Combined nootropic drugs. What are the best nootropics to take? List of the most effective drugs, mechanism of action on the body. It is rare to see such reactions

Nowadays, to stimulate brain function and protect nervous reactions, new generation nootropic drugs are used, the list of which is so impressive that it takes up several pages. Basically, these are complex products consisting directly of a nootropic component and auxiliary substances that improve the nutrition of nerve cells - amino acids, vitamins, etc.

How do new nootropic drugs differ from old ones?

People have been using nootropic drugs for a long time and don’t even know it. For example, the simplest nootropic, choline, is found in eggs, meat, fish and seafood. By eating foods rich in animal protein, we stimulate the production of the hormone serotonin, which is not only responsible for the feeling of pleasure, but also has a beneficial effect on neural connections. The brain begins to work more actively, memory and thought processes improve. The simplest nootropics also include coffee, green tea, nicotine, and amphetamines. These are so-called brain stimulants. The well-known vitamin B6 and Glycine tablets also belong to this type of remedy; they improve metabolic processes in the spinal cord and brain.

In the mid-twentieth century, there was a major leap forward in the study of brain function. The following types of nootropic drugs have been developed, studied and classified:

• reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors;
• vasodilators and metabolic enhancers;
• stimulants;
• racetams.

There is another classification based on the origin of the main active substance and its functions, but it is quite complex and confusing, and therefore is of interest only to doctors. In addition, today racetams are mainly used in therapy. This is the basis of new generation nootropic drugs. Racetams are chemical structure derivatives of pyrrolidine. Here is a short list of the most popular drugs in this category:

• Piracetam;
• Oxiracetam;
• Etiracetam;
• Aniracetam;
• Pramiracetam;
• Nebracetam;
• Nefiracetam;
• Isacetam;
• Detiracetam;
• Dipracetam and others.

Unlike natural stimulants, these drugs have a very precise effect on certain areas of the brain, which allows them to be used not only to improve memory and intelligence, but also in the treatment of strokes, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. These are the most effective nootropic drugs.

Newest nootropic drugs

Since the newest drugs are combination drugs, they combine new generation racetams and excipients. Modern nootropic drugs such as:

• Diapiram;
• Orocetam;
• Yukamen;
• Thiocetam;
• Apik;
• Binotropil.

Most often, patients who have suffered a stroke are prescribed Phezam. This medicine is a combination of piracetam and cinnarizine. This antihistamine improves blood circulation in the brain and strengthens the walls of even the smallest vessels. Many It is considered the best nootropic drug. We agree with this statement, but we would like to note that other means have also shown themselves to be very good. In addition, almost all nootropic drugs have few contraindications and side effects, which greatly facilitates the prescription and use.

Elderly patients are better off giving preference to the latest combination drugs. But young people seeking to improve brain function can buy any racetam and supplement it with regular exercise and proper nutrition. The effect will be no worse, since the body responds to moderate physical activity by releasing serotonin and other hormones that have a beneficial effect on neural connections and the nervous system as a whole.

Nootropics (Greek) noos- thinking, mind; tropos- direction) - means that have a specific positive effect on the higher integrative functions of the brain. They improve mental activity, stimulate cognitive functions, learning and memory, increase the brain’s resistance to various damaging factors, incl.

The concept of nootropic drugs arose in 1963, when the first drug of this group, piracetam, was synthesized and clinically used by Belgian pharmacologists S. Giurgea and V. Skondia. Subsequent studies have shown that piracetam facilitates learning processes and improves memory. Like psychostimulants, the drug increased mental performance, but did not have the side effects inherent in them. In 1972, K. Giurgea proposed the term “nootropics” to designate a class of drugs that have a positive effect on the higher integrative functions of the brain.

There is a group of “true” nootropic drugs, for which the ability to improve mnestic functions is the main, and sometimes the only effect, and a group of nootropic drugs of mixed action (“neuroprotectors”), in which the mnestic effect is complemented and often overlaps with other, no less significant ones. manifestations of action. A number of substances belonging to the group of nootropic drugs have a fairly wide range of pharmacological activity, including antihypoxic, anxiolytic, sedative, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant and other effects.

The nootropic effect of the drug can be either primary (direct effect on the nerve cell) or secondary, due to the improvement of cerebral blood flow and microcirculation, antiplatelet and antihypoxic effects.

There are a number of synonyms to designate substances in this group: neurodynamic, neuroregulatory, neuroanabolic or eutotrophic agents, neurometabolic cerebroprotectors, neurometabolic stimulants. These terms reflect the general property of the drugs - the ability to stimulate metabolic processes in nervous tissue, especially in various disorders (anoxia, ischemia, intoxication, injury, etc.), returning them to normal levels.

After the successful introduction of piracetam into medical practice, more than 10 original nootropic drugs of the pyrrolidine series were synthesized, currently in phase III clinical trials or already registered in a number of countries: oxiracetam, aniracetam, etiracetam, pramiracetam, dupracetam, rolisiracetam, cebracetam, nefiracetam, isacetam , detiracetam, etc. These nootropic drugs, based on their chemical structure, are called “racetams”. Following them, other groups of nootropic drugs began to form, including cholinergic, GABAergic, glutamatergic, peptidergic; in addition, nootropic activity was identified in some previously known substances.

Existing nootropic drugs can be classified as follows:

1. Pyrrolidine derivatives (racetams): piracetam, etiracetam, aniracetam, oxiracetam, pramiracetam, dupracetam, rolisiracetam, etc.

2. Dimethylaminoethanol derivatives (precursors of acetylcholine): deanol aceglumate, meclofenoxate.

3. Pyridoxine derivatives: pyritinol, Biotredin.

4. Derivatives and analogues of GABA: gamma-aminobutyric acid (Aminalon), nicotinoyl-GABA (Picamilon), gamma-amino-beta-phenylbutyric acid hydrochloride (Phenibut), hopantenic acid, pantogam, calcium gamma-hydroxybutyrate (Neurobutal).

5. Cerebrovascular agents: ginkgo biloba.

6. Neuropeptides and their analogues: Semax.

7. Amino acids and substances affecting the system of stimulating amino acids: glycine, Biotredin.

8. Derivatives of 2-mercantobenzimidazole: ethylthiobenzimidazole hydrobromide (Bemityl).

9. Vitamin-like agents: idebenone.

10. Polypeptides and organic composites: Cortexin, Cerebrolysin, Cerebramin.

11. Substances of other pharmacological groups with a nootropic component:

Correctors of cerebrovascular disorders: nicergoline, vinpocetine, xanthinol nicotinate, vincamine, naftidrofuryl, cinnarizine;

General tonics and adaptogens: acetylaminosuccinic acid, ginseng extract, melatonin, lecithin.

Psychostimulants: salbutiamine;

Antihypoxants and antioxidants: oxymethylethylpyridine succinate (Mexidol).

Signs of nootropic activity are present in the pharmacodynamics of glutamic acid, memantine and levocarnitine.

In addition, the experiment showed the nootropic effect of a number of neuropeptides and their synthetic analogues (ACTH and its fragments, somatostatin, vasopressin, oxytocin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, melanostatin, cholecystokinin, neuropeptide Y, substance P, angiotensin II, cholecystokinin-8, peptide analogues of piracetam, etc. .).

Currently, the main mechanisms of action of nootropic drugs are considered to be the influence on metabolic and bioenergetic processes in the nerve cell and interaction with the neurotransmitter systems of the brain. Neurometabolic stimulants improve penetration through the BBB and glucose utilization (especially in the cerebral cortex, subcortical ganglia, hypothalamus and cerebellum), improve the exchange of nucleic acids, and activate the synthesis of ATP, protein and RNA. The effect of a number of nootropics is mediated through the neurotransmitter systems of the brain, among which the most important are: monoaminergic (piracetam causes an increase in the content of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, some other nootropics - serotonin), cholinergic (piracetam and meclofenoxate increase the content of acetylcholine in synaptic endings and the density of cholinergic receptors, choline alfoscerate, pyridoxine and pyrrolidine derivatives improve cholinergic transmission in the central nervous system), glutamatergic (memantine and glycine act through N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subtype).

As a result of clinical studies and animal experiments, a number of additional mechanisms have also been identified that contribute to the nootropic activity of neurometabolic stimulants. Nootropics have membrane stabilizing (regulation of the synthesis of phospholipids and proteins in nerve cells, stabilization and normalization of the structure of cell membranes), antioxidant (inhibition of the formation of free radicals and lipid peroxidation of cell membranes), antihypoxic (reducing the oxygen demand of neurons under hypoxic conditions) and neuroprotective effects ( increasing the resistance of nerve cells to the effects of unfavorable factors of various origins). A significant role is played by improving microcirculation in the brain by optimizing the passage of red blood cells through the microvasculature and inhibiting platelet aggregation.

The result of the complex effect of nootropic drugs is an improvement in the bioelectrical activity and integrative activity of the brain, which is manifested by characteristic changes in electrophysiological patterns (facilitation of the passage of information between the hemispheres, an increase in the level of wakefulness, an increase in the absolute and relative power of the EEG spectrum of the cortex and hippocampus, an increase in the dominant peak). Increased cortico-subcortical control, improved information exchange in the brain, a positive effect on the formation and reproduction of a memory trace lead to improved memory, perception, attention, thinking, increased learning ability, and activation of intellectual functions. The ability to improve cognitive functions has given rise to the designation of nootropic drugs as “cognitive stimulants.”

In the spectrum of pharmacological activity of nootropics (neurometabolic stimulants), the following main effects are distinguished:

1. Nootropic effect (impact on impaired higher cortical functions, level of judgment and critical capabilities, improvement of cortical control of subcortical activity, thinking, attention, speech).

2. Mnemotropic effect (effect on memory, learning ability).

3. Increasing the level of wakefulness, clarity of consciousness (impact on the state of depressed and darkened consciousness).

4. Adaptogenic effect (increasing the body’s overall resistance to extreme factors).

5. Antiasthenic effect (reducing the severity of weakness, lethargy, exhaustion, mental and physical asthenia).

6. Psychostimulating effect (influence on apathy, hypobulia, spontaneity, poverty of motives, mental inertia, psychomotor retardation).

7. Antidepressant effect.

8. Sedative/tranquilizing effect, reducing irritability and emotional excitability.

In addition, nootropics affect the autonomic nervous system and help correct disorders in parkinsonism and epilepsy.

Of the above pharmacodynamic properties, some are common to all nootropic drugs, others are inherent only in some of them.

The stimulating effect of nootropics on mental activity is not accompanied by speech and motor excitation, depletion of the body's functional capabilities, or the development of addiction and addiction. However, in some cases they can cause restlessness and sleep disturbances. The positive properties of nootropics are their low toxicity, good compatibility with drugs from other pharmacological groups and the virtual absence of side effects and complications. It should be noted that the effects of this group develop gradually (usually after several weeks of use), which makes it necessary to prescribe them for a long time.

Initially, nootropics were used primarily to treat brain dysfunction in elderly patients with organic brain syndrome. In recent years, they have become widely used in various fields of medicine, including geriatric, obstetric and pediatric practice, neurology, psychiatry and addiction medicine.

Nootropic drugs are used for dementia of various origins (vascular, senile, Alzheimer's disease), chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency, psychoorganic syndrome, the consequences of cerebrovascular accidents, traumatic brain injury, intoxication, neuroinfection, intellectual-mnestic disorders (impaired memory, concentration, thinking ), asthenic, asthenic-depressive and depressive syndrome, neurotic and neurosis-like disorder, vegetative-vascular dystonia, chronic alcoholism (encephalopathy, psychoorganic syndrome, abstinence), to improve mental performance. In pediatric practice, indications for prescribing nootropics include delayed mental and speech development, mental retardation, consequences of perinatal damage to the central nervous system, cerebral palsy, attention deficit disorder. In acute conditions in the neurological clinic (acute ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury), the effectiveness of piracetam, choline alfoscerate, glycine, and Cerebrolysin has been shown. Some nootropics are used to correct neuroleptic syndrome (deanol aceglumate, pyritinol, pantogam, hopantenic acid), stuttering (Phenibut, pantogam), hyperkinesis (Phenibut, hopantenic acid, memantine), urinary disorders (nicotinoyl-GABA, pantogam), sleep disorders (glycine , Phenibut, calcium gamma-hydroxybutyrate), migraines (nicotinoyl-GABA, pyritinol, Semax), dizziness (piracetam, Phenibut, ginkgo biloba), for the prevention of motion sickness (Phenibut, GABA). In ophthalmology (as part of complex therapy), nicotinoyl-GABA is used (open-angle glaucoma, vascular diseases of the retina and macula), ginkgo biloba (senile macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy).

The last decade of the 20th century was marked by a high pace of research activity related to the search and study of the mechanism of action of new and existing nootropic drugs. The search for a basic hypothesis of the action of nootropics is still ongoing, one that can integrate already known aspects of the mechanism of action of nootropics and determine their future fate. It is urgent to search for new drugs that would have greater pharmacological activity and would have a selective effect on the integrative functions of the brain, correcting the patient’s psychopathological state, his mental activity and orientation in everyday life.

Drugs

Drugs - 3733 ; Trade names - 152 ; Active ingredients - 26

Among doctors, nootropics are known as neurometabolic stimulants (in the West – smart drugs).

They are used in many areas of medicine - neurology, psychology, surgery and others.

Nootropic drugs that improve nutrition and blood circulation in the brain belong to the category of drugs that improve the activity of higher mental functions of the brain:

• memory;
• perception;
• speech;
• thinking.

Pharmacological group

Nootropics are placed in a separate pharmacological group (ATC code: N06ВХ).

The first nootropic to be discovered was in 1963, which gave rise to the “racetome” branch. It became the main competitor for psychostimulants, but did not have the side effects (addiction, exhaustion, psychomotor agitation, intoxication) that the latter were prone to. The new synthesized drug improved memory, attention, and helped to concentrate better. In its early days, the new drug was used to treat brain dysfunction in older people.

In 1972, a new designation was proposed - “nootropic”. Piracetam is now known by its trade name. However, the mechanism of its action has not yet been fully studied.

What determines the therapeutic effect of drugs from this group?

Ensures the operation of the following mechanisms, thanks to which the positive effect of taking nootropics is achieved:

• supports the energy structure of the neuron;
• improves the main and conductive functions of the central nervous system;
• activates the plastic function of the central nervous system;
• improves metabolic processes (glucose utilization);
• stabilizes cell membranes;
• reduces the neuron's need for oxygen;
• has a neuroprotective effect.

Pharmacological properties and mechanism of action

The active substances of nootropic drugs penetrate well through the myelin barrier of nerve fibers. In the neuron, metabolism, bioenergetic and bioelectric processes are enhanced, and neurotransmitter exchanges are accelerated.

In the nerve cell, the concentration of adenylate cyclase and norepinephrine increases; ATP (even in conditions of lack of oxygen), GABA, and dopamine are more actively produced. The work and release of the mediator serotonin occurs faster, and glucose is utilized more efficiently.

Due to these processes, the body receives a stimulating effect in relation to cognitive functions, for which nootropics received the additional name “cognition stimulants.” In addition to positive changes in the nerve cell, neurostimulants improve microcirculation and blood flow in the brain.

Result of action and expected effect

Nootropic action leads to the following effects:

• the thinking function is activated;
• memory improves;
• consciousness clears up;
• physical strength increases;
• an antidepressant effect occurs;
• a sedative effect appears;
• fat burning occurs;
• immunity is strengthened;
• operational readiness is activated.

Classification of modern nootropics

There is a huge number of developed nootropic drugs around the world (the full list includes up to 132 items). In pharmacology, the following groups of drugs have been synthesized, which are divided according to their chemical composition:

1. Pyrrolidine group(“racetams”): Etiracetam; Oxiracetam; Pramiracetam.
2. Group derived from dimethylaminoethanol: Phenotropil; Deanol aceglumate; Meclofenoxate.
3. GABAergic: ; Picamilon; Phenibut.
4. Group derived from pyridoxine: Pyritinol; Biotredin.
5. Neuropeptides: Noopept; Semax; Selank.
6. Polypeptides: ; Cerebrolysin; Cerebramin.
7. Amino acids: ; Biotredin.
8. Group derived from 2-mercantobenzimidazole: ethylthiobenzimidazole hydrobromide (Bemityl).
9. Vitamin: Idebenone.

Old and new generation drugs

Nootropic drugs are also divided into old and new generation groups. Old generation nootropics include medications discovered at the dawn of the synthesis of neurostimulants. This is the so-called derivatives of the first discovered nootropic - (“racetams”). These include:

• Oxiracetam;
• Aniracetam;
• Etiracetam;
• Pramiracetam;
• Dupracetam;
• Rolisiracetam;
• Cebracetam;
• Nefiracetam;
• Isacetam;
• Detiracetam.

With the onset of the 90s of the 20th century. A new page is opening in the history of the development of nootropics. Modern drugs have a more flexible selective action and fewer side effects. Here is a list of the most popular new generation nootropic drugs:

• Fezam(improves cerebral circulation, protein and energy metabolism, has a vasodilating effect);
• Phenylpiracetam(recovery after, improved attention, concentration, memory, improves the transfer of information between the hemispheres, anticonvulsant effect);
• Noopept(memory restoration and other lost cognitive functions, relief of anxiety, treatment of headaches);
• Selank(relieves anxiety and stress, enhances mental capabilities, elevates mood).

What is good for a Russian is death for a German

In the post-Soviet space, nootropics are associated with drugs that enhance “brain metabolism.” However, in addition to nootropic, these drugs also have a number of other therapeutic effects. Therefore, brain stimulants are also used as medicines for brain diseases.

Drugs of this group can be prescribed for the following disorders:

Basically, such treatment is experimental in nature and often leads to side effects and increased symptoms of certain diseases.

Let's consider the indications and contraindications for use for the most popular drugs in this group.

Piracetam

Has structural similarities to GABA. It has neuroprotective and vascular effects. Indications for use of piracetam:

• cerebrovascular diseases;
• cerebral atherosclerosis;
• coma;
• violations of memory, attention, ;
• cardiac ischemia;
• viral;
• chronic alcoholism and drug addiction.

Despite the fact that in Western medicine this drug is not a drug, in Russia piracetam began to be used for therapeutic purposes for a number of diseases:

• recovery after ;
• Down syndrome.

Contraindications to the use of the drug:

• hypersensitivity to the drug;
• kidney dysfunction;
• pregnancy;
• children under 1 year of age;

A new generation nootropic, which belongs to the group of so-called. "racetams". Stimulates motor reactions (similar to doping). It has an anticonvulsant and antiasthenic effect. Indications for use:

Contraindications for use: individual intolerance.

Semax

A domestic development belonging to the group of neuropeptide nootropic drugs. Applicable for the following cases:

• increasing adaptive capabilities under stress;
• prevention of psycho-emotional overload;
• deterioration in concentration;
• memory impairment;
• recovery after craniocerebral surgery;

There are the following contraindications:

• increased sensitivity to nootropic components;
• acute mental illness;
• anxiety;
• convulsions.

Side effects

Nootropics are a double-edged sword when it comes to brain function. Taking them in compliance with all instructions will have a beneficial effect. However, if you deviate even one step from the doctors’ instructions, this can lead to an increase in the symptoms of the disease for which the drug is prescribed, or have a negative effect on cognitive functions.

Let's look at the pronounced side effects using examples of the most popular drugs:

1. Piracetam. Side effects caused by this drug: deterioration of intellectual abilities; worsening dementia; increased anxiety and irritability; sleep disturbance or drowsiness; decreased concentration; disruption of the gastrointestinal tract (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea).
2. . The side effects caused by this drug are as follows: insomnia; psychomotor agitation; hyperemia of the skin; increased blood pressure; feeling of warmth.
3. Semax. No side effects have been identified, except for irritation of the nasal mucosa with frequent use of the bottle.

Features of application

Thoughtless use of drugs in this group can lead to dire consequences. Therefore, the use of nootropics must be approached responsibly.

It should be remembered that a drug that stimulates brain activity must be used only after certain conditions are met.

The first thing to do is consult a neurologist. After you receive a positive verdict from the doctor, you should prepare your body to take the nootropic.

This preparation consists of a kind of laying the foundation on which the building of the effective influence of the brain stimulator will be erected. This foundation is the fortification of the body, in which the necessary substances when taking a nootropic will quickly and efficiently reach the brain at the molecular level, which will allow the stimulant to be better absorbed. Fortification includes the following substances and natural complexes:

• iron;
• chlorophyll;
• lecithin;
• grepine;
• omega-3;
• Pycnogenol

Dosages and regimens for taking nootropics from the TOP-3

Nuances of use and dosage of popular nootropic drugs.

He was the first

The beneficial effects of Piracetam appear only after long-term use. Excretion from the body through the kidneys. Course 6-8 weeks at 1200-1400 mg/day.

Methods of administration:

• inside;
• intramuscularly;
• intravenously.

Release form:

• capsules;
• solution for intramuscular and intravenous administration;
• solution for oral administration;
• syrup;
• pills.

After administration, Phenotropil is quickly absorbed by the body and penetrates into all tissues. Excretion from the body is carried out through the kidneys and liver.

Methods of administration:

• inside;
• orally.

Release form:

• tablets 50 mg;
• tablets 100 mg.

Domestic development

Methods of taking Semax:

• inside;
• intranasally.

Release form: dropper bottle.

Golden ten

Based on reviews, we have compiled a list of the best nootropic drugs according to people:

Efficacy not proven?

The attitude of medical luminaries towards nootropics is shrouded in doubt and uncertainty. Countless clinical trials of nootropics are still being conducted, but this pharmacological group has not managed to gain a foothold as drugs with proven effectiveness.

Observations by specialists have made it possible to draw a number of more or less stable conclusions regarding the following drugs:

What is there for children?

For children, there are special granules for making syrup. In pediatric practice, there are cases of the use of nootropics in cases of the following disorders:

• cerebrasthenic;
• encephalopathic;
• memory impairment;
• intellectual inhibition.

Indications for the use of nootropics in childhood:

• delayed intellectual development;
• stress;
• depression.

• (stimulating);
• Picamilon (stimulant);
• Phenibut (sedative);
• (sedative).

Nootropics were developed to boost metabolism and improve the functioning of cells in the nervous system. Today, nootropics, the effectiveness of which has been proven through research, are used mainly to treat neurological diseases.

Nootropic drugs contain chemical compounds that enhance brain activity, stimulate the nervous system and metabolic processes in general. Increased stress on the nervous system slows down brain activity and leads to poor circulation.

These drugs can increase energy, speed of thinking and memorization of information. It’s not for nothing that they are also called “smart drugs.”

Nootropics with proven effectiveness affect the activity of nerve impulses, accelerating brain function. Piracetam (the first nootropic substance) was invented in 1964 in Belgium as a derivative of pyrrolidone. From this stage, the synthesis and development of neurometabolic stimulants began.

Nootropics with proven effectiveness help with neuralgic diseases. The list of drugs will help you choose the best ones.

The most common nootropics:

• pyrrolidone derivatives;
• diaphenylpyrrolidone derivatives;
• amino acid derivatives;
• neuropeptides.

Complex preparations have been developed that contain a combination of stimulating substances.

Indications for use

When the properties of nootropic drugs first began to be studied, they were used to treat senile dementia. Over time, the range of use of these drugs has expanded to the areas of pediatrics, neurology, narcology and psychiatry.

In the CIS countries, nootropic drugs are prescribed for the treatment of:

• pathological damage to cerebral vessels;
• degradation of integrative function;
• neurotic disorder;
• infectious lesions of the nervous system;
• complications of traumatic brain injuries;
• decrease in integrative functions of the brain;
• alcohol addiction.

In pediatrics, nootropics are prescribed for:

• mental retardation;
• damage to the nervous system at birth;
• chronic brain abnormalities;
• delayed speech development.

In addition to the above cases, nootropic drugs are used to treat specific neurological pathologies and in the complex treatment of various diseases.

Contraindications

The effectiveness of nootropics has been proven in many cases, but do not forget about contraindications to taking neurostimulants.

Depending on the type, nootropic drugs should not be taken by patients with:

• severe vascular and heart diseases;
• pronounced psychomotor activity;
• diabetes mellitus;
• diseases of the urinary system;
• hypotension;
• individual intolerance to the components of the drug;
• stomach ulcer.

It is also not advisable to take nootropics during pregnancy or during muscle cramps.

Instructions for use

Nootropic drugs are available in the forms of tablets, injection ampoules, and intranasal drops. The dosage depends on the reason for prescribing the drug. In the initial days of use, the maximum dosage is prescribed to quickly achieve results. In subsequent days, the dosage is gradually reduced. Nootropics have a cumulative effect in the body.

Abrupt refusal to take neurostimulants is contraindicated. It is not recommended to take these medications in the afternoon, as side effects such as sleep disturbances are possible. After intravenous injections, it is advisable to reduce physical activity for the next half hour.

The effect of taking some medications is not felt immediately, but after some time, usually 1-2 weeks.

In certain cases, nootropics can cause addiction and “withdrawal syndrome.” These drugs cannot be combined with alcoholic beverages. Nootropics can be prescribed to professional athletes to restore the body.

Possible side effects

Side effects from taking pyrrolidone derivatives mainly occur in people with mental disorders.

It is rare to observe such reactions:

• dizziness;
• irritability;
• difficulty falling asleep;
• disruptions in the digestive tract.

Anticholinesterase drugs used to treat Alzheimer's disease may cause the following side effects:

• salivation;
• vomit;
• diarrhea;
• lack of coordination;
• lack of appetite;
• stomach colic.

Also, sometimes there may be an increase in temperature, pressure surges and motor overexcitation. In general, negative consequences from taking nootropic drugs are very rare.

List of nootropics with proven effectiveness for children and adults. Review of drugs, cost

Nootropics with proven effectiveness are presented in a large assortment on today's market.

The most popular of them are presented in the table:

Nootropil

Nootropil is one of the first and most common representatives of nootropics from the racetam group. This drug is marketed in the form of tablets or ampoules for intravenous injection.

Under the influence of Nootropil, the level of norepinephrine and dopamine in the blood increases, microcirculation and metabolic processes in tissues improve. A person’s cognitive abilities are enhanced, which helps improve memory and quickly perceive information.

Nootropil acts cumulatively, so after taking one tablet or administering one injection of the drug, you should not expect a visible result.

However, after the end of therapy with pyrrolidine derivatives, which include Nootropil, the drug continues to act for 2-4 weeks.

The drug Nootropil is prescribed to both children and adults, depending on the diagnosis. It has successfully proven itself in the treatment of alcohol dependence and senile dementia.

Fenotropil

The negative aspects of this remedy include insomnia and increased excitability, which occur extremely rarely. The drug should not be used by pregnant and lactating women, as well as patients with acute kidney disease.

Nootropics with proven effectiveness occupy a strong place in the market of drugs that stimulate mental activity. These include the well-known drug Phenotropil.

• This modification of piracetam acts in many ways in the body:
• stimulation of integrative functions;
• production of hormones of joy and pleasure;
• neuromodulatory effect;
• increasing the protective properties of the body;

Phenotropil is characterized by a faster effect on the body, since its molecules are actively perceived through the blood-brain barrier. Phenotropil tablets are used to treat neuroses, depression and chronic alcoholism. The drug is not addictive, but can cause loss of appetite. This neurostimulator is prescribed only to adult patients.

Contraindications for use:

• pregnancy;
• lactation;
• liver and kidney diseases.

The disadvantages of Phenotropil include the high cost and sale only with a doctor's prescription.

Biotredin

Biotredin tablets contain the active substances threonine and pyridoxine hydrochloride. The main area of ​​application of the drug is the treatment of alcohol dependence. Biotredin also relieves nervousness and tension, improves memory and concentration.

In addition to enhancing the cognitive functions of the brain, the drug has an antidepressant effect.

Biotredin is able to eliminate anxiety and irritability, restoring the resistance of the nervous system to heavy loads. A 10-day course is enough to experience the benefits of the drug. According to the instructions, Biotredin is prescribed only to adult patients who do not have hypersensitivity to vitamin B.

The active substance pyridoxine does not accumulate in the body, but is processed and excreted through the excretory system. Biotredin should not be taken together with other medications that stimulate the nervous system. The drug has virtually no side effects.

Calcium hopantenate

Calcium hopantenate is one of the few neurotropic drugs used to treat young children.

Indications for taking hopantenic acid derivatives:

• mental retardation;
• dysfunction of the brain;
• nervous system infections;
• neurotic disorders;
• cerebral paralysis;
• perinatal damage to the nervous system.

In the treatment of childhood pathologies, calcium hopantenate can improve motor skills, increase concentration and reduce increased excitability.

The product has the following types of effects:

• increasing the body's resistance to stressful situations;
• stimulation of cognitive functions of the brain;
• moderate sedative and analgesic effect;
• increase in general tone.

With heavy intellectual and emotional stress, the drug helps normalize the mental state. Concomitant use of sedatives is not advisable.

Derivatives of butyric acid have a beneficial effect on neuron energy, neurodynamics, and blood circulation in the nervous system. An optimal combination of stimulating and calming effects of calcium hopantenate is observed.

Neurobutal

Neurobutal is a nootropic drug with a sedative function. The active ingredient is calcium hydroxybutyrate.

The effect of treatment with this remedy:

• tranquilizing;
• adaptogenic;
• soothing;
• antihypoxic;
• anesthetic.

The drug is prescribed to smooth out various neurotic conditions, insomnia and withdrawal syndrome. Neurobutal tablets are quickly absorbed in the body, without having a cumulative effect. The complex and rapid action of the drug allows it to be used in the treatment of panic attacks.

The negative effect can be expressed in sleep disturbances and headaches. At the moment, Neurobutal is not sold in pharmacies in the Russian Federation.

Semax

Nootropics with proven effectiveness are available not only in the form of tablets, but also in the form of nasal drops. The convenient release form of Semax allows the active substance to quickly penetrate the cell membrane of the body.

This drug is a synthetic analogue of the hormone, which has nootropic and adaptogenic effects. The psychostimulating effect of Semax is used in pediatrics, neurology, ophthalmology and narcology.

Main indications for use of the product:

• complications of traumatic brain injury;
• rehabilitation after stroke;
• neurotic disorders;
• senile dementia;
• treatment of withdrawal symptoms;
• glaucoma;
• ischemic attacks.

Semax also allows you to increase the intellectual and mnestic functions of the brain, and has a beneficial effect on hemodynamics and blood circulation in the brain. The drug activates mental and labor activity.

The main directions of influence on the body:

• neurometabolic;
• neuroprotective;
• antioxidant;
• antihypoxic.

Semax is contraindicated in acute mental disorders and pregnancy.

Acefen

Acefen (the active compound is meclofenoxate) is a derivative of plant growth hormone that improves metabolic processes in the body. The drug has a moderate neurostimulating effect, restoring blood supply to brain cells. An unusual function of this nootropic is its rejuvenating effect on nerve cells.

Acefen is also characterized by the following functions:

• mnemotropic;
• neurotransmitter;
• antihypoxic.

Indications for taking the drug: treatment of traumatic brain injuries, mental retardation, discirculatory encephalopathy, psychopathological disorders. Can be used in combination with piracetam. To date, Acefen is not available for sale in Russia.

Glycine

Glycine is one of the well-known nootropics that is approved for use by adults and children. Psycho-emotional stress and excessive mental stress can lead to disturbances in concentration and sleep. To maintain the body’s resistance to such influences, you can take advantage of this budgetary remedy.

The complex effect of Glycine tablets is:

• improving attention and thinking;
• influence on the assimilation of information;
• eliminating lethargy;
• stimulation of impulses;
• reducing nervousness.

The drug is prescribed for decreased mental performance, diseases of the nervous system, and cerebrovascular accidents. The product effectively helps with frequent stress and nervousness. Glycine is practically harmless and has no contraindications. The combination with tranquilizers is undesirable. The drug can be prescribed to children from 3 years of age.

The stimulating effect of nootropics helps normalize mental state and improve cognitive abilities. The effectiveness of these drugs has been proven in experimental studies when administered in moderate doses.

Article format: Lozinsky Oleg

Video about nootropics with proven effectiveness

Top 7 best nootropics:

What are new generation nootropic drugs and how do they differ from other drugs in this group, what active ingredients do they contain and for what diseases and disorders are they indicated, rules for using nootropics.

New generation nootropic drugs are drugs that are responsible for stimulating the brain and its work, protecting nervous reactions. The list of new drugs in this group is quite large. As a rule, these are complex substances that consist of the nootropic component itself, as well as a number of additional ingredients, such as amino acids, antioxidants, vitamins, which improve the functioning of brain cells.

Features and types of new generation nootropics

People have been using nootropics in various forms since ancient times. The simplest and very first known nootropic is choline. The substance contains eggs, meat, fish, and seafood. After eating food that is rich in animal protein, the hormone serotonin is produced in the brain.

It is responsible for the feeling of pleasure and also has a positive effect on neuronal connections. The brain starts to work actively, memory becomes better, as do thought processes. Similar nootropic simple substances are found in green tea, coffee, nicotine, and amphetamines.

After nootropic drugs were developed and studied in the laboratory in the mid-20th century, a classification of these drugs was created: stimulants, reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, racetams, vasodilators, metabolic enhancers.

Currently, racetams are mainly used in medicine. These substances are the basis of new nootropic drugs. Racetams are a chemical structure that is derived from pyrrolidine. Today there are many different new generation pharmacological drugs.

Previously, in order to improve mental activity, plant components such as lemongrass, ginseng, and ginkgo biloba were widely used. These plants are still used as ingredients in nootropic drugs. Unlike natural stimulants, the latter have a more precise effect on specific areas of the brain.

This makes it possible to use new drugs not only to enhance memory and improve intelligence, but also in the treatment of more serious disorders and ailments, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Thanks to this, these drugs are considered the most effective among all nootropic drugs.

Composition and characteristics of the components of new nootropic agents

As a rule, such drugs contain two or more components that complement each other. Often in the composition of new nootropic drugs you can find:

1. Dimethylaminoethanol. This is a substance that is actively involved in the synthesis of acetylcholine. Acts as an antioxidant, improves memory, mental abilities, and physical endurance.
2. Gamma-aminobutyric acid. The main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system. Takes an active part in brain metabolism, as well as in neurotransmitter processes.
3. Pantothenic acid (B5). Participates in metabolic processes of the brain, the synthesis of acetylcholine. Participates in the synthesis of neurotransmitters.
4. Pyridoxine (B6). This is a protein coenzyme that is involved in the uniform supply of glucose to the body’s cells and is involved in the processing of amino acids.
5. Vitamin B15. Helps eliminate cell hypoxia, has a vasodilating effect, and has a detoxifying property.
6. Vitamin E. Takes part in the synthesis of hormones, acts as an antioxidant, prevents the formation of blood clots, and helps muscles function normally.
7. Folic acid. Participates in the processes of DNA replication and cell division.

Beneficial properties of new generation nootropic drugs

According to the definition of the World Health Organization, the group of new generation nootropics should include drugs that have a direct activating effect on the learning process, memory, and mental activity. In addition, these drugs increase the brain’s resistance to various aggressive factors.

The general properties of new nootropic drugs are as follows:

• Improving thought processes - learning or cognitive functions;
• Increasing the speed of memorization and strength of data storage;
• Growth of intellectual activity, increase in the volume of intellectual abilities;
• Forgetting stressful conditions and information about various pains;
• Stimulation of metabolic processes in neural tissue, mainly in various pathologies, such as intoxication, injury, anoxia;
• Improving the impact on the mental state and higher nervous activity in morphological and functional pathologies;
• Increased resistance of the brain's thought processes to unfavorable factors of the internal and external environment: stroke, trauma, hypoxia.

New generation nootropic drugs do not affect the psyche and higher nervous activity of a healthy person.

Indications for the use of new nootropics

Let's take a closer look at the indications for taking new generation nootropic drugs to improve mental performance:

1. Psychoorganic syndrome. In medicine, it is understood as a broad group of diseases that manifest themselves in dystrophic changes in nerve tissue. These are the following illnesses: epilepsy, various types of dementia, Parkinson's disease, neuroinfections, cerebral palsy, ischemic stroke.
2. Chronic alcoholism, which is accompanied by withdrawal syndrome and delirium.
3. Addiction.
4. Asthenia of organic and neurotic origin, asthenoneurotic and asthenodepressive syndromes, VSD, migraine, sleep disorders, emotional lability.
5. Correction of neuroleptic syndrome.
6. Impaired proper urination of neurogenic etiology.
7. Somatic-vegetative disorders.
8. Neurotic and neurosis-like pathologies.
9. Chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency.
10. Sickle cell anemia.
11. Chronic psychopathologies, schizophrenia, childhood mental retardation, neurosis-like disorders, depression.
12. Organic brain syndrome of elderly people.
13. As part of the complex treatment of ophthalmological pathologies.

Side effects and contraindications of new nootropics

Each drug of the nootropic class has its own contraindications. In general terms the following can be distinguished:

• Pregnancy;
• Lactation;
• Individual intolerance to components;
• Psychomotor agitation;
• Bulimia;
• Kidney failure;
• Liver failure;
• Huntington's chorea;
• The period after acute hemorrhagic stroke;
• Severe renal dysfunction.

The mechanism of action of new generation nootropic drugs

Nootropic drugs directly affect a number of brain functions. As a result, the interaction between the hemispheres and the main centers of the cortex improves.

New generation medications increase the utilization of sugar, as well as the formation of ATP, and have a stimulating effect on the synthesis of RNA and proteins. The process of oxidative phospholation under their influence is suspended, and cell membranes are stabilized.

The mechanisms of action of new nootropics include:

1. Antioxidant;
2. Membrane stabilizing;
3. Neuroprotective;
4. Antihypoxic.

The advantage of this mechanism of action is that no irreversible changes occur in the cortex. With the ease with which racetam molecules bind to receptors, they become detached.

Additionally, since the human body does not produce racetams on its own, there are unlikely to be any byproducts that could cause negative effects. Thus, a powerful nootropic effect is achieved without side effects.

Each racetam has a unique formula that allows it to bind to specific neuroreceptors. As a rule, such drugs are used in groups in order to achieve a better effect.

The effectiveness of new generation nootropic drugs for older people increases if they are combined with psychostimulants and angioprotectors. This is how impaired intellectual functions are stimulated and corrected. For children, neurometabolic stimulants are recommended to combat mental retardation.

Instructions for use of new nootropics

Self-administration of new generation nootropic drugs without the advice of a doctor is prohibited. It is only permissible to use herbal medicines based on ginkgo biloba, lemongrass and other plants without prescription. Such drugs are more likely to be dietary supplements than medications.

There are many different drugs in this group. They have different shapes and directions of action. They are mainly produced in the form of tablets, capsules, injection solutions and suspensions.

It is worth noting that the maximum effectiveness of these medications is achieved only after several weeks or even months.

Review of new generation nootropics

The list of new generation nootropic drugs is quite extensive. As a rule, the newest drugs have a combination composition and combine racetams and excipients.

Popular means are:

• Fezam. It is a combination of piracetam and cinarizine. The medicine is in the form of capsules. Recommended as a remedy as part of complex therapy for the treatment of circulatory disorders in the brain. After its use, microcirculation in the brain improves, blood vessels dilate, vision and hearing improve. The drug eliminates the effects of hypoxia, relieves headaches, dizziness, and fights amnesia. As a rule, people who have suffered a stroke, encephalitis and various traumatic brain injuries are prescribed long-term use of Phezam. The price for a package of the drug (60 capsules) ranges from 170 to 250 rubles.
• Orocetam. Combination of piracetam and orotic acid. These are injections for intravenous administration. The drug helps overcome severe brain intoxication. Improves metabolic processes in brain cells. Activates the reparative and detoxification function of the liver. The price is about 50 rubles per ampoule of the drug.
• Thiocetam. Combination of piracetam and thiotriosaline. It comes in the form of tablets and injections. Used to improve cerebral blood circulation in the cerebral cortex. Often used to treat speech disorders and the consequences of alcohol intoxication. The price of the new generation nootropic drug Thiocetam is 540 rubles per package of 60 tablets.