The importance of vaccination in the prevention of infectious diseases. The importance of immunization in the prevention of infectious diseases. On approval of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Ulyanovsk Region

Regional state budget

professional educational institution

"Ulyanovsk Medical College"

COURSE WORK

Specialty: 060501 Nursing

Topic: “The role of preventive vaccinations in reducing infectious morbidity”

Student: Demidova Anna Valerievna

group 113 mk

Supervisor:

Pavlova Elizaveta Karpovna

Ulyanovsk - 2016

INCONTROL

In modern medicine, the main method of creating active acquired immunity is vaccination (immunoprophylaxis). With the help of vaccination, such a dangerous disease as smallpox was eradicated, and the number of diseases due to polio was reduced to a minimum. Coordination of actions regarding immunoprophylaxis of various ailments is carried out by the World Health Organization (WHO). Vaccination began with the ingenious experiment of E. Jenner, who in 1798 published a work entitled “An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of Variola Vaccine, the Disease Known as Cowpox.” He called the inoculation method vaccination, and the material taken from cowpox - vaccine. However, before a method of combating infectious diseases was scientifically substantiated and developed, a completely new science had to emerge - immunology. This science dates back to 1891, when Louis Pasteur discovered the brilliant principle: “If you reduce the toxicity of a microbe, it turns into a means of protection against the disease caused by it.”

CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL PART

Purpose of the study: Describe the features of immunoprophylaxis.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks must be completed:

1. Study the theoretical aspects of immunoprophylaxis as the basis for the prevention of infectious diseases.

2. Study the characteristic features of measures to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

3. Consider the features of immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases.

1.1 Immunoprophylaxis as the basis for the prevention of infectionsof these diseases

Immunoprophylaxis- a method of individual or mass protection of the population from infectious diseases, by creating or enhancing artificial immunity.

Immunoprophylaxis is:

Specific - against a specific pathogen.

1) Active - creating immunity through the administration of vaccines

2) Passive - creating immunity by administering serum drugs.

Non-specific - activation of the entire immune system

infectious diseases- widespread diseases caused by a variety of microorganisms, the distinctive features of which are: contagiousness, the presence of an incubation period, the cyclical development of clinical symptoms and the formation of specific immunity .

Preventive vaccinations have led to a decrease in the incidence of polio, measles, whooping cough, mumps, tuberculosis, malaria, typhoid fever and some other diseases .

According to incomplete data, in the structure of infant mortality rates, the total share of infectious diseases (including mortality from pneumonia, acute respiratory diseases, congenital infections) is at least 70%.

Overall improvement of our primary health care delivery system requires serious effort and time. However, we need to ensure effective immunization of our children without waiting for changes in this system. Current health practices and policies everywhere result in many preschool children not receiving vaccinations as scheduled. This situation is primarily caused by existing barriers to effective immunization and numerous missed opportunities for vaccination during children's visits to health care facilities. The shortcomings of today's immunization practices are evidenced by outbreaks of infectious diseases, resulting in rising infant mortality rates that may foreshadow outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases.

1.2 Basicprinciplesimmunoprophylaxis

Vaccinations should be carried out in medical institutions. Before vaccination, the doctor must conduct a thorough analysis of the condition of the child being vaccinated and determine the presence of possible contraindications to vaccination. Simultaneously with the study of the medical history, it is necessary to take into account the epidemiological situation, that is, the presence of infectious diseases in the child’s environment. This is very important, since the addition of infections in the post-vaccination period aggravates its course and can cause various complications. In addition, the production of specific immunity is reduced. If necessary, laboratory examination and consultation with specialists are carried out. Before carrying out a preventive vaccination, a medical examination is carried out to exclude an acute disease, and thermometry is mandatory. A corresponding entry by the doctor (paramedic) about the vaccination is made in the medical documentation. It is recommended to vaccinate, especially with live vaccines, in the morning. Vaccination should be carried out in a sitting or lying position to avoid falling during fainting. Within 1--1.5 hours after vaccination, medical supervision of the child is necessary, due to the possible development of immediate allergic reactions. Then, for 3 days, the child must be observed by a nurse at home or in an organized group. After vaccination with live vaccines, the child is examined by a nurse on the 5th-6th and 10th-11th days, since reactions to the administration of live vaccines occur in the second week after vaccination. It is necessary to warn the parents of the vaccinated person about possible reactions after the vaccine is administered, and recommend an antiallergic diet and a protective regime.

1.4 Consindications for vaccinations

The effectiveness of immunization, along with the quality of the drug, is influenced by the state of the body before vaccination, compliance with the technique and schedule of vaccinations, vaccination coverage of the population and other factors. In this regard, the question of contraindications to immunization arises. It is known that in some cases vaccinations not only do not have an effect, but also negatively affect the health of the vaccinated person. At the same time, an unreasonable expansion of contraindications is unacceptable, since a person left without vaccination is at risk of contracting the corresponding infection. Contraindications to vaccinations in most cases are temporary, so usually immunization of such individuals is postponed for some period of time. The issue of contraindications in each specific case must be decided by a medical specialist, about which a record is made in the history of the child’s development with a clear justification for the medical withdrawal.

Absolute contraindications;

* severe reactions that occurred previously when the same vaccine was administered.

* complications that arose earlier when administering the same vaccine.

* immunodeficiency.

Relative or temporary;

* acute respiratory viral disease (especially if it occurs with high t).

* the presence of certain chronic diseases (vaccination is carried out only after consultation with a specialist).

* premature babies (they begin to be vaccinated subject to stable weight gain).

1.4 Vaccinesnation. The role of vaccination

Preventive vaccinations(vaccination) - the introduction into the human body of medical immunobiological preparations (vaccines and antitoxins) to create specific immunity to infectious diseases.

Types of vaccination:

Single dose (measles, mumps, tuberculosis)

Multiple (poliomyelitis, DTP)

The multiplicity tells you how many times you need to receive the vaccine to develop immunity.

Revaccination is an event aimed at maintaining immunity. Usually carried out several years after vaccination.

The effectiveness of immune vaccination is influenced by the following. factors;

Depending on the vaccine itself (purity of the drug, lifetime of the antigen, dose, frequency of administration)

From the body (state of individual immune reactivity, age, presence of immunodeficiency, condition of the body as a whole, genetics)

Vaccination process - These are changes in homeostasis that occur in the body after the administration of a vaccine drug. It has been established that vaccinating drugs introduced into the body have a multifaceted effect on its various functions, causing their cyclic changes.

In most children, these changes practically do not go beyond physiological fluctuations, last 3-4 weeks and are not clinically manifested. But still, in some cases, reactions may occur that are accompanied by clinical signs. The latter are called in practice post-vaccination reactions. They are, as a rule, of the same type and are more or less characteristic for each type, and when using live vaccines, they are specific.

Vaccine reactions are:

-Local reaction- this is tissue compaction at the site of vaccine administration, not exceeding 8 cm in diameter, redness and mild soreness. These signs develop after administration of the drug and disappear within a few days (1 - 4 days). Occurs in 5 - 20% of children.

-General reactions characterized by fever, malaise, headache, sleep disturbances, and appetite.

1.5 Characteristics of vaccine preparations

To carry out active immunization, various types of biological preparations are used, the main ones being vaccines and toxoids.

Vaccine-- a medical product intended to create immunity to infectious diseases.

Anatoxin(toxoid) - a drug prepared from a toxin that does not have pronounced toxic properties, but is capable of inducing the production of antibodies to the original toxin.

Currently, the following types of vaccines are used to prevent infectious diseases:

1. Vaccines that include whole killed microorganisms, for example, pertussis, typhoid, cholera or inactivated viral vaccines - influenza polio vaccine.

2. Toxoids containing an inactivated toxin produced by the pathogenic microbe, for example, diphtheria, tetanus toxoids.

3. Vaccines consisting of live attenuated viruses: measles, mumps, influenza, polio, etc.

4. Vaccines containing cross-reacting live microorganisms that are immunologically related to the causative agent of a given disease, but when administered to a person, cause a weakened infection that protects against a more severe one. This type includes smallpox vaccine and BCG vaccine.

5. Chemical vaccines consisting of fractions of killed microorganisms (typhoid-paratyphoid, pneumococci, meningococci).

6. Genetically engineered recombinant, subunit, polypeptide, chemically synthesized and other vaccines created using the latest achievements of immunological science, molecular biology and biotechnology. Thanks to these methods, vaccines have already been obtained to prevent hepatitis B, influenza, HIV infection, etc.

7. Associated vaccines, which include several monovaccines. An example of such vaccines currently used for immunization of children is the DTP vaccine, widely used throughout the world, as well as the mumps-measles and rubella-mumps-measles vaccines used in a number of foreign countries.

1.6 Composition of vaccines and control over their quality

Vaccines must include:

1. Active or immunizing antigens;

2. Liquid base;

3. Preservatives, stabilizers, antibiotics;

4. Auxiliary means.

1.7 Prospects for vaccine prevention

According to leading experts, an ideal vaccine should meet the following requirements:

1. Induce lifelong immunity in 100% of vaccinated individuals with a single dose.

2. Be polyvalent, that is, contain antigens against the maximum possible number of infectious diseases.

3. Be safe.

4. Administered orally.

Currently, the vaccines that most closely meet these requirements are those against measles, rubella, mumps, yellow fever, and, to a lesser extent, polio. It is with the introduction of these vaccines that lifelong immunity is created, while reactions to the injection are rare and do not threaten human health.

Thus, strict requirements, many years of production experience, and well-established technologies are a guarantee of the safety of these drugs. Over the past decades, tens of millions of vaccine doses have been administered annually. World and domestic experience in the fight against infectious diseases shows that vaccine prevention is the most accessible means of individual and mass prevention, especially for children.

1.8 Events For warnings distribution infections

In kindergartens, children's homes, groups where children are gathered for supervision, as well as large families, conditions often arise for the spread of infectious diseases. According to the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of the Russian Federation, more than half of all infectious morbidity among children registered in the country occurs in preschool institutions. Therefore, the infectious disease prevention program should be aimed primarily at preventing infection in children in children's institutions.

Conceptually, it should include a system of measures aimed at:

1) prevention of the introduction of an infectious disease into the team,

2) interruption of the spread of an infectious disease in a team,

3) increasing the immunity of children to infectious diseases.

Among the measures aimed at increasing children's immunity to infectious diseases, vaccine prevention is of decisive importance. According to WHO experts, universal immunization at the appropriate age is the best way to prevent many infectious diseases. Immunization is especially important for children in preschool institutions as they are most susceptible to measles, whooping cough, diphtheria, and hepatitis A. Service personnel should also receive all vaccines recommended by the immunization schedule. All staff must be fully vaccinated against diphtheria, tetanus and revaccinated every 10 years. They should also be vaccinated against measles, polio, mumps, and rubella. All employees of preschool institutions and new employees are required to be tested for tuberculosis infection using the Mantoux test.

Thus, to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious disease pathogens in children's institutions, it is necessary to consistently implement the following measures:

1. Strictly observe the principle of maximum separation of groups, avoid crowding, carry out early diagnosis and timely isolation of the source of infection, maintain a high level of sanitary and anti-epidemic regime.

2. Achieve 100% coverage of preventive vaccinations. Modern vaccine preparations are highly immunogenic and weakly reactogenic. All children can be vaccinated against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio, measles, rubella, tuberculosis, and mumps. There are practically no contraindications to the administration of these vaccines. In some cases, if there is a threat of a reaction to the introduction of a relatively reactogenic pertussis component of the DTP vaccine, a weakly reactogenic acellular pertussis vaccine can be used. In children with an immunodeficiency state, in order to avoid complications of the live polio vaccine in the form of vaccine-associated polio.

3. Exercise strict and constant control over the work of the catering unit.

4. Staff and children must observe personal hygiene rules.

5. Children infected with pathogens transmitted parenterally (hepatitis B, hepatitis C, cytomegalovirus infection, HIV infection, etc.) can visit an organized children's group, but additional precautions are introduced for them.

Each child care institution must operate according to the rules regulated by state epidemiological surveillance, under the mandatory supervision of a pediatrician and epidemiologist.

1.9 Features of vaccination and the National Vaccination Calendar

Nationalcalendarpreventivevaccinations

Each country, based on its interests, creates its own vaccine prevention scheme, which can and should change, be updated and improved depending on the epidemiological situation in the country and scientific achievements in the field of immunoprophylaxis .

National calendar of preventive vaccinations- a normative legal act establishing the timing and procedure for carrying out preventive vaccinations for citizens. The national calendar of preventive vaccinations includes vaccinations against hepatitis AIN, diphtheria, whooping cough, measles, rubella, polio, tetanus, tuberculosis, mumps, Haemophilus influenzae, influenza.

The calendar of preventive vaccinations should be drawn up taking into account a number of points. First - what must be taken into account is the body’s ability to produce an appropriate immunological response. Second- minimizing the negative effects of the vaccine, that is, its maximum harmlessness.

Rational construction of an immunization schedule should take into account the following conditions:

1. The epidemiological state of the country, determined by the socio-economic, climate-geographical and sanitary conditions in which the population lives.

2. The effectiveness of existing vaccines, the duration of post-vaccination immunity and the need for revaccinations at certain intervals.

3. Age-related immunological characteristics, that is, the ability of children of a certain age to actively produce antibodies, as well as the unfavorable effect of maternal antibodies on the active immunological response of children.

4. Features of allergic reactivity, the body’s ability to respond with an increased reaction to repeated administration of the antigen.

5. Taking into account possible post-vaccination complications.

6. The possibility of simultaneous administration of several vaccines, depending on the established synergy, antagonism and lack of mutual influence of antigens included in various mono- or associated vaccines.

7. Level of healthcare organization in the country and the possibility of providing the necessary immunization .

The immunization schedule in our country begins with vaccination against hepatitis B, for the first 24 hours of life, including children born to healthy mothers and children at risk. The next vaccination, carried out in accordance with the calendar against tuberculosis, is carried out in the first week of life. Then at the age of 2-3 months they are vaccinated against polio. Live oral polio vaccine is used in most countries concurrently with the associated diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine, which is usually given at three months of age. In the period from three to six months, a second vaccination is carried out against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio (according to the vaccination calendar). At 7 months they are vaccinated against hemophilus influenzae, at 12 months against measles and rubella. For a period of up to 24 months, subsequent vaccinations and revaccinations with vaccines are carried out. At 3 - 6 years of age, vaccination against hepatitis A is carried out. At 7 years of age, revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, and the first revaccination against tuberculosis. Currently, the preventive vaccination calendar includes vaccines against 9 diseases. This vaccination is funded by federal funds.

In practice, it often happens that a particular child, for various reasons, violates the generally accepted vaccination regimen. Scientific and practical research has established that missing immunization deadlines does not require repeating the entire series. Immunization must be carried out or continued at any time, as if the immunization schedule had not been violated. In these cases, an individual immunization regimen is developed for the child, taking into account the generally accepted vaccination calendar in the country and taking into account the individual characteristics of the child’s body. .

Currently, the percentage of vaccinated children is approximately 95 - 98%. In order to increase this percentage, conditions are created for the transportation, storage and use of vaccine preparations. Explanatory work is being carried out with the population about the need for preventive vaccinations. However, unresolved issues remain in vaccine prevention. For example, in 1998, insufficient funds were allocated from the budget for vaccination against hepatitis B, which resulted in a large number of cases: 10 per 100 thousand people. Money for the purchase of the vaccine was allocated in 2005. After which the incidence of hepatitis decreased in 2007 by 1.3 compared to 2006, the rate was 5.28 per 100 thousand people.

CHAPTER 2. PRACTICAL PART

immunoprophylaxis infectious disease vaccine

The research work was carried out on the basis State Healthcare Institution "City Children's Clinic No. 1"

Conclusion: Comparing these two graphs, you can see that the majority support immunization, we see that in 2015, the percentage of vaccinations is increasing compared to 2014, we see this in the percentage of vaccinations against tuberculosis, the same situation for diphtheria and polio, which means that people with every year, more and more people understand the significance of this procedure, but the majority treat this method with distrust and wariness, many believe that vaccination is more dangerous than the disease itself, I believe that this is a wrong opinion, since with the advent of vaccination the incidence rate has decreased significantly, through my research work At this facility, I want to clearly show that a large number of people undergo this procedure, and of course there are adverse reactions to the vaccine, but this is much better than getting sick from one of the listed infectious diseases. You need to remember that by not getting preventive vaccinations, you endanger not only yourself, but also your loved ones.

Implementation of a planpreventive vaccinations.

For 2014

Implementation of a planvaccinations on the national calendarpreventive vaccinations.For 2015

Sender's address: Ulyanovsk, Aviastroiteley Avenue 5

ZCONCLUSION

Immunoprophylaxis is the most important function in the fight against infectious diseases of children from 0 to 7 years old, and therefore for the health of the nation. According to WHO experts, universal immunization at the appropriate age is the best way to prevent many infectious diseases. Immunization is especially important for preschool children as they are the most susceptible to measles, whooping cough, diphtheria, and hepatitis A. Thanks to targeted work on immunoprophylaxis in Russia, it has been possible to achieve the absence of incidence of a number of vaccine-preventable infections. Indicators of preventive vaccination coverage among children in some regions of our country have improved to 98-99%. Vaccination is one of the best means to protect children against infectious diseases that caused serious illness before vaccinations were available. It is important to make sure that children are immunized at the correct time, in full compliance with regulatory documents, the national calendar of preventive vaccinations, with the use of high-quality drugs and necessarily qualified medical personnel, in specially equipped premises, be it a clinic, kindergarten or maternity hospital. All the prerequisites for further improvement of immunoprophylaxis exist; new vaccines and new technologies are being developed. Modern vaccine preparations are highly immunogenic and weakly reactogenic. It is necessary to achieve 100% coverage of preventive vaccinations for all children starting from their birth. Conduct outreach work with the population about the need for preventive vaccinations, both at the local and state levels, through global popularization of vaccine prevention. Ideally, immunoprophylaxis should be an integral part of a set of measures to protect the child’s health, supported by the state from the financial, logistical, scientific and legislative sides. This is the ultimate goal that, if pursued, will lead to the best model of primary disease prevention that can exist within a healthcare system.

LIST OF REFERENCES USED

1. Federal Law “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases” dated September 17, 2011 No. 157//http://www.privivki.ru/law/fed/main htm

2. Order “On the National Calendar of Preventive Vaccinations for Epidemic Indications.” //http://www.lawmix.ru/med.php?id=224

3. Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation “On additional immunization of the population of the Russian Federation.” //http://www.rg.ru/2005/11/29/privivki.html

APPLICATIONS

Order No. 51n dated January 31, 2011

On approval of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications

Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia No. 51n dated January 31, 2011

Appendix No. 1

National calendar of preventive vaccinations

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In the Leningrad region, as well as in the Russian Federation as a whole, from April 20 to April 26, 2009, it will be held European Immunization Week(ENI).

This initiative of the European Office of the World Health Organization (WHO) is carried out annually to raise public awareness and awareness of the importance of immunization, that everyone needs and has the right to be protected from preventable diseases.

The main goal is to increase the number of people vaccinated through measures aimed at informing the population about the importance and accessibility of immunization and overcoming skepticism about the effectiveness and safety of vaccinations.

Authorities of education, culture, youth policy, and the media are called upon to participate in EIW.

Immunization against infections such as polio, tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough, and measles has significantly reduced the incidence. Every year in Russia, thanks to vaccine prevention, the lives and health of about three million people are preserved. Even at the beginning of the last century, measles annually claimed the lives of almost a million children under the age of five, 21,000 newborns and 30,000 women died from tetanus, which even today affects the poorest children and women in some countries, when childbirth takes place in unsanitary conditions and mothers do not vaccinated against tetanus.

While developing countries are struggling to obtain vaccines for children, other problems are arising in developed countries: the population has calmed down due to the low incidence of diseases in children and adults, and parents are unreasonably refusing to vaccinate their children. These false beliefs can lead to an increase in the incidence of diseases such as diphtheria, measles, whooping cough, and mumps, as we had the opportunity to verify in the early 90s of the last century through the example of the diphtheria epidemic in the Russian Federation, incl. in the Leningrad region.

Currently, about 20 million people live on the planet with the consequences of polio. June 21, 2008 marked 7 years since WHO recognized the territory of the European Region, including the Russian Federation, as polio-free.

In the context of an unfavorable global epidemic situation regarding polio, the threat of importation of the infection into our country, including the Leningrad region, is sharply increasing. In 2007, an imported case of acute paralytic poliomyelitis was registered in the Russian Federation in a child who was not vaccinated against this infection, who arrived in the Russian Federation from Kazakhstan, already being sick. Every child can and should receive the polio vaccine. Immunization against poliomyelitis is carried out in medical and preventive institutions (HCI), regardless of place of residence and the presence of an insurance policy. There is no cure for polio, but it can be prevented. Vaccination against polio will protect your child from this terrible disease.

In 2008, no cases of measles were registered in the region, however, the import of infection into the region from other regions of Russia and neighboring countries and the presence in the region of persons susceptible to the measles virus among the adult population may contribute to the spread of the infection. Measles can cause pneumonia, seizures, mental retardation, hearing loss and even death. The most effective protection against measles is vaccination.

Today, not only children and adolescents are vaccinated against measles, but also adults under the age of 35 who belong to “risk” groups: those who have not been sick and not vaccinated against measles, vaccinated once, and who do not have information about vaccinations. In the environment of a person with measles, additional immunization is carried out to all contacts, regardless of age.

Currently, there is a downward trend in incidence in the region mumps. In 2008, 37 patients were registered. Mumps (or “mumps”) is primarily a childhood infection. Sometimes mumps is very severe. One in 10 sick children will have symptoms of meningitis. Many children who have had this infection experience hearing loss . In boys, mumps is often accompanied by painful swelling of the testicles, which can lead to impaired fertility. Approximately 1/4 of all cases of male infertility are caused by an infection suffered in childhood.

In recent years, thanks to the introduction of the domestic mumps-measles vaccine into healthcare practice, the rates of vaccination coverage against mumps in children within the prescribed period have significantly improved.

Rubella continues to remain relevant due to its wide distribution, high morbidity rate in the child population and possible infection of pregnant women and the fetus with severe adverse consequences for the child.

Since 2000, rubella has been included in the number of infections controlled by means of specific prevention. After the introduction of active immunization of the child population, in the region since 2003 there has been a downward trend in the incidence of rubella: in 2008, the rate was 18.8 per 100 thousand population, which is 2.8 times lower than the incidence rate for 2007. This is due to active work on immunization of the population within the framework of a priority national health project.

This infection poses the greatest danger to pregnant women. When a woman gets sick in the first three months of pregnancy, in almost 90% of cases the fetus develops severe damage to the heart, organs of vision, hearing, and brain. Therefore, vaccination against rubella is mandatory, especially for girls and expectant mothers. This will help avoid the serious consequences that the disease can lead to during pregnancy. Since 2007, as part of the implementation of a priority national project in the healthcare sector, immunization against rubella has been carried out among women aged up to 25 years. From 2004 to 2008, 264,856 people were vaccinated against rubella in the region, including women under 25 years of age.

Fig.1. The incidence of rubella and vaccination against this infection in the population of the Leningrad region in 2002-2008.

Viral hepatitis B (HB) is a common liver disease caused by a virus. Infection can occur through sexual contact and household contact, through intravenous drug administration, tattooing, and various medical procedures.

Transmission of infection from mother to child is possible.

The danger of hepatitis B lies in the significant frequency of transition from the acute to the chronic form, with the further development of liver cirrhosis and primary liver cancer. Hepatitis B, acquired at an early age, takes a chronic course in 50-90% of cases, in adults - in 5-10% of cases.

According to WHO estimates, of the 2 billion people in the world who have had acute hepatitis B, about 350 million have become chronic patients or carriers of this infection. This indicates the paramount importance of protecting the population from hepatitis B, and preventive measures should be carried out among children from a very early age.

Vaccination is recognized throughout the world as the only active means of preventing this disease in children and adults, especially in families where there is a patient with chronic hepatitis B or a carrier. The use of a highly effective and safe hepatitis B vaccine provides a high level of protection against this infection and dangerous disease outcomes.

Since 2006, as part of the implementation of a priority national project in the field of healthcare, immunization against hepatitis B has been carried out in children, adolescents and adults 18-55 years old, who have not been sick and have not been vaccinated. For 2006-2008 About 457,736 people have been vaccinated in the region. or 30.0% of the region's population. In 2009, immunization of adults under 55 years of age continues as part of the implementation of a priority national project in the healthcare sector.

Fig.2. Incidence of acute viral hepatitis B and vaccination against this infection in the population of the Leningrad region in 2003-2004.

B
Thanks to widespread immunization of children and adults against diphtheria The morbidity situation in the region remains stable. Over the past 5 years, no severe forms of the disease or deaths among children have been recorded. In 2008, no cases of diphtheria were registered.

Epidemic situation regarding morbidity whooping cough has remained tense in recent years. Immunization remains one of the safest modern medical interventions that can protect young children from such a severe infection as whooping cough.

The trend towards an increase in the number of refusals by parents and adults to immunize their children continues. There are a significant number of children in the region who are not vaccinated against various infections due to parents’ misunderstanding of the importance and effectiveness of vaccination. Refusal to immunize children is a violation of the child's rights to life and health.

And today, the entire responsibility for protecting children from infections controlled by means of specific prevention lies with parents.

By vaccinating your child now, you prevent not only the development of the disease itself, but, what is much more important, the occurrence of severe complications. Help your child now, while he is not yet infected! Make his future life safer, give yourself the joy of having healthy grandchildren!

Immunization Week – Your chance to protect your child and yourself today!

From April 20 to April 26, 2009, visit the vaccination office and get the necessary vaccinations for your child and yourself, if indicated!

Take an active part in European Immunization Week!

The role of vaccination in the prevention of infectious diseases.

PROTECT YOUR CHILD

Infectious (contagious) diseases are caused by tiny pathogens - microbes, which are very diverse in shape, size, biological properties and they belong to different classes - bacteria, viruses, fungi... When microbes enter the body, they multiply and produce toxic substances - toxins that affect organs and systems. As a result, a disease develops. The big problem is that upon contact with a sick person, healthy people become infected and infections often become widespread - the nature of epidemics. Epidemics claimed many human lives. In order to defeat the disease, people were forced to look for different ways to combat them. Today, vaccination is the most powerful and effective preventive method of combating infections. Vaccines can prevent suffering, disability and death and limit transmission of infection. Everyone knows that it is better to prevent a disease than to treat an already ill person. Immunization—boosting immunity through vaccines—is a proven way to fight and even eliminate diseases. A striking example of this is the eradication of smallpox: before 1967, the disease threatened 60% of the world's population, and every fourth person who fell ill died from it. By 1997, with the help of vaccination, this disease was completely eliminated.

Just recently, 40-45 years ago, polio kept millions of parents and experienced doctors in constant worry. The polio virus annually turns hundreds of thousands of children into incurably disabled people - it destroys the nerve centers that control the activity of motor muscles. In this case, incurable paralysis of the muscles of the limbs quickly develops. As a result of the campaign by WHO and its partners from the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, an impressive victory was achieved against this serious disease - the incidence of polio decreased by 99% and about five million people were saved from paralysis. Scientists have won another victory in the fight against one of the most dangerous diseases - measles. Until relatively recently, every small inhabitant of our planet was sure to become infected and suffer from measles. In some countries, the morbidity rate came very close to the birth rate - as many were born, as many got sick.

Even now, in economically weak countries, children are completely at the mercy of a ferocious killer - the measles virus: out of every 10-20 cases, one dies from complications of measles: pneumonia, encephalitis, arachnoiditis. For the period from 1999 to 2003. Deaths from measles have dropped by 40% worldwide, and elimination goals have been set in some areas. Significant results have been seen with the liver cancer vaccine and the hepatitis B vaccine, which is now routinely administered to children in 77% of WHO Member States. In 2002, 2.1 million people worldwide were reported to have died from diseases that can be prevented by widely used vaccines. This figure includes 1.4 million children under five, including more than 500,000 who died from measles, nearly 300,000 from whooping cough and 180,000 from neonatal tetanus.

But even in ancient times, it was noticed that infants, despite close contact with patients, may not get sick with scarlet fever, diphtheria, whooping cough, and people who have had the disease become immune to this infection upon repeated contact. Scientists have found that it's all about our protective forces - the immune system. The immune system is created precisely in order to react to everything foreign, in order to protect our body from it - be it a foreign transplanted organ or a microorganism. The immune system needs constant training. If this does not happen, she will not be ready to repel the attack of the pathogen. The immune system has the ability to “remember” - when exposed to a certain bacterium or virus, immunity remains for years, decades or even for life and, therefore, resistance to subsequent infection is formed. The main quality of immunity is its selectivity (specificity). A child who has had measles will remain resistant to this infection for the rest of his life, but anyone else can easily get sick. Immunity is acquired by a person only to the infectious disease from which he has been ill. This is naturally acquired active immunity. Each born child receives passive immunity from the mother due to her antibodies passing through the placenta. Maternal antibodies protect the child from measles and mumps for 6 months of his life, but by the end of the first year the protection stops and then the child needs additional vaccination.

But the newborn receives insufficient protection against the pathogens of whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, tuberculosis, polio, and hepatitis B, so vaccines against these infections begin to be administered to the child in the first months of life. In the future, the child gradually creates independently stronger acquired immunity as a result of vaccination. This immunity is considered active, artificially acquired. Consequently, vaccines that are introduced into the human body form, stimulate the immune system and protect a person from disease. Rapid progress in the development of new vaccines means that protection against a wide range of serious infectious diseases will be available in the near future. Any foreign substance (primarily of a protein nature) - it is called an antigen, causes specific changes in the immune system. The result of these changes is the development of the body's own protective factors - antibodies (interferons and other similar factors). They are designed to destroy the alien that has invaded our body, no matter what it is. Antibodies combine with the pathogen and deprive it of its ability to have a harmful effect on the body. Those antibodies that are produced in the body are strictly specific - they neutralize only the pathogen that caused their formation. Almost all parents today know what vaccinations are, but it is no secret that many of them have doubts before vaccinating their own child. Some of them think that they can do without vaccinations if they protect the child from contact with sick children, feed them well, and do hardening. But, unfortunately, all this does not guarantee the safety of your child. A person lives surrounded by a large number of different microorganisms, and many of them can cause certain diseases. Let's say frankly that there is no alternative to vaccinations, just as there are no means that can replace them. Vaccination is not some kind of emergency immunological intervention. This is just an imitation of the natural process of interaction between our body and representatives of the microcosm surrounding us. There is no reason to consider the vaccine as something unusual for our body. This is a common agent that, unlike many others, is designed to benefit our body by providing it with protection from infection. Nowadays, all countries carry out regular vaccination against measles, polio, diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, tuberculosis, rubella, and mumps. A number of new ones have been added to the main package of vaccines, which has been standard for a number of years. Immunization against hepatitis B is now available for children. In developed countries, broader protection against disease is provided through influenza and pneumococcal vaccines (usually in combination with the measles and rubella vaccine). Immunization programs may target adolescents and adults (depending on the specific disease), as well as infants and children. Three groups of vaccines are known:

· Living - consisting of viable, but weakened and become harmless to humans. These are the causative agents of tuberculosis, smallpox (due to the eradication of the disease, vaccination has been canceled), measles, polio, influenza, mumps, and rubella. They multiply in the body, causing a very mild, sometimes unnoticeable infection, in response to which lasting lifelong immunity is developed. Live vaccines induce the most stable and long-lasting immunity. It should be remembered that in the presence of temporary contraindications, vaccination with live vaccines is carried out no earlier than 6 months after the end of the course of treatment (in the absence of other contraindications

· Killed - reliably neutralized by formaldehyde or by heating the culture. These are bacterial vaccines against whooping cough, cholera, typhoid fever, and tick-borne encephalitis. They do not multiply in the body, so they have to be reintroduced. Killed vaccines generally provide weaker protection with a limited duration of acquired immunity. They are used when it is not possible to obtain harmless weakened viruses to prepare a live vaccine.

· Neutralized toxins are toxoids to which the body produces antibodies. Toxoids are used for vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus. Passive immunization is also used to prevent infectious diseases. Let us recall that it is associated with the introduction of ready-made antibodies produced by humans or animals against the causative agents of certain infections to healthy or sick people.

The importance of preventive vaccinations

Today, vaccinations have become firmly established in our lives as a highly effective means of preventing dangerous infectious diseases, which have negative consequences in the form of complications or even deaths. In modern medical practice, they are done either with the aim of creating immunity to dangerous infections, or to treat an infected person at an early stage. Accordingly, all vaccinations are usually divided into preventive and therapeutic. Basically, a person is faced with preventive vaccinations, which are given in childhood, and then re-immunization is carried out if necessary.
What are preventive vaccinations? Preventive vaccinations are a method of immunizing a person against certain infectious diseases, during which various particles are introduced into the body that can lead to the development of stable immunity to pathology. All preventive vaccinations involve the administration of a vaccine, which is an immunobiological preparation. The vaccine is a weakened whole microbe - pathogens, parts of the shells or genetic material of pathogenic microorganisms, or their toxins. These components of the vaccine cause a specific immune reaction, during which antibodies are produced against the causative agent of the infectious disease. Subsequently, it is these antibodies that provide protection against infection. Today, all preventive vaccinations are classified into:

1. Planned. 2. Conducted according to epidemiological indications. Routine vaccinations are given to children and adults at a certain time and at a specific age, regardless of whether an epidemic focus of infection has been identified in a given region or not. And vaccination for epidemiological reasons is given to people located in a region in which there is a danger of an outbreak of a dangerous infectious disease (for example, anthrax, plague, cholera, etc.). Among the scheduled vaccinations, there are those that are mandatory for everyone - they are included in the national calendar (BCG, MMR, DPT, against polio), and there is a category of vaccines that are administered only to people at risk of contracting infections due to the specifics of their work (for example, against typhus, tularemia , brucellosis, rabies, plague, etc.). All scheduled vaccinations are carefully worked out, the timing of their administration, age and time are established. There are developed schemes for the administration of vaccine preparations, combination possibilities and the sequence of immunization, which is reflected in regulations and guidelines, as well as in vaccination calendars.

Carrying out preventive vaccinations. Preventive vaccinations can be carried out in a state medical institution (polyclinic), or in specialized immunization centers, or in private clinics licensed to carry out this type of medical manipulation. Preventive vaccinations are administered directly in the vaccination room, which must meet certain requirements and standards.
What does the lack of preventive vaccination entail? The lack of preventive vaccinations entails the following consequences, according to the law of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 157 F3 dated September 17, 1998, Article 5: 1. A ban on citizens traveling to countries where they will stay in accordance with international health regulations rules or international treaties of the Russian Federation, requires specific preventive vaccinations. 2. Temporary refusal to admit citizens to educational and health institutions in the event of widespread infectious diseases or the threat of epidemics. 3. Refusal to hire citizens for work or removal of citizens from work, the performance of which is associated with a high risk of contracting infectious diseases. The list of works, the performance of which is associated with a high risk of contracting infectious diseases, requires mandatory preventive vaccinations, is established by the federal executive body authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation. As can be seen from the law, a child or an adult may not be allowed to visit a child care facility, and an employee may not be allowed to enter the workplace if there are no vaccinations and the epidemiological situation is unfavorable. In other words, when Rospotrebnadzor announces the danger of any epidemic, or the transition to quarantine, unvaccinated children and adults are not allowed into groups. During the rest of the year, children and adults can work, study and attend kindergartens without restrictions.
Order on preventive vaccinations. Today, on the territory of Russia, Order No. 51n of January 31, 2011 “On approval of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications” is in force. It is in accordance with this order that the current national vaccination calendar was approved.

In Russia, a vaccination calendar for children and adults has been approved, valid throughout the country. The vaccinations included in this calendar are performed for all people. Vaccines from the national calendar are shown in the table:

These vaccinations are given to all children within the specified period. If vaccination has not been carried out, the dates are postponed taking into account the child’s condition, but the scheme of procedures remains the same.

Senior nurse MBDOU No. 38 “Cognition”

Sharonova E.S.
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THE IMPORTANCE OF IMMUNIZATION

ITS ROLE IN THE ERADICATION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES!!!

Vaccination is the best protection against infections The best protection against infections is VACCINATION!

Dear parents!

Vaccinations can reliably protect your children from a number of serious diseases.

Throughout human history, infections have repeatedly caused epidemics, claiming millions of lives. But with the development of medicine, we have gained protection against deadly infections - vaccination. Infections pose more and more challenges to scientists, and doctors never tire of reminding us of the benefits and need for immunoprophylaxis.

Vaccine prevention is an element of specific protection of the body. But we also have nonspecific factors that protect the body. What else contributes to our body’s resistance to viruses and bacteria? As for the general strengthening of the body’s defenses, this includes a balanced diet, a healthy lifestyle, being in the fresh air, wet cleaning and ventilation of the room, and general rules of personal hygiene. There are also non-specific drugs: onions, garlic. All this is aimed at maintaining improved health. In children's groups, this includes hardening procedures, the use of multivitamins during the season, and various herbal preparations that stimulate the immune system. The pediatrician can advise the dosage of these herbal components, taking into account age. That is, it is very good when nonspecific protection is reinforced by specific protection and vice versa. Then, taken together, they give a very good result, especially on the eve of the epidemic season.

There are infectious diseases in the world that cause mass illnesses and epidemics. Serious consequences and death are possible. Therefore, vaccine prevention is developing widely. Each country has a national calendar of mandatory preventive vaccinations. According to the National Preventive Vaccination Calendar, routine vaccination is carried out against nine infectious diseases: against tuberculosis, viral hepatitis B, whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, polio, measles, mumps and rubella. These are the infections that are most relevant in our country.

A little about mandatory vaccinations

Measles-mumps-rubella

It is widely believed that it is better for a child to get sick from these infections during childhood rather than to be vaccinated. This is illogical on the one hand and harmful on the other.

Since the measles, mumps and rubella vaccines are live, the shot is essentially a small infection caused by live vaccine viruses that have been specially weakened to minimize side effects. By choosing a natural infection instead of a vaccine, parents expose their child to an unreasonably greater risk.

Natural measles, in particular, causes encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) with a frequency of up to 1 in 1 thousand cases, and unlike encephalitis as a complication of the measles vaccination, they are more severe and with a significantly higher risk of lifelong complications, including disability. There are frequent cases of bacterial complications after a massive measles rash, leading to various consequences - from life-threatening to cosmetic (scars, pigmentation).

It would not be superfluous to mention that mumps, known for its complications on the male reproductive system, is, among other things, the second cause of viral encephalitis after measles. And although rubella encephalitis is much more rare, we should not forget that rubella, measles, and mumps pose a threat not only to the child himself, but also to his parents, who, firstly, with a 30% probability do not have the appropriate immunity, and secondly, they will suffer these infections much more severely than their children.

There is also an opinion that to minimize adverse reactions, vaccinations against measles-mumps and rubella should be done separately. The fallacy of this approach lies in the fact that with separate vaccinations, the child and the parents themselves are subjected to 3 times stress, ballast substances are introduced into the child’s body 3 times, and the immune system is “set in motion” 3 times instead of once. Thus, a single vaccination with a combination vaccine is a safer and in all respects more convenient solution. By the way, in developed countries, combined vaccines have long ago almost completely replaced the separate ones, with the exception of situations where a person has had some of the infections that the combined vaccine protects against.

In Russia, the two most widely used combination vaccines are the Belgian Priorix and the American-Dutch MMR-II(2). The French vaccine Trimovax is available in Ukraine and some other CIS countries. All three drugs are the best examples of this class of vaccines, tested over decades of use around the world.

Diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio

According to the calendar, vaccinations against these infections must be completed by the age of 2 years. At the same time, there are often cases when, for various reasons, the dates of these vaccinations are postponed, and upon admission to kindergarten the question may arise about the availability of all vaccinations required for a given age.

Here, in brief, are some subtleties regarding vaccinations against these infections.

The whooping cough vaccine is one of the most unpleasant childhood vaccinations, but at the same time it protects against one of the most severe childhood infections, which has a high incidence of both short-term (even life-threatening) and long-term (frequent colds) consequences. Considering the continuing relevance of this infection, it is hardly worth neglecting this vaccination, especially before entering a children's group. In addition, the risk of adverse reactions can be significantly reduced by special prevention (see the article on the principles of using DTP vaccines). Among the technical subtleties, it is important to note that the Russian DTP vaccine is used only up to the age of 4 years, its French analogue (DTP + IPV) Tetrakok can be used up to the age of 6 years.

There are often cases when parents, on their own or on someone else’s advice, change the DTP vaccine to its pertussis-free version ADS-M (the French analogue is Imovax D.T.Adult) with a reduced content of diphtheria and tetanus components.

The mistake is that vaccines of this class are intended for immunization of children over 6 years of age and adults. These vaccines are not effective enough in young children. In other words, it is better not to vaccinate at all than to vaccinate it in vain, especially since this violates the instructions for vaccines. The correct alternative to DTP for children under 6 years of age is the ADS vaccine or its French analogue "D.T.Vax".

It is also not uncommon for children vaccinated with inactivated polio vaccine (Imovax Polio or as part of the Tetracok vaccine) to enter kindergarten when the question arises about the 5th polio vaccine. And although the administration of the 5th dose is not required when vaccinations are carried out with IPV vaccines, from the point of view of the Russian calendar, designed for the use of live OPV vaccine, 5 vaccinations must be given before the age of 2 years. The best way out of this situation is to agree to the “missing” vaccination with live OPV vaccine, which can be done as soon as required. This will allow you to save money and not have to do the fifth IPV vaccination, which is not very necessary from an immunity point of view, and at the same time once again strengthen the immunity to polioviruses from the intestines.

Hepatitis B

Contrary to popular belief, hepatitis B is transmitted not only through direct contact with blood (blood transfusion and other medical procedures, drug addiction) and sexual contact. As the epidemic process grows, the “household” route of transmission begins to become increasingly important, when the virus is transmitted in minute quantities of blood through contaminated household items, toys, sports equipment, and it is this route of transmission of the virus that is relevant for preschool children.

Taking into account the fact that the number of only identified carriers in some Russian regions reaches several percent, vaccination against hepatitis B is essentially the minimum necessary for a person of any age.

The vaccination course consists of three vaccinations according to the 0-1-6 month schedule. The vaccine is inactivated, and due to the peculiarities of its production technology, it cannot even theoretically contain either a live or whole virus. It contains only one single antigen protein and an immunity booster - therefore the vaccination is extremely easy to tolerate and the biggest and most common problem is redness and thickening at the injection site.

Pneumococcal infection

Pneumococci - microbes that normally inhabit the upper respiratory tract of humans, can lead to a variety of diseases if the body's defenses are weakened. Among the diseases caused by pneumococci, the most common are acute respiratory infections (up to half of the cases), otitis (inflammation of the middle ear, half of the cases), bronchitis (20%), pneumonia (pneumonia, up to 75% of the cases).

The body of a child entering kindergarten experiences severe stress. “Acquaintance” with new microorganisms, nervous experiences, colds, etc. All this can serve as a factor in reducing the body’s protective barriers and, thus, increases the risk of pneumococcal infection.

The point of vaccination against pneumococcal infection in preparation for kindergarten is both direct protection against pneumococci and to enhance the effects of other vaccinations. In particular, vaccinations against Hib infection in terms of preventing frequent acute respiratory infections, as well as otitis media, pneumonia and bronchitis, since Haemophilus influenzae and pneumococci are capable of joint actions against the body's defense systems. In addition, vaccination against pneumococcal infection 2-fold enhances the final effectiveness of vaccination against influenza due to the combined prevention of both influenza itself and ARVI, and their bacterial complications.

A single vaccination, which can be given starting from 2 years of age, protects for a period of about 5 years, after which, if necessary, the vaccination can be repeated. Adverse reactions are minimal, occurring in 5-7% of vaccinated people, and are overwhelmingly expressed by local manifestations - redness and thickening.

Vaccination against pneumococcal infection can be done routinely, that is, to all children (as, in particular, in the USA), but it is most indicated for children who have chronic diseases of the respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine (diabetes mellitus) and hematopoietic systems of the body.

Meningococcal infection

Meningitis is an inflammation of the soft membrane of the brain. The prevailing opinion that the cause of meningitis is hypothermia of the head is erroneous. The disease is infectious, mainly bacterial in nature. The most common causes of meningitis in children are meningococcal and haemophilus influenzae (Hib) infections, which together are responsible for 90% of all cases of meningitis in children.

In the past, increases in the incidence of meningococcal infection in the territory of the former USSR were recorded once every few decades, but recently the incidence has become more constant, which is caused by the mixing of populations from regions of different endemicity due to migration. All this transfers vaccination against meningococcal infection from the category of “exotic” to a means of constant necessity. Moreover, in some territories of Russia this vaccination has become mandatory upon admission to kindergarten.

In general, taking into account the current situation with meningococcal infection and the immediate future, vaccination as of mid-2004 can be recommended for all children living in urban areas. The criterion for deciding the need for vaccination in each specific case can be the general situation regarding meningococcal infection in the city, as well as the history of morbidity in the area.

It would not be out of place to mention the fact that in some Western countries (in particular, Great Britain), vaccination against meningococcal infection of group C is already being done on a routine basis, to all children, and as new types of vaccines become available (for children from 2 months), vaccinations against meningococcal infections are highly likely to be included in the routine vaccination calendars of all developed countries.

All vaccines against meningococci are inactivated; they do not contain either live or whole meningococci, that is, it is impossible to get sick as a result of vaccination. In Russia, the two most common vaccines are domestically produced, protecting against group A meningococci, and French, against group A and C meningococci ("Meningo A+C"). The vaccination is also done once and protects for a period of at least 3 years, after which, if necessary, the vaccination can be repeated.