List of new generation broad-spectrum antibiotics: what diseases are treated with their help. List of modern antibiotics and their use List of popular antibiotics

Tabex - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of medications for the treatment of nicotine addiction and smoking cessation.

Tavanik - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of a medicinal product for the treatment of prostatitis, cystitis and pyelonephritis.

Tavegil - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of medications for the treatment of allergies.

Tagista - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of the drug for the treatment of dizziness, tinnitus and Meniere's disease.

Tadalafil - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of the drug for the treatment of impotence and enhancing erection or potency in men.

Tazalok - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of a medicinal product for the treatment of menopause, premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in women.

Tazocin - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of medications for the treatment of bronchitis, pneumonia, cholecystitis.

Tyverb - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of a medicinal product for the treatment of breast or breast cancer.

Tyverb - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of the drug for the treatment of breast or breast cancer.

Talcid - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of medicines for the treatment of stomach ulcers, gastritis, dyspepsia, heartburn, belching.

Tamiflu - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of medications for the treatment and prevention of influenza.

Tamoxifen - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of the drug for the treatment of breast, ovarian and kidney cancer.

Tamsulosin - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of medications for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Tanakan - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of a medicinal product for the treatment of cerebrovascular disorders.

Tantum - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of the drug for the treatment of sore throat, candidiasis, stomatitis and other infectious diseases.

Tardiferon - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of a medicinal product for the treatment of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia.

Tasigna - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of a medicinal product for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia.

Taurine - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of a medicinal product for the treatment of cataracts and diabetes.

Taufon - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of a medicinal product for the treatment of injuries and dystrophies of the cornea, cataracts.

Tafen - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of medicines for the treatment of polyps, runny nose or rhinitis, including allergic ones.

Twinsta - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of a medicinal product for the treatment of hypertension and blood pressure reduction.

Tebantin - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of a medicinal product for the treatment of epilepsy, seizures, neuropathic pain in neuralgia and polyneuropathy.

Texamen - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of a medicinal product for the treatment of arthritis, neuralgia and myalgia.

Telzap - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of medications for the treatment of essential hypertension and blood pressure reduction.

Telfast - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of the drug for the treatment of urticaria, rhinitis and other manifestations of allergies.

Tempalgin - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of an anesthetic drug for the treatment of headaches and toothaches.

Tenikam - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of medications for the treatment of pain due to rheumatoid arthritis, migraines, arthrosis, neuralgia, gout, injuries.

Tenorik - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of the drug for the treatment of arterial hypertension and blood pressure reduction.

Tenoten - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of the drug for the treatment of neuroses, stress and psychosomatic diseases.

Teopek - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of medications for the treatment of bronchial asthma, obstructive bronchitis, COPD.

Teravit - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of a medicinal product for the treatment of vitamin deficiency and vitamin deficiency.

Teraligen - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of medications for the treatment of neuroses and sleep disorders.

Teraflex - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of medications for the treatment of arthrosis and osteochondrosis.

Theraflu - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of a medicinal product for the treatment of flu and colds.

Terbix - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of medications for the treatment of nail and skin fungus, versicolor, inguinal athlete's foot.

Terbinafine - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of medication for the treatment of skin and nail fungus.

Terzhinan - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of a medicinal product for the treatment of thrush (candidiasis), vaginitis, vaginosis, trichomoniasis and other infections of the female genital area.

Terizidone - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of medication for the treatment of various forms of tuberculosis of the lungs and other organs.

Thermikon - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of a medicinal product for the treatment of nail and skin fungus, lichen versicolor.

Thermopsol - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of a medicinal product for the treatment of cough with viscous sputum in bronchitis, tracheitis.

Tetracycline - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of the drug for the treatment of bronchitis, acne (pimples), blepharitis and conjunctivitis.

Teturam - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of a medicinal product for the treatment of chronic alcoholism and elimination of cravings for alcohol.

Tiberal - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of the drug for the treatment of giardiasis, amoebiasis.

Tivicay - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of a drug for the treatment of HIV infection.

Tienam - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of the drug for the treatment of infectious diseases.

Tizalud - instructions for use of a muscle relaxant, reviews and analogues of a drug for the treatment of spasms of the spinal muscles in osteochondrosis, stroke.

Tizin - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of the drug for the treatment of the common cold.

Tiklid - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of the drug for the prevention of thrombosis and blood clot formation, treatment of angina pectoris.

Tiloron - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of an antiviral drug for the treatment and prevention of influenza, hepatitis, herpes.

Timalin - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of a medicinal product for the treatment of immunodeficiency, purulent and viral diseases.

Thymogen - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of a medicinal product for the treatment of dermatitis, infections and immunodeficiency conditions.

Timolol - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of medications for the treatment of primary and secondary glaucoma or lowering intraocular pressure.

Tinidazole - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of the drug for the treatment of giardiasis, trichomoniasis and amoebiasis.

Thiogamma - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of a medicinal product for the treatment of diabetic and alcoholic polyneuropathy.

Thioctacid - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of medications for the treatment of cirrhosis, hepatitis and fatty liver.

Thiotriazolin - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of a drug for the treatment of hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver.

Thiocetam - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of the drug for the treatment of stroke, encephalopathies and other ischemic disorders.

Thyrocomb - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of the drug for the treatment of hypothyroidism, euthyroid goiter and the prevention of its relapse in case of iodine deficiency.

Thyrotom - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of the drug for the treatment of hypothyroidism and goiter.

Tyrosol - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of a drug for the treatment of thyrotoxicosis.

Tobradex - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of the drug for the treatment of conjunctivitis, blepharitis and keratitis.

Tobrex - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of medications for the treatment of conjunctivitis, blepharitis and keratitis.

Tolperisone - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of medications for the treatment of epilepsy, seizures, spasms, parkinsonism.

Tongkat Ali Platinum - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of the drug to increase potency in men and women.

Tonsilgon N - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of a medicinal product for the treatment of tonsillitis, sore throat and pharyngitis.

Tonsilotren - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of a medicinal product for the treatment of sore throat and chronic tonsillitis.

Topalepsin - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of the drug for the treatment of epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and migraine prevention.

Topral - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of medications for the treatment of schizophrenia, psychosis and delusional disorders.

Torvacard - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of medications for lowering cholesterol levels and preventing cardiovascular diseases.

Toreal - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of a medicinal product for the treatment of epilepsy and the prevention of migraine attacks.

Torekan - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of the drug for the treatment of vestibular disorders, against motion sickness and for the relief of nausea and vomiting.

Torin - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of an antidepressant drug for the treatment of depression and panic disorders.

Tornetis - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of a medicinal product for the treatment of erectile dysfunction, decreased potency or impotence in men.

Tofacitinib - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of the drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Travisil - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of the drug for the treatment of cough and relief of symptoms of colds and acute respiratory infections.

Traykor - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of a statin drug for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and lowering cholesterol.

Tramadol - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of the drug for the treatment of pain and analgesia.

Tramal - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of the drug for pain relief.

Tranexam - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of the drug for the treatment of bleeding during operations, during menstruation.

Transipeg - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of a medicine with a laxative effect for the treatment of constipation.

Transulose - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of medications for the treatment of constipation.

Traumeel S - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of a medicinal product for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and post-traumatic conditions.

Trekrezan - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of the drug for the treatment and prevention of ARVI, influenza, immunodeficiency.

Trexil - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of a medicinal product for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, neurodermatitis and eczema.

Trental - instructions for use, reviews and analogues of the drug for the treatment of circulatory disorders and trophic disorders.

Tretinoin - instructions for use, analogues and reviews of medications for the treatment of acne or pimples, promyelocytic leukemia.

One of the most important problems of antimicrobial therapy is the irrational use of antibacterial drugs, which contributes to the widespread spread of drug-resistant flora.

New mechanisms of bacterial resistance and the lack of results from the use of classical, previously effective drugs force pharmacologists to constantly work on new, effective antibiotics.

The advantage of using broad-spectrum agents is explained by the fact that they can be prescribed as initial therapy for infections with an unspecified pathogen. This is especially important in severe, complicated diseases, when days or even hours count and the doctor does not have the opportunity to wait for the results of cultures for the pathogen and sensitivity.

Selection of antibiotics in alphabetical order:

Zerbaxa ®

is the trade name for the combination of ceftolozane (5th generation) and tazobactam (a beta-lactamase inhibitor).

It will be used to eradicate highly resistant types of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conducted studies have proven its high effectiveness in the treatment of severe complicated infections. urinary tract and intra-abdominal infections. Sr-vo has low levels of toxicity in comparison with polymyxins and. With mixed flora, its combination with metronidazole is possible.

Avikaz ®

is a combination (antipseudomonal cephalosporin 3rd generation) and avibactam (beta-lactamase inhibitor).

Will be prescribed if there is no alternative for intra-abdominal infections, as well as inf. urinary tract and kidneys. Highly effective against gram pathogens. Also works well with metronidazole. Studies have confirmed its high effectiveness against strains resistant to carbapenems and capable of producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases.

Of the newest cephalosporins, Zeftera ® has been registered in Russia

The solution is highly effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and gram pathogens.

Can be used as monotherapy for severe community-acquired and hospital-acquired pneumonia. Zeftera ® is also used for severe infections. skin, including diabetic foot.

Cyclic lipopeptides

A new class represented by the natural antimicrobial agent Daptomycin ® (trade name Cubitsin ®).

Daptomycin ® is highly effective for endocarditis, meningitis, osteomyelitis, staphylococcal sepsis and complicated infections of the skin and subcutaneous fat.

Active against MSSA and MRSA strains. That is, it can be used for diseases caused by gram+ multidrug-resistant flora resistant to methicillin, vancomycin and linezolid.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics in tablets

Lincosamides

New antibiotics of the lincosamide class are represented by the chlorinated derivative of lincomycin - clindamycin:

• Dalacin C ® (in addition to oral, it also has an injection form);
• ClindaHexal ® .

Depending on the concentration, they can act both bacteriostatically and bactericidally. The spectrum of activity includes most gram+ and gram- pathogens. The medicine has no effect on enterococci, hemolytic bacillus, legionella and mycoplasma.

Macrolides

Now there are 3 generations of macrolide class antibiotics. Of the representatives of the third, the following apply:

• Josamycin (Vilprafen ®);
• Midecamycin (Macropen ®);
• Spiramycin (Rovamycin ®).

Despite the fact that Azithromycin ®, a broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribed in short courses (3 tablets), cannot be called a representative of the new generation, its effectiveness still allows it to be on the list of the most consumed antimicrobial drugs.

Representatives of the class obtained as a result of changes in the marolid molecule are:

• ketolides;
• streptogramins.

The group of ketolides is represented by telithromycin (trade name Ketek ®). Sensitive flora is similar to classical macrolides, however, it is more active against cocci that are insensitive to lincosamines and streptogramins. Used for respiratory infections.

Streptogramins are active in diseases caused by staphylococci and streptococci, Haemophilus influenzae, methicillin-resistant staphylococci, and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Indicated for out-of-hospital and nosocomial pneumonia, as well as inf. skin and subcutaneous fat, associated multidrug-resistant gram+ bacteria.

Class representatives:

• Quinupristin ® + Dalfopristin ® (combination of two streptogramins);
• Pristinamycin ® (Piostacin ®) is an antistaphylococcal agent.

The newest macrolide, solithromycin ® (from the Cempra ® campaign), claimed to be an effective treatment for community-acquired pneumonia, has not yet been registered.

If the FDA approves its release, it could give rise to a new, fourth generation of macrolides.

The best broad-spectrum antibiotics for empirical treatment of life-threatening diseases with an unspecified pathogen.

Carbapenems

They have only an injection form of release. They belong to the group of beta-lactams, have structural similarities to penicillins and cephalosporins, but are distinguished by a high level of resistance to the action of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and high efficiency against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, non-spore-forming anaerobes and bacteria resistant to representatives of the third and fourth generations of cephalosporins.

These are powerful drugs that belong to the reserve group and are prescribed for severe hospital infections. As first-line empirical therapy, they can be prescribed only for life-threatening diseases with an unspecified pathogen.

However, they are not effective against:

• MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus);
• Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (Gram-negative non-fermenting bacteria that cause nosocomial infections);
• Burkholderia cepacia (opportunistic microorganisms that cause severe community- and hospital-acquired infections).

The most powerful broad-spectrum antibiotics from the carbapenem group are Ertapenem ® and Doripenem ®.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics in ampoules (injections)

Invanz ® (Ertapenem-Eleas ®)

The active ingredient is Ertapenem ®. The area of ​​antimicrobial influence includes gram + aerobes and facultative gram – anaerobes.

It is resistant to penicillinases, cephalosporinases and extended spectrum beta-lactamases. Highly active against staphylococci (including strains producing penicillinase) and streptococci, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella, Proteus, Moraxella, Escherichia coli, etc.

It can be considered a universal remedy against strains resistant to penicillins, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides. The mechanism of bactericidal effect is due to its ability to bind to penicillin-binding proteins and irreversibly inhibit the synthesis of the cell wall of pathogens.

Cmax concentrations in blood plasma are observed 50 minutes after the end of the infusion, with intramuscular administration - after 1.5-2 hours.

The half-life is approximately 4 hours. In patients with renal failure, the duration is almost twofold. It is excreted mainly in urine, up to ten percent is excreted in feces.

Dose adjustment is carried out in case of renal failure. Liver failure and old age do not require changes in recommended dosages.

Used for severe:

• pyelonephritis and inf. urinary tract;
• infection pelvic diseases, endometritis, postoperative infections and septic abortions;
• bacterial lesions of the skin and soft tissues, including diabetic foot;
• pneumonia;
• septicemia;
• abdominal infections.

Invanz is contraindicated:

• with intolerance to beta-lactams;
• up to eighteen years of age;
• with diarrhea;
• while breastfeeding.

Intramuscular administration of lidocaine is prohibited for patients with hypersensitivity to amide anesthetics, low blood pressure and impaired intracardiac conduction.

When using Invanza ®, it is necessary to take into account the risk of developing severe pseudomembranous colitis, therefore, if diarrhea occurs, the drug is immediately discontinued.

The safety of use during pregnancy has not been studied, so prescribing to pregnant women is permissible only as a last resort, in the absence of a safe alternative.

There are also no adequate studies on safe use in children, so use under 18 years of age is possible strictly for health reasons, in the absence of alternative drugs. Used in a minimal course until the condition stabilizes, at a dosage of 15 mg/kg per day, divided into two administrations (up to 12 years of age) and 1 gram once a day for children over 12 years of age.

Side effects of Ertapenem ® may occur:

• antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis;
• post-infusion phlebitis;
• dyspeptic disorders;
• allergic (anaphylactic) reactions;
• arterial hypotension;
• dysbacteriosis and candidiasis;
• change in taste;
• increased liver transaminases;
• hyperglycemia;
• thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, anemia, monocytosis;
• erythrocyturia, bacteriuria.

Dosages of Invanza ®

For intravenous infusion, it is diluted with 0.9% saline, the minimum administration time is half an hour. For intramuscular injections, 1-2% lidocaine ® is used.

It is administered once a day in a dose of 1 gram. The duration of treatment ranges from three to 14 days and depends on the severity of the inflammatory process and its location. When the condition stabilizes, a transfer to tablet antibiotics is indicated.

Doriprex ® (Doribax ®)

The active substance is Doripenem ®. This is a synthetic antimicrobial drug with bactericidal activity.

Structurally similar to other beta-lactams. The mechanism of activity is due to the inactivation of penicillin-binding proteins and inhibition of the synthesis of cell wall components. Effective against gram + aerobes and gram – anaerobes.

Resistant to beta-lactamases and penicillinases, weakly resistant to hydrolysis by extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. The resistance of some strains is due to enzymatic inactivation of Doripenem and a decrease in the permeability of the bacterial wall.

Enterococcus faecium, legionella, and methicillin-resistant staphylococci are resistant to the product. Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas aeruginosa can develop acquired resistance.

Doripenem is prescribed for:

• nosocomial pneumonia;
• severe intra-abdominal infections;
• complicated inf. urinary system;
• pyelonephritis, with a complicated course and bacteremia.

Contraindicated:

• children under eighteen years of age;
• with hypersensitivity to beta-lactams;
• for diarrhea and colitis;
• breastfeeding.

Prescribed to pregnant women with caution, for health reasons in the absence of an alternative.

Side effects may include:

• headache;
• vomiting, nausea;
• phlebitis at the injection site;
• an increase in liver transaminases;
• colitis and diarrhea;
• anaphylactic shock, itching, rash, toxic epidermal necrolysis;
• dysbacteriosis, fungal infection of the oral and vaginal mucosa;
• neutropenia and thrombocytopenia.

Dosages and duration of treatment with Doriprex ®

Doripenem is administered at a dose of five hundred milligrams every eight hours. The duration of the infusion should be at least an hour. For nosocomial pneumonia, the dose may be increased to 1000 mg. Doriprex ® is administered in 0.9% saline or 5% glucose.

The duration of treatment ranges from five to 14 days and depends on the severity of the disease and the location of the bacterial focus.

When the patient's condition is stabilized, a transition to tableted antibacterial drugs is made. Dose adjustment is necessary for patients with impaired renal function. Liver failure and old age are not indications for dose reduction.

Cheap broad-spectrum antibiotics

Chain ®

The Russian medicine, produced by the Synthesis AKOMP ® campaign, will cost the buyer about 120 rubles per bottle. This is a fairly inexpensive analogue of Maximim ®, made in the USA (400 rubles per 1 gram bottle).

The active substance is cefepime ®. Refers to 4th generation cephalosporins. and has broad bactericidal activity. The mechanism of influence on pathogens is due to disruption of the synthesis processes of microbial wall components.

Cefepime ® is effective against gram- and gram+ pathogens that are resistant to aminoglycoside drugs and third-generation cephalosporins. Of staphylococci, only methicillin-sensitive types are sensitive; other strains are resistant to its action. Also, the solution has no effect on enterococci and clostridia.

The drug is resistant to bacterial beta-lactamases.

Capable of creating high concentrations in:

• bronchial secretions and sputum;
• bile and gallbladder walls;
• appendix and peritoneal fluid;
• prostate.

The drug has high bioavailability and absorption. The half-life is approximately two hours. Dose adjustment is carried out only in persons with renal failure.

The list of indications for the use of Tsepim includes:

• moderate to severe pneumonia;
• febrile fever;
• complicated urinary tract infections;
• heavy pyelonephritis;
• intra-abdominal inf. with complications (combined with 5-nitroimidazal derivatives - metronidazole);
• infection skin and subcutaneous fat caused by staphylo- and streptococci sensitive to the drug;
• meningitis;
• sepsis.

Also, it can be prescribed to prevent septic postoperative complications.

Tsepim ® can be used for empirical treatment of diseases caused by an unspecified pathogen. Also prescribed for mixed infections (anaerobic-aerobic flora) in combination with antianaerobic drugs.

Cefepime ® is contraindicated:

• persons with intolerance to beta-lactams and L-arginine;
• children up to two months of age (intravenously);
• patients under 12 years of age (intramuscular).

Prescribe with caution to patients with a history of pseudomembranous colitis, ulcerative colitis, renal failure, pregnant and breastfeeding women.

Possible side effects include:

• phlebitis at the injection site;
• dyspeptic disorders;
• anxiety, headache;
• thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, neutropenia;
• jaundice, increased liver transaminases;
• allergies;
• tremors and seizures;
• candidiasis and dysbacteriosis.

Doses of the drug

The dosage, route of administration and duration of therapy depend on the severity of the disease, the location of the bacterial focus and the state of renal function.

As a rule, one to two grams of the drug is administered intravenously every 12 hours. With inf. urinary tract, intramuscular administration is possible.

For febrile fever, 2 grams are prescribed every eight hours. Applies from seven to 10 days. In case of infection with a severe course, the course may be extended.

Babies older than two months are prescribed 50 mg/kg twice a day. For neutropenia - three times a day.

On our website you can get acquainted with most groups of antibiotics, complete lists of drugs included in them, classifications, history and other important information. For this purpose, a section “” has been created in the top menu of the site.

Today even primary school children know what antibiotics are. However, the term “broad-spectrum antibiotics” sometimes confuses even adults and raises many questions. How wide is the spectrum? What antibiotics are these? And, yes, it seems that there are also narrow-spectrum drugs that may not help?

The most surprising thing is that even the all-knowing Internet often cannot help and dispel the fog of doubt. In this article we will try to slowly and methodically figure out what kind of broad-spectrum antibiotics they are, what bacteria they act on, as well as when, how and how many times a day they are used.

The diverse world of bacteria

And we will start from the very beginning - with microbes. Bacteria make up the majority of prokaryotes - single-celled living organisms without a clearly defined nucleus. It was bacteria that first populated the lonely Earth millions of years ago. They live everywhere: in soil, water, acidic hot springs and radioactive waste. Descriptions of about 10 thousand species of bacteria are known, but it is estimated that their number reaches a million.

And of course, bacteria live in the bodies of plants, animals and humans. Relationships between lower unicellular organisms and higher multicellular organisms can be different - both friendly, mutually beneficial for partners, and openly hostile.

A person cannot exist without “good”, correct bacteria that form the microflora. However, along with valuable bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, microbes that cause a wide variety of diseases enter our bodies.

The microflora also includes so-called opportunistic microorganisms. Under favorable conditions, they do no harm, but as soon as our immunity decreases, these yesterday’s friends turn into vicious enemies. In order to somehow understand the host of bacteria, doctors proposed classifying them.

Gram- and Gram+: deciphering the puzzle

The most famous division of microbes is very often mentioned in pharmacies, clinics, and in drug annotations. And just as often, the living average patient does not understand what we are actually talking about. Let's figure out together what these mysterious expressions gram+ and gram- mean, without which not a single description of the action of antibiotics is complete?

Back in 1885, the Dane Hans Gram decided to stain sections of lung tissue to make the bacteria more visible. The scientist found that the causative agent of typhus, Salmonella typhi, did not change color, while other microorganisms were exposed to the chemical.

The most famous classification today is based on the ability of bacteria to stain according to Gram. A group of bacteria that do not change color are called gram-negative. The second category is called gram-positive, that is, Gram-staining microorganisms.

Gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens: who is who?

Another, no less important classification of antibiotics breaks down drugs according to their spectrum of action and structure. Again, to understand the complex paragraphs of instructions explaining the spectrum of activity and belonging to a specific group, you need to get to know the microbes better.

Gram-positive bacteria include cocci, that is, spherical microorganisms, including numerous families of staphylococci and streptococci. In addition, clostridia, corynebacteria, listeria, and enterococci belong to this group. Gram-positive pathogens most often cause infectious diseases of the nasopharynx, respiratory tract, ear, as well as inflammatory processes of the eye.

Gram-negative bacteria are a not so numerous group of microorganisms that mainly cause intestinal infections, as well as diseases of the genitourinary tract. Much less commonly, gram-negative pathogens are responsible for respiratory tract pathologies. These include Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella (the causative agent of diphtheria), Pseudomonas, Moraxella, Legionella, Klebsiella, Proteus.

Among gram-negative microorganisms there are also causative agents of severe hospital infections. These microbes are difficult to treat - in hospital conditions they develop special resistance to most antibiotics. Therefore, special, often intramuscular or intravenous, broad-spectrum antibiotics are used to treat such infectious diseases.

Empirical therapy is based on this “separation” of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, which involves selecting an antibiotic without prior culture, that is, practically “by eye.” As practice shows, in the case of “standard” diseases, this approach to choosing a drug is completely justified. If the doctor has doubts about whether the pathogen belongs to one group or another, prescribing broad-spectrum antibiotics will help “get the ball in the air.”

Broad spectrum antibiotics: the whole army is at gunpoint

So, we come to the most interesting part. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are a universal antibacterial medicine. Whatever the pathogen is the source of the disease, broad-spectrum antibacterial agents will have a bactericidal effect and defeat the microbe.

As a rule, broad-spectrum drugs are used when:

• treatment is prescribed empirically, that is, based on clinical symptoms. When selecting an antibiotic empirically, time and money are not wasted on identifying the pathogen. The microbe that caused the disease will forever remain unknown. This approach is appropriate in the case of common infections, as well as fast-acting dangerous diseases. For example, with purulent meningitis, death can be a foregone conclusion literally within a few hours if antibiotic therapy is not started immediately after the first signs of the disease;
• pathogens are resistant to narrow-spectrum antibiotics;
• a superinfection has been diagnosed, in which several types of bacteria are the culprits of the disease;
• prevention of infection after surgical interventions is carried out.

List of broad-spectrum antibiotics

Let's try to name by name those antibacterial drugs that have a wide spectrum of activity:

• antibiotics of the penicillin group: , Ampicillin, Ticarcycline;
• antibiotics of the tetracycline group: Tetracycline;
• fluoroquinolones: Levofloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Ciprofloxacin;
• Aminoglycosides: Streptomycin;
• Amphenicols: Chloramphenicol (Levomycetin);
• Carbapenems: Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem.

As you can see, the list of broad-spectrum antibiotics is not very large. And we will begin a detailed description of drugs with probably the most popular group - penicillin antibiotics.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics of the new generation, the list of which is growing every year, are a group of medications whose purpose is to destroy bacteria and viruses. The most famous antibiotic is penicillin, which was discovered by A. Fleming back in 1928. Gradually, new antibacterial agents were created based on penicillin. They are currently used to treat diseases that were considered incurable several decades ago.

Effect of new drugs

Broad-spectrum antibiotics of the newest generation are medications aimed at eliminating infections and the diseases that these infections caused. They allow you to speed up the treatment of the disease, alleviate the course of the disease, and reduce the number of deaths. Some drugs (penicillin, ) block the development of the outer cell membrane of bacteria. Other antibiotics (tetracyclines and) completely stop protein production in bacterial cells.

The list of medications is divided according to the principle of antibacteriality of drugs. The annotation must indicate in which area the antibiotic is most active. Some drugs are aimed at destroying a specific bacterium, while others are active in many cases of infection by various bacteria. If the disease develops too actively or the nature of the infection is not known, then a drug with a wide spectrum of effects is prescribed.
IMPORTANT! From all the variety of antibiotics, it is impossible to choose the right one on your own. This should only be done by the attending physician, otherwise self-prescribing antibiotics can cause significant harm to your health.
There are two types of bacteria that antibiotics can treat:

1. Gram-negative. They become the cause of diseases of the genitourinary, respiratory and intestinal systems.
2. Gram-positive. Provoke infection of wounds. Because of them, inflammatory processes occur after surgery.

Antibacterial agents are divided into 2 groups. One destroys bacteria and viruses, and the second suppresses their effect on the human body and prevents them from multiplying. Both groups of drugs act selectively and do not affect healthy cells.

List of antibiotics

There are original drugs and their copies (so-called generics). It's better to choose originals. Although they are more expensive, they are safe and the treatment will be effective.

There is no doubt that antibiotics are effective in treating diseases that caused death just a few decades ago. This is man's greatest discovery. But viruses and bacteria are able to adapt to therapy with old drugs. Therefore, we have to invent new generations of medicines.

New generation antibacterial agents with a wide spectrum of action have fewer side effects, they are safe, easy to use, and are available in various forms.
It is impossible to single out the most effective drug; all of them will be effective in a certain situation.
The list of broad-spectrum antibiotics includes the following medications:

• Antipseudomonas and natural penicillins;
• macrolides;
• nitrofurans;
• sulfonamides;
• tetracyclines;
• quinolones;
• fluoride;
• 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins.

This list includes the oldest generation of drugs and the newest very strong drugs.

Forms of release of antibacterial drugs

Antibiotics are prescribed for periodonitis, syphilis, boils, pneumonia, and skin infections. They are produced in tablet form, in the form of suppositories, powders, capsules.

List of new antibiotics in powder and injection forms

Strong, fast-acting medications are most often administered either intravenously or intramuscularly. Due to the injection, the medicine does not enter the stomach, the effect on its mucous membrane is prevented and the microflora is not destroyed. This is how the medicine immediately begins to act. The list of new medications for injection is extensive.

These include:

• aminopenicillins resistant to beta-lactamase, for example Sulbactam;
• carbapenems (Imipinem-cilastatin, Ertapenem);
• third and fourth generation cephalosporins Cefoperazone; Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Cefpirome;
• 3rd generation aminoglycoside antibiotics Amikacin and Netilmicin.

Tablets and capsules

Such drugs are prescribed during pregnancy and childhood. It is believed that they are not harmful to health; the use of the tablet form is more gentle than injections. Modern antibiotics of the latest generation in capsules or tablets are produced in almost the same quantities as powders and injection solutions. These include:

• fluoroquinols 3 and 4 generations (Moxifloxacin, Gatifloxacin);
• macrolides (Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Roxithromycin, Amoxicillin);
• macrolides of natural origin (Sparfloxacin, Levofloxacin, Midecamycin);
• nitrofurans – (Nitrofurantoin, Ersefuril);
• 4th generation antibiotics (Posaconazole, Voriconazole, Ravuconazole).

Sometimes doctors prefer narrow-spectrum antibiotics, since they do not affect the integrity of the intestinal microflora and have fewer side effects.

Use of antibiotics for various diseases

There is a huge list of antibiotics for adults. The table shows the main medications used in the treatment of various diseases.

Disease. Names of antibiotics used

Diseases of the female urinary and reproductive system
Antibacterial agents are used in gynecology to treat inflammatory processes associated with the female genital area. Thrush and vaginitis are treated with Monural, Furamag. If the disease is accompanied by complications, then Levofloxacin and Ofloxacin are prescribed. To eliminate a urinary tract infection, you need to take a course of Metronidazole and Nalidixic acid.

Inflammation of the maxillary sinuses
For sinusitis, Cefachlor and Cefixime are prescribed. If the disease is accompanied by complications, the doctor prescribes Azithromycin, Macropen.

Staphylococcus
When the body is affected by staphylococcus, Bactroban ointment is used. It prevents the appearance of new bacteria, and those that live inside the body become weak and die.

Angina
For tonsillitis, Azitral, Spiramycin, and Erythromycin are used.

Colds, flu, ARVI
Macrolides are prescribed, which are considered the safest among antibiotics. These are Erythromycin, Leukomycin, Rulid, Sumamed, Clarithromycin, Aziromycin. Cefamandole is also prescribed, which has a powerful bactericidal effect and is highly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.

Dental problems
Dentists prescribe antibacterial agents for acute inflammation and to prevent purulent processes, if the patient undergoing surgery suffers from vascular problems, decompensated diabetes, or renal failure. Ampiox, Gentamicin, Syntomycin, Doxycycline are usually prescribed. The most commonly used drug in dentistry is the long-acting drug Lincomycin. It accumulates in the bones and acts for a long time, which is very good when performing complex operations.

Diseases of the urinary system
Cystitis, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis are treated with Canephron, Palin, Nolicin. These same drugs are also suitable for eliminating other urological problems. For cystitis, Ionural, Norbactin, Unidox Solutab are prescribed.

For urinary tract infections, Miconazole, Fluconazole, Ketoconazole are prescribed. For pyelonephritis, an antibiotic consisting of nitrofurans, cephalosporins, and fluoroquinolones is prescribed. If the disease proceeds normally, cephalosporins are used, if the condition worsens, then cephalosporins are used.

Pneumonia and bronchitis
For bronchitis, Erythromycin and Penicillin are prescribed. But other components must be added to Penicillin, since it has long been used for treatment and bacteria have adapted to it.

Penicillin is usually used in conjunction with Augmentin and Cefuroxime. For bronchitis and pneumonia, an individual treatment regimen is drawn up, which combines different types of medications to kill more bacteria. Most often, bronchodilators are added.

In case of complicated and prolonged course of bronchitis, Ceftriaxone plus Azithromycin is prescribed, which is sometimes replaced with Clarithromycin, Midecamycin.

Eye inflammation
For eye infections, Eubetal and Tobrex drops are used.

New generations of broad-spectrum antibiotics, which include Ciprofloxacin, Cefepime, Levofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, inhibit pathogenic microflora and the day after taking them, a person already feels the effect of treatment. In case of pneumonia, these drugs quickly suppress the pathogen and its pathogenic effect.
If medications are combined, then the ratio of bacteriostatic to bactericidal drugs should be one to one.

Limitations of antibacterial therapy for children and pregnant women

Since “adult” antibiotics are often not suitable for children, scientists, after conducting many studies, experimentally found out which antibiotics are best for children to take if necessary. As a result, it was proven that the best antibacterial agents in childhood are macrolides (Roxithromycin, Azithromycin), aminopenicillins (Clavulanate), cephalosporins (Ceftriaxone). It is not recommended to use carbapenes and fluoroquinols. These medications provoke the development of problems with the kidneys and liver, and prevent children’s bones from growing normally.

During pregnancy, the list of antibiotics approved for use is very limited. It is recommended to use Amoxiclav, Cefazolin, Ceftriaxone. In the 3rd trimester, Clarithromycin, Midecamycin, Azithromycin are also added to the drugs. Of course, all prescriptions are made by the doctor.

Features of therapy

New generation antibiotics do an excellent job against any pathogens of inflammatory processes. It is important to choose the optimal combination of drugs to increase the effectiveness of therapy. Only a doctor can prescribe such a combination, taking into account the individual course of the disease, the presence or absence of progress in treatment.

Basically, the course lasts 7-10 days. Treatment with antibiotics is carried out in several ways: through the mouth (oral), through the rectum (rectal), intravenously, intramuscularly, into the spinal cord. You should not drink alcohol or use drugs during this time. Before use, you should read the instructions for use and strictly follow the instructions for use.

The new generation of antibiotics has the same serious impact on health as the old one. The newest remedies help to recover, but at the same time destroy beneficial intestinal microflora and reduce immunity. Therefore, you need to take such medications strictly on the recommendation of a doctor according to the instructions. After a course of therapy, to protect and restore the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract, it is necessary to take pribiotics and probiotics, and immunomodulators. It is important to follow a diet with plenty of dairy products, vegetables and fruits. Spicy, fatty, smoked, salty foods are excluded.

Macrolides should not be used during pregnancy, people with impaired kidney or liver function, or those with allergic reactions to a certain type of antibiotic. If a broad-spectrum antibiotic was chosen incorrectly or the patient does not follow the rules for its use, then headaches, nausea, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, loss of coordination and even anaphylactic shock may occur. In this case, you should stop taking the medication and consult a doctor.

Therapy with a new generation of broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs helps cure most ailments that are caused by pathogenic bacteria. But treatment should be taken with great responsibility, fully following the doctor’s advice. Otherwise, there is a possibility of further harm to your health.

Antibiotic tablets are substances that inhibit the growth of microorganisms and, as a result, kill them. Used to treat infectious pathologies. Can be 100% natural or semi-synthetic. So, what drugs are antibiotics?

Prescription of universal antibiotics

Prescribing the described medications is justified in the following cases:

1. Therapy is selected based on clinical symptoms, i.e. without identifying the pathogen. This is relevant for active illnesses, for example, meningitis - a person can die in just a couple of hours, so there is no time for complex measures.
2. The infection has not one, but several sources.
3. The microorganism that causes the disease is resistant to narrow-spectrum antibiotics.
4. A set of preventive measures is carried out after the operation.

Classification of universal antibiotics

The medicines we are considering can be divided into several groups (with names):

• penicillins – Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Ticarcillin;
• tetracyclines - these include the drug of the same name;
• fluoroquinolones – Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxatin, Moxifloxacin; Gatifloxacin;
• aminoglycosides – Streptomycin;
• amphenicols – Levomycetin;
• carbapenems - Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem.

This is the main list.

Penicillins

With the discovery of benzylpenicillin, scientists came to the conclusion that microorganisms could be killed. Despite the fact that, as they say, “a lot of water has already flown under the bridge,” this Soviet antibiotic has not been discounted. However, other penicillins were created:

• those that lose their qualities when passing through the acid-base environment of the gastrointestinal tract;
• those that do not lose their qualities when passing through the acid-base environment of the gastrointestinal tract.

Ampicillin and Amoxicillin

Special attention should be paid to antibiotics such as Ampicillin and Amoxicillin. In terms of action they are practically no different from each other. Able to cope with:

• gram-positive infections, in particular staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci, listeria;
• gram-negative infections, in particular, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae, salmonella, shigella, pathogens of whooping cough and gonorrhea.

But their pharmacological properties are different.

Ampicillin is characterized by:

• bioavailability – no more than half;
• the period of elimination from the body is several hours.

The daily dose varies from 1000 to 2000 mg. Ampicillin, unlike Amoxicillin, can be administered parenterally. In this case, injections can be done both intramuscularly and intravenously.

In turn, Amoxicillin is characterized by:

• bioavailability – from 75 to 90%; does not depend on food intake;
• The half-life is several days.

The daily dose varies from 500 to 1000 mg. The duration of treatment is five to ten days.

Parenteral penicillins

Parenteral penicillins have one important advantage over Ampicillin and Amoxicillin - the ability to cope with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It leads to the formation of purulent wounds and abscesses, and is also the cause of cystitis and enteritis - infections of the bladder and intestines, respectively.

The list of the most common parenteral penicillins includes Ticarcillin, Carbenicillin, Piperacillin.

The first is prescribed for peritonitis, sepsis, septicemia. Effective in the treatment of gynecological, respiratory and skin infections. Prescribed to patients whose immune system is in an unsatisfactory state.

The second is prescribed in the presence of microorganisms in the abdominal cavity of the genitourinary system and bone tissue. Administered intramuscularly and, in difficult cases, intravenously through a dropper

The third is prescribed for pus in the abdominal cavity, genitourinary system, bone tissue, joints and skin.

Improved penicillins

Ampicillin and Amoxicillin become useless in the presence of beta-lactamases. But the great minds of mankind found a way out of this situation - they synthesized improved penicillins. In addition to the main active substance, they contain beta-lactamase inhibitors, these are:

1. Amoxicillin with added clavulanic acid. Generics – Amoxiclav, Flemoclav, Augmentin. Sold in injections and in oral form.
2. Amoxicillin with the addition of sulbactam. In pharmacies it is called Trifamox. Sold in tablets and in oral form.
3. Ampicillin with the addition of sulbactam. In pharmacies it is called Ampisid. Sold by injection. It is used in hospitals for diseases that are difficult for an ordinary person to recognize.
4. Ticarcillin with added clavulanic acid. In pharmacies it is called Timentin. Sold in a form for oral administration.
5. Piperacillin with tazobactam added. In pharmacies it is called Tacillin. Delivered by infusion drip.

Tetracyclines

Tetracyclines are not susceptible to beta-lactamases. And in this they are one step higher than penicillins. Tetracyclines destroy:

• gram-positive microorganisms, in particular staphylococci, streptococci, listeria, clostridia, actinomycetes;
• gram-negative microorganisms, in particular Escherichia coli and Hemophilus influenzae, salmonella, shigella, pathogens of whooping cough, gonorrhea and syphilis.

Their peculiarity is that they pass through the cell membrane, which allows them to kill chlamydia, mycoplasma and ureaplasma. However, they do not have access to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus.

Tetracycline is commonly found. Also on the list is Doxycycline.

Tetracycline

Undoubtedly, tetracycline is one of the most effective antibiotics. But he has weaknesses. First of all, insufficient activity with a high probability of changes in the intestinal microflora. For this reason, you should choose tetracycline not in tablet form, but in ointment form.

Doxycycline

Doxycycline, compared to tetracycline, is quite active with a low probability of changes in intestinal microflora.

Fluoroquinolones

The first fluoroquinolones, such as Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Norfloxacin, could not be called universal antibiotics. They were only able to cope with gram-negative bacteria.

Modern fluoroquinolones, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Gatifloxacin, are universal antibiotics.

The disadvantage of fluoroquinolones is that they interfere with the synthesis of peptidoglycan, a kind of building material of tendons. As a result, they are not permitted to persons under 18 years of age.

Levofloxacin

Levofloxacin is prescribed for the presence of microorganisms in the respiratory tract, bronchitis and pneumonia, infections in the ENT organs, otitis and sinusitis, infections in the skin, as well as for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and urinary tract.

The duration of treatment is seven, sometimes ten, days. Dose – 500 mg at a time.

In pharmacies it is sold as Tavanik. Generics are Levolet, Glevo, Flexil.

Moxifloxacin

Moxifloxacin is prescribed for the presence of microorganisms in the respiratory tract, ENT organs, skin, and also as a prophylaxis after surgery.

Duration of treatment is from seven to ten days. Dose – 400 mg at a time.

It is sold in pharmacies as Avelox. There are few generics. The main active ingredient is included in Vigamox - eye drops.

Gatifloxacin

Gatifloxacin is prescribed for the presence of microorganisms in the respiratory tract, ENT organs, urogenital tract, as well as serious eye diseases.

Dose – 200 or 400 mg once.

In pharmacies it is sold as Tabris, Gaflox, Gatispan.

Aminoglycosides

A prominent representative of Aminoglycosides is Streptomycin, a drug that every person has heard of at least once in their life. It is indispensable in the treatment of tuberculosis.

Aminoglycosides are able to cope with most gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Streptomycin

It is efficient. With its help, you can cure not only tuberculosis, but also diseases such as plague, brucellosis and tularemia. As for tuberculosis, localization is not important when using streptomycin. Sold in injections.

Gentamicin

It is gradually becoming a thing of the past, as it is very, very controversial. The fact is that there was hearing damage, up to complete deafness, which the doctors did not expect at all. In this case, the toxic effect is irreversible, i.e. nothing is returned after you stop taking it.

Amikacin

Amikacin is prescribed for peritonitis, meningitis, endocarditis, and pneumonia. Sold in ampoules.

Amphenicols

This group includes Levomycetin. It is prescribed for typhoid and paratyphoid fever, typhus, dysentery, brucellosis, whooping cough, and intestinal infections. Sold in the form of injections and ointments.

Carbapenems

Carbapenems are intended to treat severe infections. They are able to cope with many bacteria, including those resistant to all the antibiotics listed above.

Carbapenem is:

• Meropenem;
• Ertapenem;
• Imipenem.

Carbapenems are administered using a special dispenser.

Now you know the names of antibiotics, which drugs are antibiotic tablets and which are not. Despite this, under no circumstances should you self-medicate, but seek help from a specialist. Remember that taking these medications incorrectly can seriously harm your health. Be healthy!