The importance of vaccination in the prevention of infectious diseases. The role of preventive vaccinations in reducing infectious morbidity Vaccine reactions occur

SOCIETY OF ORTHODOX DOCTORS OF RUSSIA

named after Saint Luke of Simferopol (Voino-Yasenetsky)

Vaccinal prevention in children

(brochure for parents)

Moscow - 2010

Edited by the head of the Department of Childhood Diseases, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Honored Doctor of the Russian Federation, member of the Executive Committee of the OPVR (Moscow) and Professor of the Department of Childhood Diseases, Doctor of Medical Sciences. (Moscow)

– pediatrician (St. Petersburg)

– pediatrician, neonatologist (St. Petersburg)

Dear parents!

The purpose of this brochure is to provide, in an accessible form, the objective scientific information needed to make a thoughtful and informed decision about vaccinating your child.

The brochure covers the main issues related to vaccination in children: its capabilities in preventing diseases, existing contraindications, common reactions and complications. In addition, information is presented about the infectious diseases themselves, which is certainly necessary for understanding the importance of vaccinations.

GENERAL ISSUES

Immunity is the body's immunity to foreign agents with antigenic properties, primarily to infectious agents. The formation of immunity is carried out by the immune system - a complex structure that unites organs, tissues and cells of the body and consists of two interconnected parts: nonspecific and specific. Nonspecific immune defense mechanisms include the body's natural barriers - skin, mucous membranes and others, as well as various cells (phagocytes) and substances that destroy or neutralize foreign agents. Specific mechanisms of immune defense include antibodies (immunoglobulins) and cells of the immune system - lymphocytes. During an infectious disease, natural specific immunity is formed, aimed at destroying a specific infectious agent and preventing the development of the disease during re-infection. But the disease itself poses a serious threat to human health, since complications often develop and adverse consequences occur. To form artificial specific immunity to diseases in a safe way, vaccination is used - the introduction into the body of drugs (vaccines) containing certain fragments of infectious agents (antigens). The purpose of vaccination is to prevent the development of an infectious disease or reduce its manifestations.

Vaccines are divided into live, inactivated (killed) and recombinant. Live vaccines contain weakened (so-called attenuated) pathogens of infectious diseases - bacteria or viruses , which have lost their main pathogenic properties, but retain the ability to induce the formation of immunity. After vaccination with such a vaccine, isolated mild symptoms of infection may occur for a short time. Inactivated vaccines are divided into whole cell (particle) and fragmented. Particular vaccines contain viruses or bacteria that have been inactivated by chemical or physical means and therefore are not capable of causing symptoms of the disease. Fragmentary vaccines contain only individual parts of the pathogen (proteins or polysaccharides) that have immunogenicity - the ability to induce the formation of immunity. A special group of fragmentary vaccines consists of conjugate preparations, in which polysaccharides with weak immunogenicity are combined (conjugated) with a special protein that increases the immune response. Also, fragmentary vaccines (of a protein nature) include toxoids - they are obtained by disinfecting bacterial toxins, which are the main factors in the development of a number of diseases. Recombinant vaccines also contain individual antigens, but are obtained through genetic engineering: the genetic code of the infectious agent is introduced into yeast cells, which produce the desired antigen (without genetic modification).

Vaccines may also contain additional components: preservatives and stabilizers (ensure the safety of the antigenic material in the preparation), adjuvants (increase the immunogenicity of vaccine antigens - that is, increase the production of antibodies against the infectious agent). These substances are present in vaccines in microdoses that are safe for the body. Vaccines may also contain ballast substances (components of nutrient media for obtaining vaccine microorganisms; chemical agents used to inactivate a pathogen or toxin; antibiotics) that enter the drug during the production process. Modern vaccine production techniques make it possible to completely purify vaccines from such substances or reduce their content to a safe minimum.

Most vaccines are administered to the body by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. It is also possible to administer vaccines by mouth, by intradermal injection, cutaneous application, nasal drops or inhalation. Vaccines are never administered directly into the bloodstream (intravenously).

The drugs can be in the form of monovaccines and combination vaccines. Monovaccines contain antigens of one type of pathogen of one infection. Combined ones contain antigens of pathogens of different infections or different types of pathogens of one infection. The use of combination vaccines has advantages: it reduces the number of administrations, reduces the likelihood of adverse events, reduces the need to visit a medical facility, and optimizes the implementation of the vaccination schedule. Scientific studies have shown that the use of combination vaccines does not overload the immune system and does not increase the likelihood of allergies.

HISTORY OF VACCINATION

Infectious diseases have accompanied humanity throughout history. Horrific epidemics often devastated entire countries.

Everyone knows the descriptions of plague epidemics. But that was not the worst thing. Smallpox was more feared. The very appearance of the patient was terrible: the whole body was covered with blisters-pustules, which left behind, if the person was destined to survive, disfiguring scars. Its victims were Queen Mary II of England, Emperor Joseph I of Austria, young Emperor Peter II of Russia, the elderly King Louis XV of France, and Elector Maximilian III of Bavaria. The English Queen Elizabeth I, the French politician Count O. Mirabeau, the Austrian composer W. Mozart, and the Russian poet and translator N. Gnedich all suffered from smallpox and retained traces of it for the rest of their lives.

Measles was a very dangerous disease. In 1874, a measles epidemic in London claimed more lives than the smallpox epidemic that preceded it. In the Kingdom of Denmark in 1846, almost the entire population of the Faroe Islands died from measles. Diphtheria epidemics sometimes assumed enormous proportions. During the 1-year epidemic in some counties of southern and central Russia, up to 2/3 of all children of the rural population died from it. Just recently, tens of thousands of people were killed and maimed annually by polio, which confined US President F. Roosevelt to a wheelchair.

Tuberculosis was mainly a disease of the young. Among those he killed were the wonderful actress V. Asenkova, poets A. Koltsov, S. Nadson, I. Takuboku, D. Keats, artists M. Bashkirtseva, F. Vasiliev. Famous politicians (Napoleon II, S. Bolivar, E. Jackson) and great artists (J. Moliere, O. Balzac, K. Aksakov, A. Chekhov, F. Chopin) suffered from it...

Such a deplorable situation made it extremely important to appreciate those few reliable known facts that somehow made it possible to protect a person from a dangerous disease. It has been observed that a person who has had smallpox does not get it again. It was believed that it was impossible to avoid the disease, so the idea arose of artificially infecting a person with a mild form of smallpox to protect him from the fatal disease in the future. This idea was realized a thousand years before the birth of Christ: in ancient China, doctors blew powdered dried smallpox crusts into a person’s nose. Similar techniques were used in ancient India, Iran, Africa, the Caucasus and other regions. These techniques were called “variolation”, from the word “variola” (smallpox) or “inoculation”, from the word “inoculation” (vaccination).

Variolation became a property of science thanks to Mary Montague, the wife of the English envoy to Constantinople. Having become familiar with the technique of variolation in Turkey in 1717, she gave “vaccinations” to her children, and later organized their implementation at the English royal court. In Russia, the first “vaccination” was given to Empress Catherine II in 1786, after which variolation became widespread in our country, primarily among the nobility. However, this method was quite dangerous: after such a “vaccination” a severe form of smallpox could develop.

The next step in the development of immunoprophylaxis was made by a rural surgeon from England, Edward Jenner. For twenty years, he collected information about cases of infection with the so-called “cowpox” and found that those who had it did not get smallpox. In 1796, Jenner first vaccinated an eight-year-old boy with the contents of a pustule taken from a milkmaid who had cowpox. The boy easily tolerated the vaccination and subsequent infection with smallpox did not lead to the disease. After 2 years, Jenner published the results of his observations, which attracted great attention from doctors. After Jenner’s technique repeatedly confirmed its effectiveness and safety, it received universal recognition. The proposed method was called “vaccination” - from the word “vacca” (cow).

In Russia, the first vaccination was carried out at the request of Empress Maria Feodorovna in 1801 by the famous Moscow doctor E. Mukhin. The boy who was vaccinated received nobility and a new surname - Vaktsinov. A special feature of the organization of vaccination in Russia was the active participation of clergy. Understanding the high authority of the Orthodox Church and the role that it can play in preserving the health of the people, the Holy Synod in 1804, by its decree, invited all bishops and priests to explain the benefits of vaccination [Priest Sergius Filimonov, 2007]. Smallpox vaccination was part of the training program for future clergy. The life of St. Innocent (Veniaminov), Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomna, Apostle of America and Siberia, tells how, thanks to smallpox vaccination, the opportunity was opened for the spread of the Christian faith on the remote outskirts of the Russian Empire - Alaska. In 1811, the “Pastoral Exhortation on Vaccination of Preventative Cowpox” was published, written by Vologda Bishop Evgeniy (Bolkhovitinov), a remarkable scientist, a member of many scientific societies. The great Russian surgeon Yasenetsky, later Archbishop Luka of Simferopol and Crimea, when he worked as a zemstvo doctor, personally carried out smallpox vaccinations and was indignant at the actions of opponents of vaccination.

The success of vaccination against smallpox contributed to the fact that scientists in many countries began to work on creating vaccines against other dangerous infections. In the middle of the 19th century, the French scientist Louis Pasteur discovered a method of “attenuation” (weakening) of pathogenic microorganisms through repeated infections (passages) of animals insensitive to infection. In 1885, under his leadership, a vaccine against rabies was created. At the end of the 19th century, our compatriot created vaccines against cholera and plague. In 1914, A. Calmette and C. Guerin developed a vaccine against tuberculosis (BCG). In 1923, the French scientist G. Ramon developed a method for producing toxoids (neutralized bacterial toxins), which made it possible to create vaccinations against diphtheria, tetanus and other diseases.

In the twentieth century, our country was unable to fully realize its scientific capabilities in the field of vaccine prevention - revolutionary upheavals and brutal repressions slowed down the development of domestic science. Many microbiologists and immunologists were repressed, some of them died. Nevertheless, Russian scientists have made a great contribution to the development of immunoprophylaxis. The names of our great compatriots who worked in the field of vaccine prevention in Russia will forever remain in history: he developed a system of measures to combat smallpox, which made its eradication possible, organized the introduction of BCG vaccination and created the first laboratory for quality control of vaccines, created vaccines against diphtheria and scarlet fever, organized the first mass vaccinations, created a vaccine against polio, vaccines against a number of viral diseases.

Thanks to advances in medicine, including immunoprophylaxis, infant mortality has decreased significantly and life expectancy has increased. Vaccination made it possible to eliminate the once formidable smallpox, bring polio to the brink of eradication, and reduce the incidence of measles to a minimum. Severe forms of whooping cough and diphtheria have become rare. Vaccination has played a major role in reducing child mortality from tuberculosis. Currently, scientists are faced with important tasks: improving the safety of existing vaccines, in particular, creating drugs without the use of preservatives, creating combined vaccines that allow vaccination against several infections at the same time, creating vaccines against HIV infection, viral hepatitis C, streptococcal infection and others diseases. Let us hope that modern scientists will be worthy of their great predecessors.

ORGANIZATION OF VACCINATION

Vaccination as a measure to prevent infections is used throughout the world. However, different countries have different needs for vaccination (which is determined by the epidemic situation in the region) and different opportunities for its implementation. Therefore, in each country there is a National Calendar of Preventive Vaccinations, which provides a schedule of routine vaccinations at a specific age against certain infections for all citizens. Vaccine prevention in Russia is regulated by a number of regulations, among which the main one is the Federal Law “On Immunoprevention of Infectious Diseases” dated January 1, 2001 (the text of the law with all amendments can be found on the Internet at: www. *****/documents/zakon/457). The Russian calendar includes vaccination against the 10 currently most pressing infections, each of which will be considered separately (see Appendix 1). In addition, in certain regions of the Russian Federation, regional calendars of preventive vaccinations have been approved, which, as a rule, include vaccination against several other infections. Also in Russia there is a calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications, according to which vaccination is carried out to the population of certain territories (where any infection is common) or to persons performing certain work (dangerous in terms of contracting any infection).

Vaccination is carried out in state, municipal, departmental and commercial medical institutions, preschool institutions, schools and enterprises, and in exceptional cases - at the place of residence. Vaccination can also be carried out by a private practitioner with a license. Vaccinations included in the national calendar and the calendar for epidemic indications are provided free of charge in state and municipal institutions. The medical worker is obliged to provide complete and objective information about the need for vaccinations, the consequences of refusing them and possible post-vaccination reactions or adverse events. Vaccinations are carried out with the consent of citizens, parents or legal representatives of minors and incapacitated citizens. Before vaccination, a doctor (in rural areas, perhaps a paramedic) must conduct a questioning and examination of the patient, during which possible contraindications to vaccination are analyzed, and measure body temperature. Patients with chronic diseases may undergo laboratory and instrumental examinations as prescribed by a doctor. An immunological examination is necessary in patients with immunodeficiency (or suspected of it) before using a live vaccine; the indication for such a study is determined by a doctor (usually an immunologist).

The vaccine preparation must be transported and stored in a thermal container. It is prohibited to use the vaccine: if it has expired, if the rules of transportation or storage have been violated, if there are signs of damage to the packaging or contamination of the vaccine. Vaccination must be carried out in strict accordance with the instructions for the vaccine preparation and in compliance with the necessary aseptic rules. After vaccination, the patient is under the supervision of medical workers for at least 30 minutes. Parents of a vaccinated child must be warned about possible reactions to vaccination and about actions to take if adverse events develop. The vaccinated person is also monitored by a visiting nurse: after the administration of the inactivated vaccine - in the first 3 days, after the administration of the live vaccine - additionally on the 5th and 10th days. In the first days after vaccination, it is important to protect the child from excessive physical activity, do not include new foods in the diet, and monitor the cleanliness of the vaccination site.

VACCINATION AGAINST SPECIFIC INFECTIONS

Viral hepatitis B – an infectious disease characterized by severe liver damage. The virus is transmitted sexually, through contact with the blood and other body fluids of an infected person, and can also be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. Transmission is also possible through close, long-term household contact (primarily in families where there is a carrier of the virus). Acute viral hepatitis B can become chronic: in newborns in 90%, in infants in 50%, and in adults in 10% of cases. In children in the first years of life, the mortality rate from hepatitis is approximately 10 times higher than in adults. Chronic hepatitis B can occur in a latent form for a long time and not manifest itself in any way. Often, carriers of the virus may develop cirrhosis and/or liver cancer after several decades. In Russia there are currently about 5 million carriers of the hepatitis B virus.

Vaccinations against hepatitis B are included in the calendars of almost all countries of the world. In most cases, the vaccination course begins on the first day of life - in this way it is possible to prevent infection of newborns from mothers who are carriers of the virus (testing during pregnancy does not always detect the virus in a woman). In Russia since 1996 Vaccination of children from mothers who are carriers of the virus, as well as children and adults from risk groups, began, and since 2002, mass vaccination of children has been carried out. Dynamics since 2001 By 2007, the incidence of viral hepatitis B decreased by 8 times.

Currently, genetically engineered vaccines that contain the surface antigen of the virus (“Australian antigen”, HBsAg) are used for vaccination. There are also combination vaccines that include a component (antigen) against hepatitis B along with pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus, diphtheria-tetanus toxoid or vaccine against hepatitis A. Vaccines against hepatitis B from different manufacturers have no fundamental differences and are interchangeable.

Tuberculosis – a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and characterized by various phases of the course. The danger of contracting tuberculosis is great and threatens almost any person. This disease most often affects the lungs, but almost all organs can be affected. Treatment of tuberculosis is very complex and takes many months and sometimes years.

Vaccinations against tuberculosis are carried out en masse in 64 countries around the world and in risk groups in another 118. Vaccination protects, first of all, from severe forms of tuberculosis infection - meningitis, widespread lung damage, bone damage, which are the most difficult to cure. Infection is also possible in vaccinated children, but in them the disease usually occurs in mild forms. Given the continuing high incidence of tuberculosis, in Russia vaccination is carried out for newborns in the maternity hospital on days 3-7 of life.

For vaccination, a Russian-made vaccine is currently used, which contains live attenuated bovine mycobacteria with a reduced quantity: BCG-M. Annual tuberculin diagnostics (Mantoux test) allows timely detection of a child’s infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. If the Mantoux test is negative, revaccination is carried out at 7 and 14 years of age.

Whooping cough – highly contagious bacterial infection of the respiratory tract. The pathogen is transmitted by airborne droplets. With whooping cough, serious complications can develop - pneumonia, brain damage (convulsions, encephalopathy) and others. Whooping cough is very dangerous for children in the first year of life, since it is severe at this age and often leads to respiratory arrest. Before the introduction of vaccination, whooping cough primarily affected children under 5 years of age. Every year, about 300 thousand deaths from whooping cough in children are recorded worldwide, mainly in developing countries where vaccination is not readily available.

Vaccinations against whooping cough are included in the calendars of all countries of the world at the beginning of the vaccination course, no later than 3 months of life. Over the 10 years after the introduction of vaccination against whooping cough in the USSR (in 1959), the incidence decreased by approximately 23 times, and the mortality rate by 260 times.

For vaccination, combined vaccines against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus are used. There are 2 types of vaccines: DPT (adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine) - whole cell, which contains inactivated (killed) pertussis bacilli and AaDPT - acellular (cell-free), which contains 2-4 separate components (antigens) of the pertussis bacillus. The Russian vaccination calendar allows the use of both types of vaccines. The effectiveness of different types of vaccines differs little, but acellular vaccine (aDTP) is much less likely to cause post-vaccination reactions than a whole cell vaccine (DTP).

Diphtheria – acute bacterial infection. The causative agent of diphtheria (corynobacterium) produces a toxin that causes cell death with the formation of fibrinous films (usually in the upper respiratory tract - oropharynx, larynx, nose), and also disrupts the function of the nervous and cardiovascular systems, adrenal glands, and kidneys. The pathogen is transmitted by airborne droplets. With diphtheria, serious complications can develop such as damage to the heart muscle (myocarditis), nerve damage with the development of paresis and paralysis, kidney damage (nephrosis), asphyxia (suffocation when the lumen of the larynx is closed with films), toxic shock, pneumonia and others. The mortality rate from diphtheria currently averages about 3%, but in young children and the elderly it exceeds 8%.

Vaccinations against diphtheria are included in the calendars of all countries of the world. Mass vaccination against diphtheria in our country began in 1958, after which within 5 years the incidence decreased by 15 times, and then – to isolated cases. From 1990 to 1999 Against the background of a sharp decline in vaccination coverage, Russia and the countries of the former USSR experienced a diphtheria epidemic, during which more than 4 thousand people died. Unfortunately, it is impossible to completely eliminate this infection due to the phenomenon of carriage of corynobacteria, which occurs without clinical manifestations.

For vaccination, diphtheria toxoid is used, which is used separately or as part of combined vaccines: DPT, AaDT, ADS, ADS-M and a number of others. In case of contact with a patient who has not been vaccinated or in case of violation of the vaccination schedule, emergency vaccination is carried out.

Tetanus – an acute bacterial infection, which is characterized by very severe damage to the nervous system. The causative agent of tetanus produces a powerful toxin that causes generalized spasms of skeletal muscles. The source of infection is animals and humans, where the bacteria lives in the intestines and enters the soil with feces, where it persists for a long time in the form of spores. Infection develops when the pathogen enters the wound. The patient is not contagious to others. Even with timely, highly qualified treatment, the mortality rate for tetanus is more than 25%, and without medical care it exceeds 80%. Mortality rate of more than 95% is observed in newborns who become infected through the umbilical wound in the absence of maternal antibodies (if the mother has not been vaccinated). Every year, about 200 thousand deaths from tetanus in children are registered worldwide, mainly among newborns.

Vaccinations against tetanus are included in the calendars of all countries of the world. In countries where mass vaccination against tetanus is carried out, the incidence of the disease is 100 times lower than in developing countries where the vaccine is not widely available. Thanks to mass vaccination, only isolated cases of tetanus are currently recorded in Russia.

For vaccination, tetanus toxoid is used, which is used separately or as part of combined vaccines: DPT, AaDT, ADS, ADS-M and a number of others. In case of injuries in unvaccinated people or in case of violation of the vaccination schedule, emergency prophylaxis of tetanus is carried out, which includes not only the administration of toxoid, but also the use of anti-tetanus serum or anti-tetanus immunoglobulin as indicated.

Polio – an acute viral infection, which is characterized by damage to the digestive system, upper respiratory tract and nervous system with the development of paralysis, mainly in the lower extremities. The disease develops when poliovirus enters the gastrointestinal tract, usually through dirty hands or food. In most cases, polio occurs as a respiratory or intestinal infection. The development of paralysis is observed in only 1-5% of cases of infection, however, these changes are irreversible. Poliomyelitis mainly affects children under 5 years of age.

Vaccinations against polio are included in the calendars of all countries of the world. Over the 10 years after the start of mass vaccination against polio in the USSR (in the years), the incidence decreased approximately 135 times and amounted to less than 100 cases per year. In 1995 In Chechnya and Ingushetia, amid a significant decline in vaccination coverage, an outbreak of polio was observed. Since 1996 There have been no cases of paralytic poliomyelitis caused by a “wild” strain of the virus in our country. Since 2002 The European region, including Russia, has been declared polio-free. However, since the beginning of 2010. There is an outbreak of polio in Tajikistan and registration of diseases in children arriving from this country to Russia. Thus, the circulation of the virus requires continued mass vaccination.

There are two types of vaccines used for vaccination: oral polio vaccine (OPV), which contains live, attenuated polioviruses, and inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), which contains killed polioviruses. In very rare cases, in people with impaired immunity, the viruses included in OPV can cause vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis - both in vaccinated people and in people who have been in contact with them. Therefore, since 2008, the vaccination course for infants has been carried out only with IPV, and OPV is used primarily for revaccination. After the transition to immunization with an inactivated vaccine since 2009, not a single case of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis has been registered in Russia (over the previous 10 years, about 11 cases were registered per year).

Measles – highly contagious viral infection. The virus is transmitted by airborne droplets, the contagiousness of measles is close to 100%, that is, almost everyone who has been in contact with the patient becomes ill. Serious complications can develop with measles - pneumonia, brain damage (encephalitis), eye damage, hearing loss and others. Measles mainly affects children from 1 to 7 years of age. Infants get sick rarely and, as a rule, not seriously due to passive immunity received from the mother, which can persist after birth for up to 6 months. More than 500,000 deaths from measles are reported worldwide each year, mostly in children in developing countries where vaccination coverage is insufficient.

Vaccinations against measles are included in the calendars of most countries around the world. In the USSR, mass vaccination began in 1968, and within a year the incidence rate had decreased by approximately 4 times. Since the introduction of revaccination in 1986, measles has been reported very rarely in our country (only 27 cases were registered in 2008). In many countries with high vaccination coverage, measles is currently not reported.

For vaccination, live measles vaccine (LMV) containing a weakened virus is used. The vaccine is also part of a divaccine (together with the mumps vaccine) and a trivaccine (together with the mumps and rubella vaccine).

Mumps (mumps) – highly contagious viral infection. With parotitis, inflammation of the salivary glands develops, as well as other glands (pancreas, testicles, ovaries, prostate, mammary, lacrimal, thyroid). The virus is transmitted by airborne droplets. The mortality rate for mumps is extremely low, but serious complications can develop - diabetes mellitus (if the pancreas is affected), meningitis or meningoencephalitis, deafness and others. The most significant complication is male infertility, the most common cause of which is inflammation of the testicles (orchitis) due to parotitis. The incidence of orchitis increases significantly with age: it is rarely observed in preschool-age boys, but develops in most adolescents and adult men. Epidemic parotitis affects mainly school-age children.

Vaccinations against mumps are included in the calendars of most countries around the world. Over the 10 years after the introduction of vaccination against mumps in the USSR (in 1981), the incidence decreased approximately 12 times.

For vaccination, a live mumps vaccine (LMV) containing a weakened virus is used. Divaccine and trivaccine can also be used (see. Measles).

Rubella - highly contagious viral infection. Rubella mainly affects children aged 2 to 9 years. At this age, the disease is often asymptomatic and may be unrecognized. In adolescents and adults, rubella is usually more severe. Rubella poses a very serious danger to a pregnant woman, especially in the first trimester. In most cases, the fetus becomes infected, which leads to miscarriage, stillbirth, or the development of congenital rubella syndrome as a result of the formation of severe malformations of the eyes, hearing, heart, brain and other organs.

Vaccinations against rubella are included in the calendars of most countries around the world. Over the 5 years after the introduction of vaccination against rubella in Russia (in 2002), the incidence decreased by more than 15 times. In the United States, the introduction of vaccination against rubella has led to a decrease in cases of congenital disease from several tens of thousands per year to a few.

For vaccination, a live rubella vaccine containing a weakened virus is used. A trivaccine may also be used (see Measles).

Flu is an extremely contagious acute respiratory viral infection, the increased incidence of which is observed annually. Influenza can occur in a fulminant form with the rapid development of viral pneumonia and a high probability of death. With the flu, it is possible to develop bacterial pneumonia, inflammation of the brain (encephalitis), inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis), damage to the kidneys and other organs. The risk group for severe influenza includes the elderly, infants, pregnant women, bedridden patients, and people with chronic heart and lung diseases. From 250 to 500 thousand people die from influenza every year in the world.

The properties of the virus that cause the disease change with each season. A feature of the pathogen is a very frequent change in external antigens - neurominidase (N) and hemagglutinin (H), which determine the subtype (strain) of the virus. Therefore, annual vaccination against seasonal influenza is recommended with a vaccine that contains antigens from the most relevant strains in a given year. The effectiveness of vaccination ranges from 60 to 90% subject to mass immunization. It has been established that mass vaccination also reduces the incidence of disease among the unvaccinated. Long-term analysis shows that in Russia the rise in influenza incidence usually begins in January, reaches a maximum in March and ends in May. Therefore, it is most advisable to carry out vaccination from September to December. According to epidemic indications, vaccinations against individual strains of the virus can be carried out with specially developed vaccines.

Currently, there are mainly 2 types of seasonal influenza vaccines used: inactivated subunit and split vaccines (split vaccines). Subunit vaccines contain the external antigens of the virus. Split vaccines also contain internal antigens that do not change, and thus also provide some protection against strains not included in the vaccine.

CONTRAINDICATIONS TO VACCINATION

Currently, less than 1% of children have permanent contraindications to vaccination. Contraindications do not apply to all vaccines at once, but only to certain ones: they are presented in the table.

Temporary contraindications to vaccination are much more common. Temporary contraindications exist for acute diseases and exacerbations of chronic diseases. In such cases, some time after recovery or remission of a chronic disease, vaccinations can be carried out. A temporary contraindication for the use of live vaccines is pregnancy, as well as transfusion of blood, its components or drugs (immunoglobulins), since vaccination will not be effective.

As scientific data on immunology and vaccinology accumulates, as well as the quality of vaccine preparations improves, the number of contraindications to vaccination decreases. In this regard, many diseases and conditions for which medical exemptions from vaccinations were widely given in previous years are no longer considered permanent contraindications. Such conditions include perinatal damage to the central nervous system (perinatal encephalopathy) and stable neurological conditions (for example, cerebral palsy), congenital malformations, enlarged thymus gland, mild anemia, intestinal dysbiosis. A history of severe illness is also not a contraindication to vaccination. For some diseases, vaccination is not contraindicated, but can only be carried out under certain conditions. For example, in patients with allergic diseases, vaccination in some cases should be carried out while taking medications that prevent exacerbation.

The presence of any serious diseases in relatives cannot serve as a contraindication to vaccination, but if there is a patient with immunodeficiency in the family, then examination of the newborn child is required before administering the BCG vaccine and caution in the future when using live vaccines.

All pros and cons...

Conversations about the necessity and dangers of vaccinations flare up and then die out among parents. There are voices calling for a complete abandonment of broad immunoprophylaxis in order to “preserve the health of children.” But everyone had the opportunity to be convinced: as soon as for some reason the prevention of infectious diseases was weakened, diseases occurred! On the contrary, mass vaccinations managed to significantly reduce the incidence of many dangerous infections and eliminate some (smallpox in a number of countries - polio). In the light of modern knowledge, from the perspective of world science and practice, only a positive answer can be given to the question of the importance of preventive vaccinations for a child’s health.

The effectiveness of vaccination is universally recognized throughout the world - there is no other health program that has produced such impressive results. After all, with the help of vaccinations, it is possible to prevent a significant number of deaths annually, namely, to save up to 4.5 million human lives!

While appreciating the importance of vaccination, is it correct to say that vaccination cannot lead to unwanted reactions? Of course not. But complications from vaccine administration are very rare: no more than one case in hundreds of thousands or even millions of vaccinations. The need and benefits of vaccinations are immeasurably higher than their possible danger.

The question of choosing a vaccination concerns each of us and literally immediately with the arrival of a new family member. Protecting your children from deadly infections by understanding the importance of vaccination is the responsibility of every parent.

When and how to get vaccinated...

Different countries have their own national calendars of preventive vaccinations. In Russia, this calendar was recently updated and provides for mandatory protection of children against 12 infectious diseases:
Hepatitis B
Tuberculosis
Poliomyelitis
Whooping cough
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Corey
Mumps
Rubella
Flu
Pneumococcal infection
Hemophilus influenzae infection (for children at risk)

Special examinations of the child, including blood and urine tests, and even more complex immunological studies are not required before vaccination. All you need is a thorough examination by a pediatrician to rule out an acute disease.

It is important to understand that vaccination is not a whim of doctors, but a real opportunity to protect children from serious, often fatal diseases.

DEAR PARENTS, KNOW: BY VACCINATING YOUR CHILD, YOU PROTECT HIM FROM INFECTIOUS DISEASES.

BY REFUSING TO VACCINATE, YOU RISK THE HEALTH AND LIFE OF YOUR CHILD!

Vaccination - this is the creation of artificial immunity to certain diseases; Currently, this is one of the leading methods of preventing infectious diseases.

In the human body, a vaccine causes a response from the immune system - the formation of its own protective factors - antibodies to a specific infectious agent. This is how specific immunity is formed, and the body becomes immune to this disease. Our immune system has a “good memory”, remembering the previous encounter, quickly produces protective factors and destroys pathogens that have entered the body, preventing the disease from developing.

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Ulyanovsk Region

Regional state budget

professional educational institution

"Ulyanovsk Medical College"

COURSE WORK

Specialty: 060501 Nursing

Topic: “The role of preventive vaccinations in reducing infectious morbidity”

Student: Demidova Anna Valerievna

group 113 mk

Supervisor:

Pavlova Elizaveta Karpovna

Ulyanovsk - 2016

INCONTROL

In modern medicine, the main method of creating active acquired immunity is vaccination (immunoprophylaxis). With the help of vaccination, such a dangerous disease as smallpox was eradicated, and the number of diseases due to polio was reduced to a minimum. Coordination of actions regarding immunoprophylaxis of various ailments is carried out by the World Health Organization (WHO). Vaccination began with the ingenious experiment of E. Jenner, who in 1798 published a work entitled “An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of Variola Vaccine, the Disease Known as Cowpox.” He called the inoculation method vaccination, and the material taken from cowpox - vaccine. However, before a method of combating infectious diseases was scientifically substantiated and developed, a completely new science had to emerge - immunology. This science dates back to 1891, when Louis Pasteur discovered the brilliant principle: “If you reduce the toxicity of a microbe, it turns into a means of protection against the disease caused by it.”

CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL PART

Purpose of the study: Describe the features of immunoprophylaxis.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks must be completed:

1. Study the theoretical aspects of immunoprophylaxis as the basis for the prevention of infectious diseases.

2. Study the characteristic features of measures to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

3. Consider the features of immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases.

1.1 Immunoprophylaxis as the basis for the prevention of infectionsof these diseases

Immunoprophylaxis- a method of individual or mass protection of the population from infectious diseases, by creating or enhancing artificial immunity.

Immunoprophylaxis is:

Specific - against a specific pathogen.

1) Active - creating immunity through the administration of vaccines

2) Passive - creating immunity by administering serum drugs.

Non-specific - activation of the entire immune system

Infectious diseases- widespread diseases caused by a variety of microorganisms, the distinctive features of which are: contagiousness, the presence of an incubation period, the cyclical development of clinical symptoms and the formation of specific immunity .

Preventive vaccinations have led to a decrease in the incidence of polio, measles, whooping cough, mumps, tuberculosis, malaria, typhoid fever and some other diseases .

According to incomplete data, in the structure of infant mortality rates, the total share of infectious diseases (including mortality from pneumonia, acute respiratory diseases, congenital infections) is at least 70%.

Overall improvement of our primary health care delivery system requires serious effort and time. However, we need to ensure effective immunization of our children without waiting for changes in this system. Current health practices and policies everywhere result in many preschool children not receiving vaccinations as scheduled. This situation is primarily caused by existing barriers to effective immunization and numerous missed opportunities for vaccination during children's visits to health care facilities. The shortcomings of today's immunization practices are evidenced by outbreaks of infectious diseases, resulting in rising infant mortality rates that may foreshadow outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases.

1.2 Basicprinciplesimmunoprophylaxis

Vaccinations should be carried out in medical institutions. Before vaccination, the doctor must conduct a thorough analysis of the condition of the child being vaccinated and determine the presence of possible contraindications to vaccination. Simultaneously with the study of the medical history, it is necessary to take into account the epidemiological situation, that is, the presence of infectious diseases in the child’s environment. This is very important, since the addition of infections in the post-vaccination period aggravates its course and can cause various complications. In addition, the production of specific immunity is reduced. If necessary, laboratory examination and consultation with specialists are carried out. Before carrying out a preventive vaccination, a medical examination is carried out to exclude an acute disease, and thermometry is required. A corresponding entry by the doctor (paramedic) about the vaccination is made in the medical documentation. It is recommended to vaccinate, especially with live vaccines, in the morning. Vaccination should be carried out in a sitting or lying position to avoid falling during fainting. Within 1--1.5 hours after vaccination, medical supervision of the child is necessary, due to the possible development of immediate allergic reactions. Then, for 3 days, the child must be observed by a nurse at home or in an organized group. After vaccination with live vaccines, the child is examined by a nurse on the 5th-6th and 10th-11th days, since reactions to the administration of live vaccines occur in the second week after vaccination. It is necessary to warn the parents of the vaccinated person about possible reactions after the vaccine is administered, and recommend an antiallergic diet and a protective regime.

1.4 Consindications for vaccinations

The effectiveness of immunization, along with the quality of the drug, is influenced by the state of the body before vaccination, compliance with the technique and schedule of vaccinations, vaccination coverage of the population and other factors. In this regard, the question of contraindications to immunization arises. It is known that in some cases vaccinations not only do not have an effect, but also negatively affect the health of the vaccinated person. At the same time, an unreasonable expansion of contraindications is unacceptable, since a person left without vaccination is at risk of contracting the corresponding infection. Contraindications to vaccinations in most cases are temporary, so usually immunization of such individuals is postponed for some period of time. The issue of contraindications in each specific case must be decided by a medical specialist, about which a record is made in the history of the child’s development with a clear justification for the medical withdrawal.

Absolute contraindications;

* severe reactions that occurred previously when the same vaccine was administered.

* complications that arose earlier when administering the same vaccine.

* immunodeficiency.

Relative or temporary;

* acute respiratory viral disease (especially if it occurs with high t).

* the presence of certain chronic diseases (vaccination is carried out only after consultation with a specialist).

* premature babies (they begin to be vaccinated subject to stable weight gain).

1.4 Vaccinesnation. The role of vaccination

Preventive vaccinations(vaccination) - the introduction into the human body of medical immunobiological preparations (vaccines and antitoxins) to create specific immunity to infectious diseases.

Types of vaccination:

Single dose (measles, mumps, tuberculosis)

Multiple (poliomyelitis, DPT)

The multiplicity tells you how many times you need to receive the vaccine to develop immunity.

Revaccination is an event aimed at maintaining immunity. Usually carried out several years after vaccination.

The effectiveness of immune vaccination is influenced by the following. factors;

Depending on the vaccine itself (purity of the drug, lifetime of the antigen, dose, frequency of administration)

From the body (state of individual immune reactivity, age, presence of immunodeficiency, condition of the body as a whole, genetics)

Vaccination process - These are changes in homeostasis that occur in the body after the administration of a vaccine drug. It has been established that vaccinating drugs introduced into the body have a multifaceted effect on its various functions, causing their cyclic changes.

In most children, these changes practically do not go beyond physiological fluctuations, last 3-4 weeks and are not clinically manifested. But still, in some cases, reactions may occur that are accompanied by clinical signs. The latter are called in practice post-vaccination reactions. They are, as a rule, of the same type and are more or less characteristic for each type, and when using live vaccines, they are specific.

Vaccine reactions are:

-Local reaction- this is tissue compaction at the site of vaccine administration, not exceeding 8 cm in diameter, redness and mild soreness. These signs develop after administration of the drug and disappear within a few days (1 - 4 days). Occurs in 5 - 20% of children.

-General reactions characterized by fever, malaise, headache, sleep disturbances, and appetite.

1.5 Characteristics of vaccine preparations

To carry out active immunization, various types of biological preparations are used, the main ones being vaccines and toxoids.

Vaccine-- a medical product intended to create immunity to infectious diseases.

Anatoxin(toxoid) - a drug prepared from a toxin that does not have pronounced toxic properties, but is capable of inducing the production of antibodies to the original toxin.

Currently, the following types of vaccines are used to prevent infectious diseases:

1. Vaccines that include whole killed microorganisms, for example, pertussis, typhoid, cholera or inactivated viral vaccines - influenza polio vaccine.

2. Toxoids containing an inactivated toxin produced by the pathogenic microbe, for example, diphtheria, tetanus toxoids.

3. Vaccines consisting of live attenuated viruses: measles, mumps, influenza, polio, etc.

4. Vaccines containing cross-reacting live microorganisms that are immunologically related to the causative agent of a given disease, but when administered to a person, cause a weakened infection that protects against a more severe one. This type includes smallpox vaccine and BCG vaccine.

5. Chemical vaccines consisting of fractions of killed microorganisms (typhoid-paratyphoid, pneumococci, meningococci).

6. Genetically engineered recombinant, subunit, polypeptide, chemically synthesized and other vaccines created using the latest achievements of immunological science, molecular biology and biotechnology. Thanks to these methods, vaccines have already been obtained to prevent hepatitis B, influenza, HIV infection, etc.

7. Associated vaccines, which include several monovaccines. An example of such vaccines currently used for immunization of children is the DTP vaccine, widely used throughout the world, as well as the mumps-measles and rubella-mumps-measles vaccines used in a number of foreign countries.

1.6 Composition of vaccines and control over their quality

Vaccines must include:

1. Active or immunizing antigens;

2. Liquid base;

3. Preservatives, stabilizers, antibiotics;

4. Auxiliary means.

1.7 Prospects for vaccine prevention

According to leading experts, an ideal vaccine should meet the following requirements:

1. Induce lifelong immunity in 100% of vaccinated individuals with a single dose.

2. Be polyvalent, that is, contain antigens against the maximum possible number of infectious diseases.

3. Be safe.

4. Administered orally.

Currently, the vaccines that most closely meet these requirements are those against measles, rubella, mumps, yellow fever, and, to a lesser extent, polio. It is with the introduction of these vaccines that lifelong immunity is created, while reactions to the injection are rare and do not threaten human health.

Thus, strict requirements, many years of production experience, and well-established technologies are a guarantee of the safety of these drugs. Over the past decades, tens of millions of vaccine doses have been administered annually. World and domestic experience in the fight against infectious diseases shows that vaccine prevention is the most accessible means of individual and mass prevention, especially for children.

1.8 Events For warnings distribution infections

In kindergartens, children's homes, groups where children are gathered for supervision, as well as large families, conditions often arise for the spread of infectious diseases. According to the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of the Russian Federation, more than half of all infectious morbidity among children registered in the country occurs in preschool institutions. Therefore, the infectious disease prevention program should be aimed primarily at preventing infection in children in children's institutions.

Conceptually, it should include a system of measures aimed at:

1) prevention of the introduction of an infectious disease into the team,

2) interruption of the spread of an infectious disease in a team,

3) increasing the immunity of children to infectious diseases.

Among the measures aimed at increasing children's immunity to infectious diseases, vaccine prevention is of decisive importance. According to WHO experts, universal immunization at the appropriate age is the best way to prevent many infectious diseases. Immunization is especially important for children in preschool institutions as they are most susceptible to measles, whooping cough, diphtheria, and hepatitis A. Service personnel should also receive all vaccines recommended by the immunization schedule. All staff must be fully vaccinated against diphtheria, tetanus and revaccinated every 10 years. They should also be vaccinated against measles, polio, mumps, and rubella. All employees of preschool institutions and new employees are required to be tested for tuberculosis infection using the Mantoux test.

Thus, to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious disease pathogens in children's institutions, it is necessary to consistently implement the following measures:

1. Strictly observe the principle of maximum separation of groups, avoid crowding, carry out early diagnosis and timely isolation of the source of infection, maintain a high level of sanitary and anti-epidemic regime.

2. Achieve 100% coverage of preventive vaccinations. Modern vaccine preparations are highly immunogenic and weakly reactogenic. All children can be vaccinated against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio, measles, rubella, tuberculosis, and mumps. There are practically no contraindications to the administration of these vaccines. In some cases, if there is a threat of a reaction to the introduction of a relatively reactogenic pertussis component of the DTP vaccine, a weakly reactogenic acellular pertussis vaccine can be used. In children with an immunodeficiency state, in order to avoid complications of the live polio vaccine in the form of vaccine-associated polio.

3. Exercise strict and constant control over the work of the catering department.

4. Staff and children must observe personal hygiene rules.

5. Children infected with pathogens transmitted parenterally (hepatitis B, hepatitis C, cytomegalovirus infection, HIV infection, etc.) can visit an organized children's group, but additional precautions are introduced for them.

Each child care institution must operate according to the rules regulated by state epidemiological surveillance, under the mandatory supervision of a pediatrician and epidemiologist.

1.9 Features of vaccination and the National Vaccination Calendar

Nationalcalendarpreventivevaccinations

Each country, based on its interests, creates its own vaccine prevention scheme, which can and should change, be updated and improved depending on the epidemiological situation in the country and scientific achievements in the field of immunoprophylaxis .

National calendar of preventive vaccinations- a normative legal act establishing the timing and procedure for carrying out preventive vaccinations for citizens. The national calendar of preventive vaccinations includes vaccinations against hepatitis AIN, diphtheria, whooping cough, measles, rubella, polio, tetanus, tuberculosis, mumps, Haemophilus influenzae, influenza.

The calendar of preventive vaccinations should be drawn up taking into account a number of points. First - what must be taken into account is the body’s ability to produce an appropriate immunological response. Second- minimizing the negative effects of the vaccine, that is, its maximum harmlessness.

Rational construction of an immunization schedule should take into account the following conditions:

1. The epidemiological state of the country, determined by the socio-economic, climate-geographical and sanitary conditions in which the population lives.

2. The effectiveness of existing vaccines, the duration of post-vaccination immunity and the need for revaccinations at certain intervals.

3. Age-related immunological characteristics, that is, the ability of children of a certain age to actively produce antibodies, as well as the unfavorable effect of maternal antibodies on the active immunological response of children.

4. Features of allergic reactivity, the body’s ability to respond with an increased reaction to repeated administration of the antigen.

5. Taking into account possible post-vaccination complications.

6. The possibility of simultaneous administration of several vaccines, depending on the established synergy, antagonism and lack of mutual influence of antigens included in various mono- or associated vaccines.

7. Level of healthcare organization in the country and the possibility of providing the necessary immunization .

The immunization schedule in our country begins with vaccination against hepatitis B, for the first 24 hours of life, including children born to healthy mothers and children at risk. The next vaccination, carried out in accordance with the calendar against tuberculosis, is carried out in the first week of life. Then at the age of 2-3 months they are vaccinated against polio. Live oral polio vaccine is used in most countries concurrently with the associated diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine, which is usually given at three months of age. In the period from three to six months, a second vaccination is carried out against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio (according to the vaccination calendar). At 7 months they are vaccinated against hemophilus influenzae, at 12 months against measles and rubella. For a period of up to 24 months, subsequent vaccinations and revaccinations with vaccines are carried out. At 3 - 6 years of age, vaccination against hepatitis A is carried out. At 7 years of age, revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, and the first revaccination against tuberculosis. Currently, the preventive vaccination calendar includes vaccines against 9 diseases. This vaccination is funded by federal funds.

In practice, it often happens that a particular child, for various reasons, violates the generally accepted vaccination regimen. Scientific and practical research has established that missing immunization deadlines does not require repeating the entire series. Immunization must be carried out or continued at any time, as if the immunization schedule had not been violated. In these cases, an individual immunization regimen is developed for the child, taking into account the generally accepted vaccination calendar in the country and taking into account the individual characteristics of the child’s body. .

Currently, the percentage of vaccinated children is approximately 95 - 98%. In order to increase this percentage, conditions are created for the transportation, storage and use of vaccine preparations. Explanatory work is being carried out with the population about the need for preventive vaccinations. However, unresolved issues remain in vaccine prevention. For example, in 1998, insufficient funds were allocated from the budget for vaccination against hepatitis B, which resulted in a large number of cases: 10 per 100 thousand people. Money for the purchase of the vaccine was allocated in 2005. After which the incidence of hepatitis decreased in 2007 by 1.3 compared to 2006, the rate was 5.28 per 100 thousand people.

CHAPTER 2. PRACTICAL PART

immunoprophylaxis infectious disease vaccine

The research work was carried out on the basis State Healthcare Institution "City Children's Clinic No. 1"

Conclusion: Comparing these two graphs, you can see that the majority support immunization, we see that in 2015, the percentage of vaccinations is increasing compared to 2014, we see this in the percentage of vaccinations against tuberculosis, the same situation for diphtheria and polio, which means that people with every year, more and more people understand the significance of this procedure, but the majority treat this method with distrust and wariness, many believe that vaccination is more dangerous than the disease itself, I believe that this is a wrong opinion, since with the advent of vaccination the incidence rate has decreased significantly, through my research work At this facility, I want to clearly show that a large number of people undergo this procedure, and of course there are adverse reactions to the vaccine, but this is much better than getting sick from one of the listed infectious diseases. You need to remember that by not getting preventive vaccinations, you endanger not only yourself, but also your loved ones.

Implementation of a planpreventive vaccinations.

For 2014

Implementation of a planvaccinations on the national calendarpreventive vaccinations.For 2015

Sender's address: Ulyanovsk, Aviastroiteley Avenue 5

ZCONCLUSION

Immunoprophylaxis is the most important function in the fight against infectious diseases of children from 0 to 7 years old, and therefore for the health of the nation. According to WHO experts, universal immunization at the appropriate age is the best way to prevent many infectious diseases. Immunization is especially important for preschool children as they are the most susceptible to measles, whooping cough, diphtheria, and hepatitis A. Thanks to targeted work on immunoprophylaxis in Russia, it has been possible to achieve the absence of incidence of a number of vaccine-preventable infections. Indicators of preventive vaccination coverage among children in some regions of our country have improved to 98-99%. Vaccination is one of the best means to protect children against infectious diseases that caused serious illness before vaccinations were available. It is important to make sure that children are immunized at the correct time, in full compliance with regulatory documents, the national calendar of preventive vaccinations, with the use of high-quality drugs and necessarily qualified medical personnel, in specially equipped premises, be it a clinic, kindergarten or maternity hospital. All the prerequisites for further improvement of immunoprophylaxis exist; new vaccines and new technologies are being developed. Modern vaccine preparations are highly immunogenic and weakly reactogenic. It is necessary to achieve 100% coverage of preventive vaccinations for all children starting from their birth. Conduct outreach work with the population about the need for preventive vaccinations, both at the local and state levels, through global popularization of vaccine prevention. Ideally, immunoprophylaxis should be an integral part of a set of measures to protect the child’s health, supported by the state from the financial, logistical, scientific and legislative sides. This is the ultimate goal that, if pursued, will lead to the best model of primary disease prevention that can exist within a healthcare system.

LIST OF REFERENCES USED

1. Federal Law “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases” dated September 17, 2011 No. 157//http://www.privivki.ru/law/fed/main htm

2. Order “On the National Calendar of Preventive Vaccinations for Epidemic Indications.” //http://www.lawmix.ru/med.php?id=224

3. Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation “On additional immunization of the population of the Russian Federation.” //http://www.rg.ru/2005/11/29/privivki.html

APPLICATIONS

Order No. 51n dated January 31, 2011

On approval of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications

Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia No. 51n dated January 31, 2011

Appendix No. 1

National calendar of preventive vaccinations

Posted on Allbest.ru

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Today, throughout the world, vaccination is considered the most effective measure for the prevention of infectious diseases.
Infectious disease provides a person with immunity or immunity against a particular disease. And if there is no immunity, a person can be attacked by an infection at any moment. The vaccine is aimed both at eliminating infectious diseases (smallpox, polio, measles) and preventing complications and severe forms of diseases (diphtheria, influenza, viral hepatitis B). Today, 85% of diseases are mild. Severe cases occur primarily in people who have not been vaccinated with the vaccine. An indisputable fact: vaccination is the most powerful method of combating infectious pathology. When you compare the side effects of vaccinations with the diseases they are intended to prevent, the safety and effectiveness of vaccinations becomes clear. By obtaining artificial active immunity, disability and mortality can be prevented and the transmission of infections can be limited. Immunization begins from the first days of a child’s life - already in the maternity hospital, our children receive vaccinations against hepatitis and tuberculosis. Every person needs and has a right to be protected from vaccine-preventable diseases.
Remember when you were vaccinated yourself and get vaccinated! Protect yourself and your loved ones! Immunobiological preparations for immunization of the population undergo strict control. Any drug is tested for reactogenicity - the ability to cause complications and immunogenicity - the ability to provide full protection. There are no absolute contraindications to vaccination; there may only be temporary ones, determined by the state of the person’s health at the time of vaccination. If a person has any allergic manifestations, then vaccination is carried out against the background of special drugs. In any case, vaccination is always carried out after a medical examination. There may also be acceptable pronounced reactions - fever, headaches, aches. Complications from vaccination are extremely rare, maybe one in a million cases, but complications from the infectious disease itself are many times larger and more serious. According to the WHO Regional Office for Europe, routine immunization against diseases such as polio, tetanus, diphtheria and whooping cough saves the lives of approximately three million people worldwide every year. In addition, it relieves millions of people from the suffering associated with debilitating diseases. The more people vaccinated, the more lives will be saved. Medical workers are convinced that modern vaccine preparations do not aggravate most diseases, develop immunity in people and reduce the risk of exacerbation of existing chronic diseases, and of course, each person should decide the issue of vaccinations with their local doctor.

Updated 25.04.2016 25.04.2016