Croupous pneumonia (pneumonia cruposa). Dangerous pneumonia in dogs: how not to confuse it with a cold and provide timely assistance
Lobar pneumonia (Pneumonia crouposa) is an acute febrile disease characterized by acute lobar (fibrinous) inflammation, involving entire lobes of the lung, with pronounced allergy symptoms and typical changes in the stages of the fibrinous process.
Lobar pneumonia affects mainly horses, less often sheep and young cattle. Among animals of other species, lobar pneumonia is rarely recorded. In emaciated and weakened animals, lobar pneumonia occurs in an atypical form and is more similar to catarrhal bronchopneumonia. In recent years, in specialized farms for raising heifers and fattening calves, a significant increase in the incidence of serous-fibrinous and fibrinous-purulent pneumonia in calves 1-3 months of age has been recorded.
Etiology. In the occurrence of lobar pneumonia in animals, the main role belongs to two factors: the allergic state of the body and pathogenic microflora. Lobar pneumonia in animals can be caused by various gram-positive, gram-negative microorganisms, virulent strains of pneumococci, diplococci, mycoplasma, chlamydia, pasteurella, fungi, and viruses. Pneumonia in animals can be caused by microbial association. When conducting a study of nasal discharge, tracheal contents and material from pneumonic areas of the lungs in a veterinary laboratory, staphylococci, streptococci, pasteurella, chlamydia and other microbes are isolated. At the same time, the listed microorganisms can sometimes be isolated from healthy animals.
Many researchers associate the occurrence of lobar pneumonia with an increased allergic reaction of the body caused by a strong irritant - stress. This condition in animals can develop after sudden hypothermia of a horse that is hot after a competition, driving sheep in hot weather through cold mountain rivers, or quickly transferring cattle from a warm, stuffy room to a damp and cold one.
Pathogenesis. As a result of the influence of factors unfavorable for the animal on the receptor apparatus of the respiratory organs, a number of deviations occur in the animal’s body. In the body of a sick animal, a disturbance in the neurovascular reaction occurs, phagocytic protective forces and immunobiological processes are reduced, as a result of which more favorable conditions are created in the body for the development of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic microflora. The main route of infection of the respiratory tract is aspiration of nasopharyngeal secretions, the aerogenic route, or hematogenous and lymphogenous transfer of microorganisms from extrapulmonary foci to the lower respiratory tract. In this case, inflammation develops, which usually begins in the depths of the lobe; inflammation, mainly through the lymphatic tract, quickly spreads to the periphery of the lung, capturing large areas of the lung. In animals, lobar inflammation most often develops in the cranial or ventral parts of the lungs, less often in the caudal lobe and even less often in the dorsal parts of the lung.
In the development of pneumonia, disturbances in the local lung defense system, incl. decrease in mucopillar clearance, activity of alveolar macrophages and neutrophils, secretory immunoglobulins.
Damage to local defense mechanisms against the background of a decrease in the resistance of the animal’s body creates favorable conditions for the activation of the microbial flora and the occurrence of pneumonia.
Croupous pneumonia is characterized by pronounced stages (first, hyperemia occurs in the lungs, then the stage of red and gray hepatization and ends with the stage of resolution).
The first stage (stage of inflammatory hyperemia, hot flash). At this stage, there is a strong expansion of the blood vessels and their overflow with blood, desquamation of the epithelium of the alveoli. This stage in an animal lasts from several hours to a day. Viscous exudate, leukocytes and erythrocytes are released into the lumen of the alveoli, the exchange of oxygen in the animal becomes difficult, urination and heat regulation are impaired.
In the second stage (red hepatization stage), the exudate in the alveoli, infundibulae and bronchioles coagulates, the lung tissue thickens and takes on the appearance of a liver. Through the affected area of the lung, the flow of oxygen into the blood and the release of carbon dioxide from the blood stops.
In the second stage, the use of oxygen by tissues, the oxidation of carbons, and the flow of glucose into the brain decreases. As a result of all this, oxygen deficiency sharply manifests itself in the animal’s body, intoxication increases, despite significant heat transfer, and a further increase in body temperature occurs. In the blood of a sick animal, the amount of intermediate breakdown products, unconverted bilirubin and leukocytes increases. Part of the uncoagulated exudate and lysis products enters the respiratory tract of healthy areas of the lung, causing their irritation, and is released from the nose in the form of a saffron-yellow discharge.
Third stage (gray hepatization stage). The coagulated exudate, under the influence of leukocytes and other factors, undergoes fatty degeneration, intoxication increases, the formation of unresolved bilirubin and the penetration of the latter into tissues, and the secretion of saffron-yellow discharge from the nose increases. When fatty degeneration reaches a high degree, the lung tissue itself becomes yellow in color. Because of this, some scientists sometimes call this stage the yellow hepatization stage. At this stage, the increase in body temperature and intoxication of the body reach the maximum degree in the sick animal. The second and third stages in sick animals last 2 days.
During the development of lobar pneumonia in a sick animal, pulmonary respiration is disrupted, and the amount of oxygen in the blood of the sick animal decreases by 30-50%. At the same time, the absorption of oxygen from the blood by tissues in the body decreases, which leads to worsening hypoxia, disruption of redox processes in tissues and organs, and the amount of intermediate decay products in the body increases. In the blood, the amount of albumin, beta and gamma globulins, tryptophan, and eosinophils decreases, reserve alkalinity and blood pH decrease, and the number of red blood cells, sugar, and carbon dioxide increases.
Fourth stage (resolution stage). At this stage, under the influence of lipolytic enzymes secreted by leukocytes, the exudate liquefies. A large number of lysis products are absorbed into the blood and released through the respiratory tract, the flow of air into the alveoli is restored, the epithelium is regenerated, the animal’s urination increases, and the number of eosinophils and chlorine in the blood increases. The resolution process in the body of a sick animal lasts up to 7 days.
In some animals with lobar pneumonia, one of the characteristic symptoms disappears. Therefore, six additional atypical forms of the disease are identified: abortive, which occurs in strong animals and occurs within 1-2 days; creeping, when the process spreads in the lungs; recurrent, which develops again in recovered animals; senile; central, when the inflammatory process is localized in the center of the lung; massive, capturing the entire lobe.
Clinical picture. In most animals, lobar pneumonia is acute. The disease in animals begins with severe chills, a rapid rise in body temperature to 41-42°C, severe depression and weakness, increased breathing and mixed shortness of breath. The animal's productivity drops sharply. On clinical examination, the mucous membranes of a sick animal are hyperemic and jaundiced. Sick animals cough, starting from the second day of illness and until the 2-3rd day of the resolution stage, a saffron-yellow discharge is released from the nasal openings. The heartbeat is increased, the pulse is accelerated, hard; vascular filling is increased. The ratio between the number of respiratory movements and pulse waves instead of 1:2-3 (in healthy animals) becomes 1:1. During the flushing stage, when auscultating the lungs in the affected areas, we listen to hard vesicular breathing and sounds of crepitus. In the stage of hepatization, there are no respiratory sounds during auscultation; we can detect weak bronchial breathing. At the stage of resolution of the process, when the alveoli are freed from exudate, during auscultation we again listen to the sounds of crepitus, which after 1-2 days are replaced by vesicular breathing. When percussing the lungs in the stage of inflammatory hyperemia, we get a loud sound with a tympanic tint; in the stage of hepatization, the sound becomes dull or dull in a large part of the lung (more often than one). A dull sound during percussion in animals is heard by a veterinarian behind the shoulder blades and in a caudal direction from it. In the resolution stage, the tympanic shade of the pulmonary sound appears again.
At the site of the affected lobe, fluoroscopy reveals foci of darkening, and radiography reveals clearing.
At the onset of the disease, there is a slight increase in heart rate that does not correspond to body temperature (with an increase in temperature by 2-3°C, the pulse increases by 10-15 beats). This situation is typical for lobar pneumonia. Subsequently, as pneumonia develops, veterinary specialists note a significant increase in heart rate, arrhythmia and symptoms of myocarditis. In cases of prolonged illness or complications, the pulse quickens, becomes weaker and softer. The veins become more tortuous and filled with blood.
In this case, the degree of cardiac dysfunction usually corresponds to the degree of lung damage. Sometimes, during a period of critical drop in temperature, a sick animal develops vascular insufficiency: muscle tone drops sharply, peripheral veins become empty, visible mucous membranes become pale, peripheral parts of the body are cold, the pulse becomes thready, heart sounds are weakened, and a drop in blood pressure occurs. When examining an animal, its conditioned reflexes disappear, and the reflexes of the cornea and skin decrease.
A sick animal has a decreased appetite, peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract is slow, gastritis and coprostasis are recorded. Diuresis in the hepatization stage is reduced, and with the onset of the resolution stage it increases. When examining the blood, we find a sharp neutrophilic leukocytosis with a shift to the left, lymphopenia, anesinophilia and monopenia, a decrease in the number of platelets and red blood cells. With the resolution of lobar pneumonia, the morphological and biochemical composition of the blood is restored.
With an atypical course of the disease, which more often occurs in cattle, sheep, weakened and emaciated animals, the clinical symptoms of lobar pneumonia are very diverse. The duration of lobar pneumonia can vary from several days to several weeks. Fever during illness can become remitting. Animals, after apparent recovery, often experience relapses of the disease.
Flow. The duration of lobar pneumonia depends on feeding conditions, maintenance, body condition, timeliness of treatment started and compliance with the course of treatment.
Timely treatment under good living conditions and proper feeding can interrupt the inflammatory process in the lungs at the first stage of its development. In practice, most cases of lobar pneumonia last for 14-15 days, and sometimes more. A longer course of the disease occurs with complications of the disease: exudative pleurisy, hepatitis, gangrene of the lungs, degenerative changes in the heart and kidneys, and encephalitis.
The prognosis of the disease depends on the condition of the body, the location of the lesion and the duration of the course. A more favorable prognosis occurs when the disease is complicated by exudative pleurisy, hepatitis, a less favorable prognosis occurs when the upper third of the lung and near the diaphragmatic area are affected.
Pathological changes. Each stage of development of lobar pneumonia is characterized by its own pathological changes.
The first stage is accompanied by hyperemia, blood stasis, slight leakage of fluid into the alveoli and interstitial space of the lung tissue. The affected lobe of the lung is slightly increased in volume, has a dark red color, feels rather dense to the touch, and in the lumen of the pulmonary alveoli, in addition to serous fluid, contains a small amount of red blood cells.
In the red hepatization stage, the alveoli are completely filled with a coagulated red mass. The affected lobe of the lung is airless and resembles the liver in consistency and color.
In the stage of gray hepatization, fibrinous exudate contains a large number of leukocytes and reflexed alveolar epithelium.
In the stage of yellow hepatization, the lung tissue is dense and has a yellow tint; in the lumen of the bronchi we find a large amount of dense and a small amount of liquid mass of saffron-yellow color.
The resolution stage is characterized by the filling of the alveoli with yellow exudate; in some dead animals we find growth of connective tissue and death of the alveolar tissue.
Diagnosis Lobar pneumonia is diagnosed on the basis, as is customary among doctors, of the “gold standard” - high constant fever, cough, sputum, severe neutrophilic leukocytosis with a shift to the left, leukopenia, accelerated ESR. In the nasal discharge and tracheal mucus, fibrin, leukocytes, erythrocytes, and microbial bodies are found in the exudate. X-rays reveal extensive intense foci of shading in the cranial, ventral and central areas of the pulmonary field. At the same time, the intensity of shading is most pronounced in the stages of red and gray hepatization.
Differential diagnosis. When conducting a differential diagnosis, the veterinarian must first of all exclude acute infectious diseases that occur with damage to the lungs: contagious pleuropneumonia of horses, infectious pneumonia of sheep and goats, mycoplasmosis and others. For this purpose, it is necessary to carry out an analysis of the epizootic situation and a set of special laboratory diagnostic studies, including isolation from exudate and identification of microbial pathogens.
Lobar pneumonias are excluded from lobar pneumonia by the fact that they occur with less pronounced symptoms of lung damage, and they do not have the staged development of the disease characteristic of lobar pneumonia.
We exclude pleurisy, hydrothorox and pneumothorax by auscultation, percussion and the absence of high body temperature in the sick animal. In doubtful cases, it is necessary to conduct an X-ray examination or make a diagnostic puncture of the pleural cavity (thoracentesis).
The prognosis for lobar pneumonia is usually cautious, and if the animal is provided with qualified veterinary care late, it is often unfavorable.
Treatment. Veterinary specialists should consider animals that have symptoms inherent in lobar pneumonia as suspicious for a particular infectious disease. Based on this, such animals must be promptly isolated in a separate room or isolation room, and the room where the animals were must be thoroughly disinfected.
When organizing the treatment of an animal with lobar pneumonia, a veterinary specialist should set himself the following tasks:
- provide the sick animal with an easily digestible, complete diet.
- reduce oxygen deficiency.
— delay the development of pathogenic microflora in the lung tissue.
- create an outflow of blood from the lung tissue affected by inflammation.
- normalize neurotrophic processes in the affected lung tissue.
- take measures to resolve and remove accumulated exudate.
In summer, in good calm weather, it is better for owners of sick animals to keep them under shady canopies or in the shade of trees. Herbivores are given fresh green grass and vitamin hay in their diet. The water should be at room temperature. The diet of carnivores should consist of strong meat broth and finely chopped pieces of fresh meat.
Treatment of a sick animal begins with active antibacterial therapy; from the first hours of illness, novarsenol, miarsenol, antibiotics or sulfonamide drugs are used.
Novarsenol is administered intravenously to a sick animal in the form of a 10% aqueous solution once a day or every other day until complete clinical recovery at a dose of 0.005-0.01 dry substance of the drug per 1 kg of animal body weight. Miarsenol is used intramuscularly in the same doses.
Antibiotics after titration of pulmonary exudate for sensitivity in a veterinary laboratory - penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, terramycin, oxytetracycline, neomycin sulfate and others are administered intramuscularly 3-4 times a day for 8-10 days in a row at a dose of 5000-7000 U/kg, bicillin-3, 5. Recently, modern cephalosporin antibiotics have also been used.
Sulfonamide drugs (norsulfazole, sulfadimezin, etazol, sulfadimethatoxin and others) are administered to sick animals with food 3-4 times a day for 7-10 days in a row at a rate of 0.02-0.03 g/kg.
Along with antibacterial drugs, pathogenetic therapy is used for sick animals: unilateral blockade of the lower cervical sympathetic nodes (alternately every other day on the right and left sides), rubbing the chest wall with turpentine or 5% mustard alcohol, calves and small animals are placed on the lateral surfaces of the chest wall . As antiallergic therapy, intravenous injections of sodium thiosulfite are used daily for 5-6 days in a row at the rate of 300-400 ml of a 30% aqueous solution per administration to a large animal (cow, horse), 10% calcium chloride solution at 100-150 ml per administration ( cow, horse).
To relieve intoxication in a sick animal, a 20-40% solution of glucose with ascorbic acid, a 10% solution of sodium chloride or hexamethylenetetramine in therapeutic doses is injected intravenously. At the same time, to normalize carbohydrate metabolism and reduce intoxication, insulin is administered simultaneously with the glucose solution.
Support of cardiac activity plays a significant role in the successful treatment of lobar pneumonia; with the development of symptoms of cardiovascular failure, sick animals are given injections of camphor oil, caffeine, camphor-alcohol solutions, strophanthin, cordiamine, and adrenaline are administered intravenously in therapeutic doses. When oxygen deficiency (hypoxia) develops, oxygen therapy is administered.
In the resolution stage, expectorants are used for a sick animal: ammonium chloride 7-15g, sodium bicarbonate -20g 3 times a day, and diuretics - juniper berries - 20-50g, furosemide - 0.4, diacarb -1.5-2, timisol - 5-10, hypothiazide - 0.25 - 0.5, potassium acetate -25-60, bearberry leaves -15 -20, hexamethylenetetramine (urotropine) orally and intravenously 5-10 g 2 times a day for 3-4 days.
When treating sick animals, autohemotherapy, diathermy, ultra-high-frequency therapy, warm wrapping of the chest, heating the chest with incandescent lamps and other means are used.
At high body temperatures, antifibrin is given internally - 15-30g, phenacytin - 15-25g, latophenine - 10-15g. A sick animal can be given a short-term cold shower, followed by active rubbing of the body, warm wrapping and keeping the patient in a room with an air temperature of about 20°C.
For large animals (horses), alcohol therapy is used (33% alcohol in a vein up to 200 ml).
After clinical recovery, the animals are kept in a hospital for at least 7-10 days under the constant supervision of a veterinary specialist. During this period, horses are released from work and training.
Prevention. Prevention of lobar pneumonia is based on strengthening the body's resistance, compliance by animal owners with the technology of keeping and proper use of sports and working horses. Owners should not allow animals to become hypothermic, especially after being in warm and stuffy rooms or during transportation. Hot animals should not be given cold water or left in cold winds or drafts. Animal owners must comply with the deadlines and rules for mechanical cleaning and disinfection of premises, and promptly sanitize stalls and boxes.
According to the nature of the inflammatory exudate, there are serous, fibrinous, hemorrhagic, catarrhal, purulent, putrefactive and mixed, and according to the localization of the pathological process, alveolitis (damage to several alveoli), acinous pneumonia (small lesions on the terminal branches of the bronchi), lobular (damage to several lobules) are distinguished. , confluent, segmental, lobar (lobar - damage to an entire lobe of the lung) and total (involvement of the entire lung in the pathological process). In some cases, interstitial and perebronchial pneumonia are distinguished. In farm animals, the most common diseases are catarrhal (bronchopneumonia) and fibrinous (lobar) pneumonia.
Catarrhal (nonspecific) bronchopneumonia. Animals of almost all species are susceptible, young animals are especially seriously ill. The disease combines inflammation of the bronchi and interstitium of different origins with subsequent involvement of the lung parenchyma in the pathological process. The process begins with the appearance of serous-catarrhal exudate in the bronchi and lung parenchyma and filling the lumens of the bronchi and alveoli with it.
Etiology. The causes of bronchopneumonia are the same as for bronchitis. In addition, it accompanies viral and bacterial respiratory infections (parainfluenza, infectious rhinotracheitis, viral diarrhea, respiratory syncytial, adenovirus, rhinovirus infections, pasteurellosis, salmonellosis, etc.), mycoplasmosis, chlamydia, mycotitis, infectious catarrh of the upper respiratory tract, influenza, plague, swine erysipelas, ascariasis, dictyocaulosis, metastrongylosis, gastroenteritis, exhaustion, vitamin deficiencies and other diseases. The main factors predisposing animals to disease are violations of rearing technology, including inconsistency of zoohygienic parameters of the microclimate, high concentration of animals in limited areas, stressful effects (transportation, regrouping, weaning, vaccination, etc.), feeding of poor-quality feed, deficiency in the diet protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals.
Symptoms. Catarrhal bronchopneumonia is acute and relatively mild. Moderate fever with body temperature up to 40-41 °C, cough, mild shortness of breath, wheezing with increased vesicular breathing, depression of general condition, loss of appetite, mucous or mucopurulent discharge from the nasal cavities are noted. With catarrhal-purulent bronchopneumonia, occurring acutely and subacutely, one observes remitting fever with high temperature, depression, cough, wheezing, crepitating noises, shortness of breath, focal or confluent dullness, shading of the bronchial tree, apical and cardiac lobes of the lungs. In the chronic course of the disease, body temperature is within normal limits, clinical signs appear sluggishly, and animals are retarded in growth and development.
Treatment. They use antimicrobial agents, regulate nervous trophism, eliminate oxygen deficiency, relieve intoxication, correct acid-base and water-salt metabolism, improve the activity of the cardiovascular system and increase the immunobiological reactivity of the body. For bronchopneumonia, basically the same treatment procedures and medications are used as for bronchitis. Sick animals are provided with good housing and feeding conditions and rest. Eliminate etiological factors, prescribe a course of treatment with effective antibiotics, sulfonamides, as well as pathogenetic and symptomatic therapy: bronchodilators (ephedrine, euphilin), antiallergic (calcium chloride, calcium gluconate, suprastin, pipolfen, sodium thiosulfate, novocaine blockade of the thoracic splanchnic nerves, stellate ganglia etc.), proteolytic enzymes (trypsin, pepsin, chymopsin, etc.), increasing natural resistance and immunological protection (vitamins, microelements, gamma globulins, aminopeptides, convalescent serum, etc.) in therapeutic doses in accordance with the instructions for their application. Heating with incandescent lamps, diathermy, UHF, ultraviolet irradiation, expectorants, cardiac and other means are effective.
Prevention. Regardless of the etiology of the disease, a complex of organizational, economic and special veterinary measures are carried out aimed at creating optimal housing and feeding conditions, drugs that have antimicrobial and resistance-increasing effects are used in order to eliminate the etiological factors of bronchopneumonia.
A febrile disease characterized by fibrinous inflammation of the lungs of the lobar type. Mostly horses are affected.
E T I O L O G Y
The primary role in the occurrence of lobar pneumonia is given to two factors: pathogenic microflora and the allergic state of the body.
Most researchers associate the occurrence of lobar pneumonia with an increase in the body's allergic reaction caused by a strong irritant - a stressor.
P a t o g e n e s
The pathological process in lobar pneumonia in most cases develops rapidly (hyperergic inflammation) and is characterized by the rapid coverage of large areas of the lungs within several hours and the leakage of hemorrhagic-fibrinous exudate into the cavity of the alveoli. The inflammatory process in the lungs as a result of the penetration of pathogenic microflora spreads in three ways: bronchogenic, hematogenous and lymphatic.
The typical course of lobar pneumonia is characterized by a certain staged development of the inflammatory process.
There are four successive stages. The stage of inflammatory hyperemia, or hot flash, lasts from several hours to 2 days. At this stage, there is a pronounced overflow of cellular capillaries with blood, the patency of the capillary walls is impaired, diapedesis of erythrocytes, sweating of serous-hemorrhagic exudate into the lumen of the alveoli and bronchi, and swelling of the alveolar epithelium.
The stage of red hepatization is characterized by filling the lumen of the alveoli and bronchi with coagulated substances from erythrocytes and plasma proteins, mainly fibrinogen. The duration of this stage is 2-3 days. The stage of gray hepatization lasts 2-3, sometimes up to 4-5 days. At this stage, fatty degeneration of fibrinous exudate occurs and the number of leukocytes in it further increases.
The resolution stage is characterized by liquefaction of fibrinous exudate under the action of proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes, ero resorption and partial release through the respiratory tract during coughing. The duration of the permit station ranges from 2-5 days.
With lobar pneumonia, the function of the central nervous system, heart, liver, kidneys, intestines and other organs is impaired.
Pathological changes
In the stage of inflammatory hyperemia, the affected areas of the lungs are enlarged in volume, swollen, red-blue in color, do not sink in water, and when pressed, a foamy reddish liquid is released from the lumen of the bronchi when cut.
In the stages of red and gray hepatization, the affected lungs are airless, dense to the touch, resemble liver in consistency (hence the name hepatization), graininess is expressed on the cut, and they sink in water. In the stage of red hepatization, the coagulated fibrous exudate gives the lungs a red color, and in the stage of gray hepatization, the lung has a grayish or yellowish color due to fatty degeneration and migration of leukocytes.
In the resolution stage, the lung resembles the spleen in consistency and color, the granularity is less pronounced.
Symptoms
In typical cases, lobar pneumonia occurs acutely, less often subacutely.
Signs of the disease appear suddenly: in sick animals, general depression quickly increases, appetite is lost, breathing becomes sharply rapid and tense, hyperemia and yellowness of the mucous membranes appear. Fever of a constant type: from the first day of illness with a typical staged development and until the stage of resolution, it remains at a high level regardless of the time of day, in a horse it is usually within 41-42 ° C. The pulse is increased against the norm by 10-20 per minute. The heartbeat is pounding, the second heart sound is increased.
In the first hours and days of illness, a dry, painful cough is noted, which later becomes less painful, dull and wet. The stage of red hepatization is characterized by bilateral outflow of brown or reddish-brown hemorrhagic-fibrinous exudate from the nasal openings. Upon auscultation in the stages of inflammatory hyperemia and resolution, harsh vesicular or bronchial breathing, crepitus, and moist rales are detected.
In the stages of red and gray hepatization, dry rales, bronchial breathing are listened to, or the absence of respiratory sounds in the areas of hepatization is detected. Percussion in the stages of inflammatory hyperemia and resolution in places of lung damage reveals a sound with a tympanic tint, and in the stage of hepatization - areas of dullness or dullness with a border that is arched and convex and located in the upper third of the pulmonary field.
D i a g n o z
based on anamnesis and clinical symptoms, the main of which are: suddenness of the disease, acute course, constant type of fever, staged course, extensive zone of dullness of the lung area in the form of an upward curved arc - corresponds to the upper arcuate line of the lung.
A blood test reveals leukocytosis with an increase in the number of band neutrophils and the presence of young neutrophils, lymphopenia, eosinopenia, a sharply increased ESR, a relative increase in globulin and a decrease in albumin protein fractions, the presence of a large amount of fibrin and direct bilirubin in the plasma.
X-ray examination reveals extensive intense foci of darkening of the pulmonary field. The intensity of the darkening is most pronounced in the stages of red and gray hepatization.
PROGNOZ
Cautious, delaying the provision of medical care is often unfavorable.
Treatment
The main goal of drug treatment is to influence pathogenic bacterial microflora, aimed at its destruction.
Etiotropic bacterial therapy is carried out immediately after diagnosis, for which antibiotics or sulfonamide drugs are used in maximum doses.
Antibiotics and sulfonamide drugs are prescribed for a course of treatment in such a way as to ensure their constant therapeutic concentration in the blood.
Antibiotics are administered intramuscularly 3-4 times a day for 6-10 days in a row at an average rate of 7000-10,000 units/kg. If antibiotics do not provide an effect, it is advisable to use other antibiotics in maximum therapeutic doses (preliminary laboratory testing determines the most active antibacterial drug and the sensitivity of the pulmonary microflora to it).
Norsulfazole, sulfadimezin, etazol or sulfonamide drugs of similar dosage are given orally 3-4 times a day for 7-10 days in a row.
In parallel with antibacterial therapy, pathogenetic, replacement and symptomatic therapy is indicated.
Antiallergic drugs include intravenous injections of sodium thiosulfate and calcium chloride. For this purpose, you can also use suprastin or pipolfen internally.
With progressive intoxication of the body, hypertonic solutions of glucose with ascorbic acid, sodium chloride or hexamethylenetetramine are administered intravenously.
When symptoms of cardiovascular failure develop, caffeine, intravenous camphor-alcohol solutions, strophanthin, cordiamine, adrenaline are used in therapeutic doses, and in case of hypoxia, oxygen therapy is carried out.
To accelerate the resorption of exudate at the resolution stage, expectorants and diuretics are used in a complex of therapeutic agents.
In the first 3-4 days of illness, in parallel with antibacterial drugs, they recommend: unilateral blockade of the lower cervical sympathetic nodes, rubbing the chest walls with turpentine or 5% mustard alcohol, calves and small animals placing jars on the lateral surfaces of the chest wall, using inductothermy, UHF, heating the chest with incandescent lamps (not in the heart area), warm wraps, heating pads and other means of physiotherapy.
In cases of a sluggish or chronic course, with slow resorption of pneumonic foci, pneumosclerosis and the transition of inflammation to the pleura, autohemotherapy, iodine preparations, ion therapy, etc. are indicated.
P r o f i l a c t i c a
Aimed at increasing the body's resistance, compliance with maintenance technology and proper use of sports and working animals.
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education
“Kursk State Agricultural Academy named after Professor I.I. Ivanov"
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Department of Therapy and Obstetrics
COURSE WORK
In the discipline "Internal non-communicable diseases of animals"
on the topic “Lobar pneumonia in a horse”
Kursk - 2014
ANIMAL REGISTRATION
Type of animal: horse
Breed: Black
Gender: mare
Age: 7 years
Color and markings: black with a brown tint
Nickname and accession number: Laska
Initial diagnosis: pneumonia
Final diagnosis: lobar pneumonia
Concomitant diseases: none
Outcome of the disease: recovery
ANAMNESIS
Information about life, living conditions, feeding, operation, productivity, etc.
The animal is home-grown. The horse of the Black breed, at the age of 7 years, named Laska, was descended from a mare named Milka of the Oryol breed and the stallion Leonardo of the Black breed. Stall-pasture housing, in the summer it is kept on a pasture and on a walking area, in cold weather - in a stable along with other horses of different breeds, the conditions of which comply with veterinary and zootechnical requirements. Inadequate feeding. The diet includes the following feed: straw, chaff, hay, grain, bran, root vegetables, oats, etc. Water in unlimited quantities.
The animal serves in private households for plowing, to help the owner in the garden, field land, and also for moving on a cart in the countryside.
Information about the disease (time, circumstances and signs of the disease; was treatment applied, what, when, by whom; are there other animals on the farm with similar signs of the disease, information about previous diseases; veterinary, sanitary and epizootological condition of the farm, etc. .)
As the owner noted, the horse’s owner discovered the first clinical manifestations of the disease 2-3 days ago. In this case, the following was established: a sudden increase in body temperature, constant fever, the animal was depressed, hyperemia and yellowness of the mucous membranes. The discharge from the nose is yellow.
About two days have passed since the first signs appeared. The presumptive diagnosis is pneumonia. A presumptive diagnosis was established on the basis of anamnesis and clinical signs (during percussion, the dull sound of the lungs in the affected areas is dull, the upper limit of dullness has a curved line; upon auscultation, bronchial breathing is heard). A hematological blood test showed an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and a decreased level of hemoglobin in the blood. The animal received symptomatic treatment before the arrival of veterinary specialists, as a result of which the animal’s condition improved slightly. No animals have currently been reported with similar cases of the disease in the area. Constantly carried out every spring before pasture - vaccination against brucellosis, anthrax, as well as treatment against gadflies with chlorophos, treatment against fascioliasis, in winter - tuberculinization, deworming.
The epizootic state of the private economy and the region as a whole regarding infectious and invasive diseases is favorable.
CLINICAL STUDY OF AN ANIMAL AT ADMISSION
. GENERAL RESEARCH
.1 Temperature:38.5o C Pulse 62 beats/min
Breath 22 dpm
1.2 Habitus:
body position in space: natural
fatness: average
temperament: phlegmatic
constitution: tender
body type:average correct
1.3 Coat, dew and hooves
1.4 Skin and subcutaneous tissue
In areas with black fur, the skin is black, in brown areas (in the crotch area, inner thighs) it is dark brown. On palpation, local and general temperature is not increased, the skin over the entire surface of the body is warm. The smell is moderate. There are no rashes (erythema, spots, roseola, nodules, blisters, pustules, blisters, scales, scabs, erosions, cracks, ulcers, scars, bedsores). The skin is elastic, elastic, moist.
Subcutaneous tissue contains a moderate amount of fat. The subcutaneous tissue has an elastic consistency, weakly mobile, and there is no pain sensitivity. There is no swelling.
1.5 Lymph nodes (name and describe)The horse's submandibular, stifle folds and pudendal lymph nodes were examined. The lymph nodes are not enlarged, oval in shape, elastic in consistency, moderately mobile, with normal temperature of the skin covering the node, pain sensitivity is not detected, the surface is smooth (knee folds, pudendal) and lumpy (submandibular), not demarcated from surrounding tissues.
1.6 ConjunctivaPale pink in color with a jaundiced tint, no discharge from the eyes. The conjunctiva is intact, no damage is observed. Humidity upon inspection and palpation is moderate. There is no swelling or hemorrhage. Integrity preserved. The sclera is icteric in color.
2. STUDY OF BODY SYSTEMS
2.1 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
2.1.1 HEART
examination of the heart area:A slight fluctuation in the chest area was detected.
palpation (pain, heartbeat, its strength, localization):the cardiac impulse is most intensely felt in the 5th intercostal space on the left, 7-8 cm below the line of the shoulder joint, over an area of 4-5 cm2. On the right it can be felt in the 4th intercostal space. The heartbeat is not strengthened, rhythmic, of medium strength, painless. No displacement of the heartbeat was noted during palpation.
percussion (heart borders and pain)The boundaries of the heart in a horse were determined by two lines, one of which, with the thoracic limb abducted as far forward as possible, goes from the posterior corner of the scapula to the ulnar tubercle, next to the anconeus; the second - from the elbow tubercle back and up towards the elbow at an angle of 45° to the horizontal. The upper limit of the relative and absolute dullness of the heart was determined by percussion along the first line, starting from half the height of the chest, by the transition of a clear pulmonary sound to a dull sound, and the posterior limit - by percussion along the second line, by the transition of a dull sound to a clear sound. In a horse, the upper limit of the relative dullness of the heart is on the left slightly below (2-3 cm) the line of the shoulder joint, and the posterior limit reaches the 6th rib. The area of absolute dullness of the heart has the shape of a triangle, its anterior border follows the line of the anconeus, the posterior border is directed from top to bottom and runs in an arcuate manner from the 3rd intercostal space to the lower edge of the 6th rib, and the lower border passes without a sharp border into the dullness of the sternum and its muscles. The height of the triangle in the 3rd intercostal space is 10-13 cm. The area of absolute dullness of the heart on the right is much smaller in size than on the left, and occupies the lowest part of the 3rd and 4th intercostal spaces. The area of relative cardiac dullness is on the left,
and on the right it appears in the form of a strip 3-5 cm wide, surrounding the absolute dullness of the heart. Auscultation (heart sounds and their quality, changes, murmurs)During auscultation of the animal's heart using a phonendoscope, two tones were detected, the first and second, periodically replacing each other; Heart sounds are separated from each other by silent pauses.
When listening to the 1st and 2nd heart sounds, the tones are: clear, pure, loud, rhythmic (alternating between systole and diastole). Systole sounds louder and longer, while diastole is less loud, shorter and ends abruptly. After systole there is a short pause.
Semilunar valves of the pulmonary artery - on the left in the 3rd intercostal space at the level of the mitral (bicuspid) valve;
The tricuspid valve of the right ventricle is heard on the right in the 4th intercostal space at the level of the middle of the lower third of the chest.
When listening to the heart, we heard only heart sounds, there were no pathological noises.
Endocardial murmurs (ratio of murmurs to phases of cardiac activity; nature of murmurs: blowing, whistling, scraping, sawing, musical; intensity of murmurs; places where murmurs are heard with the highest intensity; changes in murmurs when changing body position, before and after physical activity) are absent.
There are no extracardial murmurs (pericardial, pleuropericardial, cardiopulmonary).
2.1.2 BLOOD VESSELS
arterial pulse (rhythm, quality):The arterial pulse was examined by palpation on the median caudal artery (a. sossudea) and the saphena artery (a. Saphena). The pulse rate was 62 beats per minute. The pulse is rhythmic, periodic, moderately full, the pulse wave is small.
superficial veins of the body, jugular vein and its pulsation:examined the jugular vein (v. Jugularis), found: the integrity was not broken, negative venous pulse. The horse has medium-sized veins.
arterial blood pressure venous blood pressure:blood pressure was measured with a mercury manometer connected to a cuff and inflation device. We used the oscillatory method.
The maximum (systolic) arterial blood pressure in a horse is 120 mmHg, and the minimum (diastolic) is 40 mmHg. Art. The difference between the maximum and minimum arterial blood pressure was pulse pressure - 80 mm Hg. Art. Phlebotonometry was performed using the direct (bloody) method. Venous pressure in the jugular vein is 80 mmH2O.
2.1.3 FUNCTIONAL STATE OF THE HEART BY TESTS:
An auscultation test with apnea (according to Sharabrin) was performed, as a result of which a slight increase in cardiac activity was detected in the animal. It was not possible to determine other tests of cardiac function.
.2 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
.2.1 UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT AND ACCIDENTAL CAVITIES OF THE FACIAL CAVITY
exhaled air:the strength of the air stream from both nostrils of the animal is normal, the exhaled air is rhythmic, moderately symmetrical, odorless, upon examination, inhalation and exhalation are free, the integrity of the nasal passages is not impaired. We note snorting at the sight of a stranger.
nasal and discharge area, mucous membrane:nasal discharge and nasal cavity: nostrils are symmetrical, moderately dilated, comma-shaped, smooth contours, pale pink mucosa, moderately moist; warm on palpation; There are no swellings, rashes, ulcerations, tumors, or mechanical damage.
Nasal discharge is released in large quantities, serous-purulent in nature, bilateral, saffron-yellow in color, with an unpleasant odor.
The nasal mucosa has a icteric tint, moderately moist, shiny, yellow discharge in large quantities of a serous-purulent nature, painless, the integrity of the nasal mucosa is preserved.
accessory cavities of the face:the contour lines of the sinuses are symmetrical, not changed, the local temperature of the maxillary and frontal sinuses is not increased, upon palpation their pain sensitivity is not revealed, the integrity of the bones is not impaired, the bones are not pliable. When percussing the sinuses, a dull sound is heard. The air sacs are not enlarged in size, elastic-soft consistency, painless, with normal local temperature.
larynx and trachea:During an external examination of the larynx, the head is lowered and there is no swelling. On external palpation, the skin in the larynx area is warm, there are no pathological changes in consistency, sensitivity is preserved, there is no pain, swelling, retraction, curvature, or displacement of the arytenoid cartilages. When auscultating the larynx, we listen to the sound of laryngeal stenosis, reminiscent of the pronunciation of the letter “X”; When auscultating the trachea, tracheal breathing is heard. During an internal examination of the larynx, the mucous membrane is pink and not deformed.
When examining the tracheal area, no swelling, changes in shape, curvature, or rupture of the rings were found. On palpation, the skin in the tracheal area is warm, the integrity is not broken, there is no pain, swelling or deformation, sensitivity is preserved. There are no sounds on auscultation, tracheal breathing.
cough and cough reflex:present. When an artificial cough appears, the last one is strong, rare, short, low, dull, painless.
2.2.2 CHEST (shape, development, respiratory movements and shortness of breath)
On external examination, the chest is not enlarged, wide, deep. Thoracic type of breathing. Breathing rhythm 1:1.8. Breathing is rapid and intense, of medium strength, moderately symmetrical, respiratory movements are increased, respiratory rate is 1 minute 22. Shortness of breath is present. On palpation of the chest, pain sensitivity is weakly present, the integrity of the chest is preserved, the ribs are not deformed.
2.2.3 LUNGS (percussion and auscultation)
During percussion of the chest, the boundaries of the lungs and the nature of the percussion sound were established. The anterior percussion border starts from the posterior angle of the scapula, goes down along the line of the anconeus to the chest; upper - starts from the posterior corner of the scapula and runs caudally parallel to the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae, departing from them by the width of the palm; the posterior percussion border of the lungs of the supervised animal along the macular line is 17th (normal is 16th); along the line of the ischial tuberosity - the 14th and along the line of the shoulder joint - the 10th last intercostal space in which the lung is percussed.
When percussing the horse's chest, a dull sound was detected in the affected areas; the upper limit of dullness has a curved line.
During auscultation, increased mixed (bronchovesicular) breathing is heard.
Auscultation revealed small, homogeneous crackling sounds heard during inhalation.
There is no pleural friction noise.
There is no splashing noise in the pleural cavity.
2.2.4 PLEGOPHONY
Tracheal percussion (plegaphony) was used to identify and differentiate exudative pleurisy and lobar pneumonia. My assistant, having placed a plessimeter on the trachea of the animal, struck it with a percussion hammer, rhythmically equal in strength. At this time, I listened to the chest in areas where a dull sound was established by percussion and the degree of audibility of the blows applied by the assistant to the animal’s trachea was determined. The sounds generated by percussion of the trachea are clearly audible on the chest in the area where a dull sound is detected by percussion. Exudative pleurisy was not detected.
Breath-hold test. The nasal openings and oral cavity of the animal were closed and the time of its calm behavior without breathing was taken into account: for the animal it is 25 seconds.
2.3 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
.3.1 Appetite, feeding and drinking, chewing, swallowing, belching, chewing gum, vomiting
The animal had little appetite, and the animal did not vomit at the time of examination. There is no pain when chewing food; the act of swallowing a bolus of food is free and painless. The need for water is not increased.
2.3.2 ORAL CAVITY (mucous membrane, condition of lips, gums, tongue and teeth)
Upon external examination, the mouth is closed, the lips fit tightly to each other. The mucous membrane of the oral cavity is pale pink with an icteric tint, its integrity is preserved. The tongue is moist, without coating, dense, mobile, elastic. There are no pathological changes in the tongue. Salivation is moderate. Teeth - integrity is not broken, yellowish in color, motionless, painless. The smell is specific. The gums are pale pink, painless, integrity is preserved, there are no overlaps or ulcers. The incisors are moderately worn, the instability is insignificant.
2.3.3 PHARYNX AND ESOPHAGUS (pain, patency of food coma)
On external examination, the head is slightly lowered, there is no change in volume, disruption of the integrity of tissues in the pharynx area and no salivation. On external palpation, sensitivity is preserved, there is no pain, the skin is warm, tissue compactions, and foreign bodies are absent. On internal examination, the mucous membrane is pale pink, moderately moist, the integrity is not broken. On internal palpation, sensitivity is preserved, there is no pain, the mucous membrane is warm, tissue compactions, and foreign bodies are absent.
An external examination in the area of the esophagus revealed the free passage of the swallowed food bolus. On palpation there is no tenderness of the esophagus and surrounding tissues, the presence of foreign bodies is not detected.
2.3.4 ABDOMEN (volume, configuration, pain of the abdominal walls)
The abdomen on both sides and behind is not increased in volume, the right and left abdominal walls are symmetrical, the lower wall of the abdomen is not changed, pain sensitivity during palpation is not detected, the local temperature in this area is not increased, the abdominal wall is of medium tension.
2.3.5 TREATSTOMACHES
In accordance with the physiological structure of this animal species, there are no organs.
2.3.6 STOMACH (Abomasum)
It is located along the macular line on the left in the area of the 14th - 15th intercostal space. On deep palpation, the stomach is not painful, with normal local temperature of its adjacent tissues. Percussion revealed a dull sound. Peristaltic sounds can be heard well on auscultation.
2.3.7 PROBING
When probing the stomach through the probe, a small amount of its contents was released.
2.3.8 INTESTINE (sections and loops)
External palpation of the location of the small and large intestines is difficult, so palpation through the rectum was used.
A rectal examination of the horse revealed the following: moderate sphincter tone, no pain in the area of the large intestine, sensitivity preserved, integrity not compromised, rectal filling moderate, feces dense, mucous membrane slightly moist, warm, intact.
The section of the small intestines was percussed on the left, in the middle third of the abdomen, in the area of the ileum and the left hungry fossa; at the same time, a dull sound was heard from the horse. In the lower third of the abdomen, the left ventral and dorsal positions of the large colon were percussed, and in the upper third, above the section of the small intestines, the small colon was percussed. These parts of the intestines produce dull and dull sounds. The cecum was percussed on the right, in the area of the right hungry fossa and ileum. Here various shades of dull-tympanic sound were identified. The right positions of the large colon were percussed on the right, and in the lower and middle third of the abdominal cavity. The sound during percussion is dull with various shades of dullness.
Auscultation of the horse's intestines was carried out using direct and instrumental methods. There are no peristaltic sounds in the small intestine. Peristaltic noises in the large intestine are faintly audible and resemble rumbling, distant rumble.
Pathological phenomena (clumps of mucus, films, fibrin threads in the rectum, bleeding, decreased intestinal lumen, swelling and thickening of the mucous membrane, intussusception, neoplasms, hernias, enlarged lymph nodes, ulcers, flatulence, intestinal displacement, adhesions of intestinal loops to each other and with other organs, ruptures of the intestinal walls, accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, foreign objects and bezoar balls) are absent.
2.3.9 RECTAL EXAMINATION
A rectal examination revealed no pathological changes in the horse.
2.3.10 DEFECATION (frequency, position, duration, quantity and properties of feces)The act of defecation is free, painless, rare, the posture is natural, the passage of gases is not observed.
2.3.11 LIVER (borders, soreness)The liver does not extend beyond the pulmonary edge, so it cannot be palpated. The liver itself is located on the right in the area of the 14-15th intercostal space, along the macular line.
Due to the fact that pathological changes were not identified during examination of the organ, a functional study of the liver was not performed.
2.3.12 SPLEN (borders, puncture and puncture examination)Splenic dullness was discovered during percussion on the left in the area of the upper part of the last intercostal space behind the posterior percussion border of the lung. No pathological changes were detected during examination of the spleen; therefore, a biopsy was not performed.
2.4 GINOROGENITAL SYSTEM
.4.1 KIDNEYS
Examined by palpation and percussion.
On internal (rectal) examination, the left kidney extends from the last rib to the transverse processes of the 3rd-4th lumbar vertebrae. She is mobile, we could grab her with our fingers, palpate her, and in her mesentery we were able to palpate the renal artery. The right kidney is located in the region of the transverse processes of the 2nd-3rd lumbar vertebrae on the right. The surface of the kidneys is smooth and painless to the touch. The left kidney is slightly displaced in the cranial direction, the right kidney is motionless.
During tapping, no pain was detected in the kidney area.
Test with indigo carmine. The paint began to ooze out after 10 minutes.
Zimnitsky test. The animal's total diuresis in relation to the water drunk is 22%. The chloride content in urine is 0.41%.
2.4.2 BLADDER
During rectal examination, the bladder is palpably located on the pubic bones, its bottom hangs into the abdominal cavity, pear-shaped, medium-filled, painless. Upon cystoscopy, the mucous membrane of the bladder is pink with a yellowish tint. It is slightly shiny, smooth with tree-like branched vessels.
2.4.3 ACT OF URINATION (frequency, posture, pain, type of urine)
The posture during urination is natural, characteristic of this animal, the frequency of urination is 7-8 times a day. The act of urination is painless and free. The presence of mucus, blood, pus and other impurities in the urine: no impurities were detected. The color is light yellow. The smell is weak, specific, musty, transparent.
2.5 NERVOUS SYSTEM
.5.1 GENERAL CONDITION (depression, agitation)
According to the owner of the animal, the horse showed the following clinical signs: depressed state, fatigue. He reacts poorly to the owner's response. When a stranger or a yard dog approaches an animal, the reaction is calm.
2.5.2 SKULL AND SPINAL COLUMN (shape, pain, condition of bones)
On external examination, there are no protrusions, neoplasms or traumatic injuries to the skull, and there are no curvatures of the spinal column. On palpation, the shape of the bones is not changed, the bones are symmetrical, there are no curvatures, painless, the scalp is warm, the integrity of the bones is not impaired, there is no softening; there is no pain, fractures, displacement or deformation of the vertebrae, the skin in the spinal column is warm, sensitivity is preserved. Upon percussion, tumors, coenurous and echinococcal blisters, cerebral hemorrhages, and hydrocele of the cerebral ventricles were not detected; mechanical excitability of the muscles in the spinal column is preserved, there is no pain.
2.5.3 SENSE ORGANS (vision, hearing, taste, smell)
State of vision: vision preserved. Eyelid position - eyes open; violations of the integrity of the eyelids were not detected, painless. The palpebral fissure is not narrowed; the cornea is transparent, smooth, there are no wounds, ulcers or hemorrhages; the surface of the iris is smooth, the pattern is preserved; the pupil is round in shape.
Hearing is preserved: the animal responds well to familiar sounds. The integrity of the auricles is preserved, the ear canal is clean, painless, and there is no foreign content.
State of smell: sense of smell is preserved. Blindfolded, the animal sniffs and reaches for its favorite food; when cotton wool with ammonia solution is brought to the nostrils, the animal quickly turns away.
The taste is preserved, the reaction to taste stimuli is not impaired: when salt, mustard, lemon juice is applied to the tongue, the secretion of saliva increases, the animal shakes its head, sticks out its tongue, and chews with reluctance when given its favorite food.
general and local sensitivity (pain and tactile, deep):superficial sensitivity of the skin and mucous membranes: tactile sensitivity in the studied animal is preserved: with light touches in the withers area, contraction of the skin is observed.
Pain sensitivity is preserved: at an imperceptible prick of the skin with the tip of a needle, the animal looks around and moves away. Tactile sensitivity is preserved: upon an imperceptible light touch to the hair in the area of the withers, abdomen and auricle, the animal's subcutaneous muscles contract, it turns its head and moves its ears. Temperature sensitivity is preserved: the animal reacts to touching the skin with warm and cold objects by contracting the subcutaneous muscles and turning its head towards the irritant. Deep sensitivity is preserved: when moving the thoracic limb forward, the animal strives to return it to its original position.
reflexes - superficial and deep (describe them):skin reflexes are preserved: withers reflex - contraction of the subcutaneous muscle in response to a light touch on the skin in the withers area, abdominal reflex - when touching the abdominal wall in different places - strong contraction of the abdominal muscles, tail reflex - pressing the tail to the perineum in response to touch to the skin of the tail from the inner surface, anal reflex - when touching the skin of the anus - contraction of the external sphincter, hoof corolla reflex - raising the limb when pressing on the corolla of the hoof, coffin bone reflex - when pressing on the hoof, the muscles of the forearm contract, ear reflex - when the skin is irritated external auditory canal, the animal turns its head and moves its ears.
Deep reflexes are preserved: knee reflex - with a light blow with a hammer on the straight ligaments of the kneecap - extension of the limb in the knee joint, Achilles reflex - after flexion of the joints below the hock and a blow to the Achilles tendon, weak extension of the hock joint is observed.
2.5.4 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Autonomic nervous system. Using the reflex method, you can establish the state of the autonomic nervous system.
Danini-Aschner oculo-cardiac reflex. After performing this reflex, the animal observed a decrease in the number of heart contractions after pressure on the eyeballs by no more than 1/4 compared to the initial number. Zakharyin-Ged zones were identified in the chest area - along the maklok line - 17th; along the line of the ischial tuberosity - the 14th and along the line of the shoulder joint - the 10th last intercostal space in which the lung is percussed.
Roget's ear-cardiac reflex: after twisting the animal's ear, the heartbeat increased greatly.
2.5.5 MOTION ORGANS
Muscle tone: moderately active, muscle motor ability is not changed, we do not observe disorders in the coordination of movements in the animal.
2.6 CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF MINERAL METABOLISM
Condition of the last caudal vertebrae, ribs, hooves and horny processes.
The tail is straight. The rudiments of the vertebral arches are well expressed on the first vertebrae. The caudal vertebrae are not deformed. The horse has 18 pairs of ribs, the angles of the ribs are well defined. No damage was found. The hooves have the appearance of a durable, hard, horny shoe, without pathological changes.
3. LABORATORY STUDIES
.1 BLOOD TEST
RESEARCH INDICATORS AND RESULTS May 1, 2014 May 8, 2014a) Physical properties ESR, mm/hour 40-708058 Hematocrit, % 32-462842 Blood viscosity 7-988 Blood density, kg/l 1.045-1.0551.0511.050b) Biochemical composition Hemog lobin, g/l80-14075110 Total protein , g/l65-787572Total calcium, mmol/l2.5-3.52,742.79Inorganic phosphorus, mmol/l1.36-1.781.481.51Alkaline reserve, vol.% CO250-655555Carotene, mmol/l0.2-1.751513b) Morphological compositionRed blood cells, 1012/l6.0-9.07.57.0Leukocytes, 10%7.0-12.014.09.0Leukogram and leukocyte profileDate of studyBENEUTROPHILILMonMUPSLeukogram (%)May 1, 2014120034546May 38, 20141200345463Leukoprofile ( absolute number) May 1, 20141402800042063006440420 May 8, 20141402800042063006440420
3.2 URINE ANALYSIS
RESEARCH DATE INDICATORS AND RESULT May 1, 2014 May 8, 2014a) Physical properties Quantity, ml 150150 Color yellow Yellow Odor specific Specific Transparency The surface of the urine is covered with a thin lime film The surface of the urine is covered with a thin lime film Consistency mucous Mucous Specific gravity 1.0351 ,038b) Chemical propertiesneutralWeakly alkalineQualitative test for proteinpositiveNegativeQualitative test for proteasesnegativenegativeQualitative test for sugarnegativenegativeQualitative test for ketone bodiesnegativenegativeQualitative test for indicanegativenegativeQualitative test for blood pigmentsnegativenegative) Urine sedimentOrganized sedimentnegativenegativeUnorganized sedimentnegativenegative
3.3 FECAL EXAMINATION
RESEARCH DATE INDICATORS AND RESULT May 1, 2014 May 8, 2014a) Physical properties Quantity 150150 Shape In the form of an oblong-oval skibala In the form of an oblong-oval skibala Consistency dense dense Color Green-brown green Odor Specific specific Digestibility good good Impurities (physiological and pathological) straws are absent b) Chemical analysis neutral neutral Presence of: blood positive negative bilirubin negative negative fat negative negative starch negative negative) Microscopic examination Mucus and cellular epithelium negative negative Larvae and eggs of helminths negative negative
3.4 STUDY OF GASTRIC JUICE
INDICATORS OF RESEARCH DATE AND RESULT May 1, 2014 May 8, 2014a) Physical properties Quantity 100 ml 100 ml Color brown Green Odor sour Sourish-spicy Transparency transparent transparent Specific gravity mucus mucus b) Chemical analysis рН 7.07.2 Total acidity, units. titre45 Free HCI, units. titer64Bound HCI, units. titer85BloodnegativenegativeBilenegativenegative
4. ADDITIONAL RESEARCH METHODS
X-ray, electrocardiographic, chemical-toxicological, bacteriological, etc.
Hematological studies reveal neutrophilic leukocytosis with a shift to the left to young forms of neutrophils, lymphopenia, accelerated ESR. In the nasal discharge and tracheal mucus, fibrin, leukocytes, erythrocytes, and microbial bodies are found in the exudate.
X-ray examination reveals extensive intense foci of shading in the cranial, ventral and central areas of the pulmonary field. The intensity of shading is most pronounced in the stages of red and gray hepatization.
Electrocardiography was not performed.
CONCLUSION ON THE RESULTS OF CLINICAL, LABORATORY AND OTHER STUDIES
Based on the clinical, laboratory and additional studies performed, it is necessary to substantiate the diagnosis of the disease.
The results of a urine analysis study based on physical and chemical properties showed that a small amount of protein was found in the urine (sample with nitric acid). In this regard, we can assume that there is a slight intoxication and inflammatory process in the body. A small amount of urobilin bodies was found in the urine, which is considered a physiological norm. In organized urine sediments, single erythrocytes and leukocytes were found, and in unorganized urine sediments, small amounts of urate, single cylindrites and large amounts of uric acid crystals were found.
In the blood, based on the analysis, leukocytosis was detected, an increase in the level of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and a decrease in hemoglobin in the blood.
According to the study of feces and gastric contents, it was found that no pathological changes were detected. A microscopic examination of the sediment of the gastric contents found single leukocytes and epithelial cells in the field of view of the microscope, which is the physiological norm.
Helminths and helminth eggs could not be detected when examined by the washing method, as well as by the Fulleborn method.
When making a diagnosis, the general condition of the sick animal and the nature of the onset of the disease (suddenness) were taken into account; the rise and type of temperature curve, the presence of cough, the type of sputum (rusty tint), changes in the lungs, determined by physical research methods. Symptoms such as dull tympanic sound on percussion, bronchial breathing, crepitus, ringing moist rales are reliable signs for diagnosis. X-ray examination of the lungs facilitated the diagnosis of lobar pneumonia. When diagnosing, laboratory data (blood, urine, etc.) were also taken into account.
Date TPD Course of the disease Therapy, diet, housing regimen, etc. May 1, 201438.56222 General depression increases rapidly, appetite is lost, breathing becomes sharply rapid and intense, hyperemia and yellowness of the mucous membranes appear. The horse should be immediately isolated in a separate, well-ventilated room. The diet should consist of easily digestible foods, rich in vitamins, and low in volume. Improve the composition of feed rations. Mineral supplements and vitamins are introduced. First, it is recommended to carry out bloodletting (in horses up to 2-3 liters). At this stage, intravenous administration of a 10% solution of calcium chloride or gluconate in normal doses is indicated. With progressive intoxication of the body, hypertonic solutions of glucose with ascorbic acid, sodium chloride or hexamethylene tetramine are administered intravenously in therapeutic doses. Rp.: Sol.Glucosi 40% - 30 ml. D.S. Intravenously. Horses for one administration. May 2, 2014 38.26021In the first days of the disease, a dry, painful cough is noted, which later becomes less painful, dull and wet. Percussion in the stages of inflammatory hyperemia and resolution in areas of lung damage reveals a tympanic or tympanic-tinged sound. In summer, in good calm weather, patients are kept under shady canopies or in the shade of trees. Green grass, vitamin hay, and fodder carrots are introduced into the diet of herbivores. Drinking water is not limited. As antibacterial therapy, novarsenol, miarsenol, antibiotics or sulfonamides are prescribed from the first hours of illness. Novarsenol is administered intravenously in the form of a 10% aqueous solution once a day or every other day until recovery at a dose of an average of 0.005-0.01 dry substance of the drug per 1 kg of animal weight, miarsenol - intramuscularly in the same doses. Rp.: Myarsenoli 0.6 D. t. d. N 2 in ampullis D.S. Intramuscularly for 1 injection. Before administration, dissolve the contents of 2 ampoules in 10 ml of 1% novocaine solution. # Rp.: Novarsenoli 0.6 D. t d. N 5 in ampullis D.S. Intravenously for 1 injection. Dissolve the contents of 5 ampoules in 30 ml of sterile distilled water. May 3, 201438,25318 Upon auscultation in the stages of inflammatory hyperemia and resolution, harsh vesicular or bronchial breathing, crepitus, and moist rales are detected. In the first 3-4 days of illness, pathogenetic therapy agents are prescribed in parallel with antibacterial drugs : unilateral blockade of the lower cervical sympathetic nodes (alternately every other day on the right and left sides), rubbing the chest walls with turpentine or 5% mustard alcohol, calves and small animals using jars on the lateral surfaces of the chest wall. Antiallergic drugs include daily intravenous injections of sodium thiosulfate for 5-6 days in a row at the rate of 300-400 ml of a 30% aqueous solution per injection, 10% calcium chloride 100-150 ml per injection to an adult horse or cow. For this purpose, you can also use suprastin or pipolfen orally, 1.5-2 g per adult horse. As antibacterial therapy, novarsenol, miarsenol, antibiotics or sulfonamides are prescribed from the first hours of illness. Novarsenol is administered intravenously in the form of a 10% aqueous solution once a day or every other day until recovery at a dose of an average of 0.005-0.01 dry substance of the drug per 1 kg of animal weight, miarsenol - intramuscularly in the same doses. Rp.: Myarsenoli 0.6 D. t. d. N 2 in ampullis D.S. Intramuscularly for 1 injection. Before administration, dissolve the contents of 2 ampoules in 10 ml of 1% novocaine solution. # Rp.: Novarsenoli 0.6 D. t d. N 5 in ampullis D.S. Intravenously for 1 injection. Dissolve the contents of 5 ampoules in 30 ml of sterile distilled water. May 4, 2014384917 During percussion in the stages of inflammatory hyperemia and resolution, a tympanic or tympanic sound is detected in the areas of lung damage. Upon auscultation in the stages of inflammatory hyperemia and resolution, harsh vesicular or bronchial breathing, crepitus, and moist rales are detected. As antibacterial therapy, novarsenol, miarsenol, antibiotics or sulfonamides are prescribed from the first hours of illness. Novarsenol is administered intravenously in the form of a 10% aqueous solution once a day or every other day until recovery at a dose of an average of 0.005-0.01 dry substance of the drug per 1 kg of animal weight, miarsenol - intramuscularly in the same doses. Rp.: Myarsenoli 0.6 D. t. d. N 2 in ampullis D.S. Intramuscularly for 1 injection. Before administration, dissolve the contents of 2 ampoules in 10 ml of 1% novocaine solution. # Rp.: Novarsenoli 0.6 D. t d. N 5 in ampullis D.S. Intravenously for 1 injection. Dissolve the contents of 5 ampoules in 30 ml of sterile distilled water. If these antibiotics do not provide an effect, it is advisable to use other antibiotics in maximum therapeutic doses (preliminary laboratory testing determines the most active antibacterial drug based on the sensitivity of the pulmonary microflora to it). Norsulfazole, sulfadimezin, etazol or similar dosages of sulfonamide drugs are given orally with food 3-4 times a day for 7-10 days in a row at an average rate of 0.02-0.03 g/kg of distilled water. Rp.: Norsulfasoli 10.0 Ammonii chloridi 5.0 Natrii hydrocarbonatis Natrii chloridi aa 30.0 M. f. pulvis D. t. d. N 24 D.S. Inside no 1 powder 3 times a day for 8 days in a row. May 5, 201437.94715 During percussion in the stages of inflammatory hyperemia and resolution, a duller tympanic sound or with a tympanic tinge is detected in the areas of lung damage. During auscultation in the stages of inflammatory hyperemia and resolution, less severe vesicular or bronchial breathing, crepitus, and moist rales are detected. As antibacterial therapy, novarsenol, miarsenol, antibiotics or sulfonamides are prescribed from the first hours of illness. Novarsenol is administered intravenously in the form of a 10% aqueous solution once a day or every other day until recovery at a dose of an average of 0.005-0.01 dry substance of the drug per 1 kg of animal weight, miarsenol - intramuscularly in the same doses. Rp.: Myarsenoli 0.6 D. t. d. N 2 in ampullis D.S. Intramuscularly for 1 injection. Before administration, dissolve the contents of 2 ampoules in 10 ml of 1% novocaine solution. # Rp.: Novarsenoli 0.6 D. t d. N 5 in ampullis D.S. Intravenously for 1 injection. Dissolve the contents of 5 ampoules in 30 ml of sterile distilled water. May 6, 201437,94713As the exudate resolves and the animal recovers, the dull percussion sound is replaced by a dull, then tympanic and normal pulmonary sound. Iovarsenol, mnarsenol, antibiotics or sulfonamides are prescribed as antibacterial therapy from the first hours of illness . Novarsenol is administered intravenously in the form of a 10% aqueous solution once a day or every other day until recovery at a dose of an average of 0.005-0.01 dry substance of the drug per 1 kg of animal weight, miarsenol - intramuscularly in the same doses. Rp.: Myarsenoli 0.6 D. t. d. N 2 in ampullis D.S. Intramuscularly for 1 injection. Before administration, dissolve the contents of 2 ampoules in 10 ml of 1% novocaine solution. # Rp.: Novarsenoli 0.6 D. t d. N 5 in ampullis D.S. Intravenously for 1 injection. Dissolve the contents of 5 ampoules in 30 ml of sterile distilled water. May 7, 201437.84011 The horse’s condition is good, the cough has disappeared, the temperature has subsided. During percussion, the percussion sound is replaced by a dull, then tympanic and normal pulmonary sound. Iovarsenol, mnarsenol, antibiotics or sulfonamides are prescribed as antibacterial therapy from the first hours of illness. Novarsenol is administered intravenously in the form of a 10% aqueous solution once a day or every other day until recovery at a dose of an average of 0.005-0.01 dry substance of the drug per 1 kg of animal weight, miarsenol - intramuscularly in the same doses. Rp.: Myarsenoli 0.6 D. t. d. N 2 in ampullis D.S. Intramuscularly for 1 injection. Before administration, dissolve the contents of 2 ampoules in 10 ml of 1% novocaine solution. # Rp.: Novarsenoli 0.6 D. t d. N 5 in ampullis D.S. Intravenously for 1 injection. Dissolve the contents of 5 ampoules in 30 ml of sterile distilled water. May 8, 201437.73510 For prevention, hypothermia of animals should be prevented, especially after being in warm and stuffy rooms or during transportation. Hot animals should not be given cold water or left in a cold wind or draft. It is necessary to comply with the terms and rules for mechanical cleaning and disinfection of premises, and promptly sanitize stalls and boxes. Great importance is attached to hardening the body, especially young animals, by gradually accustoming them to fluctuations in external air temperature. To accelerate the resorption of exudate at the dissolution stage, expectorants and diuretics, autohemotherapy, diathermy, ultra-high-frequency therapy, warm wrapping of the chest, and heating are used in a complex of therapeutic agents chest with incandescent lamps and other means. Rp.:Inf. rad. Ipecacuanhae ex 2.0 300.0 Liquoris Ammonii anisati 10.0 Natrii iodati 30.0 M. D. S. Half a glass inside in the morning and evening.
TEMPERATURE, PULSE AND RESPIRATION GRAPH
T; P; D.
TPDD A T A1.05.14.2.05.14.3.05.14.4.05.14.5.05.14.6.05.14.7.05.14.8.05.14.417050406040395030384020373010
ANALYSIS OF LITERARY DATA
horse diagnosis pneumonia treatment
A definition of the disease is given, and the causes, pathogenesis, pathological changes, symptoms, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, course, prognosis, treatment and prevention of the observed disease are described.
Croupous pneumonia (Pneumonia crouposa) )- acute febrile disease, which is characterized by fibrinous inflammation of the lungs of the lobar type. Mostly horses are affected, less often sheep and young cattle. Among animals of other species, lobar pneumonia is rarely recorded. In specialized farms for raising heifers and fattening calves, in recent years a significant increase in the incidence of serous-fibrinous and fibrinous pneumonia in calves 1-3 months of age has been recorded.
Etiology.In the occurrence of lobar pneumonia, the primary role is given to two factors: pathogenic microflora and the allergic state of the body. Lobar pneumonia can be caused by virulent strains of pneumococci and diplococci. When examining nasal discharge, tracheal contents and material from pneumonic areas of the lungs, staphylococci, streptococci, pasteurella and other microbes are isolated. However, the listed types of microbes are sometimes isolated from healthy animals.
Most researchers associate the occurrence of lobar pneumonia with an increase in the body's allergic reaction caused by a strong irritant - stressor. For example, such a condition can develop after sudden hypothermia of a horse that is hot after a competition, driving sheep in hot weather through cold mountain rivers, or quickly transferring cattle from a warm, stuffy room to a cold and damp one. Lobar pneumonia can occur after inhaling hot smoke or highly irritating gases.
Symptoms.In most cases, lobar pneumonia is acute. The disease occurs suddenly, without the appearance of general nonspecific symptoms. Among horses, this often occurs during work or training. In sick animals, general depression quickly increases, appetite is lost, breathing becomes sharply rapid and intense, hyperemia and yellowness of the mucous membranes appear. Temperature of a constant type: from the first day of illness with a typical stage of development and until the stage of resolution, it remains at a high level regardless of the time of day; in a horse it is usually within 41-42°. The pulse is increased against the norm by 10-20 per minute. The heartbeat is pounding, the second heart sound is increased.
Symptoms of damage to the respiratory system are caused by the consistent development of the inflammatory process in the lungs. In the first days of the disease, a dry, painful cough is noted, which later becomes less painful, dull and wet. The stage of red hepatization is characterized by one or two-sided outflow of brown or reddish-brown hemorrhagic fibrinous exudate from the nasal openings. Percussion in the stages of inflammatory hyperemia and resolution in places of lung damage reveals a tympanic or tympanic sound, and in the stage of hepatization there are areas of dullness or dullness with a border that is arcuately convex upward and located in the upper third of the pulmonary field. As the exudate resolves and the animal recovers, the dull percussion sound is replaced by a dull, then tympanic and normal pulmonary sound. Upon auscultation in the stages of inflammatory hyperemia and resolution, harsh vesicular or bronchial breathing, crepitus, and moist rales are detected. In the stages of red and gray hepatization, dry rales, bronchial breathing are listened to, or the absence of respiratory sounds in the areas of hepatization is detected. If the course of the disease is favorable, which happens in typical cases and when medical assistance is provided in a timely manner, the resolution stage usually occurs on the 8-10th day from the onset of the disease. If vigorous treatment with antibacterial drugs is carried out from the first day of illness, the development of the inflammatory process may stop at the stage of hyperemia or red hepatization.
In the atypical course of the disease, which most often occurs in cattle, sheep, weakened and emaciated animals, the clinical symptoms are very diverse. The duration of the illness can vary: from several days to several weeks. Fever can become remitting; after apparent recovery, relapses of the disease are often recorded in the animal.
Diagnosisdiagnosed based on history and clinical symptoms. Hematological studies reveal neutrophilic leukocytosis with a shift to the left to young forms of neutrophils, lymphopenia, accelerated ESR. In the nasal discharge and tracheal mucus, fibrin, leukocytes, erythrocytes, and microbial bodies are found in the exudate. X-ray examination reveals extensive intense foci of shading in the cranial, ventral and central areas of the pulmonary field. The intensity of shading is most pronounced in the stages of red and gray hepatization. In differential diagnosis, acute infectious diseases accompanied by symptoms of lung damage are excluded: contagious pleuropneumonia of horses, pleuropneumonia and rhinotracheitis of cattle, infectious pneumonia of sheep and goats, pasteurellosis, swine flu, etc. For this purpose, an analysis of the epizootic situation and a complex of special laboratory tests are carried out. diagnostic studies, including isolation and identification of microbial pathogens.
When excluding lobular pneumonia, it should be remembered that, unlike lobar pneumonia, they occur with less pronounced symptoms of lung damage and do not have a stage of disease development. Pleurisy, pneumothorax and hydrothorax are excluded based on the results of percussion, auscultation and thermometry. If necessary, an X-ray examination or a diagnostic puncture of the pleural cavity (pleurocentesis) is performed. Forecastcautious, with delayed provision of medical care, often favorable. Preventionis aimed at strengthening the body's resistance, compliance with maintenance technology and proper use of sports and working animals. Hypothermia of animals should be prevented, especially after being in warm and stuffy rooms or during transportation. Hot animals should not be given cold water or left in a cold wind or draft. It is necessary to comply with the terms and rules for mechanical cleaning and disinfection of premises, and promptly sanitize stalls and boxes. Great importance is attached to hardening the body, especially young animals, by gradually accustoming them to fluctuations in external air temperature.
EPICRISIS (CONCLUSION ON THE ILLNESS HISTORY)
Substantiate the final diagnosis, describe the features of the etiology, pathogenesis, symptoms and course of the disease, analyze the treatment provided and give recommendations for further care, feeding and prevention of the disease.
Lobar pneumonia- a disease characterized by acute lobar (fibrinous) inflammation, involving entire lobes of the lung, with pronounced allergy symptoms and typical changes in the stages of the fibrinous process. The disease is diagnosed mainly in horses, less often in cattle and sheep, and very rarely in other animal species.
Etiology.Lobar pneumonia is a disease of allergic origin that occurs in a previously sensitized organism or sensitized lung tissue.
Allergens are microorganisms of the respiratory tract, and hypothermia, trauma, microorganisms both involved in sensitization and not involved in it, as well as numerous stress factors can act as resolving factors.
Symptoms and course.The clinical manifestation of lobar pneumonia occurs in 3 stages: hyperemia, hepatization and resolution.
The onset of the disease is characterized by depression, a rise in temperature to 41-42 0C, and persistent fever. The temperature reaction lasts 6-8 days until the end of the hepatization stage. The mucous membranes are icteric, sometimes lemon-yellow.
During percussion in the 1st stage, a tympanic sound is established in the affected lobe, which in the stage of hepatization becomes dull and dull, while the upper border of the dullness is always arched upward. In the resolution stage, the percussion sound again acquires a tympanic connotation and gradually turns into tympanic.
On auscultation, crepitating rales are detected at the stage of hyperemia. With the development of the hepatization stage, wheezing and vesicular breathing disappear, and bronchial breathing appears. During the resolution stage, moist rales are heard, which muffle bronchial breathing. Then the sonority of wheezing gradually decreases, bronchial breathing weakens, and then turns into normal vesicular noise.
A characteristic symptom of lobar pneumonia is the appearance of saffron-yellow or rusty-brown nasal discharge during the hepatization stage. For the initial stage of lobar pneumonia, a discrepancy between increased heart rate and increased body temperature is also typical; if the pulse increases by 10-15 beats, then the temperature is increased by 3-4 0C. Subsequently, there is a significant increase in heart rate, its weakness and arrhythmia, and cardiovascular failure develops.
Leukocytosis is detected in the blood, neutrophilia, aeosinophilia, erythropenia are detected in the leukogram, ESR is accelerated. The course of the disease in typical cases is acute and lasts 8-14 days.
Diagnosisdiagnosed on the basis of anamnestic data and typical clinical symptoms.
Differential diagnosis.In the differential diagnosis, bronchopneumonia, pleurisy, acute infectious diseases accompanied by pneumonia (contagious pleuropneumonia of horses, pneumonia and pasteurellosis in cattle, swine fever, etc.) are excluded.
Treatment. Sick animals should be immediately isolated in a separate, well-ventilated room. The diet should consist of easily digestible food, rich in vitamins, and low in bulk.
Treatment must be comprehensive, taking into account the stage of the process.
At the hepatization stage, inhalation of hot water vapor with the addition of soda, tar or turpentine is carried out.
An obligatory component of complex therapy is the use of antibacterial agents, mainly antibiotics and sulfonamides. The use of novocaine blockades (see Bronchopneumonia), stimulating therapy, and cardiac medications is indicated.
During the resolution stage, expectorants and diuretics are prescribed.
Among the methods of physiotherapy, the use of infrared irradiation and air ionization has been tested.
Prevention.It is necessary to observe the regime of operation and feeding of animals, which is aimed at increasing the body's resistance.
Bibliography
1. Anokhin B.M., Danilevsky V.M., Zamarin L.G. and others. Internal non-contagious diseases of farm animals / Ed. V.M. Danilevsky. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1991. - 575 p.: ill.
Vasiliev M.F., Voronin E.S., Dugin G.L. et al. Workshop on the clinical diagnosis of animal diseases / Ed. acad. E.S. Voronina, - M.: KolosS, 2003, - 269 pp.: ill.
Internal diseases of animals / Ed. ed. G.G. Shcherbakova, A.V. Korobova. - St. Petersburg: Lan, 2002. - 736 p.
Internal non-contagious animal diseases / Ed. prof. A.M. Kolesova. - Leningrad: Kolos, 1972. - 544 p., ill.
Kondrakhin I.P., Talanov G.A., Pak V.V. Internal non-communicable diseases of animals. - M.: KolosS, 2003 - 461 p., ill.
Lebedev M.I., Zelenevsky N.V. Workshop on the anatomy of farm animals. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - St. Petersburg: Agropromizdat, 1995. - 400 pp., ill.
Handbook of veterinary medicine. Comp. G.S. Kuznetsov, A.I. Protasov. - Leningrad: Kolos, 1968. - 768 p.
Usha B.V., Belyakov I.M., Pushkarev R.P. Clinical diagnosis of internal non-contagious animal diseases. - M.: KolosS, 2003, - 487 p.: ill.
Sharabrin I.G., Alikaev V.A., Zamarin L.G. and others. Internal non-contagious diseases of farm animals / Ed. I. G. Sharabrina. - 6th ed., rev. and additional - M.: Agropromizdat, 1985. - 527 p., ill.
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INTRODUCTION
1 Diagnosis of lobar pneumonia in animals
2 Treatment methods for lobar pneumonia
3 Prevention of lobar pneumonia in animals
CONCLUSION
Introduction
Diagnosis, methods of therapy and prevention of lobar pneumonia in animals
Fragment of work for review
Death occurs from paralysis of the respiratory center or cardiovascular failure. Diagnosis of the disease. The diagnosis of lobar (fibrinous) pneumonia is based on the analysis of clinical and epidemiological data, fluoroscopy data (darkness is recorded in the lesions), pathological anatomy and the results of laboratory studies. With lobar pneumonia, one lung is most often affected, less often both. Transitions of percussion sounds from tympanic to dull and dull and back to clear pulmonary make it possible to monitor the development of the inflammatory process. In horses, the upper limit of dullness in lobar pneumonia is arched or broken and the convexity is directed upward. When the resorption of fibrinous exudate increases, areas of the lung with a clear pulmonary sound increase, but in other places there are also foci where dull and tympanic sounds persist. This makes it possible to control the course of the inflammatory process in lobar pneumonia and is important for the prognosis. Percussion sounds in lobar pneumonia change so characteristically that they make it possible to differentiate this disease. For diagnostic purposes, you can also resort to a test puncture and plegaphony. Lobar pneumonia “often develops in animals due to specific infections, being one of the most important elements of the disease process in contagious pleuropneumonia of horses, peri-pneumonia of cattle, and often swine fever.” The outcome of lobar pneumonia, i.e. the further process in the inflamed areas depends on the degree of filling of the alveoli with fibrin and the associated disturbance of blood circulation in them. The outcome in yellow hepatization is expressed by the cleansing of the alveoli from fibrin and the restoration of their function. Under the influence of proteolytic enzymes released during the breakdown of leukocytes, fibrin is liquefied, resorption, and removed with sputum. In this case, the inflamed area appears still baked, but acquires a yellowish color. The outcome of carnification (Latin sago - meat) is characterized by the germination of fibrin with connective tissue and blood vessels, as a result of which the pneumonic areas resemble meat in color and consistency. This outcome is observed when the resorption of fibrin is delayed, and the affected areas of the lungs, overgrown with connective tissue, can no longer return to their normal state. The outcome in sequestration is associated with necrosis of the inflamed areas, their separation from the surrounding tissue (lat. sequestra - separate). This occurs in severe cases of lobar pneumonia, when fibrin accumulates in the alveoli in such quantities that blood circulation in them stops, and the lymphatic vessels often undergo thrombosis. Melting of the dead section of the lung occurs at its border with living tissue, and a connective tissue capsule often develops here. When opened, the sequester can be completely removed and the outlines of lobules, bronchi and other structures of the lung can be discerned in it. The outcome of sequestration is sometimes observed in cattle that have suffered from widespread pneumonia. The stages of lobar pneumonia alternate only in the specified order. At any stage of lobar pneumonia, with its rapid development with damage to several lobes of the lungs, death is possible. The non-simultaneous development of stages in different lobes of the lung gives the organ a resemblance to variegated marble. This similarity increases due to the strong swelling of the interlobular septa, which in the form of grayish gelatinous stripes are especially pronounced in the lungs of cattle and pigs. Thus, the main pathological signs of lobar pneumonia are: 1) the vastness of pneumonic areas (lobar lesions); 2) hepatization - compaction to the consistency of liver; 3) marbling - similarity of inflamed areas with a marble pattern; 4) dryish, sometimes fine-grained cut surface due to the accumulation of fibrin protruding from the alveoli. “Lobar pneumonia is more often observed in adult animals. In young animals, it is less common and has some features: it covers small areas of the lung, less fibrinous exudate accumulates in the alveoli and, therefore, hepatization is less pronounced.” This peculiarity of lobar pneumonia in young animals is explained by the reduced reactivity of young animals.2 Methods of treating lobar pneumonia With lobar pneumonia, not only the lungs are affected. As a rule, fibrinous pleurisy develops. It is manifested by swelling (edema) and hyperemia of the pleura and the formation of fibrin layers on it. Serous-fibrinous exudate accumulates in the pleural cavity. The combination of lobar pneumonia with fibrinous pleurisy is called peripneumonia or pleuropneumonia. “The bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes are enlarged, juicy on section, hyperemic (serous lymphadenitis). The spleen is enlarged and softened. Parenchymal organs (heart, liver, kidneys) are in a state of granular degeneration.” In addition to these most common types of pneumonia (bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia), other pathological processes associated with the accumulation of edematous fluid (transudate) in the alveoli can occur in the respiratory parts of the lung ), water, blood, vomit, with overflow of the alveoli with air or their airless state. The goal of treatment is to stabilize the patient’s general condition so that owners have the opportunity to treat their pet at home, since the duration of therapy is several weeks. If the animal has a good appetite, it is prescribed antibiotics in tablets with food, a course of physiotherapy and periodic x-ray examinations to monitor the dynamics of the disease. Animals isolated with lobar pneumonia are considered as suspected of an infectious disease. Therefore, they are placed in a separate isolated room or isolation ward, and the room from which the patients are isolated is disinfected. Until the exact diagnosis is determined, no new animals are introduced into this room. In calm weather, patients are kept in the summer under shady canopies or in the shade of trees. The best quality green grass, hay, and fodder carrots are introduced into the diet of herbivores. Drinking water is not limited. The main goal of drug treatment is to influence pathogenic bacterial microflora, aimed at destroying it and inhibiting reproduction. In the case of inpatient treatment, the patient is prescribed the following therapeutic measures: 1. Antibiotic therapy. In hospital settings, antibacterial drugs are used in the form of injections. It is important that the active substance of the drug penetrates the pus and sputum; not all antibiotics are capable of this. Doctors try to prescribe a combination of antibiotics that complement each other's action to cover the entire spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. In each specific case, “an antibiotic sensitivity test should be performed before starting antibiotic therapy. To do this, you need to obtain a tracheal wash. The procedure is performed under sedation.” The resulting secretion is sent to a bacteriological laboratory, where it is sown on nutrient media, a pure bacterial culture is isolated and titrated for sensitivity to antibiotics. In parallel with the washings, the histology of the bronchi is taken, which is important for the patient’s prognosis. Large animals are prescribed intravenous administration of 3-4 grams of novarsenol, which is dissolved in 60-80 ml of distilled water, as well as glucose essence; antibiotics are administered intramuscularly, and sulfonamides are administered orally. Cardiac activity is supported by injecting camphor oil and caffeine under the skin. Oxygen inhalations are prescribed, as well as drugs used for bronchitis and catarrhal bronchopneumonia.2. Physiotherapy. In this case, it is a special massage for better separation of phlegm. Rapid tapping of the chest helps to separate secretions from the lungs and remove them into the lumen of the bronchi. Once in the respiratory tract, the discharge provokes a cough, which ensures the rapid removal of sputum. This procedure must be carried out at least 4 times a day and as long as the animal continues to cough. Light physical activity also contributes to more efficient removal of secretions. It is recommended to avoid increased exercise due to respiratory failure. This issue requires an individual approach.3. Oxygen therapy. Its appointment is necessary for severe forms of respiratory failure. For the same reason, artificial ventilation may be required. Room air contains about 20% oxygen, and the gas mixture during oxygen therapy contains 40%. Higher concentrations are not recommended due to the toxic effect of pure oxygen on lung tissue. The patient requiring this type of therapy is usually in an extremely critical condition.4. Infusion therapy (“drips”). Infusion therapy is carried out for animals that show signs of decompensation (shortness of breath, vomiting, loose stools, refusal to feed). Such therapy must be carried out in a hospital setting, since the condition of animals with respiratory failure is severe and it is important to carefully monitor such indicators as urine output per hour and increasing dyspnea. This cannot be done at home, as there is a risk of developing pulmonary or cerebral edema. On-site medical care for farm animals. Patients are isolated in an isolated room, they are given peace and the best zoo-hygienic conditions. In summer, it is advisable to keep animals outdoors, under a canopy, protecting them from wind, rain and dust. Patients are given small portions of fresh green food, good soft hay, and oatmeal with the addition of table salt. Provide room water. temperature. Treat as prescribed by a veterinarian. Antibiotics are used (penicillin, streptomycin). Sulfadimezin, streptocide and expectorants - ammonium chloride, soda, anise seeds - are given internally. The chest is rubbed with a water emulsion of turpentine and wrapped in a blanket. Jars and mustard plasters are very useful. Lobar pneumonia is often accompanied by dysfunction of the nervous, cardiovascular, digestive, excretory and other systems. At the onset of the disease, cardiac activity is increased and the pulse is increased. With the development of dystrophic processes in the myocardium, signs of heart failure appear.
Bibliography
LIST OF REFERENCES USED
1.Voronin, E.S. Infectious diseases of animals: Textbook / E.S. Voronin, B.F. Bessarabov. – M.: KolosS, 2007. – 671 p.
2. Dorosh, M. Diseases of horses / M. Dorosh. – M.: Veche, 2007. – 176 p.
3. Krupalnik, V.L. Infectious diseases of young farm animals / V.L. Krupalnik, A.N. Kurylenko. – M.: KoloS, 2001. – 284 p.
4.Sidorchuk, A.A. General epizootology: Textbook / A.A. Sidorchuk, E.S. Voronin, A.A. Glushkov. – M.: KolosS, 2004. – 300 p.
5. Internet resource: http://www.ya-fermer.ru/krupoznaya-pnevmoniya I am a farmer. Lobar pneumonia
6.Internet resource: http://ecology-portal.ru/publ/zhivotnye Environmental portal. Pneumonia in animals
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