The man suddenly started bleeding from everywhere. What to do when your nose is bleeding. During sleep. In the morning. Every day

Nosebleeds can occur even in a healthy person and, usually, the cause is a slight increase in pressure or overwork. In such cases, you need to stop the bleeding using one of the methods described below. But if this happens often, then you need to consult a doctor to find out why your nose is bleeding - because this could be a symptom of a serious illness.

Types of nosebleeds by intensity

Depending on the intensity of bleeding, there are:

• minor - blood is released in small drops, such bleeding stops quickly;
• moderate - accompanied by bloody vomiting, a sharp decrease in blood pressure, and increased heart rate;
• severe - accompanied by significant blood loss, accompanied by a drop in pressure, an increase in pulse rate, sweating and the occurrence of severe general weakness.

What could be causing the bleeding?

• Diseases and problems in the body: blood diseases, hypertension, spleen and liver disease, damage to the walls of blood vessels, hypertension, hypo- and hypervitaminosis,
• Strong physical activity.
• Sun or heatstroke.
• The consequence of minor injuries is damage to the nose itself or the mucous membrane inside the nose. With bleeding of this nature, swelling of the tissues and injured areas occurs.
• Sometimes blood flows from the nose due to inflammatory processes in the sinuses and passages (with senusitis, rhinitis, frontal sinusitis, sinusitis). In this case, mucous bloody discharge with clots from the nasal passages occurs.
• If nosebleeds occur in a person who suffers from hypertension, this indicates the occurrence of a hypertensive crisis, as a result of which the walls of blood vessels rupture.
• Taking medications: nasal sprays, antihistamines, heparin, aspirin.
• Reduced level of platelets in the body.

Nosebleeds in children

Most often, nosebleeds in children are caused by mechanical damage to the nasal mucosa when various foreign objects are inserted into the nose or as a result of a fall and bruise.

If a child bleeds from the nose in dense clots, this is a consequence of an inflammatory process caused by rhinitis or sinusitis. This requires appropriate treatment.

The cause of bleeding in children can also be a curvature of the nasal septum, changes in the structure of the mucous membrane caused by various infections: tuberculosis, syphilis, diphtheria, as well as chronic runny nose.

Dry indoor air can also cause nosebleeds. In this case, the nasal mucosa dries out, sticks to the wall of blood vessels and loses its strength and elasticity. When you blow your nose and sneeze, the mucous membrane cracks and damages the blood vessels. As a result, nosebleeds occur.

Nosebleeds in pregnant women

During pregnancy, women often experience nosebleeds due to a lack of vitamin K, which is actively involved in the process of blood clotting. When nosebleeds occur in pregnant women, severe headaches and dizziness may occur. This is a sign of a sharp increase in blood pressure. If women experience frequent nosebleeds, they should contact their doctor.

How to stop nosebleeds on your own?

To stop bleeding, you can use these simple but effective methods.

• Pinch your nose, pressing your nostrils tightly. This method helps to stop bleeding quickly and without unnecessary means.
• Use a cotton swab. To reduce swelling of the mucous membrane, use neosynephrine: moisten a cotton swab with this solution and place the tampon in the nose.
• For heavy bleeding, pressing down on the upper lip can also help. You can place a tampon in the space between the gum and upper lip, this will help to compress the large blood vessel that supplies blood to the nose.
• Ice placed on the bridge of the nose and forehead helps stop nosebleeds. The ice will cool the surrounding tissue and speed up the formation of blood clots.

In what cases is a doctor needed?

If the bleeding is not severe and is one-time in nature, then treatment is not required. Such bleeding is not dangerous and stops quickly; it is enough to simply take measures to stop the bleeding.

If you often have nosebleeds and/or are accompanied by severe blood loss, then you need to pay attention to your health, since heavy, frequently recurring bleeding may indicate the occurrence of serious diseases.

You should consult a doctor in the following cases:

• heavy bleeding with suspicion of foreign bodies;
• trauma, which is combined with nasal deformation and tissue swelling;
• bleeding in a patient with hypertension;
• frequent bleeding with the formation of hematomas and bruises;
• suspected bleeding disorder;
• severe bleeding that does not stop after taking measures to stop it within 30 minutes.

How to prevent recurrent bleeding?

To reduce the likelihood of recurrent nosebleeds, you need to follow some simple rules.

• There is no need to touch your nose during the healing process, try to blow your nose as little as possible.
• It is necessary to use a saline solution to moisten the nasal mucosa. For the same purposes, you can use Vaseline, a drop of which must be applied to the inner surface of each nostril.
• To prevent recurrent bleeding, it is also important to monitor the humidity in the room. Use humidifiers for this.
• To maintain a sufficient level of moisture in the nasal cavity, you need to drink as much fluid as possible: five to six glasses of water a day will be enough.
• Whenever possible, replace aspirin or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with acetaminophen. But do not forget to consult your doctor.

The use of radical treatment methods

If your nose bleeds frequently and in large quantities, more drastic measures may help. Severe nosebleeds can be stopped with surgery. For this purpose, tamponade with a sponge or gauze is used. The procedure should only be performed by a doctor, as there is a risk of toxic shock. Shock can occur when toxic substances enter the blood vessels.

Cauterization of blood vessels can also be used to stop bleeding. The doctor applies silver nitrate to the damaged vessel or stitches the vessels together.

If nosebleeds are associated with nasal polyps, your doctor will order an X-ray or tomography to determine the cause of the polyps. If an infection is detected, the doctor will prescribe antibiotic treatment for 14 days.

Flushing with a solution and taking steroid medications may also be prescribed to reduce swelling of the mucous membrane. If the treatment is carried out correctly, the polyps will completely disappear and nosebleeds will completely stop.

If your nose bleeds frequently, you may need to have your blood tested to determine if there is a clotting disorder.

Thus, minor nosebleeds are not dangerous if they occur infrequently. But, if nosebleeds are profuse and often repeated, you need to consult a doctor to identify the cause of their occurrence.

Almost every person at least once in his life has encountered such a problem as nosebleeds. To understand this problem, to understand why nosebleeds can occur, it is important to know the causes of this condition in an adult. For this reason, we invite you to carefully read this article.

Classification of blood loss

1. Minor. This is considered to be a blood loss of several milliliters. This phenomenon does not pose any health hazard and does not lead to negative consequences. Such a situation can only harm children, who may simply be afraid of bleeding.
2. Moderate. The volume of leaked liquid does not exceed 200 ml (more than a tablespoon). Often, with such blood loss, the body weakens, dizziness begins, the pulse quickens and flickering appears in the eyes. In some cases, paleness of the skin and mucous membranes is possible.
3. Massive blood loss. In this case, blood from the nose of an adult can flow in a stream, a total of 300 ml flows out. The symptoms here are no less serious: headache, dizziness, thirst, shortness of breath, weakness, tinnitus.
4. Profuse bleeding. Is the most dangerous. In this situation, blood can flow in large volumes - 500 ml or more. This blood loss leads to hemorrhagic shock, which can impair internal circulation, cause lethargy or loss of consciousness, and sharply lower blood pressure.

Causes

To understand why nosebleeds often occur, you need to understand the causes of this disease. There are many factors why this happens. There are two types of causes of bloodshed in an adult:

1. Local. They affect only the nose and appear locally.
2. System. They are formed when exposed from the inside and affect the entire body.

• getting injured (fall, blow, collision), in this case blood literally flows;
• ingress of foreign objects;
• sharp nose blowing, irritation of the mucous membrane with nails;
• dry indoor air;
• rupture of blood vessels from blood flow (typical for allergy sufferers);
• inflammation: sinusitis, sinusitis, rhinitis - due to these diseases, crusts form in the nostrils, irritating the mucous membrane;
• the use of hormonal and steroid nasal sprays;
• inhalation of narcotic substances;
• change in the shape of the nasal cartilage;
• tumor formation;
• atrophied mucosa;
• plastic surgery.

System:

• constant stress, lack of sleep, overwork;
• problems in the functioning of the cardiovascular system;
• high pressure;
• vegetative-vascular dystonia;
• a blood disease in which blood clotting is impaired;
• deficiency of vitamins C, PP and K and the associated weakening of the elasticity of blood vessels and connective tissue;
• sunstroke;
• fever;
• genetically transmitted fragility of blood vessels;
• hormonal imbalance;
• sudden changes in pressure (at depth or at altitude).

In some cases, nosebleeds may occur if a person has pain and dizziness, as well as noise in the ears.

We have already discussed why nosebleeds occur in adults. Now it’s worth talking about the causes of blood loss in children:

• anemia;
• avitaminosis;
• deformation of the nasal septum;
• high pressure;
• ingress of third-party objects - toys, peas, beads, buttons, etc.;
• unstable hormonal levels (as a rule, this applies to adolescents during puberty);
• not fully formed blood vessels and mucous membrane;
• injury (fall, blow, collision);
• the use of drops and sprays that constrict blood vessels;
• viral and colds;
• pathologies due to which blood permeability and clotting are impaired;
• tumors and polyps in the nose;
• tension when coughing and sneezing;
• dry and stale air.

First aid

If a person has a nosebleed, what should he do? In this case, follow these steps:

1. To begin, sit the patient on a chair, lowering his head slightly to ensure good blood flow. If it is difficult for a person to sit in this position, place him on the couch, but lift its head end and turn his head to the side. Throwing your head back when bleeding from your nose is strictly prohibited! This method not only will not help, but, on the contrary, can greatly harm the patient. For example, in this position, blood can enter the mouth, stomach, or, even worse, the respiratory tract.
2. Provide the patient with a flow of fresh air (unbutton his shirt, ventilate the room).
3. Place an ice pack on the bridge of your nose. If the bleeding does not stop after a while, close your nostrils for 5–10 minutes. You should not blow your nose when blood is running from your nostrils! If liquid gets into the mouth, it must be spit out.
4. If there is bleeding from the nose, and all of the above methods have not given much results in combating the problem, you can moisten a turunda or a sterile cotton swab with three percent hydrogen peroxide or any other vasoconstrictor solution, then insert it into the nostril and leave until the bleeding stops completely.
5. In cases where blood flows due to a runny nose and crusts forming in the nasal passages, the turunda or tampon should be lubricated with Vaseline. This way you will soften the irritated mucous membrane.
6. If the problem described is a consequence of sunstroke, then the victim should be taken to a well-ventilated and cool place, and then an ice bag should be placed on the bridge of the nose and a cool cloth on the forehead and face.
7. People who experience heavy bleeding as a result of nasal deformation due to injury, as well as those who cannot stop the flow of blood, should immediately consult a doctor!

Prevention

This will surprise many, but in order to ensure that a person never gets a nosebleed again, you need to follow a number of simple rules:

• Eat right and get enough sleep.
• Maintain room humidity around 70%.
• Make sure that children do not stick their fingers or foreign bodies into their noses.
• Wear anti-scratch mittens for infants.

To further strengthen the nasopharynx, you should perform simple breathing exercises:

1. Take strong breaths in and out several times.
2. Repeat these steps, alternately pinching your nostrils.
3. Perform alternate inhalations with pinched nasal passages, holding the air for 5 seconds as you inhale.

But in the morning and evening you can perform the following therapeutic massage:

1. Lightly tap the center of the bridge of your nose with your thumb knuckles.
2. Using rotational movements, stroke the nasal mucosa at its base with the pads of your index fingers.
3. First, lightly, and then a little harder, tap the wings of your nose.
4. Finally, lubricate the nasal mucosa with Vaseline.

If nosebleeds are accompanied by other painful sensations, its causes may lie in a more serious illness. In this case, be sure to consult your doctor.

Now you know why your nose bleeds and what to do about it. Be sure to share this information with your loved ones!

If your nose bleeds frequently, there can be a variety of reasons. This is a fairly common phenomenon, which many perceive as an insignificant episode not worthy of serious attention. As soon as the bleeding stops, the person forgets about it. Meanwhile, this is a signal of trouble - something is happening wrong in the body.

Main causes of bleeding

The causes of nosebleeds can be very different. They depend on the age, state of health of a person and his external environment.

Let's try to summarize all the possible causes of nosebleeds and break them into categories. Among them:

1. Traumatic impact. It could just be a bruise with ruptured blood vessels or a fracture. Usually such effects end in bleeding.
2. The cause of nosebleeds in adults may be associated with pathologies of the cardiovascular system, accompanied by surges in blood pressure and spasms. Most often, heavy bleeding occurs during a hypertensive crisis.
3. Response to extreme environmental conditions. Typically, nosebleeds occur due to sunstroke or heatstroke.
4. Manifestation of age-related characteristics of the development of the body. Most often, this reason manifests itself in children at the onset of puberty, as well as in women during the period of hormonal changes during menopause.
5. Severe, and most importantly, prolonged stress depletes the body in the literal and figurative sense, causing the blood vessels to become thin and the blood pressure to become unstable.
6. Long-term deficiency of vitamins and microelements can lead to nosebleeds due to changes in the normal state of the walls of blood vessels.
7. Disorders of the blood itself. Most often, in this case, nosebleeds are caused by the inability of the blood to clot. Such a person always bleeds from the nose at the slightest injury of an internal or external nature.

This little preview gives you an idea of ​​what causes a nosebleed. Let's look at the most common and main ones.

Vitamins and calcium

In this case, we are talking about a person who does not have a hereditary predisposition or persistent pathologies of the nose and sinuses.

Why does the nose bleed in an adult and completely healthy person who has not been exposed to any traumatic influences? Typically, in such cases, the causes of sudden nosebleeds lie in the following:

1. Blood comes from the nose in an adult due to a deficiency of ascorbic acid, vitamins B12 and D and calcium.
2. Vitamin C deficiency reduces capillary resistance, which can lead to severe bleeding of a sudden nature at the most inopportune moment and for no apparent reason. Similar hemorrhages occur throughout the body, but in the nose they can last quite a long time.
3. Vitamin D is a regulator of calcium levels in the blood. It is with the help of this vitamin that calcium is absorbed in the intestines, mobilized from the skeleton and transferred to the blood and cells, and calcium is reabsorbed in the renal tubules. In other words, vitamin D is a storehouse of calcium in our body, which strengthens blood vessels, including those in the nose.
4. Lack of vitamin B12 leads to thrombocytopenia. This is a condition in which the number of platelets decreases below the acceptable level. This is the reason for increased bleeding.

A deficiency of all these vitamins is an independent cause of nosebleeds in adults and children.

However, they are all interrelated with the amount, concentration and functional activity of calcium. So, if everything seems to be in order, but your nose periodically lets you down, then answering the question of why your nose bleeds, the reasons should be sought, first of all, in a balanced and nutritious diet.

Blood clotting and its problems

Regardless of age and health status, the causes of nosebleeds in each person can be due to various factors. The most important thing in this case is to quickly stop the spontaneous release of blood from the vessels.

If the coagulation processes proceed normally, then the bleeding does not last long, since the blood itself forms a blood clot, which closes the hole. However, if the nose bleeds and there is no way to stop it, then this is already a manifestation of pathology. If we exclude a deficiency of vitamins and calcium, then why does blood flow from the nose without stopping?

This is a sign of other blood clotting problems.

Everyone knows such a genetic disease as hemophilia. It appears only in men of any age and condition. The problem is that the genetic nature of the lack of blood clotting ability does not allow such a disease to be cured. In this case, you must immediately consult a doctor, who should be informed about the nature of your illness.

The causes of nosebleeds also lie in the plane of incorrect human actions. It can, voluntarily or involuntarily, reduce blood clotting. This is not so much about a deficiency of vitamins and calcium, but about taking certain medications that, as a side effect, help reduce this indicator.

For some illnesses, people take medications or herbal infusions to reduce the likelihood of blood clots. Especially many of these substances are used to combat atherosclerosis, varicose veins, thrombophlebitis, and to prevent strokes and heart attacks.

Being carried away by these medications, a person may not notice how he exceeds the permissible dose, and then wonders with bewilderment what the causes of such bleeding are. In this case, we can only advise one thing - caution and moderation. Find out from your doctors all the information you need, read the instructions, and most importantly, follow them.

Diseases and bleeding

If a person suffers from colds and viral diseases, then, as a rule, he has a runny nose, as well as nosebleeds, the causes of which are predominantly traumatic in nature. Repeatedly repeated sneezing and blowing your nose, and a strained cough can destroy the capillaries located in the nose, which leads to bleeding, the abundance of which depends on the ability of the blood to clot.

Bleeding from the nose also occurs with prolonged allergic rhinitis. Allergy in its effect on the body’s immune system is similar to the effect of viruses, which is confirmed by a number of signs and processes.

In addition, when there are constantly many actively reproducing bacteria and viruses in the nose, the vessels can become thinner and then burst. It is in this case that blood may come from one nostril. It’s just that it was this nostril that, quite by chance, had the most infectious load.

Why do people who have been in environmentally and climatically unfavorable conditions bleed from the nose for a long time? Low temperatures usually first increase nasal congestion, and then, if a person leads an active lifestyle in the cold, this phenomenon goes away and breathing becomes easy and free. In people with vascular disease, such sudden changes in the nose can cause bleeding due to ruptured capillaries.

If you are forced to stay in a heavily polluted, and especially dusty, environment for a long time, then one or more blood vessels may rupture due to an overly aggressive environment or the formation of a specific crust on the nasal mucosa.

Most often, a dusty bleeding vessel does not cause severe bleeding. However, if bleeding occurs due to thinning of the walls of blood vessels under the influence of an aggressive environment, then it can become severe and even profuse.

Other causes of bleeding

These include:

Algorithm for stopping bleeding

If your nose starts bleeding, then you need to take some actions in the following sequence:

1. Sit up straight, tilt your head forward, trying to press your chin closer to your chest.
2. Place a cloth moistened with cold water on the bridge of your nose. You can use snow or ice by wrapping it in cloth. If this is not possible, just apply some cold object. At low temperatures, the blood vessels narrow, which reduces the intensity of bleeding.
3. Place any vasoconstrictor drops into your nose, which are usually used to relieve congestion in the respiratory system. If you don’t have something like this on hand, you can drip fresh lemon juice.
4. Using your thumb and forefinger, press the wings of your nose against the nasal septum. This will completely block breathing through your nose, so you will have to use your mouth for a while. If the bleeding is not very severe, it will stop after 5-10 minutes.
5. There are points on the hands and feet that correspond to the nose area. On the sole, this area is located on the side of the big toe, on its outer side in the middle of the nail. The “nasal” zone on the thumb is similar. It is best to rub an irritating ointment like Vietnamese balm into these areas.
6. If all else fails, you need to insert cotton swabs soaked in hydrogen peroxide or just water into the nostrils. You need to keep them for about 30 minutes. If the bleeding does not stop, they need to be changed as they become saturated with blood. If during this time the tampons have dried to the nasal mucosa, then moisten them with water and carefully remove them.

Often people throw their head back and lie down so that it is located as low as possible. This is due to the idea that if blood does not flow out of the nostrils, then the bleeding will end faster. This is a misconception. This will not improve the condition, but the blood will go into the pharynx, larynx, etc. As a result, you will choke on your blood, and swallowing it may cause vomiting.

Thus, nosebleeds are a symptom and a problem that needs to be addressed urgently. Pay close attention to this phenomenon, since regular bleeding may indicate the existence of a serious illness.

Frequent nosebleeds are a serious symptom in otolaryngology, which should alert you if they were not previously present in the anamnesis.

Often such symptoms are functional in nature and are not a cause for concern.

But still, the sudden appearance of frequent nosebleeds requires consultation with a specialist.

Increased bleeding from the nose, as a manifestation of anatomical and physiological features of the structure of the vascular wall

Often parents turn to an ENT specialist with complaints that their child is bleeding from the nose. It is important to understand that the reason may be hidden in the anatomical features of the structure of the child’s blood vessels. Vessels in children have a thin wall that is loosely connected to the surrounding structures. This may cause your nose to bleed every day in the morning.

Due to hormonal changes, bleeding is possible in adolescents. Instability of hormonal levels during puberty, as well as intensive growth, can contribute to an uneven redistribution of circulating blood volume, and a lack of calcium and vitamins C and K during the growth period leads to the fact that the vessel wall becomes more fragile. Also, teenagers often have bleeding from the nose, as a result of trauma to the nose or acute rhinitis.

All of the above reasons are not a cause for concern, but there are also a number of pathological conditions in all age groups that contribute to bleeding more often.

Nosebleeds every day reasons

Increased bleeding is not always a physiological phenomenon. Heavy bleeding can be a symptom of a number of systemic diseases. First of all, this is caused by pathologies, which are accompanied by changes in rheological properties, vascular tone, and bcc.

Systemic reasons for nosebleeds every day

• Blood diseases

Epistaxis (nosebleeds) in hemophilia. This disease is typical for males and is manifested by profuse nosebleeds at the slightest irritation of the mucous membrane. The reason for this bleeding is low blood clotting, due to a deficiency.

Hemophilia - low blood clotting

Frequent bleeding from the nose is one of the symptoms of thrombocytopenic purpura. With this hemorrhagic diathesis, the number of platelets in the peripheral blood is sharply reduced. This makes it difficult for a blood clot to form and stop bleeding in case of minor trauma to the nose.

Thrombocytopenic purpura - hemorrhagic diathesis

Anemia of various origins can also be accompanied by a characteristic clinical picture. As a result of a sharp decrease in hemoglobin in red blood cells, a pathological phenomenon is observed - epistaxis. Blood from the nose with anemia can occur at any time of the day every day or more rarely. It all depends on the type and degree of anemia.

Anemia - decreased hemoglobin

• Diseases of internal organs and systems

Epistaxis occurs with hepatitis and liver cerosis in adults and children. This is due to the fact that the liver plays an important role in the human body. In the fetus and newborns, the liver is responsible for the synthesis of red blood cells. If a newborn child develops nosebleeds, this organ should be examined first. In adulthood, the liver participates in the coagulation and anticoagulation system due to the synthesis of blood plasma proteins. Therefore, nosebleeds often occur in acute and chronic liver diseases.

Liver diseases cause frequent bleeding

The spleen is the most important blood depot in the body. In case of traumatic damage to the spleen, immediate splenectomy (surgery to remove the spleen) is often resorted to. After this surgical intervention, compensatory and protective mechanisms are aimed at redistributing blood in the body. Also, this organ plays an important role in the formation of immunity, neutralizing pathologically altered red blood cells. With diseases of the spleen, the likelihood of nosebleeds increases sharply.

Location of the spleen

Hypertension is accompanied by increased blood pressure and overfilling of blood vessels. Often blood flows at a height of increased pressure and requires immediate stopping of nosebleeds and taking antihypertensive drugs.

It is important to diagnose hypertension at an early stage

Local causes of constant nosebleeds

Bleeding from the nose very often occurs with atrophic rhinitis. I distinguish two forms of this disease:

Often bleeding from the nose with simple atrophic rhinitis is caused by the formation of dry and difficult to separate crusts in the nose. When performing sanitation of the nasal cavity, defects are formed in the mucous membrane, which are accompanied by not very intense nosebleeds.

Frequent bleeding from the nose with simple atrophic rhinitis

Ozena is a form of atrophic rhinitis, which is accompanied by atrophy of not only the mucous membrane, but also cartilaginous and bone structures. Therefore, nosebleeds occur very often and in large volumes during ozen. Also, with this disease, there is a very unpleasant odor from the nose. The cause is the destruction of bone formations.

Ozena - foul odor

Also among the local causes of frequent nosebleeds are:

• Congenital anomalies of the nose structure

With an abnormal structure of the nose (severe deformation of the nasal septum, pathological location of the nasal turbinates), bleeding often occurs, which is accompanied by the release of a small volume of blood.

• Abnormal vascular branching

With abnormal branching of blood vessels, the likelihood of daily injury increases. Patients complain of constant difficulty in nasal breathing and constantly try to eliminate the cause by using a handkerchief, rinsing the nose or instilling nasal drops. These measures lead to permanent injury to the epithelium and mucous membrane, which leads to the development of nosebleeds.

• Neoplasms of the nose and paranasal sinuses

The tumor process is accompanied by intense proliferation of blood vessels with a low degree of differentiation. Defective blood vessels contribute to the development of nosebleeds with frequent frequency. Patients also try to get rid of the tumor by mechanical removal and cleansing of the nasal passage.

• Nonspecific granulomas

Nonspecific granulomas with similar bleeding symptoms include syphiloma, tuberculoma and scleroma. These pathological formations contribute to the narrowing of the common nasal passage and aggravation of nasal breathing. This is the reason that a large amount of exudate accumulates over the obstruction. Patients trying to cleanse the nasal cavity injure the Kisselbach area and cause bleeding.

What to do if your nose often bleeds?

If bleeding occurs more frequently than before, you should seek help from an otolaryngologist.

To stop bleeding yourself:

1. Tilt your head over the sink
2. Press the wings of the nose with your thumb and index finger for 7-10 minutes.
3. Do not make sudden movements for 15-20 minutes after the bleeding has stopped.

If it is not possible to stop the bleeding using this method, then you should plug your nose with a narrow bandage swab 50-70 cm long and call an ambulance.

In ENT practice, urgent cases of nosebleeds are stopped by ligating the vessels, their coagulation or tamponade of the nasal cavity.

Also, medications to strengthen the vascular wall and vitamins C and K should be prescribed. It is recommended to consume foods with a high content of Calcium (cottage cheese, milk).

Epistaxis, or nosebleeds, is a fairly common phenomenon that occurs in both adults and children due to various diseases or other causes. Visually, this manifests itself in the form of varying degrees of intensity of blood flow from the nostrils.

Nosebleeds are divided into anterior and posterior. The separation is based on the physiological characteristics of the blood supply to the nose.

What are the types of nosebleeds?

The source of the most common anterior bleeding (in 90–95% of cases) is the Kisselbach plexus, a dense submucosal cavernous venous network with a mass of small capillaries and arterioles that supplies blood to the anterior part of the nasal cartilage. Epistaxis from this area is usually not dangerous due to the small amount of blood loss. Blood flows out either in a thin stream or drops. With normal clotting, bleeding stops on its own within a few minutes.

In 5–10% of cases of posterior type bleeding, blood flows from the branches of the large arteries of the posterior or middle sections of the nose. Bleeding from these arteries is profuse and can have serious health consequences and even in rare cases lead to the death of the patient. Blood of bright scarlet color flows out in a continuous stream. This type of bleeding does not stop on its own. Another manifestation of posterior epistaxis is the appearance of blood in the mouth and bloody vomiting that occurs from swallowing blood flowing from the nose through the pharynx into the oral cavity.

In some severe cases, bleeding from the orbit or lacrimal punctum may occur, with blood rising from the nose up the nasolacrimal duct.

Depending on the volume of blood leaked, there are several degrees of blood loss:

• Minor blood loss, in which from a few drops to several milliliters of blood is lost. Such bleeding is not dangerous to health and does not lead to any consequences. The only negative point may be fear, hysteria or fainting in young children.
• A mild degree of blood loss, the blood volume of which does not exceed 700 ml in an adult, is no more than 12% of the total amount of circulating blood. Such blood loss causes slight weakness, dizziness, rapid pulse and flickering of spots before the eyes. Visible mucous membranes and skin may become pale.
• The average degree is characterized by blood loss from 1000 to 1400 ml in an adult, which is up to 20% of the total circulating blood volume. It is accompanied by more severe symptoms compared to mild ones: weakness, dizziness, headache, thirst, shortness of breath.
• Severe with massive bleeding. The volume of blood loss exceeds 20% of all circulating blood in the body. Massive blood loss leads to hemorrhagic shock, expressed in a sharp drop in blood pressure, lethargy, various disturbances of consciousness up to its loss, and insufficient blood circulation in the internal organs. Sudden short-term but massive bleeding, leading to large blood loss, poses a great danger.

Causes of nosebleeds

Why does my nose bleed? Let's look at the reasons. Factors that cause nosebleeds are divided into local (local) and general (systemic).

Local factors:

• Various .
• Mechanical damage to internal structures, which include the mucous membrane. Violation of its integrity can occur due to inaccurate removal of dried crusts, intensive scratching of the nose with a finger, rough repeated blowing of the nose, etc. Young children love to put various foreign objects into their mouth and nose, thereby causing injury to the mucous membrane.
• Barotrauma due to a sharp change in barometric pressure, typical for divers, pilots, and climbers.
• Congestion of the mucous membrane, its thinning, or exposure to various medications during inflammatory processes in the nose, for example, with influenza or chronic sinusitis. There is a particular risk when using a nasal steroid spray for treatment.
• Inhalation of drugs, mainly cocaine, through the nose.
• Anatomical deformities of the nose. As an example, or telangiectasia caused by Rendu-Osler disease.
• And . Oncological ones include nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and benign ones include angiomas or.
• Prolonged inhalation of cold winter air. In this case, the low relative humidity of the air itself plays a role.
• Heatstroke or sunstroke from being under the scorching sun in hot weather.
• Epistaxis as a consequence of surgical intervention in the nasal area.
• Possible drying of the mucous membrane when using an oxygen catheter.

Systemic factors of nasal bleeding:

• Arterial hypertension.
• Vascular diseases.
• Congenital vascular pathology.
• Blood diseases (leukemia, hematological malignancies, anemia, etc.).
• Vitamin deficiencies, mainly lack of vitamin C and K.
• Drinking alcoholic beverages that cause vasodilation, including in the nose.
• Heart diseases accompanied by heart failure.
• Connective tissue diseases.
• Side effects from taking NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs).
• Diseases involving bleeding disorders, such as hemophilia.
• Hemorrhagic diathesis.
• Severe kidney pathology.
• Physical overexertion.
• Severe infectious diseases, including HIV infection and AIDS.
• Hormonal changes in the body.

First aid for nosebleeds

A person who has a nosebleed can get help before seeing a doctor. To do this, you need to perform a series of manipulations:

1. First of all, sit the person down and lower his head slightly to ensure good blood flow. If it is difficult for the patient to sit independently, it is better to lie him down, but raise the head end of the couch and turn his head to the side. A common folk measure, like throwing back the head, strictly prohibited. This will not stop the bleeding, but can only lead to undesirable consequences in the form of penetration into the mouth, swallowing into the stomach, and in severe cases, entry into the respiratory tract.
2. Provide a flow of fresh air (unbutton your shirt, open the window).
3. Place an ice pack on the bridge of your nose. If the bleeding does not stop after a short time, then you need to press the nostril from which more blood flows to the nasal septum for 5 or 10 minutes. Blowing your nose is prohibited. If blood gets into the mouth, you should spit it out.
4. If the above measures do not produce results, you can try making a turunda or a tampon from sterile cotton wool, moisten it with 3% hydrogen peroxide or, for example, Sanorin, Naphthyzin, Galazolin, Tizin. Insert this turunda into the nasal passage and leave until the bleeding stops.
5. When epistaxis occurs and the crusts that form after it, it is advisable to lubricate the tampon with Vaseline. Softening dry mucous membranes will help stop bleeding.
6. If the nosebleed is caused by sunstroke, the person should be moved to a cool, well-ventilated place and a cool cloth should be placed on the forehead and face and ice on the bridge of the nose.

In case of massive bleeding resulting from a trauma to the nose with distortion of its anatomical structure, or in the case when it is not possible to stop the bleeding on your own, you should immediately consult a doctor and temporarily apply cold to the bridge of the nose to relieve swelling.

Treatment of nosebleeds

After examination, determining the degree and cause of bleeding, the doctor chooses a method to stop it and, if necessary, further treatment.

Specialized medical care consists of the following measures:

• Nasal tamponade is a method of stopping nosebleeds by introducing tampons soaked in one of the hemostatic agents, for example, thromboplastin, into its cavity. A hemostatic sponge, which contains thromboplastin and thrombin, helps well.

Depending on the situation, the doctor makes an anterior tamponade - from the side of the nostrils, or a posterior tamponade - from the pharynx.

• Cauterization of bleeding vessels. There are many ways. Some acids are used as cauterization agents - lactic, trichloroacetic or chromic. Zinc salts, alum, tannin, and silver nitrate solution are also used.
• Modern methods of stopping nosebleeds are highly effective: ultrasonic disintegration (intentional destruction of the existing blood supply to hypertrophied nasal turbinates using an ultrasonic waveguide), laser therapy (laser coagulation), exposure to liquid nitrogen (cold cauterization), electrocoagulation (electric cauterization).
• In case of frequent bleeding, accompanied by significant loss of blood, a surgical operation is indicated, which consists of ligating large vessels and arteries, as well as detachment of the periosteum at the site of bleeding, leading to the desolation of blood vessels.

It is important to know that nosebleeds are not always harmless. It is often a symptom of serious illnesses. If it is strong and does not stop for a long time, and even more so often repeats, leading to a worsening of the condition, then you should definitely consult a doctor for a detailed examination in order to determine the causes of epistaxis and choose a method of qualified treatment.

Video version of the article:

The program “About the Most Important Thing” talks about the causes of nosebleeds: