction to the animal’s body.

Design

All modern types of bullets are built approximately the same: the main components of each are the core and the shell. The shell is most often made of thin steel, however, metals of varying hardness, even copper or cupronickel, can be used. The steel shell is almost always planked with copper to reduce friction. The core is always lead, the hardness of which can vary. Non-expansive types of bullets are made with a shell of greater strength and thickness, otherwise the lead core will deform when it hits the target. The shape of such bullets can be different - from pointed and rounded to a flat head. Expansive types of bullets for guns are even more varied in shape, but all with a mandatory feature: the main shell of the bullet head must be open.

When a bullet hits an animal, its soft core makes contact more easily with soft tissues, deforming the core, which, destroying the shell, deforms the bullet, due to which it significantly increases in its front part. Sometimes this function is performed by a special wedge, similar to a cap, which covers the opened shell cone. There are other ways to accomplish this task of enlarging the wound channel relative to the true caliber of the bullet. In the photo you can see the design used to make all types of bullets for rifled weapons. These are the bottom, leading, ogival parts, a groove of the body for strengthening it, a groove that secures the bullet in the sleeve, a shell - the leading edge, a lead core with an outlet.

Types, types, categories

Design features that determine the nature and conditions of deformation of a bullet upon impact also divide them into types with a specific name for each. It is enough to look through catalogs and other printed publications to understand which types of hunting bullets belong to which types. Most often they join one or another enlarged category. For example, half-jacketed bullets can be called all bullets that have a shell covered with some material or open access to a core with an incomplete shell.

In practice, this is the name for types of rifled bullets, where the core is flush with the edges of the shell or extends beyond its edges in the head part. Opened shells with various cavities in the core or between it and the cladding are called either expansive or have a specific name. Next, the types of smoothbore bullets, as well as for rifled weapons, pneumatics and pistols, will be considered and described by name with the current abbreviations given in most catalogs. The English and German systems of such designations are accepted throughout the world.

Types of 12 gauge bullets

Today, hunters provide ammunition with plastic, paper and metal casings. They are equipped with smokeless and black powder. There are types of 12-gauge bullets, determined by the type of charge: it is a bullet, buckshot or shot. Both standard cartridges and those with an increased powder charge are used. Steel or lead shot cartridges can be placed inside and have a sleeve of 89, 76, 70 and 65 millimeters in length. Buckshot and bullet - only 76, 70 and 65. For hunting waterfowl, small forest animals and game, shot from No. 12 (one and a half millimeters) to No. 0000 (five millimeters) is used. Shot cartridges are divided by numbers according to the size of the equipment. Long distances are covered with increased pressure cartridges - the Magnum type. Just like lead shot, steel shot is often used.

A buckshot cartridge is needed for hunting a small animal; the buckshot can be matched or not, and the size of the shot is also determined by its diameter. Here the size of the fraction is more than five millimeters. A bullet cartridge is essential when hunting large game. Types of bullets for 12-gauge smooth-bore weapons: round in shape, arrow-shaped, with a stabilizer tail, turbine (using a counter-flow of air), arrow-turbine. 12 gauge differs in the inscription where it is contained a brief description of and basic information about the cartridge: hunting (purpose), what type of gunpowder, what caliber size, what length of the cartridge case, what shot number. Drawings on the cartridge case may or may not be present if the cartridge is intended for sale in the Russian Federation. For export, registration is carried out at the request of the customer. But the fraction number must be indicated - always.

Rating: types of bullets (photo)

1. Glavpatron (Tula) is in the lead - reliable, stable, high-quality, affordable.
2. In second place is Tekhkrim CJSC (Izhevsk) - huge selection, excellent quality.
3. The third stage of cartridges of the "Rus" brand (Tolyatti) - domestic components, affordable.
4. In fourth place are the Taiga cartridges (Tula again) - they are good both equipped with a bullet and with shot (for short range).
5. In addition, hunters note good quality"Magnum" cartridges, which are designed for large and medium-sized shots weighing from forty to forty-four grams.

Hitting the target is ensured with minimal recoil during the shot. Recommended for heavy shotguns. Cartridges are used for game small sizes- hare, fox, wood grouse, goose. Quite popular are 12-gauge SKM cartridges made from materials from the most famous foreign manufacturers. The highest quality gunpowder is used. Hunting necessarily involves matching the game and the shot number. For example, grouse, woodcock, duck at 30-40 meters will require a fraction of the fifth, sixth or seventh numbers. Shotguns with a 70mm chamber can use Tahoe cartridges with numbers nine, seven and five.

Pneumatics

Types of bullets for pneumatics are not so numerous. However, they are currently sold in huge quantities and in full range. The most common form of subsonic bullet is the "diablo", which looks like a shuttlecock. It has a heavy head and a light “skirt”, due to which the bullet rotates and stabilizes the flight. The friction inside the barrel is small, which increases the coefficient useful action weapon pneumatics. For powerful rifles, bullets are used that are similar in shape to firearms, with transonic velocities and a high ballistic coefficient. Pneumatics also work great for holidays and entertainment: flash-noise bullets, “armor-piercing” bullets and the like.

Large-diameter bullets are cut much better inside the barrel; they are stabilized, almost without losing air through the rifling of the channels. They are designed for high-power rifles. It all depends on the barrel; bullets are selected specifically for each. Weak pneumatics will not accelerate a heavy bullet, but a light bullet on powerful pneumatics will instantly lose speed or lose accuracy at supersonic speeds. The types of pistol bullets differ from rifle bullets only in quantity. Firstly, these are the lightest bullets. These are either 0.35 g balls for smooth-bore weapons, or bullets for rifled weapons. Large-caliber pneumatics require special cartridges, then it will be possible to hunt ungulates. Types of bullets for smooth-bore weapons will be discussed below in more detail.

Examples of weapons supplies

1. Kupfer Teilmantel Flachkopf (KTF)- a semi-jacketed bullet with a flat top, a copper jacket and a lead core. When hit, the lead is exposed, flattened, slightly pressed into the shell, unfolding it, due to which the bullet becomes larger in diameter. A thicker jacket in the lower half prevents complete destruction of the bullet. A powerful cartridge is not needed for this bullet. Is used for
2. Teilmantel spitz (TMS)- the bullet is also semi-jacketed, with lead exposed in the head. The nose of the bullet is relatively sharp, slightly rounded. The knurled belt divides the bullet into two parts, where the front is shorter than the back. The thin jacket at the front is deformed, while the thicker jacket at the rear of the bullet remains unchanged. This supply is good for long-distance shooting. The deformation depends on the impact speed.
3. Vollmantel (VM) completely encased and does not collapse under normal conditions. This bullet has maximum penetrating ability, and the wound does not cause major tissue damage. Suitable for medium and small caliber weapons and small game hunting.
4. D-Mantel (DM)- with a double shell at the rear, that is, an expansive bullet. The inside is steel, the front is open, the head is thin, the core has a cone-shaped recess, gradually turning into a cylindrical one. This bullet has a reverse cone, which means that when it hits, the tissue seems to be pressed into the void, destroying the front part, which takes the shape of a mushroom and increases in diameter. The double shell of the rear remains intact. The excellent lethality of such a bullet allows you to hunt large animals and is used at close distances for large and medium caliber cartridges.

In addition to the above, Teilmantel Rundkopf, Kegelspitz, NMoH (HP), Starkmantel, Torpedo Ideal Geschoss, Torpedo Universal Geschoss, H-Mantel Bleispitz, HMkH, VMS, VMR, DKK, Vulkan, Forex, Mega, Alaska, Plastspitz, Orix, Silvertip, Torpedospitz, Nosler, PL, PLPCL, PSP Core Lokt-CL, Power Lokt, Core Lokt, SF, Hammerhead.

Characteristics

Most of the types of bullets presented here (and the most common) belong to the expansion half. They have external and structural differences, but they still have more in common. In all of them, the front part is deformed in order to increase the diameter of the wound channel, in all of them the rear bullet part is retained, which keeps the bullet from destruction and helps to penetrate deeply into the tissue. The only exception is the TUG bullet, which is specialized for thick-skinned animals, which is designed so as not to form fragments when hit and thus not reduce penetration ability.

For long-range shooting, the bullets are pointed to overcome air resistance, thus maintaining speed (here the reverse cone also plays a big role). For medium and close ranges, bullets are made differently: they have an open void in the head and flat, rounded tops near the lead exposure. The types of smoothbore bullets are also quite diverse. First of all, this is the Polev bullet, one of the most popular in all CIS countries and former USSR. A arrow-type bullet with a striking element connected to a plastic tail. The head part has a container, also plastic, which improves obturation properties. There are several options for making such a bullet.

Calibers of cartridges for rifled shotguns

Caliber is the distance between the grooves, often coinciding with the diameter of the bullet. It is in this dependence that weapons are classified - small-caliber, regular caliber and large-caliber. The first is up to six and a half millimeters, the second is from six and a half to nine, and the third is from nine to twenty millimeters. Above this, the weapon is already artillery. Today there are hunting rifles with a rifled barrel, depending on the size of the bullet.

Thus, in the USA, caliber is still defined in inches (hundredths of an inch), and in England - in thousandths of an inch. Therefore, the “movie” forty-five caliber is interpreted as 0.45 or 0.450. In Russia, a dot is placed right before the caliber designation: .45 or .450, but more often the whole number is simply used - 45 caliber. Sometimes cartridges are given a special designation for complete clarity: Super, .357 or Colt, .45. In the 30s of the last century, the caliber designations were slightly modified, with inches replaced by millimeters.

Calibers of cartridges for shotguns

The calibers of hunting weapons without a threaded barrel, which are called smoothbore, are determined completely differently. The size here can only correspond to the number of round bullets from a pound of lead that can be put into a gun. Moreover, the condition that the bullets will be identical, even, and spherical in shape must be taken into account. This means that cartridge calibers are inversely proportional to their designated number in hunting rifles. The twentieth gauge, for example, is smaller than the tenth, and the sixteenth is smaller than the twelfth.

When designating the caliber for any weapon (both smooth-bore and rifled), it is necessary to indicate the length of the cartridge case, otherwise it will be difficult to accurately select the cartridge a certain type for a specific weapon. IN modern world There is a real freedom for a hunter - there is a huge variety of cartridges of the most varied calibers. However, the most popular of them is the twelfth gauge, since it is ideal for hunting not the largest, but not the smallest animals and birds. Calibers four, ten, thirty-two are required less often, because their use requires only strictly defined game, narrow hunting specialization.

For a large animal

An amateur does not have many chances to shoot big game. Cartridges equipped with heavy hunting bullets are required individually for each barrel, since there are certain tolerances. Barrels of even the same caliber vary greatly: both the diameters of the bore in the barrels and the entrances for projectiles are different. For a large animal you need both a large gun and a good bullet. Moreover, the hunter is obliged to equip all the cartridges for his own weapon with his own hands. Especially if he was planning to go after a large animal.

A guarantee of safety in the use of cartridges is given by factories only if the weapon has a cylindrical drill barrel. And hand-made equipment at home is not only the ability to fill cartridges, but also the knowledge of how to choose the right bullet for a particular animal for your own weapon. Inaccurately loaded bullets miss at the most crucial moment. A wild boar, for example, will not wait while the hunter reloads the berdank after shooting “in the milk”. The following types of hunting bullets for large game are used (for smooth-bore weapons): round, turbine and shot-type bullets.

In their publications, special magazines have repeatedly reported that many modern hunters give preference to smooth bullets over rifled bullets. Naturally, all this is not presented unfoundedly; on the contrary, it has a magnificent evidence base and reasoned conclusions. But we must not forget that getting wounded ungulates even with good working dogs is a huge problem, with a lot of hassle and wasted time. But predators - a brown bear, for example, if wounded, this is also a mortal danger for any person, not necessarily even the one who wounded the animal. Therefore, choosing bullets is the most important preparation for such a hunt.

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Any of us would gladly agree to extend the day by a couple of hours in order to have time to not only get all our work done, but also get some sleep.

website knows about 6 secret techniques sleep, which will free up to 22 hours a day. If you decide to change your sleep pattern, then be sure to consult your doctor, especially if your activity requires increased attention. At the end of the article a bonus awaits you which will help you wake up in right time and stay cheerful.

The sleep of our ancestors is 6 hours

(Until 20th century)

Sleep formula: once for 4 hours + once for 2 hours = 6 hours

Our ancestors slept in two different phases, with a period of wakefulness separating these two phases. The time of wakefulness between two segments of sleep was considered special and even sacred - people engaged in spiritual practices, reflection, and used the time for reading. If you want to try multiphasic sleep, but don't know where to start, we recommend this method. This the most comfortable option for most people, which can be supplemented with 30 minutes of sleep for adaptation.

"Dymaxion" - 2 hours

(Richard Buckminster Fuller)

Sleep formula: 4 times 30 minutes every 6 hours = 2 hours

Bucky Fuller came up with the most effective technique sleep, the essence of which is to sleep for 30 minutes 4 times a day every six hours. Bucky claimed he had never felt more energetic. Doctors examined the famous architect and inventor after two years of such sleep and declared him completely healthy. This is the most extreme sleep cycle.

“Superman” - 2 hours

(Salvador Dali)

Sleep formula: 6 times 20 minutes every 4 hours = 2 hours

"Superman" It is considered an effective and comfortable sleep technique for many. People feel a surge of strength and feel healthy, however, there is a significant drawback: you cannot break the regime and miss at least one sleep, otherwise you will feel sleep-deprived and tired. Such a dream is one of the creative secrets of Leonardo da Vinci and Salvador Dali. Dali practiced this type of sleep by placing a metal tray near the bed and holding a spoon in his hands. When the spoon fell, the artist woke up from the roar: this is how he found new ideas that the intermediate state between sleep and wakefulness gave him.

“Siesta” - 6.5 hours

(Winston Churchill)

Sleep formula: 1 time at night for 5 hours + 1 time during the day for 1.5 hours = 6.5 hours

One of the greatest Britons in history, Winston Churchill, followed exactly this daily routine: he went to bed at 3 a.m. and woke up at 8 a.m., and slept for about an hour after lunch. “You should sleep between lunch and dinner, and no half measures, ever! Take off your clothes and go to bed. This is what I always do. Don't think that you will do less work because you sleep during the day. On the contrary, you will be able to do more, because you get two days in one - well, according to at least, one and a half."

"Tesla" - 2 hours 20 minutes

(Nikola Tesla)

Sleep formula: 1 time at night for 2 hours + 1 time during the day for 20 minutes = 2 hours 20 minutes

The famous physicist and inventor, who made significant contributions to the study of alternating current, slept only 2-3 hours a day. He could work all night long, but most often he used exactly this sleep technique, which got its name in honor of the brilliant scientist.

Philistine cycle - 2.5 hours

Sleep formula: 1 time at night for 1.5 hours + 3 times during the day for 20 minutes = 2.5 hours

Scientists study the sleep patterns of babies, older people and many animals. Elephants, for example, use a fairly famous sleep pattern known as "everyman" and sleep on average two hours a day - at night for an hour, and then about four times for 15 minutes. Short naps should occur at regular intervals. This is the schedule considered the most flexible, to him easier to adapt. In addition, in such a scheme you can skip nap without harm to health.

Bonus: What time should you go to bed to wake up refreshed at the right time?

If you are not ready to experiment with sleep, but really want to wake up easily, then you can calculate the period of time when the body will be in the phase REM sleep. It is at this time that it is easiest to wake up.