And complex syntactic structures. Complex syntactic structures

MULTIPLE COMPLEX SENTENCES

Theme V

1. Text level: SSC, text.

2. Supply level: PP, SP, SSK.

3. Word level – syntax (SPS is a word in a sentence), phrase.

Polynomial complex sentences - SME / MchSP.

Complex syntactic structures - SSC.

The predicative unit is PE.

A simple sentence can be composed of syntaxes or phrases, or formations of both together. Complex sentences are made up of simple ones. From complex sentences , simple sentences and complex syntactic structures(SSK)folded SSC .

There are two types of complex sentences :

1) Binary complex sentences - consist of two predicative units with one type of connection (coordinating, subordinating or non-conjunctive).

2) Polynomial complex sentences - consist of three or more predicative units (PU).

The SSC consists of binary complex sentences. There can be several of these binary sentences, and in the SSC there are several types of syntactic connections. The grass is green, the sun is shining, because spring has come(SSK, because in this construction there is both a non-union and a subordinating connection).

SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES between SMEs and SSCs

In modern grammar polynomial complex sentence is a type of complex sentence consisting of three or more predicative units connected by one type of syntactic connection.

Complex syntactic structure is a special syntactic unit consisting of binary complex sentences of various types.

SMEs and SSCs have a lot in common. For this reason, not all scientists share them.

Similarities between SMEs and SSCs :

1. Number of predicative units (always a lot of PU).

2. The complex nature of the thoughts expressed in them. Opportunity identifying semantic parts in their composition.

For example: 1 It was a pleasure to drive: 2 warm dim day, 3 around many colors And larks, 4 blowing nice light breeze ... (A.P. Chekhov). We have before us a construction consisting of 4 predicative units. This is MchBSP. See diagram in notepad! If there were no first part, then with enumerative relations of simultaneity, isolating semantic parts would be inappropriate (since these are sentences of the same order).

3. Special use of syntactic communication means (only in SMEs and SSCs):

A) Confluence of alliances. Example from The Blind Musician: 1 The blind man knew, 2 what out the window the sun is watching and 3 what 4 ifhe will hold out hand out the window 3 then from the bushes dew will fall . What if is a confluence of alliances. Coordinating communication what... and what– but this is not BSC. 1-2 SPP, 1-3 SPP, 3-4 SPP.

b) Skipping conjunctions. Example: 1 I knew, 2 what soon exam and 3need to to him prepare . 1-2 SPP, 1-3 SPP.

V) Structurally redundant components. 1 Days there were such blissful,2 Italy like this blessed, 3 mood such joyful, 4 what the past seemed like smoke . There are indicative words in three parts. 4 – adverbial adverbial degree (good to what extent?). 1-4, 2-4, 3-4 are SPP, but 1, 2, 3 also interact with each other (1-2, 2-3 are BSP). This is a complex syntactic structure. In this SCS there are more binary SPs than predicative units (PP – 4, and SP – 5).

d) SMEs and SSCs have alliances with different ranges of action (high-low-medium / high-low). 1 To him it seemed, 2 what they were all busy only those(explain) , 3 what thoroughly hid your ignorance and dissatisfaction with life(explanatory / local - correlative), and 4 myself He, 5 to don't give it away im your worries(infinitive sentence, adverbial purpose), 4 Nice smiled And said about trifles. Two semantic parts can be distinguished: the CSO between the parts is connecting, the CSO is cause-and-effect (=connective-resultative, since part 2 is the result of what is done in the first). Conjunctions, usually connecting (coordinating) ones, which connect semantic parts, have a high range of action.. Conjunctions that connect blocks or chains of subordinate clauses have a medium range of action.(e.g. union What attaches the second and third parts to the first). Unions that connect one PU to another have a low range of action(union to attaches subordinate clause 5 to main clause 4). In each design these can be different unions.

d) In SMEs and SSCs they are often used double alliances (if...then, when...then, because...that). They are also used in binary sentences, but much less frequently. In polynomial constructions they are used more often in order to clearly show the connection between the main and subordinate parts. See the example above from The Blind Musician.

4. Only in polynomial constructions and SSC there is such a phenomenon as complication of subordinating connection . This is a feature by which they are also similar to each other. Types of complicated subordinating connections: parallel, sequential, homogeneous.

A) Sequential or chain of command - this is a type of complicated subordinating connection in which a subordinate clause is added to the main clause, this subordinate clause becomes the main one for the next one. Example: 1 What they will say normal People, 2 ifthey will hear, 3 what Mr Einstein six years thought about emptiness 4 which (both conjunction and subject) no one not interesting . This can be called a chain of clauses. It is possible to distinguish degrees of dependence of subordinate clauses.

b) Homogeneous Subordination - this is a type of complicated subordinating connection, in which two or more subordinate clauses are related to one main one, which join the main one with one type of subordinating connection(all with determinant or conditional or double subordinating connection) and belong to the same semantic type(all explanatory, adverbial). Usually they also join by the same means of communication (as a union), but this is not necessary! Example: 1 I want to tell, 2 how beautiful flowering meadow early morning, 3 how in rough leaves of grass accumulates crystal a drop dew, 4 what (conjunctive word) bright follows in the meadow from your feet, 5 how good in the rays of the sun ordinary horsetail . All subordinate clauses are joined by a verb connection, all are explanatory. 2, 3, 4, 5 form a block of subordinate clauses, they are homogeneous. Homogeneous into a block, the latter into a chain with degrees of dependence.

V) Heterogeneous / parallel subordination - this is a type of complicated subordinating connection, in which two or more subordinate clauses belong to one main clause, which are attached to the main part in different ways(for example: one is a conditional connection, the other is a determinant connection), and subordinate clauses belong to different semantic types. An example of such a design: 1 When I And Belokurov walked near the house, 2 suddenly moved in spring into the yard stroller, 3 in which (conjunctive word) sat our old friend . If the subordinate clauses are both adverbial (one place, the other time), both are joined by a determinant connection, then they are considered as homogeneous, and not as heterogeneous. Sometimes can be seen as heterogeneous. For Gogolina T.V. these are homogeneous subordinate clauses (since the connection is the same).

*d) Exists transitional type between homogeneous and heterogeneous subordination . Not all scientists agree with the concept of “transitional type”. That's what Babaytseva calls him. Some scholars consider heterogeneous and parallel subordination as two independent types of subordination. For the transitional type they use the term "parallel submission". 1 I knew, 2 what soon exam And 1 constantly I thought,3 What it's time (state category word) begin to him prepare . Refer to different words. In structure this is a heterogeneous subordination, but in semantics (since the subordinate clauses are the same) it is a homogeneous subordination. The second type is parallel subordination.

*e) Contaminated type of complicated subordinating connection , involving the combination of previous types of subordination in different versions. "Anna Karenina": 1 Now She understood,2 what Annan could have been in purple and 3 what (confluence of conjunctions) her the beauty is exactly in (SIS), 4 what brighter your outfit, 5 what outfit never cannot be seen on it. There are two blocks of homogeneous subordinate clauses. Types of complicated subordination: 1 refers to 2 and 3 - this is a homogeneous subordination, 3 refers to 4 and 5 - this is also a homogeneous subordination. 1->3->4; 1->3->5 is sequential submission. Thus, a contaminated / combined type of complicated subordinating connection is observed, because there is both homogeneous and consistent subordination.

The difference between SMEs and SSCs is one :in a polynomial complex sentence only one type of syntactic connection is always used, and in SSC there are always several of them .

The division of complex sentences into polynomial, SSC and others began in the 50s of the 20th century. We talked about this in detail. Complex sentences of the binary type and sentences with a large number of components were distinguished (this group was called differently). A textbook has been released Alexander Nikolaevich Gvozdev . He singled out complex sentences with composition and subordination. A textbook came out a little later Vera Arsentievna Beloshapkova . V.A. Beloshapkova called such proposals "complex sentences of a complex type". Later a textbook came out A.G. Rudneva . He called them “complex sentences of mixed construction”. In the 70s of the 20th century, many textbooks and different terminological designations appeared:

a) Leonard Yurievich Maksimov (classmate of Demidova KI). He used the term "polynomial complex sentence".

b) In the traditional school textbook (Maksimova, Kryuchkova) the term “SP with different types of connections” appeared, in parallel there was the term “SP with several subordinate clauses”.

c) At the same time, a textbook by Nina Sergeevna Valgina was published, who proposed the term “complex syntactic constructions.” This term has become entrenched in science.

Anna Nikolaevna Chesnokova and Galina Ivanova Tretnikova - textbook, collection “Synthesizing tasks in grammar” (70s - early 80s). A.N. Chesnokova and G.I. Tretnikova wrote an article that contains characteristics of SSC according to 4 criteria (structure, semantics, function and stylistics). And N.S. Valgina, and G.I. Tretnikova, and Chesnokov understood SSK as any sentences in which there are more than three predicative units.

In recent textbooks (the 90s - early 2000s) it is customary to divide into SMEs and SSK (but Dibrova does not suggest such a division), in the textbook by P.A. Lekant, SMEs and SSK are separated (but are not described in much detail). In the latest textbook by N.S. Valgina there is a division into polynomial complex sentences and complex syntactic constructions.

IN school grammar There is no rigid, formal division into polynomial complex sentences and complex syntactic constructions, there are not even such terms, but in fact such a division exists in school grammar. The terms that Kryuchkov and Maksimov proposed exist to this day. In a school textbook, a complex syntactic structure is called a complex sentence with different types of connections, and among polynomial complex sentences, special clauses with different types of subordinate clauses are distinguished. SP school classification:

2. SPP (MsSPP – SPP with several subordinate clauses)

4. SPS with different types of communication (= SSC)

*About school. In SPPs with several subordinate clauses, complex types of subordinating connections are used. Types of complex communication:

1) Consistent submission.

2) Parallel subordination: homogeneous / heterogeneous subordination. Parallel is opposed to sequential, and that is why it is singled out. In many manuals that are published in addition to the textbook, they try to abandon the term parallel subordination. And soon it will be like this: consistent, homogeneous, heterogeneous subordination.

Complex syntactic constructions are combinations of parts with different types of syntactic connections. Such constructions are very widespread in speech, and are used equally often in works of different functional styles.

These are combined types of sentences; they are diverse in possible combinations of parts in them, but with all their diversity they lend themselves to a fairly clear and definite classification.

Depending on various combinations of connection types between parts, the following types of complex syntactic constructions are possible:

1) with composition and submission: Lopatin began to feel sleepy, and he was delighted when the driver appeared at the door and reported that the car was ready (Sim.);

2) with an essay and a non-union connection: I’m assigned to another unit, but I’m behind the train: let me, I think, look at my platoon and my lieutenant (Cossack.);

3) with subordination and non-union connection: In the forest on a walk, sometimes, thinking about my work, I am overcome by philosophical delight: it seems as if you are deciding the conceivable fate of all humanity (Prishv.);

4) with composition, subordination and non-union connection: But the river majestically carries its water, and what does it care about these bindweeds: spinning, they float along with the water, just as the ice floes floated recently (Prishv.).

Sentences with different types of syntactic connections usually consist of two (at least) logically and structurally distinguishable components or several, among which there may, in turn, be complex sentences. However, as a rule, the main components have the same type of connection - coordinating or non-conjunctive. For example, in the sentence Mechik did not look back and did not hear the chase, but he knew that they were chasing him, and when three shots were fired one after another and a volley rang out, it seemed to him that they were shooting at him, and he ran even faster (Fad .) four components: 1) The sword did not look back and did not hear the chase; 2) but he knew that they were chasing him; 3) and when three shots were fired one after another and a volley rang out, it seemed to him that they were shooting at him; 4) and he ran even faster. All these parts are connected by coordinating relationships, but within the parts there is subordination (see the second and third parts).

More often, in such combined sentences there is a division into two components, and one of them or both can be complex sentences. The connection between components can be of only two types - coordinative or non-union. A subordinate relationship is always internal.

1) The greatest pictorial power lies in sunlight, and all the grayness of Russian nature is good only because it is the same sunlight, but muffled, passing through layers of moist air and a thin veil of clouds (Paust.);

2) There was one strange circumstance in the Stavraki case: no one could understand why he lived under his real name until his arrest, why he did not change it immediately after the revolution (Paust.);

3) One circumstance always surprises me: we walk through life and do not know at all and cannot even imagine how many greatest tragedies, beautiful human deeds, how much grief, heroism, meanness and despair have happened and are happening on any piece of earth where we live (Paust.).

Such syntactic constructions are subject to two levels of division: the first division is logical-syntactic, the second is structural-syntactic. At the first level of division, larger logical parts of the structure, or components, are distinguished, at the second - parts equal to individual predicative units, i.e. the simplest “building elements” of a complex sentence. If we convey these two levels of division of complex syntactic structures graphically, then the diagrams of the given sentences can be presented as follows:

Thus, at a higher level of division - logical-syntactic - complex syntactic constructions can only have coordinating and non-union connections, as the most free connections, as for the subordinating connection (closer connection), it is possible only as an internal connection between parts of the components , i.e. is found only at the second level of division of a complex syntactic structure.

This is especially clearly revealed when combining two complex sentences into a complex syntactic structure. For example: Tatyana Afanasyevna gave her brother a sign that the patient wanted to sleep, and everyone quietly left the room, except for the maid, who sat down again at the spinning wheel (P.); That was the time when the poems of Polonsky, Maykov and Apukhtin were better known than simple Pushkin melodies, and Levitan did not even know that the words of this romance belonged to Pushkin (Paust.).

Complex syntactic constructions can have extremely common components: Cincinnatus did not ask anything, but when Rodion left and time stretched beyond its usual jog, he realized that he had been deceived again, that he had strained his soul so much in vain and that everything remained the same vague, viscous and senseless as it was (Nab.).

The Russian language is distinguished by an amazing variety of syntactic structures. Take, for example, the headline of a newspaper article, “The teacher must teach!” and let's try to remake this emotional sentence using book and colloquial synonymous constructions.

The teacher's duty is to teach. 2.

A teacher must be a teacher! 3.

The teacher needs to teach. 4.

You are a teacher - and be a teacher. 5.

You are a teacher - you teach! 6.

What should a teacher do if not teach! 7.

Who should teach if not a teacher?!

All of them express the speaker’s attitude to the content of the phrase: the degree of their intensity increases from the first sentence to the subsequent ones. Examples 1-3 can be used in book styles; In all the following sentences, a vivid expression is manifested, giving them a distinctly conversational character.

Depending on the genre, topic, and nature of the material, the journalist and editor can always choose the desired syntactic structure. And one should not think that the expressive coloring of speech is characteristic only of conversational syntax and is possible only in reduced speech. There are many known techniques for enhancing the expressiveness of a particular formulation using syntactic means. Let's confirm this idea with a few more examples of syntactic synonymy: I read the book with pleasure. - I read the book with pleasure. - Book! It cannot be read without pleasure. - Reading a book gives you pleasure. - The book is a pleasure to read. - The book is read with pleasure. - I’m reading today: the book is interesting. - I can’t read a book without enjoying it, etc. For the author and editor, studying syntactic synonymy is no less important than mastering the synonymous riches of vocabulary. But if when working on vocabulary you can turn to synonymous dictionaries, then when correcting syntactic structures you have to rely only on your own knowledge of the grammar of your native language. Therefore, the stylistic characteristics of syntactic synonymy are of particular interest to those who work on the style of the manuscript.

Different types of one-part sentences are often synonymous, for example definitely personal - impersonal: Breathe the last freedom (A.A. Akhmatova). - We must breathe the last freedom", vague-personal - impersonal: People tell the truth to loved ones. - It is customary to tell the truth to loved ones, generalized-personal - impersonal: Speak, but don’t talk (proverb). - You can talk, but don’t talk; nominative - impersonal : Silence. - Quiet; Chills, fever. - Chills, fever; infinitives - impersonal: You can’t catch up with the crazy troika (N.A. Nekrasov). - It’s impossible to catch up with the crazy troika.

Action is emphasized in indefinite personal sentences: The defendants were taken out somewhere and were just brought back (J1.H. Tolstoy); Now they will come for you (K.M. Simonov). The use of such sentences makes it possible to focus attention on the predicate verb, while the subject of the action is relegated to the background, regardless of whether he is known to the speaker or not.

Impersonal sentences are often transformed into two-part or one-part indefinitely or definitely personal sentences. Wed: It's melting today. - Snow is melting; The tracks were covered with snow. - The tracks were covered with snow; Sweeps. - Blizzard is sweeping; I'm hungry. - I want to eat; Where have you been? - Where have you been?; You should give way to your elders. - Give way to elders; You are supposed to take medicine. - Take your medicine; I was not there. - I was not there.

If it is possible to express thoughts in two ways, it should be taken into account that personal constructions contain an element of activity, manifestation of the will of the actor, confidence in the commission of an action, while impersonal phrases are characterized by a shade of passivity and inertia.

Infinitive sentences provide significant opportunities for emotional and aphoristic expression of thought: What is to be, cannot be avoided (proverb); Who to love, who to trust? (M.Yu. Lermontov); Keep it up! You can't escape fate. They are used in proverbs and artistic speech; this design is acceptable for slogans: Work without defects! However, the main sphere of their functioning is colloquial speech: I wish I could say this right away! Shouldn't we go back? There is no shore in sight.

The last design, common as an addition, has a vernacular coloring. Express

intensity prevents the use of infinitive constructions in book styles.

Nominative sentences are essentially created for description: they contain great visual possibilities. Naming objects, coloring them with definitions, writers draw pictures of nature, the situation, describe the state of the hero, evaluate the world around him: The open space of a large airfield, flooded with the sun. A grandiose perspective of the planes lined up for the parade. Lively groups of military pilots. You need to see this picture with your own eyes... (From newspapers) However, such descriptions only point to existence and are not capable of depicting the development of action. Even if the nominatives are verbal nouns and with their help a living picture is drawn, then in this case they allow you to capture one moment, one frame: Drumming, clicks, grinding, the thunder of guns, stomping, neighing, groaning... (A.S. . Pushkin); Confusion! fainting! haste! anger! scared!.. (A.S. Griboyedov) A linear description of events in nominative sentences is impossible: they record only the present tense.

It is interesting to compare different editions of works, indicating that in the process of working on style, writers sometimes abandon two-part sentences, giving preference to nominative ones. For example, A.T. Tvardovsky did not immediately find the necessary language colors to describe such a dramatic picture. Draft

To whom is life, to whom is death, to whom is glory. At dawn the crossing began.

That shore was steep, like an oven,

And, sullen, jagged.

The forest turned black high above the water,

The forest is alien, untouched.

Final version

Crossing, crossing...

Left bank, right bank,

Rough snow, edge of ice... To whom is memory, to whom is glory,

For those who want dark water -

Not a sign, not a trace... And below us lay the right bank, -

The snow is rolled, trampled into the mud,

Level with the edge of the ice.

Crossing

It started at six o'clock.

As we see, nominative sentences create dynamism, snatching from the unfolding panorama the main strokes, details of the situation that can reflect the tragedy of events. The more common description, built from two-part sentences, loses when compared.

The stylistic possibilities of Russian syntax are expanding due to the fact that incomplete sentences with a bright expressive color can successfully compete with complete sentences. Their stylistic use in speech is determined by the grammatical nature of these sentences.

Incomplete sentences that form dialogical unities are created directly in the process of live communication: - When will you come? - Tomorrow. - Alone or with Victor? - Of course, with Victor. From colloquial speech they penetrate into artistic and journalistic speech as a characteristic feature of the dialogue: “It’s a wonderful evening,” he began, “it’s so warm! Have you been walking for a long time?” - No, recently (I.S. Turgenev).

Other motives determine the preference for elliptical sentences (from the Greek ellipsis - loss, omission), i.e. those in which any member of the sentence is omitted, easily restored from the context. They act as a strong means of emotional speech. The scope of their application is colloquial speech; writers and journalists need them to build a dialogue and convey direct speech. Elliptical structures give the phrase a special dynamism: I come to her, and he hits me with a pistol (A.N. Ostrovsky); To the barrier! (A.P. Chekhov); Back, home, homeland... (A.N. Tolstoy). As you can see, Russian syntax provides us with a wide variety of constructions. They must be used skillfully and appropriately in speech. And then it will be bright, rich.

1) Complex sentences, which include complex sentences (complex sentences with composition and subordination, complex sentences of mixed composition). The room we entered was divided by a barrier, and I did not see who my mother was talking to or humbly bowing to.(Kaverin). Constantly, involuntarily, my gaze collided with this terribly straight line of the embankment and mentally wanted to push it away, to destroy it, like a black spot that sits on the nose under the eye; but the embankment with the walking Englishmen remained in place, and I involuntarily tried to find a point of view from which I could not see it(L. Tolstoy).

2) Complex sentences with non-union and allied combinations of parts, including complex sentences. I appreciate it and do not deny its importance; This world rests on people like him, and if the world were left to us alone, we, with all our kindness and good intentions, would make of it the same thing as the flies from this picture(Chekhov). In everything that fills the room, you can feel something that has long since become obsolete, some kind of dry decay, all things exude that strange smell that is given by flowers that have dried out over time until, when you touch them, they crumble into gray dust(Bitter). If your heart ever shrinks with fear for the little ones, cast aside all fears, extinguish your worries, be firmly confident: they are with me and that means everything is okay(Pavlenko).

3) Polynomial complex sentence. You could hear the creaking of runners in the street, the passing of coal trucks to the factory, and the hoarse shouting of half-frozen people at their horses.(Mamin-Sibiryak). If Nekhlyudov had then clearly realized his love for Katyusha, and especially if they had then begun to convince him that he could not and should not unite his fate with such a girl, then it could very easily have happened that he, with his straightforward in everything, would decide that there is no reason not to marry a girl, no matter who she is, if only he loves her(L. Tolstoy). cm. also subordination of sentences (in the article subordination).

"complex syntactic structures" in books

Syntactic thoughts

Syntactic thoughts A lot of attention is needed to briefly comprehend the meaning of punctuation marks in the great Russian language. Any small bird could earnestly, on the fly, plant familiar quotation marks around jagged quotes. And we were put in solitary confinement, and in places, almost

4.3. Syntactic tracing papers