Focal formation of the right adrenal gland. Retention formation of the ovary. Cystic formation of the right ovary

Retention cysts are cavities filled with fluid or blood. Despite the fact that they are benign formations and do not metastasize, these cysts can rupture and cause complications.

Therefore, every woman needs to know about this pathology in order to begin prevention or treatment in time.

Retention cysts of one or both ovaries are common female pathologies, accounting for almost a fifth of all gynecological diseases.

Left

A retention cyst of the left ovary can develop after an abdominal injury, during the period of hormonal changes during puberty or the onset of menopause.

An increase in the level of androgens (male hormones) prevents the maturation and release of the egg, causing retention of the left ovary. Inflammation of the appendages on the left is rarely characterized by severe symptoms, and therefore is often detected only during examination.

Right

The retention cyst of the right ovary, like the left one, still has no precisely identified causes. The most likely theory is an imbalance of pituitary hormones.

Provoking factors for right ovarian cysts can be nervous tension, constant stress, obesity or, conversely, low weight, inflammatory processes, or previous sexually transmitted diseases.

Retention disease of the right ovary can develop with hypothyroidism, a disorder of the thyroid gland. If the doctor suspects that a woman has a right ovarian cyst, early pregnancy and the possibility of luteal formation must be ruled out.

With a sharp increase in the cyst of the right ovary, the signs intensify, and you can see the asymmetry of the lower abdomen.

Causes

Retention formation of the ovary is caused by various reasons:

• early puberty, hormonal imbalances;
• inflammation of the uterus - endometriosis, in which endometrial cells enter the ovary;
• disruption of the release of a mature egg from the follicle;
• abortions, after which the introduction of modified cells into the gonads can also be observed.

Types of retention cyst

Retention cysts can form on any internal organs - lips, lungs, salivary gland. Gynecologists find similar formations on the cervix, right or left ovary.

Read also: How to cure sclerocystic ovarian syndrome

Depending on the location, ovarian retention cysts are divided into:

• luteal - formed in place of the corpus luteum;
• paraovarian - formed from the ovarian appendages;
• follicular - develop at the site of an unruptured follicle.

Symptoms

There are no obvious clinical manifestations with small retention formations. Pathology is often detected accidentally - during a routine gynecological examination or diagnosis of other diseases of the pelvic organs.

Symptoms of a retention cyst as its size increases are characterized by:

• discomfort, pain in the ovarian area;
• menstrual irregularities (changes in timing, increased or scanty bloody discharge);
• unpleasant sensations during sexual intercourse;
• feeling of heaviness, bloating.

If the right ovary is affected, a woman may experience nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and sometimes constipation. In these cases, it is necessary to differentiate appendicitis. Acute conditions associated with rupture or torsion of the leg give symptoms of an “acute abdomen” - peritonitis.

Diagnostics

Traditional methods for diagnosing the disease:

• gynecological examination, clarification of the patient’s medical history and complaints;
• transvaginal ultrasound examination of the ovaries and other pelvic organs.

Retention formation of the ovary must be differentiated from pregnancy, malignant neoplasms or inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary organs. In case of a complicated course of the disease, MRI, CT, and puncture of the contents of the tumor are prescribed.

Treatment

To treat retention of the ovary, conservative and surgical techniques are used. At the initial stages of the development of pathology, in addition to traditional therapy, traditional medicine is prescribed: suppositories, decoctions, infusions, tampons.

Kalanchoe candle

• pinnate Kalanchoe - has the most pronounced medicinal properties;
• Kalanchoe Degremona - used in folk medicine;
• Kalanchoe Blossfeld - has medicinal properties, but is more valued as a decorative plant.

Candle recipe: pick a few Kalanchoe leaves, rinse well with warm water, squeeze out the juice and mix it with corn flour. For elasticity, you can add a few drops of sea buckthorn oil. Divide the resulting tight dough into candles and freeze in the refrigerator.

It is advisable to insert suppositories for the treatment of ovarian retention cysts into the vagina at night. In the morning, you can use a syringe with warm chamomile infusion. Treatment lasts up to 2-3 months. Instead of candles, you can use hygienic tampons soaked in Kalanchoe juice.

Read also: Cyst of the right and left ovary - causes and symptoms

Hirudotherapy

The leech treatment method is safe and effective. The saliva of these unique worms contains biologically active substances and stimulates blood circulation.

The only discomfort that women experience during this procedure is the puncture of the chitinous teeth of the leeches into the skin in the area of ​​the appendage.

The number of animals and the duration of procedures is determined by the hirudotherapist individually for each woman.

Hirudotherapy is contraindicated in cases of low blood clotting.

Burdock juice tampons

Treatment with burdock juice is possible only in the spring and summer. In August, the leaves of the plant wither, so they cannot be used for treatment. Fresh leaves should be thoroughly washed to remove dust, squeeze out the juice, moisten a cotton-gauze swab with it and insert it into the vagina overnight.

Caution: When using suppositories or tampons for the first time, you should not use a large amount of juice - in some patients, the components of the plant can cause discomfort in the form of itching, burning, and swelling.

In this case, you should stop treatment and syringe with clean water or chamomile decoction. In case of a severe allergic reaction, immediately consult a gynecologist.

Mud treatment

Mud therapy is one of the official methods of physiotherapy. But this method has many contraindications, so you cannot self-medicate.

Mud treatment should only take place in the physiotherapy department of a sanatorium or hospital.

Herbal infusions

Herbal medicine for retention formation is not a panacea, but an additional means of treatment. It is recommended to use tinctures and infusions, decoctions of the uterus, celandine, shield grass, marigold flowers, and nettle leaves. Fresh juices of Kalanchoe or nettle, viburnum are useful.

Treatment with herbal infusions should be carried out under the supervision of a gynecologist or herbalist. After a course of treatment with non-traditional methods, it is necessary to undergo a control ultrasound examination.

Complications

Some doctors believe that the most common complication is a retention cyst of the right ovary. It is formed earlier than in the left one and functions more actively.

The neoplasm of the left appendage can be complicated by the formation of a pedicle and its torsion, which leads to rupture of the capsule, blood loss, further necrosis of the compressed intestine, and peritonitis.

The right to education occupies a special place in the human rights system. This right is included in international (and, in particular, European) human rights standards, which is reflected in Part 1 of Art. 26Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), part 1 art. 13 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966), Art.2 Protocol No. 1 (1952) to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950), art. 14 European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights (2000).

It is interesting to note that the right to education, as surprising as it may seem, especially in our time, when intensive processes of rapprochement of European states in the field of education are underway, the only thing of social rights, present in the mentioned Protocol 1 to European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and in relation to which a whole system of human rights measures is being built. This fact confirms the extremely important place and role of the right to education in the system of modern democratic values. In Art. 2 of this Protocol No. 1 speaks, in particular, about such important concepts of this right as:

a) its universality (no one can be denied this right),

b) the responsibilities of the state in the field of education and training 3 and

c) the duty of the state to respect the religious and philosophical beliefs of parents while providing their children with an education in accordance with these beliefs. 4

IN Constitution of the Russian Federation(1993) general issues of the right to education are enshrined in Art. 43, the text of which we consider necessary to reproduce here in full:

Before characterizing the right to education itself in accordance with this article of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to determine its place and role as an element of the human rights system.

The concept of “human rights and freedoms,” despite its seemingly extremely widespread use in the modern period, does not, however, have a single and universally accepted interpretation. However, there are some points that, in any interpretation, reflect the nature and essential properties of what is reflected in this concept.

First. This concept reflects the fact that people (individuals or their groups, associations) have certain individual, group or socially significant needs and interests (personal (civil), economic, political, social, cultural).

Second. These needs and interests are characterized, on the one hand, by individuals (social groups, public associations) awareness of their social place and the role that they play (or can play) in society, and on the other hand, recognition by society and its social institutions, first all and mainly, the state of these places and roles. From this point of view, rights and freedom are simultaneously and social claims of people (groups, associations), i.e. addressed to society and the state requirements to satisfy their various economic, social and other needs and interests (a), and a kind of politically and legally formalized through the principles and provisions of educational policy and norms of state legislation, the latter’s consent to these claims and to their satisfaction, protection and security (b ).

In a truly legal democratic society, both these sides are in harmony, i.e. in a state of balancing the needs and interests of society 5 and its members, the state and its citizens, the collective and individual principles of public life. 6

Third. Claims can be both natural and social in nature. In the first case, they reflect the needs and interests inherent in each person as a biosocial being, in the second - the needs and interests inherent in the individual as a citizen of a particular state. In this regard, the difference between rights and freedoms becomes clear person And citizen. As for the rights and freedoms of the individual, in this case we are dealing with the integration of the first two aspects, since the concept of personality is in one way or another connected with the peculiarities of the combination of “human” and “civil” as a particular person is socialized.

Fourth. Rights and freedoms are measures of possible, permitted and, thereby, limited socially significant behavior of various participants in social relations, guaranteed by current legislation. In this sense, the concept of “rights and freedom” is on the same semantic plane, and even in a certain respect coincides in its content with the concept of “legal subjective rights”, which relates to the content of any legal relationship.

Fifth. Despite their semantic proximity, the concepts of “right” and “freedom” as the central categories of the theory of human rights (L.I. Glukhareva, V.M. Kapitsyn, E.A. Lukasheva, R.A. Mullerson, etc.) are not equivalent. Rights- these are social claims that imply active the role of the state in their provision, protection and protection (the right to life, the right to personal integrity, the right to housing, etc.). Freedom- social claims, implying, on the contrary, passive the role of the state in the implementation by relevant subjects of their needs and interests (freedom of speech, religious expression, freedom of political associations, etc.). 7 Otherwise, the state, as the leading social institution of society, cannot and should not arbitrarily, i.e. at your own discretion, illegal interfere with the implementation of such individually and socially significant acts. It’s another matter when such freedoms are used to the detriment of other people, society and the state, i.e. there is abuse of these freedoms. In this case, the state not only can, but is already obliged to act actively in the interests of the rights and freedoms of other members of society, society itself and its own state interests. But it is precisely here that an extremely important, complex and almost always relevant question arises about the criteria and methods of state intervention in the implementation of rights and freedoms.

A brief excursion into the theory of human rights makes it possible to reveal the essence and content of the concept of “right to education” in more detail. Taking into account the above, the characteristics of the concept of “right to education” can be represented by the following provisions.

1. Every person, regardless of his place of birth and residence, nationality, gender and other characteristics characterizing his social status, from the moment of his birth can claim (personally himself or through his parents (or other legal representatives - guardians, trustees) to that society, in the person of its institutions and, above all, state ones, assist him in constructive socialization, i.e. in including him in such social (cultural, economic, moral, legal and other nature) ties that would ensure him to take a certain place in the system of social hierarchy and realize his certain personal and social needs and interests.

2. These claims are expressed, as can be concluded from the results of the literal interpretation of the word “everyone,” by any person, regardless of his place of birth and residence, gender, race, rational, religious and other characteristics. This is quite understandable, since this kind of claim can only take place in human society. Outside of it, such claims are meaningless. In relation to the right to education, every person can claim that public institutions provide him with constructive socialization through the acquisition, assimilation and development of a certain amount of knowledge, skills and abilities.

At the same time, the word “everyone” has an abstract character, abstract in the sense that any person is not only in “universal” connections with other people, but also, what is especially important, in fairly strictly defined political and legal connections with specific state and its legislation, being a citizen (subject) of such a specific state. Thus, a citizen who, depending on the type of state, the political regime dominant in a given society, the characteristics of the political and legal status of this citizen, has a different “set” of rights and freedoms, corresponds to a set of responsibilities of the state (and in its person and society) according to guaranteeing these rights and freedoms, both natural and social.

But can a state guarantee the same “educational” claim to a citizen of another state? Without going into the details of this topic, we will limit ourselves to just noting that in the Russian Federation (as, indeed, in any other modern democratic state) everyone can truly realize their educational needs and interests, but only if this “everyone” resides on the territory of the Russian Federation legally. 8

3. The right to education, or more precisely, its implementation presupposes, as noted, the active role of the state in guaranteeing this type of social claim. Of course, society itself is in no way alienated from its role, since we are still talking about socialization (general or professional), however, the main role still belongs to the state as the leading social institution that determines the vector of historical development of society and its ethnonational, cultural, social -economic, political and legal integrity, “self”. And when the media sometimes raises the question of who should be the main “responsible” for education – society or the state – such a formulation of the question, in our opinion, is fundamentally wrong. It is another matter that a particular state, at one or another stage of its development, represented by its specific representatives (the President, the government, the highest educational authorities), pursues an unproductive, ill-considered strategy for its policy in the field of education, which is what we have encountered in recent years in our country. However, this in no way leads to the conclusion that the state, as a leading social institution, “should” be excluded from the list of subjects of education management.

4. Every right, including the right to education, is, in a certain sense, also a duty. Moreover, as evidenced by legislation, legal practice, and life itself in general, many people’s rights “appear” only after a person has fulfilled certain social (and legal) obligations. In turn, the fulfillment of rights leads to the emergence of new responsibilities, which lead to the emergence of other rights, etc. In other cases, we see that some rights simply merge with responsibilities (an example of this is the right exercised by a teacher to teach a certain discipline and at the same time his obligation to teach, but only after an employment contract is concluded between him and the educational institution).

The right to education also belongs to this type of right. Up to a certain age (this age varies in different countries), up to a certain stage (level) of the education system (this level also varies in different countries), and also taking into account the degree of socio-economic development of society, the right to education is practically and legally a human responsibility (citizen) to obtain and master that other minimum of knowledge, skills and abilities that (minimum) guarantees the necessary and sufficient conditions for social communication of this citizen. Typically, this obligation to receive a “minimum” education is associated with the institution of school (general) education and is legally enshrined in constitutional and other legislative acts. Thus, the obligation to receive general education is provided for in Part 1 of Article 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (see above). The same obligation is provided for, say, part 2 of Art. 53 of the Constitution of Ukraine, part 4 of Art. 27 of the Constitution of Spain, part 2 of Article 26 of the Constitution of Japan, etc. Another thing is that in some countries basic general education is declared compulsory (Russia, Spain), in others - complete general secondary education (Ukraine), in others - primary education (Italy ). But, for example, according to the Constitution of Poland, education is compulsory for everyone under 18 years of age (Part 1 of Article 70). In the same part 2 tbsp. Article 26 of the Japanese Constitution establishes the obligation of all those in whose care children are to ensure their education, although what kind of education we are talking about is not specified by law.

Analysis of numerous texts of articles of international acts, constitutional acts of various states, as well as art. 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, devoted to the right to education, the study of various scientific studies and commentaries on legislation, give reason to highlight, in addition to what has been said, a number of important features of this right to education.

First. There is a right to education integral law , which, albeit to varying degrees, can be attributed to various groups of human rights and freedoms - social, cultural, civil (personal). Social(namely, it is to this group that it is usually attributed) the right to education is already because education, as has already been shown, is, on the one hand, one of the leading social subsystems of society. In addition, the right to education as a social right presupposes the creation of a system of state guarantees for every person to receive an education, which is the most important condition for his successful socialization.

The right to education is both cultural right. After all, it is through education and through education that a person becomes familiar with various aspects of the culture of humanity in general and national culture in particular. It is education that is the determining factor in the formation of a person’s personal civil, political, legal, moral culture, i.e. everything that constitutes him as a Personality.

Finally, there is a right to education civil,personal a human right that is exercised by him independently, at his own discretion, after he has fulfilled (with the help of his parents or legal representatives) his civil (general social) obligation to receive a general education. After all, as is known, no one formally (legally, including the Constitution of the Russian Federation) forces a person who has received a general education and cannot force him to enroll in vocational education institutions to continue his studies. Another thing is that such coercion exists objectively in the sense that life itself, the needs of society, the needs, finally, of the person himself, who has become “mature”, i.e. able to independently make socially significant decisions, a citizen after receiving a “certificate of maturity”, determines the need to choose his future life path, and thereby become familiar with a specific type of professional activity, its criteria and requirements. Thus, a person finds himself in a situation necessity, i.e. responsibilities choosing one or the other professional education. However, legislatively, incl. constitutionally, it is not an obligation that is guaranteed, but the possibility of such a choice, based on the fact that receiving a vocational education, as well as a general education, is not someone’s privilege: every person, regardless of gender, nationality, social origin, abilities, has the right (has the legal right to provided opportunity) to receive any education.

As you can see, in this case there is a certain conflict, a discrepancy between legislative possibilities and objective, practically (vitally) determined realities in the field of realization of the right to education. These collisions and some other related issues will be discussed below in more detail.

Second. There is a right to education constitutional law. This right is enshrined and, thereby, guaranteed by the constitutional acts of all modern democratic states. This circumstance alone indicates that the right to education is given exceptional importance by the state and society through the Basic Law. In addition to what was said earlier, Art. 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, like many other articles that secure and guarantee other rights and freedoms, confirms what is recognized by part 4 of Art. 15 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation the primacy of international law in the Russian legal system.

Like many other constitutional rights of man and citizen, the right to education is presented in the Constitution of the Russian Federation in the most general form. The specification of this right is expressed in a significant educational regulatory body, in which the leading place is occupied by Law of the Russian Federation “On Education” (1992) And Federal Law “On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education” (1996). These legislative acts, as well as secondary educational regulations, which act as sources of Russian educational law, will be discussed in detail in Chapter 4 of this manual.

Third. There is a right to education relative law. In the theory of human rights there are absolute (basic) human rights and rights relative. The criterion for this distinction is the possibility restrictions of one or another right under federal legislation, including in conditions of a state of emergency (Part 3 of Article 55 and Article 56 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).

Absolute rights- these are rights that cannot be limited (the introduction of such a restriction, we repeat, is possible only by federal law) in general and even in such a state of emergency. In accordance with Part 3 of Art. 56 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, such absolute rights include, for example, right to life, personal dignity, freedom of conscience and religion and etc. Relative rights– rights that may be granted by federal law in a state of emergency ( right to housing, right to use one’s native language and etc.). Among such relative rights, the Constitution of the Russian Federation includes the right to education. This means that this right may be limited for various reasons in various scales and aspects at the discretion of the federal legislator.

Fourth. Right to education – universal right. Attention has already been drawn to this feature. Here we only emphasize that the right to education extends not only to all citizens of the Russian Federation without exception (and persons legally residing in the territory of the Russian Federation), but also to persons of various ages. This circumstance has become increasingly relevant in recent years both abroad and in our country. Let's say, more and more citizens of middle age and, which is typical, especially elderly (after 55 years and even much older) age, are showing real interest in obtaining a first, second, or even third higher education. This phenomenon is of interest, first of all, for sociological science, although educational, pedagogical and legal research cannot ignore it either.

Fifth. The right to education implies availability education for everyone. Access to education is, first of all, the freedom to receive both general and professional and postgraduate education in accordance with the beliefs of parents, one’s own desires and capabilities. In this regard, the accessibility of education is organically linked to the universality of the corresponding right. At the same time, as practice shows, this aspect of the right to education is one of the most problematic for a variety of reasons. In the modern world, there are a number of contradictions in the development of education, including Russian, from the point of view of ensuring its accessibility.

One of them is to increase the number of students while reducing government spending on education. The proclaimed formal equality in education is accompanied by another contradiction - increasing inequality in access to education in the sense that the state should at least not create additional financial difficulties for people who want to receive or are already receiving education.

Another contradiction is closely related to the previous one and reflects the increasing financial difficulties of educational institutions. Objectively, the increasing demands of the education system to finance its development are accompanied by a reduction in the state’s financial support even for “its own” – the public – sector of the education system. A striking example of this is Federal Law No. 122-FZ, adopted on August 22, 2004, according to which the state made it clear that it is moving further and further, primarily financially, away from the needs of education.

The availability of education is disclosed in more detail in paragraph 3 of Art. 2 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education” as the principle on which the educational policy of the state and society is based. In this law, in contrast to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, accessibility of education as a principle of educational policy received legal recognition in a different formulation, namely as universal access to education. In Art. 5 of the same law defines the concept of universal accessibility as independence from race, nationality, language, gender, age and health status; social, property and official status; social status; living place; attitudes towards religion, beliefs; party affiliation; having a criminal record. Without going into details of the logical-conceptual analysis, we can state that the main content of both concepts – “accessibility of education” and “public accessibility of education” – practically coincides.

As you can see, the accessibility of education in the legislative constitutional sense is determined by two main factors that mediate the functioning of the education system: state policy in this area, the characteristics of which are given in the next section, and the level of material well-being of its citizens, which in our time is hardly the main non-legal restrictor of the right to education.

Some women receive approximately the following ultrasound results: “a fluid formation was detected in the ovary.” Such a conclusion means that a formation has formed in the appendage, which may disappear within several cycles or needs treatment. Fluid formation in the right ovary occurs more often than in the left.

Most often, fluid in the ovary is found in women after 40 years of age, but can appear at any age. Most scientists believe that pathology occurs due to hormonal imbalance. Moreover, a cyst in the pelvis can form both as a result of natural changes in the body, and as a result of taking hormonal drugs.

Failures in reproductive function in most cases are caused by early entry into puberty, as well as repeated abortions. Ovarian cysts with liquid content often affect women who have abnormalities in the functioning of the endocrine system.

Liquid formation of the left ovary can appear as a result of ovulation disorder, when a vesicle filled with liquid does not rupture, its contents do not enter the abdominal cavity, but remain in the follicle, resulting in the formation of a follicular ovarian cyst. This pathology usually goes away on its own. In most cases, women of childbearing age encounter it. It is benign in nature, increases in size due to stretching of the walls (due to the accumulation of internal contents) and is most often accidentally detected during an ultrasound.

Liquid formations in the appendages can appear against the background of a long-term inflammatory process caused by hypothermia. If a woman suffers from weak immunity, then the pathology, as a rule, occurs with complications. A cyst in the pelvis is often formed as a result of endometriosis.

A formation in the ovary in women may appear against the background of congestion in the pelvic area caused by improper functioning of the kidneys. Triggering factors for the development of pathology, if there is a tendency to it, are often: nervous shock, unbalanced diet, violation of work and rest schedule, etc.

Types of fluid foreign bodies in the ovaries

When they say that there are fluid formations in the appendages, we are talking about cysts, which may not manifest themselves for a long time. There are the following types:

1. Ovarian dermoid cysts often develop during pregnancy. This foreign inclusion is filled with fluid and rudiments of the child’s skin, hair and other tissues. Sometimes it appears during life.
2. A follicular formation is formed against the background of a hormonal imbalance, in which ovulation does not occur completely, and the follicle is filled with fluid, gradually increasing in size.
3. Mucinous - filled with mucous contents. Its danger lies in the possibility of malignant degeneration. In most cases, such foreign inclusions are formed during menopause.
4. A paraovarian cyst is a thin-walled neoplasm that is inactive and most often does not manifest itself in any way, being small in size.
5. Luteal neoplasm occurs immediately after ovulation due to disruption of circulatory processes in the tissues of the appendage. Factors that provoke its development are a strict diet and significant physical activity.
6. An endometriotic fluid neoplasm is formed due to the introduction of endometrial cells into the tissue of the appendage, and sometimes leads to the development of infertility. Among other fluid formations of the ovaries, it is quite common.
7. Numerous ovarian cysts, which are caused by. Hormonal abnormalities lead to reproductive dysfunction and the appearance of these fluid-filled formations in the appendages.
8. Serous cystadenoma with watery, transparent contents of light yellow color. It rarely transforms into cancer and is quite common.

Signs of a liquid neoplasm

Remember! Only a doctor can tell you what this fluid formation is in the right or left ovary and how to treat it. However, every patient can undergo a timely ultrasound to detect an adnexal cyst. Unfortunately, small foreign inclusions in the pelvis do not manifest themselves in any way, so it is difficult to suspect them.

As the pathology develops, a woman usually develops the following symptoms:

• bleeding from the genital tract outside of menstruation;
• pain in the abdomen;
• vomiting and/or nausea;
• anovulation;
• feeling of bloating;
• pain during intimacy;
• cycle disorders;
• problems with bowel movements;
• increased urge to urinate;
• pain in the thigh or lower back segment.

These manifestations do not always indicate the presence of a fluid formation and quite often act as manifestations of other gynecological pathologies, for example, uterine fibroids.

If pain occurs during intimacy and/or after physical activity, nausea and other unpleasant symptoms, you should consult a doctor as soon as possible. This clinical picture may indicate the development of a cyst.

Diagnosis of pathology

A fluid inclusion in the right or left ovary is often detected during an ultrasound. To identify the cause of the pathology, a blood test for hormones is performed. This allows you to prescribe effective drug therapy. Most often, patients suffering from appendage cysts have cycle disorders.

If the doctor believes that the formation can spontaneously resolve within several months, then he recommends that the woman do it over time to monitor the development of the pathology. However, if unpleasant symptoms or complications appear, if there is a risk of developing a malignant process, treatment is carried out.

To exclude the presence of cancer, the patient needs to donate blood for tumor markers C-125 and CA-19-9. It should be remembered that positive results of such tests do not always indicate ovarian cancer and may indicate malignant damage to other organs. The most reliable test for detecting adnexal cancer is considered.

How to treat fluid formation in the left or right ovary

If we are talking about a functional cyst, then with a high degree of probability it can disappear on its own within several menstrual cycles. Then, when the formation does not regress, it is treated, the tactics of which are determined by the patient’s age and other factors.

As a rule, the period during which dynamic observation is carried out is 3 months. To speed up the process of disappearance of the cyst, the gynecologist may prescribe hormonal drugs, and in case of pain, painkillers. Foreign inclusions of large sizes, or those that have the potential to transform into a cancerous tumor, are removed surgically.

The fluid formation of the left ovary (or right) is excised laparoscopically or laparotomically. The operation is also indicated when a woman who wants to become pregnant has PCOS, and conservative treatment is ineffective. Urgent surgery is performed for ovarian cancer, as well as for other complications.

If the patient is in menopause and suffers from serious diseases of the blood vessels, heart, metabolic disorders, and the cyst has a diameter of no more than 5 cm and cannot degenerate into a malignant tumor, then the operation is not performed. In this case, conservative therapy with medications is used.

When there are fluid formations in the ovaries, this indicates the presence of cysts (for example, with PCOS). A single foreign inclusion may indicate the functional nature of the pathology. A comprehensive examination allows you to make an accurate diagnosis and prescribe the correct treatment to the patient.

In the literature it is described as ovarian tumor formations of a benign or malignant nature.

• The benign nature is determined by the absence of invasive (penetrating) growth into surrounding tissues and metastasis to distant organs. Functional cysts are characterized by a natural appearance during certain periods of the menstrual cycle.
• Malignant cyst formation occurs when cells degenerate and uncontrolled growth.

Benign tumors are more common in young women, while older women are more likely to develop a malignant process.

Usually, exceptional characteristics are not distinguished for a cyst of the right ovary. Manifestations and prognosis for life are determined by the type of cavity formation and its size. Thus, a functional cyst is not life-threatening, but requires observation.

In most cases, single small cysts of the right ovary are found. It is possible to detect numerous cavity formations - polycystic ovary syndrome, simultaneous damage to the second ovary.

The structure is determined by the type of cystic formation. The patient's management tactics can be watchful or involve medical or surgical treatment.

Causes

• Deviations in hormonal levels, including the regulation of endocrine organs at the level of the central nervous system.
• Carrying out abortions.
• Prolonged emotional stress, exposure to chemicals, ionizing radiation, long-term unbalanced nutrition.
• Concomitant inflammatory diseases of the genital organs.
• Hereditary predisposition.

Classification

They are characterized by general principles of classification of cysts. Cysts of the right ovary can be:

• Single or multiple cysts of the right ovary,
• Single-chamber or multi-chamber.
• Functional.
• Benign or malignant.

Depending on the nature of the course, it can be uncomplicated or complicated.

Symptoms

In most cases there are no clinical manifestations, since the lion's share is made up of functional cysts. Often a cyst is an accidental discovery during a routine examination.

The larger the cystic formation and the intensity of cyst growth, the more pronounced the clinical manifestations will be. May occur:

• Painful sensations of varying intensity. Characteristic localization is in the lower abdomen on the side of the cyst. Pain may vary depending on physical activity and the phase of the menstrual cycle.
• Menstrual irregularities, bleeding, infertility.
• Impaired function of nearby organs - the intestines or bladder.

The occurrence of complications is accompanied by a sharp deterioration in the clinical condition. It is possible to develop signs of acute surgical pathology: sharp pain of significant intensity, tension in the muscles of the abdominal wall, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, profuse sweat, shock and others.

Diagnostics

To establish a diagnosis for any clinical data, additional studies are required:

Gynecological (two-handed) vaginal examination evaluates pain and mobility of the tumor formation. In the case of a significant size of the cyst, sometimes the patient can independently identify a space-occupying formation located on the side or behind the uterus.

Treatment

The choice of treatment method is determined by the type of cyst. May be assigned:

1. Drug therapy: sex hormones, steroids, symptomatic treatment: (anti-inflammatory therapy, analgesics) and others.
2. Surgical techniques for cyst removal: endoscopic or abdominal surgery.
3. In some cases, it is possible to monitor a space-occupying lesion without the use of intensive treatment, using traditional methods of treatment. It is important that the decision on the choice of treatment method should be proposed by a specialist.

Due to the significant variety of types of cysts, there is no single method for eliminating the formation. Not only the presence and size of the tumor formation is also taken into account, but also related factors: the patient’s age, the condition of other genital organs, the presence of diseases of other organs and systems.

1. In the diet and nature of nutrition, it is recommended to adhere to general principles in the treatment of tumor formations:
   • Limit heavy physical activity, sexual activity, avoid hypothermia.
   • Balanced nutrition, enriching the diet with plant fiber, vitamins A, B, microelements.
   • Correction of emotional background. Elimination of long-term emotional stress.

Complications

The likelihood of complications increases with larger cysts. Can be:

• Menstrual dysfunction (delay or prolonged and heavy periods).
• Necrosis, torsion of the cyst, hemorrhage into the cyst cavity into the ovary or abdominal cavity.
• Cyst ruptures, bleeding (external or internal).
• Compression of nearby organs with dysfunction.
• For some types of cysts, these are signs of malignant growth.

Prevention

Includes general principles for ovarian cysts:

• Regular preventive examinations by a gynecologist with ultrasound examination (if necessary, dynamic observation).
• Timely detection and elimination of inflammatory diseases of the genital organs.
• Avoid prolonged stressful conditions.
• Detection and correction of metabolic disorders or hormonal imbalances.
• Undergoing blood tests for tumor markers (especially if relatives have been diagnosed with tumors).

Right ovarian cyst: causes of formation, types, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment

Often a woman is unaware of the existence of a cyst on the ovary, and then during her next visit to the gynecologist she learns about the pathology. The cyst is not dangerous as long as it is small. But it is unknown when it will begin to increase, and then the complications can be very serious. More often a cyst is found on the right ovary. This is most likely due to the fact that it is better supplied with blood than the left one. That is why complications arise here more often. During treatment, everything is done so as not to deprive a young woman of the opportunity to become pregnant and give birth safely.

Types of Cysts

An ovarian cyst is a cavity formed due to stretching of the membrane in any part of it. There are several types of neoplasms that differ in origin and nature of the contents.

It has been noticed that cysts appear on the right ovary more often than on the left. It functions more actively, as it is better supplied with blood due to its close location to the abdominal artery. With the blood, hormones produced by the pituitary gland (FSH and LH) enter the ovaries, which directly regulate the processes occurring in them. In the right ovary, dominant follicles mature more often. It produces more active hormones.

Functional

There are two types of ovarian cysts: functional and non-functional.

Functional ones are directly related to the hormonal processes occurring in the ovaries and are formed in a certain phase of the cycle. These include:

1. Follicular cyst. It is formed in the membrane of the dominant follicle in the first phase of the cycle.
2. Luteal cyst. It occurs after ovulation in the corpus luteum, which forms in the ruptured follicle after the release of the egg.

The peculiarity is that functional cysts can disappear on their own after the hormonal levels return to normal. As a rule, such cysts form on the right ovary.

Non-functional

Non-functional. Such neoplasms do not disappear on their own; they develop without connection with the processes of the cycle. These include:

1. Endometrioid. It is formed on the surface of the ovary when particles of the uterine mucosa come into contact with it (the cause is endometriosis, which develops as a result of hormonal imbalance). Due to the uneven structure of the particles, cracks are formed in them, which are filled with menstrual blood. Clotted blood is dark brown in color. Therefore, such an ovarian cyst is also called a chocolate cyst.
2. Paraovarian. Formed from a rudimentary epididymis. The cyst is connected to the body of the ovary by a stalk and is located near the fallopian tube. This is a congenital pathology that occurs in the embryo at the time of formation of the reproductive organs. Tumor growth occurs after puberty.
3. Dermoid. It is formed during intrauterine development at the time of the formation of organs from the germ layers. Each of them contains cells of a certain type, from which various tissues of the body are created. Hair, particles of skin, bones, and dental tissue are found inside.

Nonfunctional cysts on the right ovary are found with approximately the same frequency as on the left. Functional and paraovarian neoplasms are classified as retentional (formed by stretching the membrane with secretory fluid).

Video: How functional ovarian cysts form

Reasons for education

The main reason for the formation of functional ovarian cysts is a violation of the ratio of pituitary hormones and, accordingly, a failure in the development of the dominant follicle.

A follicular cyst is formed when there is an excess of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The dominant follicle does not rupture, secretory fluid accumulates in it, and eventually a bubble with a diameter of up to 10 cm is formed in its wall.

A corpus luteum cyst is formed if the level of luteinizing hormone in the blood, which stimulates its growth, is exceeded. The FSH/LH ratio can independently recover to normal within 2-3 cycles, in which case the functional cyst of the right ovary disappears. If this does not happen, then hormonal treatment is used to normalize the background.

The causes of such disorders are inflammatory and infectious diseases of the uterus and appendages, diseases of the thyroid gland and pituitary gland, improper metabolism, exhaustion of the body or obesity. Hormonal imbalance can be caused by stress and bad habits.

An endometrioid tumor occurs as a result of pathological growth of the endometrium due to excess estrogen in the body. The disorder is facilitated by taking hormonal drugs for the purpose of contraception or replacement therapy. Excessive growth of the endometrium is promoted by damage to the surface of the uterus during inflammatory processes, the formation of scars and adhesions after surgery (abortion, curettage).

Note: Endometrial particles can be carried through the blood into the abdominal cavity if, for example, a woman has sex during menstruation. The reason such particles get on the ovaries may be an increase in intra-abdominal pressure when lifting heavy objects.

Paraovarian neoplasms most often begin to grow against the background of inflammatory processes, after abdominal trauma, or surgery in the abdominal cavity (for example, removal of the appendix). The cause of tumor growth may be overheating of the lower part of the body (bathing in a hot bath), or impaired development of the genital organs.

Dermoid cysts are genetic in origin. Its growth begins in a woman of any age. Provoking factors are diseases of the genital organs, the effects of toxins on the body, including nicotine and drugs.

As a rule, a cyst of the right ovary is discovered during reproductive age, when hormonal disorders occur most often. At risk are women suffering from obesity, infertility, menstrual irregularities, bad habits and promiscuous sex.

Complications of cyst formation

The disease occurs in 2 forms: complicated and uncomplicated. Complications arise if the tumor reaches a size of 3 cm or more. The following conditions pose a danger:

1. Twisting of the leg, cessation of blood supply. Necrosis and blood poisoning are possible.
2. Capsule rupture. If it swells and bursts, the contents spill into the abdominal cavity, leading to peritonitis. Together with the capsule, the ovarian membrane may rupture, causing apoplexy.
3. Hemorrhage (internal bleeding). This process is most typical for the right ovary, since it has a direct connection with the abdominal aorta. There may be hemorrhage inside the ovary, as well as into the abdominal cavity. If the hemorrhagic cyst is large and the bleeding is severe, only urgent surgery can save the woman.
4. Malignization. In some cases, an endometrioid or dermoid cyst degenerates into a cancerous tumor.

As doctors warn, the main cause of complications is usually failure to consult a doctor in a timely manner. Feeling unwell, women often self-medicate with home remedies without knowing the diagnosis, wasting precious time. Often, on the advice of friends, they warm up the lower abdomen, which is strictly prohibited.

The consequences may be suppuration of the contents, peritonitis, sepsis, disruption of neighboring organs, bleeding, anemia, removal of the ovary and infertility.

Cysts during pregnancy and childbirth

With a significant increase in tumors, pregnancy becomes more difficult. They can provoke menstrual disorders and lack of ovulation. In addition, neoplasms can block the entrance to the fallopian tubes, making fertilization impossible.

If during pregnancy a small ovarian cyst is discovered on the right or left side (less than 3 cm in diameter), then constant monitoring of its development is carried out (a luteal cyst, for example, resolves within a week).

In case of rapid growth and danger of twisting, hemorrhage or other complications, the neoplasm is removed. If this is not done, then even in the absence of pathological processes, an enlarging cyst can put pressure on the uterus, complicating the growth and development of the fetus, impairing blood circulation. This provokes miscarriage or premature birth.

During childbirth, pushing can cause the cyst to rupture and release its contents into the abdominal cavity and birth canal. In this case, a situation arises that is dangerous for the woman’s life. Urgent abdominal surgery is required.

Video: Corpus luteum cyst during pregnancy

Symptoms

If the right ovarian cyst has a diameter of less than 2 cm, then the woman does not feel its presence. The growth of the tumor leads to a nagging pain in the groin area on the right side.

Cycle disturbances occur: increased or decreased menstrual bleeding, missed periods, inability to get pregnant. Spotting and spotting appears between menstruation due to leakage of cyst contents.

A large capsule puts pressure on neighboring organs. In this case, the woman experiences constipation, flatulence, and difficulty urinating. Pressure on the intestines leads to nausea and heartburn.

When an ovarian cyst located on the right side becomes inflamed, the same symptoms occur as with appendicitis (cutting pain in the lower abdomen, pain when palpating this area, nausea, vomiting). Therefore, in some cases, an inaccurate diagnosis may be made, and the picture of the disease becomes clearer during the operation.

Symptoms of complications include severe abdominal pain, fever, anemia, and uterine bleeding.

Diagnosis and treatment

Large cysts are detected already on palpation. Ultrasound (external and transvaginal) is used to determine their size, location and type. The presence or absence of pregnancy is also determined.

To find out about the accumulation of blood in the abdominal cavity, a puncture of the posterior vaginal wall is performed. The laparoscopy method is used. If necessary, you can immediately remove the cyst during the procedure.

They do blood tests for hormones, tumor markers, blood and urine tests for the presence of infectious agents.

Drug treatment is carried out when functional cysts larger than 5 cm are detected. For this, drugs containing estrogens and progesterone (Janine, Duphaston, Jess) are used, which normalize hormonal levels. If inflammatory processes are detected, antibiotics are prescribed.

Paraovarian, endometrioid and dermoid cysts are removed surgically, as they are not able to shrink or resolve under the influence of drugs. Most often, removal is performed laparoscopically. For young women, attempts are usually made to preserve the ovary and fertility.

Women over 45 years of age can undergo partial or complete removal of the ovary, since the risk of malignant degeneration is higher for them.

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CAVITY FORMATION OF THE RIGHT OVARY

On day 8 of the cycle:

Uterus = 4.5 x 4 x 3.1

The contours are smooth, the echostructure of the myometrium is homogeneous, of normal echogenicity.

M-echo = 0.5 cm, homogeneous.

The uterine cavity is not dilated or deformed.

Cervix = 2.8 x 2.4. The contours are smooth. The echostructure of the myometrium is homogeneous, of normal echogenicity.

The church canal has not been widened.

There is no free fluid in the retrouterine space.

Right ovary - on the side of the uterus = 3.9 x 2.7 x 3.2 with a cystic homogeneous inclusion, 1.5 cm in diameter.

Left ovary - on the side of the uterus = 2.5 x1.4 x2.2. The contours are smooth. The echostructure of the myometrium is homogeneous, of normal echogenicity with follicular structures of 0.5-0.6 cm.

In the area of ​​the appendages on both sides there are linear echo-positive structures.

Conclusion: Cavity formation of the right ovary (differentiate from retention).

Signs of a previous inflammatory process in the appendage area.

Ultrasound of the follicle on the 14th day of the cycle:

Right ovary = 3.1 x 1.9 x 2.1 with a corpus luteum with a diameter of 1.5 cm.

Left ovary = 4.1 x 1.7 x 2.0 with several fluid inclusions up to 0.9 cm in diameter.

In the retrouterine space there is an accumulation of free fluid with a layer thickness of up to 1.2 cm.

recovery of the left ovary (they said it would resolve). They put me in the hospital and gave me anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics, without studying my hormonal background, they told me to take a choice of Jess, Logest, Yarina and 2 other OK ones. Is it possible to prescribe without studying hormones? background (if possible, which ones are better? I’m afraid I’ll gain weight) and is this education very dangerous? Thanks in advance.

the contours are smooth. the echostructure of the myometrium is homogeneous, with normal echogenicity

The fertilized egg is not visualized in the uterine cavity, the uterine cavity is not dilated.

cervix: length 3 cm, thickness 2.6

Right ovary 2.9*1.4*1.7 cm. the contours are smooth with several cystic homogeneous inclusions up to 0.3 cm.

Left 3.3*1.9*2.2cm. the contours are smooth with a yellow body with a diameter of 1.7 cm.

The appendage areas on both sides are linear echo-positive structures.

The question is what it could be. a long-awaited pregnancy.

Retention formation of the left ovary, causes, treatment

In a woman's reproductive system, the ovaries play one of the main roles. They produce eggs, after fertilization of which life begins. Once a month, a follicle containing an egg is formed in one of the ovaries. When the follicle matures, it bursts and the egg is released, forming a corpus luteum that produces progestin hormones.

This process is called ovulation. But it happens that the natural course of ovulation is disrupted, and then retention of the ovary may occur.

In our article we will talk about this phenomenon, namely retention formation of the left ovary, consider the reasons for its occurrence, learn to recognize the main signs, and get acquainted with treatment methods.

What is retention formation of the left ovary. Causes of occurrence.

Retention formation of the left ovary, what is it? At its core, it is a tumor-like formation on the ovary. The key word here is similar, since it differs from the tumor in structure and does not produce metastases. Externally, this formation looks like a thin transparent bubble, with blood, liquid, and in rare cases, pus inside.

The sizes, which as they grow, can vary from a couple of centimeters to 15, or even over 20 centimeters in diameter. This disease is also called ovarian retention cyst.

According to statistics, retention formation of the left ovary occurs much less frequently than the right one, and girls and women of reproductive age (from 14 to 50 years) are at risk. As a percentage, of the total number of diseases of the female reproductive system, retention formations account for 20%. This means that every fifth woman has encountered this disease.

Among the main causes of cystic formation of the left ovary are the following:

• hormonal disorders;
• early menstruation;
• disturbances in the menstrual cycle, ovulation, follicle formation;
• endometriosis;
• history of abortion or other operations on the reproductive organs;
• the presence in the medical history of previous ovarian retention formations;
• various infections of the genitourinary system;
• inflammatory processes in the ovaries, uterus;
• uncontrolled use of hormonal drugs, including contraceptives;
• early sexual life;
• overweight;
• poor nutrition;
• bad habits (smoking, alcohol and drug addiction).

The occurrence of retention formation depends on the influence of many factors, both internal (endocrine disorders) and external (early sex, bad habits).

Classification and general signs of retention formation of the left ovary

Today, experts identify several types of retention formations, which directly depend on the reasons for their formation.

Follicular formations

The most common, and least dangerous (the occurrence of oncology is minimal). As the name suggests, they arise from the follicles as a consequence of the fact that the ovulation process is not completed, and the egg remains in the unbursted follicle, from which a cyst is formed. It can grow up to five or more centimeters in diameter.

Formations from the corpus luteum

They are much less common compared to follicular ones. After ovulation, the corpus luteum forms, secreting progestogens - female hormones. If there are hormonal disorders in the body, then a cyst begins to grow in place of the corpus luteum.

Paraovarian formation

The place of origin is the ovarian epididymis. The peculiarity of this type is that the cyst itself grows very slowly and is practically asymptomatic, which makes it difficult to diagnose at the initial stage of growth. The size of this formation can be up to 15 centimeters in diameter (sometimes up to 30 cm are found) and weigh a couple of kilograms.

Endometrioid formation

Develops with endometriosis (epithelial cells of the inner layer of the uterus begin to spread and grow outside the uterus). In this case, endometrial cells enter the ovary, and after some time they become overgrown with a capsule, which begins to grow. The size ranges from 1 to 10 centimeters. Due to the blood accumulated in them, they have a brown tint.

At an early stage of growth, the cyst does not reveal itself; the disease can practically be asymptomatic.

But over time, in the process of growth, the following signs of retention formation of the left ovary appear:

• left-sided pain of a pulling or aching nature, localized in the lower abdomen;
• constant tension of the abdominal muscles;
• nausea, general weakness;
• the stomach visually enlarges;
• instability of the menstrual cycle;
• Bloody discharge may appear;
• acute abdomen, increased body temperature (when the cyst bursts).

Despite the fact that in most cases, retention of the ovary does not cause much concern and does not develop into malignancy, it is impossible to do without timely diagnosis and treatment.

Diagnosis and treatment

This disease can be diagnosed at different stages in the following ways:

Examination by a gynecologist

By palpation and using special instruments, the doctor can determine the location of the formation and its size.

Ultrasound examination

Allows for diagnosis even at an early stage of development, since the echographic signs of retention formation of the left ovary are distinguished by a characteristic feature - a high level of echo conductivity. This type of study also determines the size, shape, and density of the walls.

Test for hCG (human chorionic hormone)

Carried out to exclude ectopic pregnancy.

X-ray of the sigmoid colon

The clinical picture of a cystic formation on the left ovary is similar in symptoms to a malignant tumor of the sigmoid colon.

Computed tomography and MRI. It is used if there is concern about malignant formations.

After carrying out the necessary diagnostic measures and making a diagnosis, it is necessary to undergo appropriate therapy.

Typically, two types of treatment are used in practice:

In case of retention of the left ovary, treatment is conservative, including either a “wait and see” tactic or the use of medications.

In the first case, the cystic formation can resolve on its own, without any intervention. This method requires constant monitoring and control of the growth of the cyst. The second involves the use of hormonal drugs (for example, Duphaston or Novinet).

When conservative treatment does not bring the desired results, surgical treatment is used. Surgical treatment means direct surgical removal of the retention cyst of the left ovary (for example, laparoscopy).

Retention formation of the left ovary is an unpleasant disease for any woman. Delayed detection and improper treatment can lead to unwanted complications.

To minimize the risk of retention formations, you need to closely monitor your health and undergo regular examinations with a gynecologist.

Learn more about the causes of cysts in the video:

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Retention formation of the ovary

Quite often, after visiting a gynecologist, women of fertile age are sent for an ultrasound examination of the pelvic organs, and the ultrasound doctor issues a conclusion - “retention of the ovary.” What does this diagnosis mean, and is this formation dangerous?

Retention formation can occur in any parenchymal or glandular organ if there is an obstruction to the outflow of secreted fluid. A cyst may occur in the salivary glands or in the mammary gland. From a histological point of view, a retention cyst is a volumetric formation that is filled with fluid inside.

Usually a cyst is a thin-walled formation, and with ultrasound the contents can be clearly seen. This fluid is produced by the inner layer of cells that line the internal cavity. There is an alternative way - this is the sweating of the liquid part of the blood (plasma) from nearby blood vessels. Most often, such formations are found in women of the fertile period, somewhat less often they are observed during menopause and the postmenopausal period, and even less often cysts are found in girls under the age of one year, and even in the fetus.

Sometimes doctors may call a retention cyst functional. Where did this name come from? Normally, tissues trapped inside the formation produce the desired secretion. This is their function. It was simply by chance that conditions were created that prevented the disruption of the outflow of this fluid, which is why a cystic vesicle began to form. After fluid begins to accumulate in the cyst cavity, it constantly grows and increases in size. Due to increased pressure, the epithelium lining the cavity from the inside gradually begins to degenerate, and fluid production gradually stops.

Depending on the conditions of occurrence, ovarian cysts can be follicular, endometrioid and corpus luteum cysts. Sometimes there are paraovarian phenomena and other varieties. Follicular cysts occur after a follicle ruptures, after a mature egg has been released, and often appears due to hormonal imbalance if ovulation is absent. Often the presence of multiple follicular retention cysts is a sign of infertility.

If a cyst has formed that produces progesterone after ovulation, and it has not regressed, then it is called a corpus luteum cyst.

Finally, if a woman suffers from endometriosis, and it has an ectopic localization, then the endometrium can also be shed in the ovary, as in the uterus, and in the case of a closed space, an endometrioid cyst occurs. It is also called chocolate.

There is no difference whether a retention formation has occurred on the right ovary or on the other side. It can grow up to 10 cm and even more, but in practice the size rarely exceeds 6 - 8 cm.

Causes

This pathology occurs if there are certain violations. The most common reasons are:

• inflammation of the pelvic organs, especially chronic, of the ovaries and uterus, such nosologies as adnexitis and salpingitis, oophoritis;
• surgical gynecological intervention;
• abortions;
• sexually transmitted infections and sexually transmitted diseases;
• when self-medicating with hormonal drugs, when prescribing oral contraceptives without indications;
• with illiterate treatment of infertility, in which they try to achieve ovulation at any cost;
• due to overwork, malnutrition.

In unborn girls, cysts arise, for example, when stimulated by maternal hormones, or with a general increase in the concentration of hormones in the prenatal period. Retention cysts of follicular origin disappear in half of newborn girls in the first two to three months of life.

What is the danger?

The danger of any retention cyst lies not in the fact that it exists and exists asymptomatically, but in what can happen to it. The following events can happen:

if the formation is on a long stalk, this stalk may twist. As a result, necrosis of living tissue occurs due to vascular necrosis, which causes acute surgical pathology;

• The cyst constantly grows and eventually ruptures.
• The contents are poured into the abdominal cavity. If the contents were sterile and the volume was small, the woman may recover on her own. If the contents of the cyst were of a significant volume, there may be a threat of infection with the development of pelvic peritonitis, which leads to an immediate threat to life. If a rupture occurs, urgent surgery is required.
• Finally, the outcome of any cyst can be massive intraperitoneal bleeding, especially if the rupture causes damage to a medium- or large-caliber vessel.

Symptoms

In what case can a woman suspect the presence of retention cysts? Of course, they often do not appear in any way, especially if the formations have not yet reached a significant diameter. But you need to contact a gynecologist if the following symptoms occur:

• general weakness or malaise associated with menstruation;
• subfebrile temperature figures during the premenstrual period;
• the appearance of pain in the second phase of the female cycle;
• increased pain during sex, with increased physical activity, with sudden movements;
• if there is a feeling of fullness in the stomach on the right or left, which intensifies in the second phase;
• minor bleeding occurs between periods, or turns into periods;
• Finally, the most important sign of formations may be a delay in menstruation, as well as an increase in the volume of the abdomen if the cyst has grown to a very large size.

If one of the complications occurs, the symptoms may be completely different - this is the appearance of sharp abdominal pain, collapse, drop in blood pressure, hemorrhagic shock during bleeding, or the symptoms of an acute abdomen with peritonitis several days after the rupture of the cyst.

Signs of retention formation of the left ovary can simulate inflammation of the left ureter, and on the opposite side, biliary colic or pain syndrome associated with stretching of the liver capsule may interfere with accurate diagnosis.

Diagnostics

A full gynecological examination is the main procedure, which allows the woman to be subsequently referred for various examinations in order to confirm or exclude the presence of an ovarian retention cyst. During the examination, the doctor determines the preliminary localization of the formation, and can also palpate the painful ovaries.

The main diagnostic method is ultrasound examination of the pelvic organs, both transabdominal and transvaginal. Ultrasound can not only determine the exact size and location of the cyst, but also suggest the characteristics of the origin of the formation.

In complex cases, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography are used, and various tumor markers are determined.

Sometimes, when ectopic implantation of the ovum cannot be ruled out, a pregnancy test is performed.

Operative diagnosis of complicated conditions usually includes laparoscopic surgery, as well as puncture of the Douglas pouch, or posterior vaginal vault. A puncture shows the accumulation of fresh blood in the abdominal cavity, or effusion, which indicates the onset of peritonitis.

If the presence of effusion is accompanied by significant leukocytosis and an increase in ESR in the general blood test, then the patient must be operated on urgently. Retention formation of the left ovary is somewhat easier to diagnose, since the spleen and kidney are on the left, and the kidney, liver and appendix are on the right.

Treatment

In some cases, you can only observe the patient under ultrasound control without taking any action, since small follicular cysts can resolve on their own, 2 or 3 months after their occurrence.

Conservative therapy involves normalizing the menstrual cycle: vascular drugs are used, and drugs that improve microcirculation, sometimes oral contraceptives are prescribed, under the supervision of a gynecologist-endocrinologist.

Surgical intervention is currently a gentle and minimally invasive procedure. It is performed using a laparoscope, without large incisions. Using the endoscopic method, you can not only thoroughly examine the ovary, not only perform puncture of the formation, but also remove it with minimal trauma.

The laparoscopic method of removing cysts practically does not cause any early or late postoperative complications, does not cause adhesions, and shortens the postoperative period as much as possible. After laparoscopy, a small mark no more than a centimeter long remains on the skin of the abdomen. For an ovarian retention cyst with a diameter of 5 cm, detected laparoscopically, removal is performed, since laparoscopy allows this to be done.

In the same case, if the patient is taken to the department of operative gynecology for emergency reasons, then sometimes it is impossible to do without laparotomy, that is, a wide incision on the anterior abdominal wall. This can be done in order to conduct an examination of the pelvic organs, remove blood that has spilled into the abdominal cavity, or perform an ovarian resection or even an oophorectomy if indicated.

In conclusion, it should be noted that timely, regular examination by a gynecologist allows you to diagnose cystic processes occurring in the ovary as early as possible. This, in turn, allows them to be treated in a timely manner, practically without resorting to surgical intervention.

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A retention formation of the left ovary is a neoplasm similar to a benign tumor. Unlike malignant tumors, it does not form metastases and is more treatable. This disease belongs to cystic neoplasms, so it is sometimes called a retention cyst. Next, we will consider in more detail the features of the disease, its causes, symptoms, as well as methods of diagnosis and treatment.

The retention formation on the left ovary in appearance resembles a translucent bubble filled with liquid, sometimes with blood splashes. If an infection gets inside, pus may appear.

The size of the neoplasm can vary, ranging from a few mm in diameter to 15-20 cm. A left-sided retention cyst is diagnosed quite often, in every 6th woman. Women of reproductive age, from 14 to 45 years old, are at risk.

Left-sided is less common than retention formation of the right ovary. This is due to the fact that large arteries pass through the right ovary, and in general it is more susceptible to various diseases than the left.

This neoplasm extremely rarely has a risk of malignancy and is one of the most harmless and most easily treatable types of cysts.

Causes

The main reasons for the appearance of retention formation of the right/left ovary are considered:

1. Functional disorders of the endocrine system (pathologies of the thyroid gland with impaired hormone production - hyper- and hypothyroidism, autoimmune thyroiditis, etc.)
2. Hormonal imbalance, in which the ratio of “female” and “male” sex hormones is disrupted.
3. Early menstruation.
4. Cycle disorders.
5. Diseases affecting the formation of follicles and ovulation - follicular insufficiency, weak follicular apparatus, etc.
6. History of endometriosis of the uterus and/or ovaries.
7. Surgical interventions, including abortions.
8. Previous cases of retention cysts on the left ovary. There is always a risk of relapse.
9. Inflammatory processes in the pelvic organs of an infectious and non-infectious nature (salpingoophoritis, chronic cystitis).
10. The use of hormonal drugs without a doctor’s prescription, as well as in violation of the dosage (including oral contraceptives).
11. Early sexual life.
12. Leading an unhealthy lifestyle, which includes drinking alcohol, smoking, poor diet, and lack of physical activity.

Varieties

Retention formation of the left ovary is the general name for cysts, which are classified as follows:

1. Corpus luteum cyst. It is formed after ovulation, when an egg is released from the dominant follicle, and a corpus luteum forms in its place. This temporary endocrine organ produces the hormone progesterone, which is necessary during pregnancy for the attachment of a fertilized egg to the placenta of the uterus. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum dies with the arrival of the next menstruation, and then the process is repeated again in a new cycle. If the production of progesterone is disrupted, if this hormone is in excess in the body, the corpus luteum does not die off, but may continue to grow, transforming into a cyst. In this case, surgical intervention is usually not required; it is enough to normalize the level of progesterone in the blood.
2. Endometrioid cyst. Formed on the left ovary if there is a history of a disease such as endometriosis - the growth of the uterine endometrium. Its cells extend beyond the uterus, “move” to the ovary, and as a result, a cyst can form on it.
3. A follicular cyst is formed from a dominant follicle, which, during the normal functioning of the reproductive system, should burst during ovulation and release the egg. But with hormonal imbalance this does not happen; the follicle continues to grow and eventually turns into a cyst.
4. The paraovarian cyst is localized inside the left appendage. Because of this, it is difficult to diagnose, especially in the early stages, when it has not reached a large size and practically does not manifest any symptoms. This type of cyst can reach enormous sizes, up to 20 cm in diameter and weighing up to 2 kg.

Symptoms

In the first stages of development of these left-sided cysts, symptoms may be either completely absent or appear very slightly. As the tumor grows and the disease progresses, the following symptoms may appear:

• nagging or aching pain that is localized in the lower left abdomen;
• pain during sexual intercourse, which radiates to the area of ​​the left appendage;
• menstrual irregularities;
• periods become heavy, their color and/or consistency changes;
• there may be general weakness characteristic of colds;
• visual enlargement of the abdomen in the absence of weight gain;
• mid-cycle discharge that is not associated with ovulation. May be mixed with blood;
• Due to pain, constant tension in the abdominal muscles is possible.

Despite the fact that the retention formation on the left ovary does not develop into a malignant tumor and may not cause any concern to its owner for a long time, it still needs to be treated in order to avoid rupture and other complications.

Diagnostics

A retention tumor on the left ovary can be discovered by accident, during a routine examination by a gynecologist, or when the above symptoms appear.

In the second case, in addition to studying the patient’s complaints, the doctor prescribes the following studies:

1. Ultrasound diagnostics, which is the main method for detecting left-sided cysts. It is clearly visible using the sensor.
2. Since ultrasound does not determine the nature and type of tumor, a blood test is prescribed to determine the level and ratio of the amount of hormones.
3. In some cases, a fine-needle biopsy () is performed to exclude cancer.
4. If an inflammatory process is suspected, smears are taken from the vagina, and a general blood test is also performed to determine the level of leukocytes.
5. To exclude cancer of the sigmoid colon, which is similar to a left-sided retention tumor, an x-ray of the indicated area is taken.
6. Sometimes they do.

Treatment

If a retention neoplasm of the ovary is diagnosed, but is small in size and asymptomatic, then the doctor may decide not to prescribe any treatment. The fact is that this type of cyst in some cases can begin to regress and eventually disappear completely without the use of medications.

In cases where the left-sided cyst is hormonal in nature, hormone therapy is used. This is especially true for follicular left-sided cysts and pathologies of the corpus luteum.

In the case of endometriosis, it is necessary to treat the underlying disease. Both conservative therapy and surgical intervention are used.

The absolute indications for surgical removal of retention formation are:

1. Large size if this causes compression of neighboring organs.
2. Rapid growth of the cyst.
3. If there is a risk of degeneration into a malignant tumor.
4. If severe pain is present.
5. In cases where a left-sided cyst has ruptured. Removal is necessary, as there is a high risk of internal bleeding, peritonitis, and sepsis.

The operation is now performed more often by laparoscopy. This is a modern atraumatic technique in which there is no need for an incision in the abdomen. Only 2-3 punctures are made, through one a sensor is inserted, transmitting the image to the monitor, and through the others, equipment is inserted to remove the cyst. If the neoplasm is localized only on the left, then 3 small sutures remain on this side, which heal very quickly and subsequently become almost invisible.

Retention formation of the left ovary is an unpleasant, but not very serious disease. In order for treatment to proceed faster, it is necessary to start it in the early stages, before the cyst reaches a large size. This requires regular examination by a gynecologist.