Toxic dyspepsia in calves, symptoms and treatment. Calf dyspepsia: symptoms and treatment

One of the most common pathologies that occurs in agriculture and affects young cattle is calf dyspepsia. This can be explained by the fact that young individuals are just beginning to get used to and adapt to independent life outside the mother’s womb. The gastrointestinal tract does not function fully, metabolic processes are just beginning to form, and the digestive system becomes an easy target for diseases.

Causes

The etiology of dyspepsia in calves has many factors, the main of which is disturbances in selected feeding during the dairy period, as well as an unplanned sharp change in the feed supply to roughage. The first time after birth (7-10 days), the nutrition of a small calf should consist of cow colostrum, and most farmers make many mistakes at this stage of the baby’s life:

Delay of the first feeding (feeding more than an hour after calving).
Colostrum feeding period is too short.
Early transfer to concentrated feed.
Feeding with colostrum, which is obtained from females with a latent form of mastitis.
Using milk from sick cows or animals being treated with antibacterial drugs.

Those at increased risk of developing dyspepsia include calves that were born from malnourished or obese females that are fed unsatisfactory feed. Often, diarrhea and indigestion occur in older young animals who are fed milk obtained from a cow with poor nutrition.

Stages of disease development

Dyspepsia in newborn calves or diarrhea in older calves may occur due to improper maintenance on the part of the owner. During the cold seasons, dyspepsia is observed in a barn, in which animals are in close cohabitation in a room with a high level of moisture. In summer, it’s the other way around, when the animals have no shelter due to the scorching sun.

Forms of the disease

Dyspepsia occurs in 2 forms:

Simple dyspepsia of calves.
Toxic dyspepsia of calves.

The difference is that simple dyspepsia is manifested by partial loss of appetite, apathy and systematic shaking of the body. Around the second day, diarrhea with yellow liquid stool appears. The simple form of the disease responds well to treatment and has a positive prognosis. Almost always ends in complete recovery.

Toxic dyspepsia develops very sharply in the first days of a calf's life. The baby loses appetite, body temperature drops, and the skin becomes cold. Diarrhea occurs almost immediately and is manifested by copious liquid discharge with a large amount of mucus impurities. If timely treatment is not started, the calf will die from dehydration and intoxication.

Symptoms

The clinical picture of the disease may vary, depending on the form of the disease. Developed simple dyspepsia, without the necessary treatment, often develops into a toxic form. Often, in the spring, it has an immediate onset, immediately with the toxic type.

With dyspepsia, diarrhea always appears. The general condition of the animal deteriorates slightly, appetite is partially or completely lost. Calves spend most of their time lying down, rumbling can be heard in their stomachs, occasionally twitching occurs due to painful intestinal spasms, and the animals moan. The pulse and breathing rates accelerate, body temperature remains within normal limits (occasionally decreases).

If the disease becomes severe, attacks of diarrhea can continue almost all the time, which leads to a sharp loss of strength, general exhaustion of the body and deterioration of the general condition.

Objectively, the calf has a dry nose, complete lack of appetite, and exhaustion. This is a list of the first symptoms of toxic dyspepsia. Feces with diarrhea become yellow-gray, liquid with many bubbles and lumps. Due to constant diarrhea, calves lose strength and become exhausted. The limbs become cold, the body trembles, the skin loses sensitivity, the eyes become sunken.

If treatment is not started, the calf's skin turns pale, acquires a bluish tint, and the pulse quickens. Death in severe forms of the disease occurs 2-5 days from the onset of symptoms. If the disease has been defeated, the calf will continue to gain weight for a very long time.

Diagnostics

The diagnosis is established based on the medical history, the results of an analysis of the housing and nutritional conditions of the cow and its offspring, symptoms, the results of a pathological examination, as well as bacteriological and virological studies.

The pathological process lasts on average 2-3 days (simple form) and 4-6 days (toxic form). It is difficult to make predictions, but if the calf’s disease has become severe, they are always unfavorable.

Treatment

To treat sick calves from dyspepsia, many schemes and remedies are used, which are constantly being replenished. To achieve positive results, course therapy is used:

Treatment must be carried out with simultaneous prevention.
All individuals affected by the disease are isolated from the main population and placed in separate cages with constant heat maintenance.
Treatment begins at the first appearance of symptoms.
All affected calves should be monitored.
Treatment is always comprehensive, and the toxic form requires the use of an individual approach.

The entire course of treatment is based on the medical history of calf dyspepsia, and is directed to:

Restoring normal digestive processes.
Suppression of pathogenic microflora.
Restoring water balance and electrolytes.
Fighting body intoxication.
Improving the performance of the cardiovascular system.
Increasing the body's resistance.
Heat transfer support.

To restore the impaired functionality of the digestive system, it is necessary to follow a water-salt diet for 6 months. It helps reduce irritation in the gastrointestinal tract, improves the secretory ability of the glands, physiological diuresis, and reduces the level of nutrients used by pathogenic intestinal microflora.

When the first signs of illness appear, the calf can be given 1,2 or 3 alternate feedings. If the disease develops during the first 1-1.5 days of the animal’s life, 1 drinking with maternal colostrum is allowed, at 2-3 days - two drinkings, at the age of 1 week - 3 drinkings.

Instead of maternal colostrum, saline solution or a salted infusion of hay (0.5-0.8%), special herbal decoctions (herbal medicine) or simple tea are drunk from the nipple. The ready-made Ringer-Locke solution has an excellent effect. A mild degree of the disease makes it possible to restore water balance orally.

The severity of the disease largely depends on the strength of the toxin, the route of its penetration into the body, and the quantity. It is necessary to quickly neutralize the effects of toxins and remove them. To cleanse the abomasum, you can perform a lavage procedure using a naso-abomasal probe; cleansing the large intestine is carried out with a deep enema.

To rid the body of dehydration, intoxication and improve trophism, 10-20 milliliters of a 40% solution of glucose, polyglucin, aminopeptide, hydrolysine and other blood substitutes in optimal doses are injected intravenously. Injecting a large amount of glucose can lead to hyperglycemic shock, so insulin is administered subcutaneously at a dosage of 0.5-1 units. per 1 kilogram of body weight.

To stimulate the functioning of the immune system, against the background of dyspepsia, the calf can be injected with the mother's citrated blood. Method of administration - intramuscular injection, in an amount of 1-2 milliliters per kilogram of weight, twice with an interval of 2-3 days. To increase the local protective function of the gastrointestinal tract, it is recommended to give Enterobifidin in an amount of 3-4 milligrams per kilogram for 3-5 days.

Support for heat exchange is achieved by increasing the air temperature in the room, using different heat sources (steam heating, air heaters, IR lamps, etc.).

Treatment with ASD 2

Separately, you can consider the use of a very effective, but little-known drug ASD 2 (antiseptic Dorogov stimulant).

Treatment of dyspepsia, gastroenterocolitis, gastroenteritis and many gastrointestinal diseases with fraction ASD 2 is carried out by oral administration by the calf, a general course of 14 days (no more). ASD 2 is made from organic components, so there are practically no contraindications or side effects.

Prevention

Preventive measures aimed at preventing dyspepsia in calves are based on compliance with a number of rules and recommendations from veterinarians:

Keeping animals is of great importance in the etiology of the development of the disease. In the summer, when the weather is hot outside and the barn is especially hot, it is better to take the cows out to pasture. It is recommended to equip special shelters where animals can rest from the heat and shelter from the rain.
In winter, despite the bad weather, you should try to provide the cows with frequent exercise.
On large farms that keep cattle, in any case, it is necessary to equip an isolator. It will prevent the development of an outbreak of infection.
It is not recommended to treat pregnant cows with drugs with strong effects that may affect the health of future offspring.
The calving process plays an important role in the health of the calf. Before giving birth to a cow, you need to cover the floor with dry straw. The baby's face needs to be carefully wiped, all mucus is removed from the nostrils. The umbilical cord is cut and treated with iodine.
The very first feeding is done within the first hour after the calf is born. Colostrum should only be used from a completely healthy female.

Dyspepsia is a rather complex disease that often leads to the death of young animals. But if the owner adheres to all the rules of prevention and starts all therapeutic measures on time, the development of the process can be suspended. Do not forget that the diagnosis should only be made by an experienced veterinarian who uses specific research methods, so at the first signs of illness you should immediately call the veterinarian and have him visit the sick calf.

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1. LITERATURE REVIEW

1.1 Treatment of dyspepsia in calves

Treatment of dyspepsia is an important link in the system of measures for the preservation of newborn calves.

For the treatment of sick calves, many schemes and methods, various means have been proposed, the arsenal of which is constantly increasing. To achieve good results in treating sick calves, the following rules must be followed:

1. Treatment should be carried out while carrying out preventive work.

2. Sick calves should be separated from healthy ones or placed in individual cages in the warmest part of the room.

3. Treatment of patients should begin immediately when the first clinical signs appear.

4. Sick calves must be under constant clinical surveillance.

5. Treatment should be comprehensive, and for severe diseases with an individual approach.

Rational treatment of sick calves is carried out based on knowledge of the specific causes of the disease on the farm, pathogenesis and should be aimed at: dyspepsia calves veterinary treatment

Restoration of impaired digestion;

Suppression of increased opportunistic and pathogenic microflora;

Combating dehydration and replenishing electrolytes;

Fight against intoxication;

Improving the functioning of the cardiovascular system;

Increasing the body's defenses;

Maintaining heat exchange.

To restore impaired digestive functions, a semi-starved, water-salt diet is very important. At the same time, irritation of the digestive tract decreases, the secretion of the digestive glands improves, diuresis increases, and the amount of nutritional material for opportunistic and pathogenic microbes decreases.

When the first signs of the disease appear, one, two or three regular feedings are skipped. If the disease occurs in the first 1.5 days of a calf’s life, one feeding of colostrum is skipped, at 2-3 days of age - two, at 7 days of age - three feedings. Instead of colostrum from a nipple drinker, one of the following liquids is given: saline solution, slightly salted (from 0.5 to 0.85%) hay infusion, decoctions and infusions of medicinal herbs, tea. Electrolyte solutions are much more effective: Ringer-Lokka, I.G. Sharabrina et al (without including soda, penicillin and caffeine), proposed by VIEV. To prevent dehydration in mild cases of the disease, oral rehydration is used. In this case, isotonic solutions of electrolytes with the addition of glucose are used, which are given with colostrum, milk or separately (Yu.Ya. Kavardakov, E.E. Probst, 1983; I.N. Shevtsova, 1987).

When the next feeding time approaches, colostrum (milk) is drunk in small quantities (0.25-0.5 l). If the calf’s condition improves, then at each subsequent feeding the amount of colostrum and milk increases by 200-300 ml and gradually has a significant therapeutic effect.

The severity of the disease largely depends on the quantity and strength of toxins, the routes of their entry into the body, and the level of its intrauterine development. It is necessary to strive to neutralize toxic products and remove them from the body faster. To remove toxic products from the abomasum, it is recommended to wash it using a naso-renal probe G.M. Dotsenko, and to remove toxic products from the large intestine - do a deep enema.

As is known, the use of detoxification therapy in the complex treatment of calves with dyspepsia is of great importance.

The most effective results were obtained by S.S. Abramov, Yu.K. Kovalenko (1997) from the use of sodium hypochloride at a concentration of 370 mg/l in a dose of 150 ml intravenously once a day. Clinical recovery and normalization of morphological blood parameters occurred after two days of therapy.

The development of cardiovascular failure can be judged by clinical signs. In sick calves, the nasal mucosa begins to become cold, then the lips, cheeks, tongue, ears, extremities, a bluish tint of the visible mucous membranes appears, the heartbeat, tones and pulse weaken and improve.

To relieve dehydration, intoxication and improve the body's nutrition, 10-20 ml of a 40% glucose solution, polyglucin, aminopeptide, hydrolysine and other blood substitutes are administered intravenously in the prescribed doses.

When using large doses of glucose to prevent hyperglycemic shock, it is advisable to subcutaneously inject insulin at a dose of 0.5-1 U/kg of animal weight (E.I. Tumanova, 1983; N.M. Karput et al., 1989).

To stimulate the general resistance of the body of young animals with dyspepsia, citrated maternal blood can be used at the onset of the disease. It is administered intramuscularly at a rate of 1-2 ml/kg twice with an interval of 2-3 days. At the same time, when using blood products, it is necessary to check them for the presence of antibodies to the digestive organs (I.I. Tarasov, 1987; A.G. Ulyanov, 1987).

In order to increase local protection of the digestive tract S.S. Abramov, I.G. Aristov (1990) recommend administering enterobifidine 3-5 times orally at a dose of 3-4 ml/kg.

To stimulate cellular immunity, levomisol can be prescribed at a dose of 1-1.5 mg/kg for three days in a row with a break of 3-5 days for 2-3 weeks.

In addition, in case of severe dyspepsia, washing the abomasum, cleansing enemas, giving adsorbents, activated carbon and lignin, suprapleural novocaine blockade according to V.M. Mosin, by injecting a 0.5% solution of novocaine, 200 ml into the suprapleural tissue on each side, or visceral blockade according to V. Gerov, by injecting a 1% solution of novocaine into the abdominal cavity at a dose of 1 ml/kg (A.I. Chernyshev, 1986; V.V. Mityushin, 1989).

For acute gastrointestinal diseases A.N. Bazhenov (1988) recommend aerosol therapy using tylan in combination with tetravit.

Of the means that improve activity, M.M. Grozman et al. (1974) recommend thiamine (vitamin B1) intravenously at a dose of 2 mg/kg together with 200 ml of a 5% glucose solution or one of the electrolyte solutions.

To increase the body's defenses and metabolic processes, it is recommended to administer gamma globulins, blood of horses and cows, protein hydrolysates, and vitamins A, C, and D to calves.

Hydrolysates and hemolysates, protein preparations devoid of antigenic and anaphylactic properties and containing essential amino acids, have a good therapeutic and prophylactic effect (K.K. Movsun-Zade et al., 1988). Along with this, I.A. Skorin et al. (1988) recommend using doses of ultraviolet irradiation of blood.

The therapeutic method of maintaining heat exchange in patients is to increase the air temperature in the dispensary using various heat sources (steam heating, air heaters, heated floors, infrared irradiators, etc.) (M.Kh. Shaikhamanov, 1974).

According to the latest data from A.V. Ermolina et al. (1998), the use of the drug Colivet orally in a dose of 500 ml, prepared at the rate of 1 scoop per 1000 ml of water 0.5 hours before drinking colostrum for dyspepsia of calves, leads to a reduction in the time of clinical recovery (on the 10th day) and normalization of morphological blood parameters.

1.2 Prevention of dyspepsia in calves

One of the most important measures in preventing dyspepsia in calves is improving the conditions of feeding and keeping pregnant cows, separating dry cows into separate groups (S.G. Kochegan, 1974). He also suggests using zinc sulfate to prevent the disease.

To prevent dyspepsia in calves, M. Minenko and F. Zhukov (1975) successfully used loose table salt, which was regularly introduced into the diet of pregnant cows.

In farms unfavorable for dyspepsia, V.K. Chernukha et al. (1974) used a set of preventive measures aimed at improving feeding and eliminating disturbances in the system of raising young animals. Along with this, for preventive purposes, they used vitamin preparations, nonspecific gamma globulin and stimulating methods of therapy.

To prevent dyspepsia in newborn calves, the main attention of veterinary specialists should be directed to the quality of feed, hygiene, and feeding conditions for calves in the first days after birth (V.V. Mosin, 1975). According to the author, the use of suprapleural novocaine blockade is important in the prevention of dyspepsia.

According to A.I. Chernyshova (1986, 1988), for the prevention of gastrointestinal diseases, special attention should be paid to the analysis and justification of a number of veterinary and sanitary measures aimed at preventing sautéing and accumulation of opportunistic and pathogenic microflora. This includes proper feeding, proper maintenance and active exercise of pregnant cows. It is necessary to transfer cows to the maternity ward at least 10 days before giving birth, create replacement dispensaries, and periodically change and sanitize the places where animals are kept.

For the prevention and treatment of dyspepsia in calves, N.M. Sidorenko (1971) used an extract of the duodenum of cattle, produced using his own technology. In the course of experimental studies, the author established the high preventive and therapeutic effectiveness of the drug.

A significant reduction in the incidence of dyspepsia in calves was achieved by G.S. Kocheban (1974) using zinc sulfate.

If there is a lack of carotene in the feed, V.P. Shishkov et al. (1989) recommend that all pregnant cows and heifers, 1.5-2 months before calving, be intramuscularly injected with an oil solution of vitamin A concentrate at a dose of 500 thousand IU once every 5 days, and also feed pine flour at 0.7 -1 kg per head per day.

In case of a lack of calcium and phosphorus in natural feed and when the content of these elements in the blood serum decreases, it is necessary to add mineral supplements to the diet, leveling the ratio of calcium and phosphorus to a level of 2:1, while simultaneously providing the animals with walks and, if necessary, ultraviolet irradiation.

In order to prevent this disease, V.A. Molokanov, I.V. Molokanova (1998) recommend that cows and calves obtained from them be subcutaneously injected with hyperimmune antihistamine serum: cows 20-30 days before calving at a dose of 40-50 ml, and calves at a dose of 20 ml on the first, third and sixth days of life.

As is known, the use of detoxification therapy in the complex treatment and prevention of dyspepsia in calves, M.M. Aleksin (1997) used a mixture of enterobifidin and lactobacterin, which was given from the moment of birth for 5 days with colostrum (enterobifidin at the rate of 4 ml/kg of live weight, lactobacterin - one prophylactic dose). As a result, it was found that along with the preventive effect, these probiotics stimulate the natural defense mechanisms of the body of newborn animals.

2. OWN RESEARCH AND THEIR RESULTS

2.1 Materials and research methods

Work to study dyspepsia in newborn calves was carried out from August to December 2002 in the Tselinny agricultural production complex in the Troitsky district of the Chelyabinsk region. The farm's land use is located in an area with excess selenium and copper and insufficient cobalt and manganese. In addition, the agricultural enterprise is located in the emission zone of the gold mining plant in Plast.

In accordance with the objectives, the material for research was deep-pregnant cows and newborn calves.

Dyspepsia and its forms were established on the basis of a set of data: clinical signs, postmortem examination data, laboratory, bacteriological studies of materials and analysis of feeding and housing conditions for dairy cows, heifers, and newborn calves.

In the differential diagnosis of dyspepsia from similar diseases, we excluded paratyphoid fever, colibacillosis, and infectious inflammation of the umbilical cord.

During the experiment, we monitored the animals’ body weight gain, the manifestation of clinical signs, and the safety of the calves. The average daily gain was determined 30 days from the start of the experiment.

The economic efficiency of the ongoing treatment and preventive measures was calculated according to the “Method for determining the economic effectiveness of veterinary measures”, approved by the Main Directorate of Internal Affairs of the USSR Ministry of Agriculture on May 4, 1982.

In accordance with the assigned tasks, two groups of calves of 8 heads each with characteristic clinical signs of simple and toxic forms of dyspepsia were formed on the farm.

The first experimental group of calves was enterally administered polysorb VP at a rate of 200 mg/kg of animal body weight in the form of an aqueous suspension.

The required amount of powder was taken from the package with the drug (1 teaspoon contains 1.0 g, and 1 tablespoon contains 3 g of the drug), added to a glass containing 100 ml of boiled water, and mixed thoroughly until a homogeneous suspension was obtained. 50 ml of the mixture was given to calves 1-2 hours before feeding. The first time - on an empty stomach. The drug was re-administered after 6 hours. The suspension can be stored for 24 hours in a closed container.

The second - control group of calves were treated according to the scheme adopted in this farm. According to the scheme, decoctions of medicinal herbs (St. John's wort and yarrow) and the antibiotic oxytetracycline hydrochloride were used.

To prepare a decoction, take 500 g of a medicinal plant, brew it in 5 liters of water, infuse for 30 minutes, filter through cheesecloth and drink according to the diagram.

Oxytetracycline was administered intramuscularly at a dose of 5-7 thousand units/kg body weight with an interval of 24 hours for 5 days.

The blood was examined on days 1, 5, 10 after the birth of the animals, since with the use of our treatment a therapeutic effect was observed by this period.

Chemical analysis of feed was carried out in the interdepartmental laboratory of the UGAVM.

To establish changes in the blood during dyspepsia, an analysis of the biochemical parameters of all studied animals was carried out.

At the same time, the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, hemoglobin, calcium content, inorganic phosphorus, alkaline reserve, total protein and its fractions were determined.

2.2 Characteristics of the enterprise

2.2.1 Organizational, natural and economic characteristics of the farm

SEC "Tselinny" is located in the southern part of the Troitsky district of the Chelyabinsk region. The central estate - the village of Tselinny - is located 42 km from the regional center and 126 km from the regional center - Chelyabinsk. The second branch - the village "Kamennaya Sanarka" is located at a distance of 11 km from the central estate.

The farm specializes in the production of grain and milk. The point of sale of products is the city of Yuzhnouralsk.

The farm is located in a zone of sharply continental, semi-arid climate, characteristic of the forest-steppe zone. The average annual precipitation is 250-300 mm, which mostly occurs in the second half of summer. The height of the snow cover is 50-60 cm. The duration of the frost-free period is 140-150 days. In general, the natural and climatic conditions of the zone allow the cultivation of grain and fodder crops.

Over the past two years, the farm has seen a downward trend in the number and productivity of cattle, which is presented in Table 1.

1. Livestock and productivity of cattle

The data in Table 1 shows that in 2001, compared to 2000, the number of cattle decreased by 47 heads, and the number of cows decreased by 35 heads. Milk yield per 1 forage cow decreased by 173 kg or 9.1% due to inadequate feeding and unsatisfactory living conditions.

The yield of calves per 100 heads decreased by 8.2%. This is due to unsatisfactory herd production, untimely identification of sick cows and poor treatment, and insufficient monitoring of pregnant cows.

Therefore, it is advisable to direct efforts and resources on the farm to increase the level of feeding of animals, improve living conditions, carry out breeding work to select a herd, monitor the implementation of matings and brood of queens to eliminate barrenness.

2. Profitability of milk production

As can be seen from Table 2, the level of profitability of milk has decreased. In general, the farm is unprofitable.

The reason for the low profitability of livestock farming is low purchase prices for products sold, and the costs of obtaining these products are high.

To increase the profitability of the farm, it is necessary to obtain products at the lowest cost and deliver only high-quality products. It is necessary to reduce mortality and create a strong food supply.

2.2.2 Veterinary and sanitary condition of the farm

SEC "Tselinny" of the Troitsky district of the Chelyabinsk region has two branches.

The veterinary service staff consists of three people.

The entire livestock population is concentrated in the central department of the village of Tselinny. The main type of development of the farm is free, with gaps in structures of 20 m. The territory of the farm is surrounded by a metal mesh, 30% of which has been plundered, which does not exclude the possibility of the entry of stray animals.

At the production site, where adult livestock and young animals are kept, there is a sanitary inspection station, a veterinary pharmacy, and a veterinary specialists’ office.

In the past, the sanitary checkpoint was fully equipped: there was a checkpoint for working personnel, and a disinfection barrier was provided for the passage of vehicles. Currently, less attention is paid to this issue due to high costs, the unprofitability of the enterprise and the annual reduction in the total number of animals.

On the territory of the farm there is a slaughterhouse, where before slaughter a preliminary clinical examination of animals is carried out, mandatory thermometry is carried out, as well as a post-mortem examination of meat and internal organs with a veterinary and sanitary conclusion from the chief veterinarian on its suitability for food.

The farm is considered free from infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and brucellosis. However, there are isolated cases of identifying animals with leukemia. The cause of this pathology is the genetic predisposition of animals to this disease.

Of the non-contagious diseases, the most common in adult animals are endometritis, mastitis, osteodystrophy; diseases of the limbs in cows occupy a large share. In young animals, significant economic damage is caused by dyspepsia, bronchopneumonia, rickets, and gastroenteritis.

Of the invasive diseases, the most common are wolfarthiosis and hypodermatosis.

The main causes of the noted diseases are serious errors in feeding animals, lack of preventive measures and violation of zoohygienic conditions of detention.

Disinfection and repair of livestock buildings is carried out in the summer, with special attention paid to the disinfection of maternity wards and dispensaries where newborn calves are kept.

Water supply to production areas is carried out from a common water supply network. Water intake is carried out from a well with natural purification. Animals are watered in winter from auto-drinkers of the AP-1 and PA-1 types, and in summer from natural reservoirs.

Manure removal is regular - twice a day it is carried out by scraper conveyors of the TSN-30B type. Subsequently, the manure is loaded into trailed carts and transported to a manure storage facility located 500 m from the farm on the leeward side.

The microclimate in the dispensary where newborn calves are kept generally complies with zoohygienic standards. If the outside air temperature drops significantly in winter, the electric heater is turned on in the room.

On each farm, there are specially equipped cattle burial grounds, fenced with a moat, where animal corpses are sent after their opening.

Thus, there are conditions for compliance with veterinary and sanitary rules on the farm. However, the weak financial position of the economy does not allow them to be fully realized. ABOUT The supply of veterinary property, medicines, and special clothing on the farm is unsatisfactory. To treat animals, they mainly use cheap, ineffective drugs, often with expired shelf life. Poor quality feed and unbalanced diets for young animals are often used. In this regard, calf dyspepsia is widespread on the farm.

2.2.3 Production technology forfarm

The basis for successful livestock farming is technology, which is developed in accordance with natural, climatic, economic conditions, as well as taking into account the direction of production.

SEC "Tselinny" is a dairy and grain farm.

The animal housing system is stall-pasture. The method of keeping cows is tethered. In summer, the animals are kept in the camp under a canopy on wooden floors without bedding. The grass cover of pastures is represented by such plant species as creeping wheatgrass, awnless brome, meadow fescue, white bentgrass, white and pink clover, yellow clover, alfalfa, sedge, mouse vetch, meadow rank and other representatives of forbs.

During stall housing, deep-calving cows are transferred from the barn to the maternity ward. However, the timing of the start of cows is not always met, which leads to changes in the physicochemical and technological qualities of colostrum and milk, and this can contribute to the development of acute digestive disorders in newborn animals.

Animals in the maternity ward are fed twice a day, the food is of very low quality, and the hay introduced into the diet resembles straw in appearance.

When analyzing the results obtained by the regional veterinary laboratory from biochemical studies of blood serum, a decrease in the alkaline balance in the animals’ bodies, an imbalance in the phosphorus-calcium metabolism ratio, low blood sugar levels, and low carotene content were revealed.

In the autumn-winter period, newborn calves are kept in a specially equipped calf dispensary. Calves are kept in groups of 6-8 calves per cage.

It should be noted that the living conditions for them generally comply with zoohygienic standards.

Feeding newborn calves is three times a day. Until 14 days of age, animals are given milk, and after 14 days, specially prepared porridges are gradually included in their diet.

In our opinion, one of the reasons for the development of acute digestive disorders in newborns is the late delivery of the first portion of colostrum. Since only the night cowman is on duty when cows calve at night, there are no milkmaids on duty, so the first portion of colostrum is fed 6-8 hours after calving, which has a very negative effect on the state of the absorption processes and its breakdown. The work on the farm has been well done to prevent and treat dyspepsia in calves by using decoctions of medicinal herbs. All preparatory work, the correct preparation of decoctions, and dosage are carried out by the chief veterinarian of the farm.

At the age of 30 days, groups of calves are formed, taking into account the characteristics of gender and weight, with their subsequent transfer to other departments of the farm.

Thus, the farm has serious technological errors in the feeding and maintenance of deep-pregnant cows and newborn calves, which leads to the development of dyspepsia in calves.

2.2.4 Environmental protection

Environmental protection is a complex of state and public measures aimed at rational use of natural resources, restoration of natural and enhancement of biological resources, and prevention of environmental pollution.

Article 18 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation states that in the interests of present and future generations, the necessary measures are taken to protect and scientifically based rational use of the land and its subsoil, water resources, flora and fauna, to maintain clean air and water, to ensure reproduction natural resources and improvement of the human environment.

Article 67 states that everyone is obliged to take care of the preservation of historical and cultural heritage, to protect historical, cultural and natural monuments.

Pollution, spoilage, damage and destruction on the territory of the Russian Federation are subject to protection of natural ecological systems, the ozone layer of the atmosphere, the earth, its subsoil, surface and underground waters, atmospheric air, forests and other vegetation, fauna, microorganisms, genetic fund, natural landscapes.

Nature and its wealth are the national heritage of the peoples of Russia, the natural basis of their sustainable socio-economic development and human well-being.

The Law of the Russian Federation “On the Protection of the Natural Environment” of October 19, 1991, in combination with measures of organizational, legal, economic and educational influence, is intended to contribute to the formation and strengthening of economic security on the territory of the Russian Federation.

Article 67 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation states that everyone is obliged to preserve nature and the environment, to treat flora and fauna with care.

In the present age of high rates of scientific and technological progress of all types of production, the problem of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources has become one of the most important government tasks.

Environmental protection is the most important problem of our time. Man and nature are inseparable from each other and are closely interconnected. For humans, as well as for society as a whole, nature is the environment for life and the only source necessary for existence. Nature and its resources are the basis on which human society lives and develops, the primary source of satisfying the material and spiritual needs of people.

Currently, the intensity of use of natural resources is increasing and this necessitates paying serious attention to environmental issues.

By environmental protection we mean a system of measures aimed at the rational use, reproduction and protection of natural resources, at protecting the natural environment from pollution and destruction, as well as at satisfying the material and cultural needs and interests of both current and future generations of people.

All human economic activity is based on the principles of rational use of natural resources. A tendency towards compliance with these principles is also observed in the Tselinny agricultural production complex in the Troitsky district of the Chelyabinsk region.

Soil is the primary source of all material wealth. The soil of this farm is represented by ordinary chernozems, solonetsic chernozems, soddy-solonetzic soils, swamp-silty soils and solodized soils. Ordinary and leached chernozems make up 85% of the arable land area. Basically, the soils are suitable for cultivating cereals. It should be noted that the farm is located in an area with a sharply continental climate with characteristic winds, as a result of which the fertile soil layer is subject to severe wind erosion. Therefore, there is an increasing need to increase the area of forest shelterbelts, which are clearly not enough in the Tselinny agricultural production complex.

The removal of nutrients from the soil with the harvest is inevitable and is an insufficient process. Rotating crops each year results in a more uniform nutrient withdrawal and therefore prolongs soil fertility. But eventually the soil structure depletes. The fight against soil depletion is carried out by applying mineral and organic fertilizers. Fertilizers and pesticides are applied to the soil within permissible doses, but sometimes, in the absence of proper control, these standards are violated and chemicals are applied in much larger quantities. In addition, the farm is located in the emission zone of the gold mining plant in the city of Plast.

Intensive use of land in agriculture has increased the pollution of water bodies by soil runoff. This created the need to dispose of manure in a timely manner. Directly on our farm, manure is removed daily, stored in special metal containers, and then transported for further processing.

The protection of water resources during agricultural use involves not only the implementation of measures aimed at preventing pollution of water bodies, but also the rational use and saving of water.

It should also be noted that hunting for animals and fishing should be carried out only in specially designated places with vouchers and only by members of the society of hunters and fishermen. Unfortunately, you often encounter people who have unregistered guns or who are fishing with nets. All cases must be detected and severely punished.

In order to improve environmental protection work, I would like to recommend the following:

1. Create an environmental service, firmly define its goals and objectives, oblige members to actively participate in nature conservation.

2. Increase the area of shelterbelts.

3. Carry out activities for the improvement and landscaping of livestock farms and estate areas.

4. Organize strict control over the storage and use of chemicals (fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides).

5. Rational use of land resources. Implement a set of agrotechnical and reclamation measures to combat wind erosion of soils.

6. Promote environmental knowledge among the population.

2.3 Results and analysis of own research materials

In order to study the etiology and develop a method for possible treatment and preventive measures for dyspepsia, we conducted research on the composition of the diet of deep-pregnant cows.

The diet of deep-pregnant cows contained in excess elements such as magnesium, potassium, sulfur, iron, copper, zinc, and in deficiency - carotene, vitamin D and E.

However, a lack of vitamin D and E in the diet, together with an imbalance of sugar, macro- and microelements, leads to profound metabolic disorders, which are most clearly manifested not so much in mothers as in newborn calves.

The study of the causes of dyspepsia in newborn calves made it possible to combine them into the following groups:

1. We managed to find out that the animals in this farm are provided with feed by 70%. Animals are provided 100% only with roughage in winter and green feed in summer.

2. When analyzing the diet for cows, it was found that it does not meet the established standards for nutritional value, vitamins and minerals, macro- and microelements. The diet is not balanced in terms of sugar-protein and calcium-phosphorus ratios. An examination of the silage revealed the presence of butyric acid.

Systematic underfeeding of animals with inferior feed, especially silage containing butyric acid, contributed to the disruption of their metabolic processes and negatively affected their physiological state.

3. Based on data from a study of feeding diets for mother cows, it was established that, along with insufficient, monotonous feeding, it lacks a large amount of such basic components as calcium, carotene, low content of vitamins, macro- and microelements, minerals and carbohydrates, which was the cause of morbidity and death of calves on the farm.

Feeding pregnant cows in winter with feed poor in vitamins and rich in acids (silage) led to incomplete absorption by the body of minerals associated with the acids of sour silage. This causes a shift in the acid-base balance towards acidosis, a decrease in the alkaline reserve of the blood and an increase in ketone bodies in it, which leads to the disease of pregnant cows with ketosis, and newborn calves to the disease of toxic dyspepsia.

4. Analysis of the circumstances preceding the onset of the disease allows us to conclude that one of the main reasons for the mass disease of newborn calves with dyspepsia was errors in their rearing. Therefore, when feeding calves, it is important to follow a strict regime regarding the norms and time of feeding (drinking):

In this farm, there is a delay of 3-6, or even 10-14 hours, with the provision of the first portion of colostrum. This happens more often when rashes occur at night;

Feeding colostrum (milk) from cows with mastitis. Other errors were also made in feeding calves during the colostrum period.

Colostrum, due to its high content of proteins, fats and minerals, is a complete high-calorie food for a newborn calf. It contains protective substances - antibodies against pathogens of infectious diseases. With colostrum, the body of a newborn calf receives favorable lactic acid flora, which prevents the development of putrefactive opportunistic microflora.

Factors such as drinking contaminated and cold colostrum were encountered. Dirty dishes and rubber nipples with a non-standard hole were used for drinking. The calves were fed at different intervals.

Based on the above, it is clear that all these factors contribute to the occurrence of dyspepsia in newborn calves.

The sooner the calf is watered after milking, the better, since the bactericidal properties of colostrum quickly decrease after milking it and disappear after 2-3 hours.

It is especially important to feed calves warm milk immediately after milking, before it cools down. Heating milk, as well as non-compliance with sanitary and hygienic conditions during milking, leads to its contamination.

It is known that when calves feed contaminated colostrum (milk), as a rule, elementary dyspepsia occurs. On the other hand, feeding calves cold milk (below 35 0 C) has a harmful effect on the function of the gastrointestinal tract, in particular on the secretory function of the abomasum, and reduces its acidity. With a decrease in acidity, the breakdown of milk sugar into lactic acid is disrupted, as a result of which putrefactive microbes multiply in the intestines, and the reaction of digestion of colostrum (milk) is distorted.

Putrefactive processes in the intestines inhibit the colonization of bacteria, which convert milk sugar into lactic acid.

The results of a bacteriological study of the intestinal microflora of calves with dyspepsia showed a predominance of putrefactive gram-negative microflora by 20 or more times over gram-positive ones.

Rapid drinking of colostrum leads to indigestion and, consequently, to a decrease in the body's resistance. Only when the calves are slowly fed with milk does it enter the abomasum and there it gradually coagulates into a loose clot and is easily broken down by enzymes. If it is fast, it enters the rumen, where it undergoes fermentation and creates a favorable environment for the development of microflora.

Milk entering the abomasum quickly coagulates into a dense clot, which enters the intestines, irritates the mucous membrane, increases peristalsis and causes diarrhea with subsequent dehydration of the body.

The above factors, as well as poor hygiene indoors, lead to a weakening of the body’s resistance to various diseases, including dyspepsia.

Therefore, managers, especially specialists and livestock workers, need to know the main environmental factors, zoohygienic standards, and veterinary and sanitary rules, the implementation and observance of which will contribute to the successful elimination of this disease during the colostrum period.

5. There was a sharp fluctuation in air temperature, high humidity and the content of harmful gases in the room.

Cooling causes a neuro-reflex disorder in the body, which leads to gastrointestinal diseases.

When overheated, disorders of the central nervous system occur, followed by metabolic disorders. And in case of metabolic disorders, first of all, oxidative processes are disrupted, leading to the accumulation in the body of under-oxidized products that inhibit the activity of enzymes and cellular respiration. In calves, the acidity of the rennet contents decreases especially sharply.

The accumulation of acidic products leads to acidosis and disruption of all body functions.

Lack of oxygen in the body reduces the secretory function of the stomach glands and disrupts digestion.

High concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are a predisposing factor to gastrointestinal diseases.

It is known that growing young animals are very sensitive to light starvation. Therefore, newborn calves need systematic irradiation with ultraviolet rays in winter, since irradiation has a stimulating effect on the entire body, namely:

The provitamin ergosterone is activated to form vitamin D, which plays an important role in mineral metabolism;

Increases oxidative processes in the cells and tissues of the body;

The function of hematopoietic organs improves;

Carbohydrate, fat and water metabolism occurs more intensively;

The acidity of gastric juice increases, which leads to improved appetite, pepsin activity increases, and intestinal motor function improves.

Violation of the conditions of keeping, feeding and caring for pregnant cows and newborn calves leads to a massive incidence of simple and toxic dyspepsia in calves of the colostrum period.

Simple dyspepsia, which is manifested only by minor functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, is mild. 3-4 days after effective treatment of this form of dyspepsia, the animals begin to recover.

In special cases, there is a transition from simple dyspepsia to toxic. It manifests itself in profound dysfunction of the intestinal tract, metabolic disorders and intoxication of the entire body.

Toxic dyspepsia is more common as a result of feeding cows with feed poor in vitamins, and this leads to incomplete absorption by the body of minerals associated with the acids of sour feeds. All this causes a shift in the acid-base balance towards acidosis, a decrease in the alkaline reserve of the blood and an increase in under-oxidized products in it, which have a harmful effect on the body of the mother and fetus.

Toxic dyspepsia occurs in severe form with a high mortality rate.

When the disease occurs in young animals, their appetite decreases, their breathing and pulse quicken, and in most cases the calves are in a recumbent position and are reluctant to move.

The main clinical sign was disruption of the gastrointestinal tract. Calves often heard rumbling sounds in the intestines and fluid transfusion. There was pain in the abdominal area. The sick calves were worried and looked at their stomachs. The most typical symptom was the presence of diarrhea. The stool was liquid, yellow-gray in color with an unpleasant, fetid odor. Frequent diarrhea led to dehydration. The skin in the pelvic area is stained with feces. The coat is tousled. The ears and nasal speculum are cold. The work of the heart gradually weakened, and the reaction to irritation decreased.

During the autopsy of the calves, it was determined: exhaustion, sunken eyeballs, grayish skin, tousled, dull hair, tail, anus area contaminated with liquid feces. The mucous membranes of the nasal and oral cavities are pale, with a bluish tint. In the subcutaneous tissue, the fat layers are poorly expressed. The muscles of the heart and skeletal muscles are red-gray in color, rather dry when cut, the pattern is smoothed.

In the abomasum, compacted clots of colostrum and a watery liquid of a grayish-reddish color were found. The mucous membrane of the abomasum is swollen, hyperemic in places, and covered with thick mucus.

In the intestines there is a small amount of yellow-brown liquid, the mucous membrane along its entire length is swollen and hyperemic. The mesenteric nodes are hyperemic, enlarged, and moist. The liver is flabby, pale, and brown in places. The kidneys are pale, the boundaries of the cortical and medulla layers are smoothed, the capsule is easily removed. The spleen is pale, the edges are sharp, the capsule is folded.

The effect of polysorb on the morphological blood parameters of animals in the experimental and control groups is presented in Table 3.

3. Morphological parameters of animals from experimental groups (Mm; n=8)

As can be seen from the table, against the background of the use of Polysorb solution in the experimental group of calves, an increase in the total number of red blood cells was observed both on the 5th and 10th days of treatment, while a simultaneous decrease in the total number of leukocytes was observed, which indicates a decrease in the inflammatory process in the body.

It should also be noted that in the experimental group of calves, ESR was higher than in the control group, which indicates the normalization of water-salt metabolism.

The effect of Polysorb on biochemical parameters of blood serum is presented in Table 4.

4. Biochemical parameters of blood serum of animals of experimental groups (M±m; n=8)

Note: 1 - animals of the experimental group

2 - animals of the control group

As can be seen from Table 4, during the use of the drug, the content of total calcium did not have significant differences in both the experimental and control groups.

The increase in alkaline reserve in the experimental group of calves during treatment indicates the normalization of the acid-base balance in the body.

The protein composition of blood serum against the background of treatment is presented in Table 5.

5. Protein composition of blood serum of animals of experimental groups (M±m; n=8)

Index	Groups of the living	24 hours of research

Total protein, g/l

Albumin, g/l

b-globulins

β-globulins

g-globulins

Note: 1 - animals of the experimental group

2 - animals of the control group

The table data shows that against the background of the use of polysorb solution, there is a natural increase in the amount of total protein in the experimental group of animals, especially for globulins of the beta and gamma class, which indicates the normalization of liver functions and an increase in the body’s defenses.

It should be noted that in the control group one animal died due to toxic dyspepsia.

2.4 Cost-effectiveness of veterinary measures

When performing this section of the work, we used indicators of morbidity, mortality of animals, indicators of economic damage caused by the disease and the costs of veterinary measures.

During the medical examination of calves in the late autumn period, out of 102 animals kept in the department, 20 had pronounced clinical signs of dyspepsia. During the experiment, one animal in the control group died.

The average daily increase in body weight of calves in the control group was 404 g, and in the experimental group - 482 g.

The purchase price of 1 kg of live weight of cattle was 28 rubles, and the cash proceeds from the sale of the skin of a dead animal amounted to 200 rubles.

Calculation method

1. Calculation of economic damage caused by dyspepsia

Group 1 - treatment was applied according to the method adopted on the farm

a) from the death of animals

U = M x F x C - Sf, where

M - number of dead animals

F - live weight of calves

C - purchase price of 1 kg of beef

Sf - cost of skins

Y = 1 x 70 x 28 - 200 = 1340 rubles

b) from reducing body weight gain

U = Mz - (Vz - Wb) x T x C, where

Mz - number of sick animals

Vz - body weight gain in healthy calves

Vb - body growth of sick calves

T - duration of illness in days

Y = 20 x (0.482 - 0.404) x 30 x 28 = 131.04 rubles

2. Calculation of damage prevented

Pu = Mo x Kz x Ku - U, where

Mo - number of susceptible animals

Kz - incidence rate

Ku - damage coefficient

Y - total damage

Pu = 102 x 0.23 x 13.1 - 131.04 = 176.3 rubles

2. Calculation of the effectiveness of veterinary measures

Ev = Pu + Ds + Ez - Sv, where

Pu - damage prevented

Ds - additional funds

Ez - economic costs

Sv - labor costs of specialists

Ev = 176.3 + 0 + 13.5 - 250 = 439.8 rubles

3. Calculation of economic efficiency per 1 ruble of costs

Er = Ev / Sv = 439.8 / 250 = 1.76 rubles

Group 2 - used Polysorb

Y = 0 x 70 x 22 = 0 rubles

K = 10 x (0.482 - 0.404) x 30 x 28 = 655.2 rubles

Pu = 102 x 0.23 x 13.1 - 655.2 = 239.4 rubles

Ev = 239.4 + 0 + 135 - 250 = 502.9 rubles

Er = 502.9 / 250 = 2.01 rubles

CONCLUSION

One of the main prerequisites for the successful treatment of dyspepsia in newborn calves is not only the complete provision of the body with water and electrolytes, which are necessary for the normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, but also to mobilize the body’s defenses under the influence of antibacterial drugs.

Taking these features into account, as well as taking into account the available literature data, we made an attempt to find the simplest and most accessible method of treating dyspepsia in newborn calves. When choosing treatments for this pathology, we proceeded from the fact that the drug Polysorb is absorbed in the small intestine, penetrates organs and tissues, remains in them in a bacteriostatic concentration for about 12 hours and has an antibacterial effect in the gastrointestinal tract.

As our studies show, in calves with dyspepsia, when using this drug, the body's defenses are quickly normalized, the functions of the gastrointestinal tract are restored earlier, the general condition improves, and appetite appears.

All this makes it possible to reduce the time of treatment of sick animals, reduce their waste with minimal treatment costs.

CONCLUSIONS

1. The main cause of disease in calves on the farm is the imbalance of the diet of dry cows in terms of basic nutritional elements: feed units, digestible protein, sugar, macro- and microelements.

2. In the Tselinny agricultural production complex of the Troitsky district of the Chelyabinsk region, calf dyspepsia is widespread and accounts for 50-56% of the number of calves born. The highest incidence is observed in the autumn-winter months.

3. Polysorb solution used in the treatment of dyspepsia in calves has a significant therapeutic effect.

4. The economic efficiency of veterinary measures was 2.01 rubles in the experimental group, and 1.76 rubles per ruble of costs in the control group.

OFFERS

1. We consider it advisable to recommend the use of Polysorb solution according to the proposed scheme for the treatment of simple and toxic forms of dyspepsia.

2. Farm specialists must strictly comply with veterinary and sanitary requirements in connection with the maintenance and feeding of deep-pregnant cows and newborn calves.

LIST OF REFERENCES USED

1. Abramov et al. Prevention of non-communicable diseases of young animals. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1990. - P. 175.

2. Aleksin M.M. Prevention of dyspepsia in newborn calves with etherofibrin and lactobacterin // International Ministries. coord. meeting (May 19-23): Environmental problems of animal pathology, pharmacology and therapy. - Voronezh, 1997. - pp. 320-321.

3. Ermolin A.V. and others. Therapeutic effectiveness of colivet for dyspepsia of calves // M-ly interv. scientific - practical conf. / Current problem vet. honey. life, social studies and personnel training in the Southern Urals. - Troitsk, 1998. - Part 1. - pp. 44-45.

4. Grozman M.M. Experience in the treatment and prevention of toxic dyspepsia in newborn calves // Tr. Gorkov. Agricultural Institute, 1974. - T. 101. - P. 25.

5. Kavardakov Yu.Ya. and others. Treatment experience with the use of rehydraltan // Tr. Omsk vet. Institute / Omsk, 1983. - T. 10. - P. 7-9.

6. Karput I.M. Non-communicable diseases of young animals. - Minsk: Harvest, 1989. - P. 240.

7. Kocheban E.G. Prevention and treatment of diseases of young animals //Veterinary Medicine, 1985. - No. 10. - P. 15.

8. Mityushin V.V. Treatment of calves with acute digestive disorders // Veterinary Medicine, 1985. - No. 10. - P. 15.

9. Molokanov V.A. and others. Prevention of dyspepsia in calves // Interuniversity Schools. Scientific and practical conf. / current problems of veterinary medicine, life sciences, social studies and personnel training in the Southern Urals. - Troitsk, 1998. - Part 1. - P.76.

10. Movsun-Zade K.K. Complex treatment of calves with dyspepsia using hemolyzed blood // Proc. report scientific conf./ Odessa, 1988. - pp. 13-15.

11. Mosin V.V. New in the treatment of non-communicable diseases of farm animals. - M.: Rosselkhozizdat, 1975. - P. 7-9.

12. Minenko M.N. and others. Prevention and treatment of diseases of young animals // Veterinary Medicine, 1975. - No. 3. - P.75-76.

13. Rabinovich M.I., Daminov R.R. Pharmacological characteristics of enterosorbent polysorb VP // Veterinary Medicine, 2000. - No. 3. - P. 53-57.

14. Sidorenko N.M. The use of duodenal extract for dyspepsia // Veterinary Science, 1971. - 3 4. - P. 24-25.

15. Skorin I.A. The effectiveness of auto-transfusion irradiated with ultraviolet rays for diseases of calves // Veterinary Medicine, 1988. - No. 9. - pp. 29-30.

16. Tarasov I.I. and others. The role of colostrum and the formation of immune status and the development of dyspepsia of autoimmune origin in calves: Abstract of thesis. for the job application uch. Art. Ph.D. vet. Sci. - Vitebsk, 1987

17. Tumanov E.I. and others. The use of gamma globulin for dyspepsia of calves / In the book: Pathology of the respiratory and digestive organs of agriculture. f-x. - M., 1989. - P. 30.

19. Chernyshev A.I. Dyspepsia and safety of calves. - Kazan, 1989. - P. 35.

20. Chernukha V.K. and others. Therapeutic and prophylactic effect of gamma globulin, hemostimulant and citrated blood of cattle for dyspepsia of calves / tr. Sarat.vet. Institute, 1974.- pp. 74-75.

21. Shaimanov M.Kh. Clinical study of healthy and dyspeptic calves // Veterinary Medicine, 1974. - P. 85.

22. Shevtsova I.N. The use of hypertonic sodium chloride solutions in veterinary medicine. - M.: Rosselkhozizdat, 1987. - P. 95.

23. Sharabrin I.G. Prevention and treatment of non-communicable agricultural diseases. alive-x. - M., 1975. - P. 12-14.

24. Shishkov V.P. Diseases of newborn calves / In the book: Pathological diagnosis of diseases of cattle. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1989. - P. 118-119.

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Causes of the disease

One of the main causes of dyspepsia is non-compliance with the standards of raising and breeding animals. For example, this is poor quality feeding, as well as non-compliance with the regime and microclimate conditions. Today, the cause of the disease is often the underdevelopment of the digestive organs of children. As a result, the intestinal pH is disrupted, toxins and putrefactive microflora are formed. Causes:

Incorrect ;
Late launch of the animal;
Lack of walking and exercise;
Cold or sour colostrum;
Overfeeding calves;
Failure to comply with sanitary and hygienic standards (dirty dishes, bedding, etc.).

Forms of the disease

Dyspepsia manifests itself in two forms - simple and toxic. The simple form is characterized by partial loss of appetite, lethargy and depression of calves at the first stage. Animals lie on the bedding and often shudder. Around the 2nd day, yellow diarrhea occurs. Treatment of this stage of the disease always has a favorable prognosis and ends with the complete recovery of the children.

Toxic dyspepsia occurs abruptly in the first days of life. In this case, the calves experience a complete loss of appetite, the temperature drops, and the skin becomes cold. Diarrhea appears immediately, often with mucus and a lighter color. If treatment is not timely, animals die from dehydration and toxicity of the body.

What symptoms does it present?

The main sign of dyspepsia is the lethargy and depressed appearance of calves, as well as loose stools. In this case, symptoms appear immediately at the first mild stage. Sick babies lie on their side, often look at their stomach, and partially or completely refuse colostrum. Also, in more severe forms, animals begin to moan or moo. Patients' body temperature decreases, pulse and breathing increase.

When a severe stage of the disease occurs due to severe dehydration of the body, calves experience severe loss of strength, sunken eyes, ruffled fur, and dry mucous membranes. Body tremors, dry skin, and loss of sensitivity also often occur. Before death, the calf's skin becomes bluish or pale, and the heartbeat increases greatly. Death occurs within 2-5 days after the disease.

Methods of treating the disease

As people say, “The best treatment is prevention.” But if it does happen that the calf gets dyspepsia, you should know the basic treatment measures. The most important thing is to move the baby to a warm, dry place if necessary and improve hygiene. Colostrum should only be given fresh and from sterile containers. Feeding is carried out 4-5 times a day, 250-400 ml of product.

Half an hour before feeding, calves must be given saline solution or casein hydrolysate (hydrolysine). If there are no such special drugs, then antibiotics with sulfonamides and nitrofuran compounds are used. Suitable bacteriostatic agents:

vitatetrin for 5-7 days with an interval of 12 hours;
oxycane 50-100 mg/kg;
chloramphenicol - 20-35 mg/kg;
terravetin 500 mg/kg;
gentomycin sulfate at a dose of 1 mg/kg every 8-12 hours.

To further stimulate digestion, calves are injected with 30-50 ml of pepsidil or pancreatin. To strengthen the intestines, you can give a decoction of oak bark, an infusion of sage, St. John's wort, or a decoction of flaxseed. In case of acute toxic form, a special preparation based on sodium chloride and potassium chloride is administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 25-30 ml/kg. This also includes glucose, novocaine, calcium gluconate, thiamine bromide solution and some other substances.

After recovery, children are prescribed a course of bacteriostatic agents to populate the intestines with beneficial microflora. For example, these are acidophilus milk bifidumbacterin, lactobacterin and others. They also give a small dose of fermented milk.

Prevention and sample diet

As preventive measures, you should monitor the diet and maintenance of pregnant cows, as well as carry out general hygiene measures. It is necessary to evaluate the quality of feed and carry out quality control. We suggest you look at an approximate calf diet if you notice the first signs of dyspepsia.

Times of Day	Diet
Morning	Artificial gastric juice; After 20 minutes, 2 eggs diluted in a small amount of water; After 10 minutes, take a “No-shpa” tablet and a decoction of special herbs (oak bark, elecampane, St. John’s wort, alder cones).
Dinner	1-2 liters of decoction of flax seed or rice, oatmeal; After a few hours, decoction with salt.
Evening	Artificial gastric juice; After 20 minutes, 2 eggs diluted in a small amount of water; After 10 minutes, a No-shpa tablet and a decoction of special herbs.

Video “Treatment of calves with electrolytes”

In this story, you can learn in more detail about one of the modern methods of treating diarrhea in animals, namely with the help of electrolytes.

Many people treat this disease “coolly”, considering it only a temporary intestinal disorder, but dyspepsia in calves kills up to 20% of young animals every year. The pathology is insidious, because its morphological signs are similar to ordinary indigestion. This is why identifying the disease at an early stage is so important. Next, we will step by step understand the intricacies of diagnosis, talk about the forms of the disease and its prevention, and most importantly, we will give schemes for possible treatment of a dangerous illness.

Non-infectious etiology

Since many owners, and even some veterinarians, consider this disease to be a mild disorder, case histories of calf dyspepsia are not kept in half of the cases. Most specialists dealing with this problem divide pathology into 2 areas: infectious and non-infectious.

The etiology of the non-infectious type of disease is usually associated with profound disturbances in metabolic processes in cows before and during pregnancy. Often, such violations are caused by errors in the preparation of the cows’ diet, unbalanced nutrition, as well as poor quality of the feed and nutrient solutions themselves.

This also includes improper maintenance and feeding of the calf in the first hours of its life. Most often, the baby is given colostrum at the wrong time, the first complementary feeding is done too late. Sometimes owners use cold colostrum for feeding. Housing in cold or damp stalls can also cause dyspepsia in calves.

Calves and adult cows should always be kept in a dry and warm environment. It is important to exclude drafts, and you must also carefully monitor the presence of dry, soft and warm bedding.

Toxicoses in young animals

There is toxic dyspepsia in calves. Often, sick babies are born from cows with signs of ketosis or osteodystrophy. This type of disease appears as a result of poor control over the quality of feed. Animals are given food high in dangerous toxins such as butyric acid and gossypol.

But the most severe and dangerous forms of toxicosis appear when animals eat toxic mushrooms along with traditional feed. The nature of most toxins is such that they accumulate in the udder of the cow and from there, together with colostrum, enter the gastrointestinal tract of the young, where they cause disease.

Toxic dyspepsia in newborn calves is considered the most dangerous. Due to the absence of a specific pathogen, it cannot be classified as infectious. But this pathology is caused by microbes of different types and forms, and, accordingly, the treatment of toxic dyspepsia in calves is closer to the infectious direction.

What are the signs of the disease

Here it is important to determine in time which form we are dealing with. When dealing with dyspepsia in newborn calves, the veterinarian's own research and experience are of great importance.

In the traditional form of the disease, the calf experiences periodic diarrhea. The activity of an animal with dyspepsia decreases, the baby quickly gets tired, becomes passive and lethargic. Often the pathology manifests itself in an aggravated reaction to noise and external stimuli. Any sharp pop or touch causes the calf to flinch. After a couple of days, loose stool turns bright yellow with an uncharacteristic and very pungent odor.

With dyspepsia of a toxic nature, the morphology will appear in the first days and even hours of the baby’s life. Newborn calves may eat poorly or refuse to eat at all. Against the background of a noticeable loss of strength, a decrease in body temperature is observed. The skin becomes cold, and clots of mucus are visible in the diarrhea. A toxic basis is indicated by the bluish color of the calf's mouth and the initial manifestations of conjunctivitis.

Pathological manifestations

All pathological changes are recorded in the autopsy report. In most cases, with dyspepsia, the highest degree of exhaustion of the calf is recorded against the background of complete dehydration of the body.

When the eyelids are pulled back, the eyeballs recede. The serous covers are clearly dry; the skin is difficult to separate when cut. The fiber under the calf's skin resembles jelly and is unnaturally pale in color. The heart muscle is weak and rather flabby. The outer layers of the heart do not have epicardial fat deposits, and partial dilatation is noted. The endocardium of a calf with dyspepsia may have traces of pinpoint hemorrhages. The spleen capsule is difficult to remove, and the spleen itself has unnaturally sharp edges.

But the autopsy record records the most changes in the gastrointestinal tract of the calf:

threadlike and pinpoint hemorrhages;
red spots and stripes;
the mucous membrane is very swollen;
the lymph nodes in the omental area are inflamed;
the rennet can be filled with curdled mass.

Treatment with a gentle diet

With a mild, non-toxic form of the disease, treatment of calf dyspepsia can be carried out through a gentle diet. The calf is separated from the main group and transferred to an empty and warm pen. Within 12 hours after identifying the disease and isolating the animal, it should be given only warm (38 degrees), slightly salted water.

In case of severe gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea in a calf will help stop rinsing the intestines with potassium permanganate with distilled water, solution concentration 0.002%.

After the saline solution, you should not immediately give pure colostrum; it needs to be diluted in half with some warm herbal decoction. The most commonly used medicinal herbs are pine needles (spruce, pine, juniper). Daily feeding of the calf is extended to 5–6 feedings. Gradually the amount of decoction is reduced, and the amount of colostrum is increased.

Throughout the course of treatment, the calf is fed only from the nipple. The fact is that if you pour the colostrum solution into any container, the baby will begin to drink in large, greedy sips, which can lead to indigestion.

Visceral blockade with novocaine

This blockade is especially effective for acute dyspepsia in calves. If signs of a chronic form are visible, then it is better to abandon this method. For blockade, novocaine solution is used in a concentration of 0.5% at the rate of 1 ml per 1 kg of weight.

By acting directly on the calf’s digestive tract, we suppress the source of the disease itself. Another positive point is the fairly high percentage of absorption of the solution and, as a result, a rapid therapeutic effect.

The technology for introducing the solution itself is simple, but it requires some experience and knowledge of the anatomy of the animal.

To begin, the calf needs to be well secured in a standing position. Then find the right “hungry hole” - the injection is made into it. The needle is immersed approximately 20–30 mm, after which the solution is smoothly introduced. If the needle is inserted into the right place, the medicine will enter freely. In especially severe cases, penicillin or streptomycin can be added to novocaine.

Treatment with electrolyte-energy drugs

In the acute form of dyspepsia in a calf, severe dehydration is observed. Salts and vital mineral compounds leave the body along with the fluid. In this case, diet and proper nutrition alone are not enough. There is an urgent need to replenish the body's potential in all available ways. And the fastest of them is a direct injection of the solution into a vein, muscle tissue or into the abdominal cavity.

For these purposes, there are ready-made plasma substitutes, for example, Kolosov’s solution or Sharabrin’s solution. If you don’t have ready-made preparations at hand, you can try to make a mixture for the calf yourself. The most famous is the Ringer-Locke solution, which includes:

sodium chloride – 9 g;
calcium chloride – 0.2 g;
powdered glucose – 5 g;
sodium bicarbonate – 0.2 g;
distilled water – 1 l.

You need to mix all these ingredients except sodium bicarbonate, boil them and filter them. Sodium bicarbonate is added immediately before injection. When introduced into the calf’s body, the temperature of the solution should be 38 degrees.

Special therapy for the disease

The body of a calf severely exhausted from dyspepsia, even with the introduction of electrolyte-energy solutions, is not able to actively resist pathogenic microorganisms. In this case, to increase the effectiveness of treatment, it is necessary to actively administer antibiotics, as well as drugs of the sulfonamide group.

Drugs for the treatment of dyspepsia can be prescribed separately or in mixtures. For weak calves, all medications are either injected or mixed into liquid food. There are drugs that are administered rectally in the form of sticks or suppositories. Relatively strong animals can be given tablets.

Among antibiotics, calves are usually prescribed syntomycin, tetracycline, colimycin, and chloramphenicol. The dosage per 1 kg of weight ranges from 0.015 to 0.02 g. The sulfanilamide group is represented by sulfadimezine, sulfatrol, phthalazole and norsulfazole. The dosage here is approximately the same as for antibiotics.

Medicinal preparations and solutions

Until antibiotics and other similar drugs appeared, people actively used various kinds of solutions and decoctions of medicinal herbs to treat dyspepsia in calves. Smart farmers keep these recipes to this day and, on occasion, use them to help a sick calf in case of illness.

Take 3 parts of bird cherry fruits and mix them with 2 parts of blueberries. To prepare a decoction, take 1 part of the mixture and add 10 parts of water. Depending on the weight and degree of illness of the calf, it is given from a quarter to half a glass of broth 3-4 times a day.

The following recipe uses 1 part cinquefoil root and 4 parts snakeweed root. The decoction is prepared and given to the calf in the same way as in the previous case.

You can take cinquefoil root, chamomile and mint in equal proportions, mix it all and brew it. Add 1 tablespoon of the mixture to a glass of water. The norm for a calf is 1–2 glasses of decoction per day.

Or this recipe: mix oak root with calamus root in equal proportions. Here one and a half glasses of water are used per tablespoon. After boiling, the solution needs to be left for half an hour, then strained and given to the calf a quarter glass 3-4 times a day.

Prevention of disease in pregnant uteruses

It is believed that the prevention of dyspepsia in calves should begin while they are in the womb, and ideally it is advisable to prepare cows even before conception. The main problem is hypovitaminosis. All enzymes are built on vitamins; accordingly, when the activity of certain enzymes decreases, the fetus begins to develop incorrectly.

The best solution is to feed the herd a variety of fortified feeds. The diet must include silage, hay, root vegetables, and cabbage leaves. From concentrates you need to give hay, pine and grass flour.

If for one reason or another the cows’ diet cannot be enriched with a sufficient amount of vitamins, then in the second half of pregnancy the animals are given targeted vitamin injections and infusions. At the same time, vitamins A, C, D, E are given. Cows do not need vitamin B; they produce it in sufficient quantities.

The importance of first feeding

In the prevention of disease in a newborn calf, the first feeding is fundamental. It is done as soon as the initial signs of the sucking reflex appear. But there is no need to delay; the permissible delay is no more than 2 hours from the moment of birth.

If the baby does not receive his portion of colostrum, he will begin to intuitively look for it. As a result, the calf will lick everything that is next to it, and this is bedding, fences, walls, etc. Thus, instead of strengthening complementary foods, he will receive a solution of pathogenic and putrefactive bacteria that will cause disease.

A cow's first postpartum milk contains a month's worth of vitamin A. During the first feeding, the main gram-positive intestinal microflora is formed. At birth, the calf has practically no immune globulins; it also receives the lion's share of these substances during the first feeding.

The mucous membrane in the baby's small intestine can absorb colostrum directly, that is, without prior splitting. Postpartum milk contains a very large percentage of magnesium salts, which act as a laxative and help the calf get rid of intrauterine feces.

Disease prevention on disadvantaged farms

It all starts with the establishment of ideal cleanliness and forced fortification of pregnant cows. But in such farms there is another problem. A newborn calf cannot fully absorb the standard amount of colostrum, which is about 6 liters per day.

There are several ways out here, but Shcherbakov’s method is considered the most effective. Its essence is dosed complementary feeding and dilution of colostrum with various kinds of solutions and decoctions. But drinking solutions according to Shcherbakov should be done only when the first signs of the disease appear, that is, intestinal disorders.

From ready-made formulations you can take Sharabrin or Ringer solutions. In addition to them, a decoction of flaxseeds works well, as well as a simple saline solution.

Farmers who underestimate the danger of dyspepsia in young animals risk being left without a significant proportion of the offspring. And the calves that survive will be constantly sick. Share the techniques and recipes outlined in the article with your friends. Perhaps your like will become a lifesaver for some calf.

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Introduction

Dyspepsia is a disease of newborn young animals, manifested by acute disorder of rennet and intestinal digestion, motor-evacuation function of the gastrointestinal tract, dysbacteriosis, intoxication, and autoimmune processes. Calves and piglets are most often affected. According to a number of authors, the nosological unit “dyspepsia” is arbitrary, since the disease is general in nature with disruption of the functioning of almost all systems and organs of the body. Therefore, the leading clinical signs of digestive disorders are sometimes combined under the concept of “diarrheal syndrome,” which is inherent in many diseases of the neonotal period of animals - dyspepsia, colostrum toxicosis, casein-bezoar disease, hypovitaminosis A, malnutrition and others.

The disease occupies a leading position among non-contagious pathologies of young animals in terms of frequency, mass and economic damage. Dyspepsia is registered in most farms, covering from 50 to 100% of all young animals born. The mortality rate reaches 20-30 or more percent of sick animals. There is information on seasonality in the mass manifestation of dyspepsia, when the most unfavorable period for the disease occurs in winter and spring.

1 . Etiology

Dyspepsia of newborn animals is a disease of polyetiological nature. Its occurrence is predisposed by a complex of unfavorable factors associated with feeding, keeping and exploitation of maternal livestock, as well as the impact of unfavorable factors directly on the body of newborn young animals. Among the latter, the leading role belongs to various violations of the technology of obtaining, feeding, keeping and caring for animals.

The predisposing causes of the development of dyspepsia, according to the time of their exposure or occurrence, can be divided into intrauterine and postnatal. The former lead to disruption of the processes of fetal formation and the birth of young animals with symptoms of neonatal malnutrition, low vitality and already having functional disorders of many organs, including the digestive tract. They are sometimes called antenatal or prenatal. Postnatal effects directly on the newborn’s body both from the external environment and from the mother, primarily through colostrum.

Under dyspepsia of a functional (neuro-reflex) nature V.V. Mityushin (1989) understands the consequence of the impact on the newborn’s body of unfavorable factors of feeding and maintenance, noting that one of the most important initial links in the developing pathological process is a reflex spasm of the pyloric sphincter of the abomasum and, as a consequence, retention of feed mass in it, I.M. Karput (1993) focuses on the violation of local protection in the occurrence of dysbiosis, which is a consequence of the low sanitary quality of colostrum and violations of its feeding regimes. At the same time, it identifies the nutritional form of the disease.

There are reports of dyspepsia of autoimmune origin, where the pathological process is based on inhibition of digestive enzymes, destructive changes in the digestive system of newborns by antienzymes, autoantibodies and lymphocytes sensitized to the antigens of the digestive organs, coming with colostrum.

There is a point of view about immunodeficiency dyspepsia, associated with the first age-related immune deficiency, and also observed when feeding young animals with immunologically defective colostrum.

Some researchers distinguish between an intoxicating form of the disease, which develops due to the entry of toxic substances through the placental barrier and with colostrum (colostrum toxicosis).

2 . Patogenesis

The development of pathological processes in dyspepsia depends on a combination of etiological factors, but, as a rule, the disease consists of a number of sequential processes. The initial link is a disorder of feed and stomach fermentation against the background of morpho-functional immaturity, reduced natural resistance and immune reactivity. This leads to the development of dysbiosis with a predominance of microbial fermentation in the stomach and intestines with the formation of toxic products, increased peristalsis and weakening of the barrier and antitoxic functions of the digestive organs, primarily the liver.

General intoxication occurs, metabolism is disrupted and dehydration of the body quickly develops. Changes in internal organs are also rapidly developing - dystrophy, cardiovascular failure with impaired circulation and the development of general venous stagnation, inhibition of the functions of the central nervous system and impaired nervous trophism, etc.

The mechanism of development of digestive disorders, taking into account the existing complex of etiological causes, is the basis for pathogenetic classifications of dyspepsia. According to these classifications, dyspepsia of organic origin or enzyme deficiency is distinguished, which is associated with a deficiency of digestive enzymes or their weak activity and is a consequence of general underdevelopment.

Intoxication processes in dyspepsia develop from endo- and exogenous sources. In response to toxic and irritating substances accumulated in the gastrointestinal tract - products of decomposed colostrum (ammonia, indole, skatole, cresol, etc.) - the peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract reflexively increases and, as a result, exicosis develops. High permeability of the intestinal wall in calves in early postnatal ontogenesis, as well as a number of other anatomical and physiological features (open ductus venosus and frequent delayed closure of the foramen ovale), limited functional capacity of the liver create the prerequisites for the rapid development of intoxication of the whole organism.

Acceleration of the passage of feed through the gastrointestinal tract leads to malabsorption and loss of a significant amount of nutrients, leukocytes, immunoglobulins, water and electrolytes with the chyme. As a consequence of the latter, the state of tissue and intercellular colloids is disrupted and dehydration processes develop. All types of metabolism are disrupted with the accumulation of a large number of toxic metabolites, aggravating intoxication processes. Disturbances of homeostasis are manifested in the blood of sick calves by an increase in the content of residual nitrogen, bilirubin, urea, creatinine, pyruvic, lactic, acetic acids and acetone bodies, the activity of cytolysis marker enzymes, lipid peroxidation (LPO) products. Along with this, a sharp drop is established in the blood level of total protein, amino acids, albumin, R-lipoproteins, glucose, etc.

3 . WITHsymptoms

During the clinical period of the disease, dyspepsia is manifested by the following symptoms; diarrhea with polyfecal matter and small intestinal failure; dehydration (exicosis); oppression to a soporous state; polycythemia; hypoproteinemia with hypogammaglobulinemia; sometimes abdominal colic. In especially severe cases, hypoglycemic or other types of coma develop. Clinical options and laboratory parameters depend on etiological factors, features of the course of the disease and the effectiveness of treatment measures.

Diarrhea is one of the early and typical symptoms of identifying and selecting animals suspicious for the disease, a trigger for clinical diagnosis, and a starting point for pathogenetic therapy.

According to the course, one should distinguish between simple and toxic dyspepsia.

Simple dyspepsia is characterized by dysfunction of the digestive organs without significant changes in the general condition of the calf.

Toxic dyspepsia, unlike simple dyspepsia, is accompanied by lack of appetite, profuse diarrhea (liquid, foul-smelling, yellow-orange or yellow-gray stool, sometimes with a greenish tint), rapidly developing intoxication (depression, muscle tremors, adynamia, decreased skin sensitivity), dehydration (sunk eyes, emaciation) and a decrease in body surface temperature (nose, ears, limbs). Rectal temperature is kept within normal limits at the beginning of the disease; as toxicosis increases, it decreases.

Dyspepsia affects both weakly born and normally developed calves in the first days of life (up to 5, less often up to 7 days).

Dyspepsia in newborn calves, as a rule, is observed during the winter period, especially in the second half of wintering, when in many farms it becomes widespread.

4 . Patologo-anatomical changes

The corpse, as a rule, is emaciated, the stomach is tucked up, tissue dehydration is noted with retraction of the eyeballs and dryness of the serous tissues, muscles, skin, and subcutaneous tissue. The stomach contents have a sour or putrid odor, a dirty gray color, and contain casein clots with signs of putrefactive decay in the abomasum, which can clog the pyloric opening. The mucous abomasum is covered with thick mucus. Deep structural changes in the glandular apparatus of the intestine and pancreas are typical. The spleen is reduced (sharp edges, capsule gathered into folds), less often without changes, acute vascular disorders and dystrophic changes in the mucous membrane of the abomasum and intestines (hyperemia and hemorrhages in the mucous membrane of the abomasum, banded and diffuse hyperemia and swelling of the mucous membrane of the small intestine, focal hyperemia of the mucous membrane of the large intestine intestinal section), granular and fatty degeneration of the liver, myocardium, kidneys, atrophy of the thymus and spleen.

5 . Ttreatment

dispersion digestion young calf

The disease is observed in newborn animals, occurs in an acute form, its duration on average is from 3 to 5 days.

6 . Ddiagnostics and differential diagnosis

The diagnosis is made comprehensively based on data from a clinical examination of sick calves and mother cows, autopsies of calves, laboratory bacteriological examination of material from them and analysis of feeding and housing conditions for cows, heifers and newborn calves, taking into account the results of biochemical and immunological studies of the blood of pregnant cows, heifers and , fresh cows, as well as colostrum.

It is important to differentiate dyspepsia from bacterial and viral infections through appropriate research, as well as assessing the epizootic situation on the farm.

With toxic dyspepsia, there are no septic changes (hemorrhages on the serous covers, enlarged and congested spleen, inflammatory processes in the joints and serous cavities), which are naturally observed with colibacillosis (colibacillosis), umbilical sepsis and diplococcal infection.

Fingerprint preparations for dyspepsia do not contain microbes, while for colibacillosis homogeneous gram-negative bacteria and identical microbes from the Escherichia coli group are detected, and for umbilical sepsis - mixed microflora.

Cultures on nutrient media from internal organs and tubular bones from fresh corpses of calves that died from dyspepsia are usually sterile.

7 . Ltreatment

When carrying out therapeutic measures, the identified or suspected causes of the disease are eliminated. Patients are isolated in sanitary stations and treated based on the etiology, degree of damage to the stomach and intestines. In industrial complexes, if more than 25% of animals become ill in a group of young animals, general measures should be taken regarding feeding and the epizootic situation. Activities should include changes in diet, etiotropic, pathogenetic, symptomatic therapy, elimination of dysbiosis and concomitant dehydration.

Treatment of calves with dyspepsia is carried out taking into account the course of the disease and the condition of the patients. It should be aimed at suppressing opportunistic microflora in the stomach and intestines, normalizing digestion, restoring water-salt metabolism and increasing the biological tone of the body.

In case of simple dyspepsia, sick calves are given a certain feeding regimen: on the first day of illness, the next drinking of colostrum (milk) is skipped, replacing it with saline or salted (about 1%) boiled water, and then the daily milk drinking rate is reduced by 30-50%, drinking it equal portions 3-4 times a day. As their health improves, calves are gradually transferred to normal drinking rates. Before each feeding, 10-15 minutes before feeding, the calf is given 500-600 ml of warm (35-380) saline solution or salted (1%) boiled water.

In the event of mass diseases of calves with dyspepsia on the farm (on the farm), one should switch to reduced rates of colostrum feeding in the first 2-3 days, taking into account the weight and state of appetite of the calf. An hour after each feeding of colostrum, calves should be given a 1% solution of table salt in boiled water or saline solution (at a temperature of 37-380) in an amount of 0.3-0.5 liters.

To suppress and prevent further development of putrefactive processes in the stomach, one of the following drugs is used: syntomycin at a dose of 40 mg/kg at the first dacha, and subsequently - 20 mg/kg, chloramphenicol - 20 mg/kg, biomycin, terramycin and tetracycline in doses of 15-20 mg/kg, biovetin 50-80 mg/kg, colimycin - 15-20 mg/kg, propomycelin - 10-15 ml per head, polymnxin - 4 mg/kg and other antibiotics; norsulfazole, - 20-50 mg/kg, etazol., phthalazole and sulgin, 10-12 mg/kg. These medications are administered orally 1 hour before feeding 2-4 times a day until recovery (at the discretion of the veterinarian).

Along with this, to improve digestion in 10-15 minutes. before feeding, use natural gastric juice of a horse, 30-50 ml, diluted in half with warm boiled water, or artificial gastric juice, 50-80 ml (1 g of pepsin, 100 ml of distilled water and 0.15 ml of hydrochloric acid, chemically pure) 3- 4 times 13 days.

Antibiotics, sulfonamide or other antimicrobial drugs should be included in the mandatory complex of treatment measures and used: with the appearance of the first signs of the disease. In order to increase the therapeutic effectiveness of antibiotics, it is advisable to use them taking into account the sensitivity of opportunistic microflora to them. The sensitivity of the microflora is determined by examining fecal samples taken from the rectum of sick calves in veterinary laboratories.

For toxic dyspepsia, in addition to these measures, special attention is paid to eliminating the effects of toxicosis and normalizing water-salt metabolism in the body.

Toxic effects are eliminated by intravenous or subcutaneous injections of glucose solutions, as well as the use of cleansing enemas and gastric lavage with saline solution.

In order to restore water-salt metabolism, as well as acid-base balance in the body, physiological solution and other water-mineral solutions prepared according to various recipes are used orally, intravenously, subcutaneously or intraperitoneally (see table).

To maintain cardiac activity and the function of the central nervous system, caffeine (20% solution 1-2 ml twice a day) or camphor oil (1-2 ml 1-2 times a day), as well as other tonics, are used.

It is necessary to ensure that the calves do not get cold. To do this, they are placed in warm rooms, covered with blankets, straw, or warmed with heating pads.

The following stimulants are used as agents that increase the biological tone of the body: gamma globulins from the blood of cattle, the blood of mother cows (0.5-1.0 ml per 1 kg of weight intramuscularly), protein hydrolysates (50-150 ml 1-2 times for 3-4 days), vitamin A (intramuscularly at a dose of 200 thousand units).

To accelerate the restoration of beneficial intestinal microflora, it is advisable to use acidophilus broth culture (ABA) and propionic acidophilus broth culture (PABA), acidophilus, acidophilus milk, acidophilus-yeast milk. Tannin and tanalbin are used as astringents in doses of 1-2 t, as well as a decoction of oak bark (1:10). Vitamin preparations include tetravit or trivit. If necessary, use symptomatic treatment.

In complex treatment, painkillers (anesthetics are incompatible with sulfonamides), astringents (tannin and bismuth preparations), vitamins, stimulants (hemolysin, enzymatic hydrolysate, nonspecific globulins, etc.) are also used.

As detoxification drugs, a 0.037% solution of sodium hypochloride, used for calves and piglets both intravenously and intraperitoneally, and orally, sorbent SV-1 and a 0.2% solution of potassium permanganate orally, have been successfully tested.

8 . Prophylaxis

The general set of preventive measures should be aimed at obtaining healthy young animals and their further rearing, which is achieved by creating appropriate conditions for feeding and keeping mothers and offspring.

This complex should include the selection of parental pairs with good indicators of productivity and resistance of the body, the organization of scientifically based feeding of pregnant animals and the creation of living conditions for them that meet their physiological needs, the implementation of sanitary and hygienic rules in the preparation and conduct of childbirth, as well as when raising newborns. It is also important to train livestock workers in techniques and methods for raising healthy young animals, which helps prevent diseases.

In the selection of parental pairs, it is important not only the moment of choosing genetically determined qualities, but also the fact that the female must achieve certain constitutional parameters. The main measure for caring for pregnant animals should be monitoring the metabolic state of the breeding stock and offspring based on clinical examinations, including laboratory analysis of feed, blood, urine, and milk. The research results should be taken into account when making appropriate adjustments to the diet and living conditions of animals. The last third of pregnancy is characterized by the fact that during this period the previously existing subclinical metabolic disorders reach their maximum due to the highest physiological stress of the body in pregnant cows in the prenatal period, often manifesting clinically, and this is of important preventive importance for dyspepsia of young animals.

Prevention of dyspepsia in newborn calves should be carried out in two directions: a) organization of complete, physiologically based feeding and proper maintenance of pregnant cows and heifers, which is the basis for the normal development of the fetus with high resistance and the production of biologically complete colostrum; b) creation of appropriate conditions for raising newborn calves, mandatory implementation of sanitary, zoohygienic and zootechnical rules for the preparation and conduct of calving, feeding and maintenance of calves.

The maintenance and feeding of pregnant dry cows must be organized in accordance with the following requirements: a) timely start of cows (45-60 days before calving); b) completeness of diets that ensure normal fetal development and good quality of colostrum; c) regular active exercise during the stall period and pasture maintenance in the summer; d) proper preparation of heifers for calving (timely assignment of them to milkmaids and organization of adequate feeding).

Diets for pregnant dry cows and heifers should contain sufficient amounts of hay and digestible protein, taking into account the normal sugar-protein ratio.

Cows during the dry period and heifers 3 months before calving should not be fed more than 10-15 kg of silage per day, reducing or eliminating its supply 15 days before calving and within 10 days after calving (in the maternity ward) and replacing it with good hay .

Feeding such animals low-quality silage, especially those containing butyric acid, and other spoiled feed is prohibited. Brewer's grains, stillage and sour pulp should not be allowed to be fed to dry cows and deep-calving heifers.

If there is a lack of carotene in animal feed and blood serum, it is necessary for all pregnant cows and heifers, 1.5-2 months before calving, to administer an oil solution of vitamin A concentrate intramuscularly in a dose of 500 thousand IU once every five days or 700 thousand IU once every 7 days, and also feed hydroponic greens in an amount of at least 1.0-1.5 kg or pine flour - 0.7-1 kg per head per day.

In case of a lack of calcium and phosphorus in natural feed and with a reduced content of these elements in the blood serum of pregnant cows and heifers, it is necessary to add mineral supplements to the diet, leveling the ratio of calcium and phosphorus to a level of 2:1, while simultaneously providing the animals with regular walks and, if necessary, ultraviolet irradiation under the supervision of veterinary specialists.

To ensure normal calving of cows and better care of newborn calves, the following are necessary:

a) mandatory organization of maternity wards on all farms with the transfer of cows and heifers to them 2 weeks before calving;

b) equipping calf barns with provision of appropriate temperature, humidity and sanitary conditions;

c) thorough sanitary treatment of each cow when transferred to the maternity ward and before calving;

d) treating the umbilical cord of newborns with disinfectants;

e) timely milking and feeding of the first portions of colostrum to newborns (no later than an hour after calving);

g) obtaining clean, uncontaminated colostrum and drinking it at a temperature of 35-380C from teat drinkers or raising calves in the first 5-6 days by suckling method under the mother.

When calves with dyspepsia appear on the farm, it is recommended to use horse gastric juice or artificial gastric juice, propionic acidophilic broth culture (PABA), acidophilic broth culture (ABA), lysozyme, vitamins A and D, as well as other dietary supplements for preventive purposes. means that improve digestion processes and increase the body's resistance in calves (gamma globulins, protein hydrolysates and others).

When raising calves, it is necessary to monitor the amount of colostrum fed, the frequency of feeding (three or better four times), the cleanliness of the dishes, avoid overfeeding the calves, and also do not feed them colostrum from cows with mastitis and endometritis.

Each farm should systematically carry out veterinary control over the quality of feeding and the metabolic state of the breeding stock with laboratory analyzes of feed for carotene, protein, calcium and phosphorus, and silage, in addition, for acidity and the content of individual organic acids. Animal blood serum is examined for total protein, carotene, vitamin A, calcium, phosphorus and reserve alkalinity.

Veterinary specialists are obliged to carry out veterinary educational work among livestock breeders, paying special attention to explaining the causes of disease in calves, the need to strictly follow all the rules and instructions of specialists on the issues of raising calves.

Timely and justified implementation of a complex of organizational, economic, sanitary, hygienic and veterinary measures is the basis for obtaining and raising healthy young animals that are resistant to gastrointestinal diseases.

WITHlist of used literature

1. Veterinary legislation. T. 1. Ed. HELL. Tretyakov. - M.: Kolos, 1972.

2. Dyspepsia in calves [Electronic resource]. - Electronic. Art. - Access mode to Art.: http://www.boleznizverei.ru/article.php/20090821103008789.

3. Krasochko P.A. Diseases of farm animals [Text] / P.A. Krasochko, M.V. Yakubovsky, Ya.I. Yatusevich. - Mn.: Businessofset, 2005. - P. 216-221.

4. Handbook of the most common diseases of cattle and pigs / P.A. Krasochko, O.G. Novikov, A.I. Yatusevich [and others]. - Smolensk, 2003. - 279-286.

5. Usha B.V. Clinical diagnosis of internal non-contagious animal diseases / B.V. Usha, I.M. Belyakov, R.P. Pushkarev. - M.: KolosS, 487 p.

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