Healthy livestock: treatment of gynecological diseases in cows. Treatment of cows with obstetric and gynecological diseases

Dysfunction of the genital organs (vagina, uterus, oviduct and ovaries) in females after the postpartum period are considered gynecological diseases, in contrast to the obstetric pathology observed in animals during pregnancy and the postpartum period.

Andrology- the doctrine of diseases of the urinary and genital organs of males (penis, vas deferens, testes, scrotum, accessory sex glands - prostate, vesicular and bulbous glands, etc.).

The main causes of diseases of the genital organs in females are very diverse: errors in feeding and maintenance, poor care of animals, unsatisfactory zoohygienic conditions in the premises, lack of active walks with the run (grazing), non-compliance with veterinary and sanitary rules during natural and artificial insemination, infectious and invasive diseases, etc. In veterinary practice, obstetric and gynecological diseases are interrelated and constitute a complex of diseases of the genital organs (veterinary gynecology) that cause infertility in animals.

Diseases of the vulva and vagina often occur simultaneously. Their inflammation can be serous, catarrhal, purulent, phlegmonous, etc.

Treatment of inflammatory diseases of the vulva and vagina consists of the use of antiseptic solutions, powders, ointments, emulsions, antibiotics, sulfonamides, ichthyol, furatsilin, furazolidone, potassium permanganate and other drugs.

Diseases of the uterus (inflammation of the cervix - cervicitis, inflammation of the uterus - metritis, inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus - endometritis) can be serous, catarrhal, purulent, fibrinous, etc. They arise due to infection during childbirth, insemination or spread from neighboring organs.

Treatment consists of douching with antiseptic solutions, using ready-made gynecological products (suppositories, tablets, powders, emulsions, etc.). Diseases of the uterus, including its subinvolution, require complex treatment.

Diseases of the oviduct are more often recorded in cows and mares. Inflammatory processes (salpingitis) arise as complications during retention of the placenta, metritis, subinvolution of the uterus, during rough examination of the genital organs, penetration of microbes from the pathological focus through the bloodstream, etc.

Treatment is aimed at eliminating the underlying disease. They use drugs that enhance the contraction of the oviduct (oxytocin, pituitrin, etc.), as well as antiseptics (antibiotics, sulfonamide drugs, etc.).

Ovarian diseases often cause infertility in females of all animal species, but most often in cows and mares. Reproductive and hormonal functions are disrupted, which is why sexual cycles are absent or incomplete. Ovarian diseases are manifested by the following disorders: anaphrodisia, nymphomania, ovarianitis, cysts (follicular, corpus luteum cyst), persistent corpus luteum, ovarian hypofunction, etc.

Treatment for ovarian diseases is carried out comprehensively, using all types of therapy: pathogenetic (blockades, tissue preparations, vitamins, etc.), medications (antibiotics, hormones, neurotropic substances, prostaglandins, etc.), surgical intervention (removal of corpora lutea, ovarian cysts in large animals through the rectum or abdominal wall), physiotherapy (ultrasound and laser therapy).

Infertility is a violation of sexual (reproductive) function in an adult animal (female, male), associated with the inability to produce offspring. Signs of infertility in females are a long absence of sexual estrus, repeated infertile inseminations, etc. Infertility of females is determined by gynecological examination. Signs of infertility in males are the absence of sexual reflexes (various types of impotence), the absence of sperm in the ejaculate or their low activity, etc.

By origin, infertility can be congenital or acquired; according to the course of the process and forecast indications - temporary (removable) and permanent (irremovable).

Barrenness (idleness)- economic concept. It only applies to breeding stock. Barrenness is the number (in percentage) of cows, sheep, mares that did not give birth during a calendar year, calculated per 100 queens. Eliminating barrenness means annually obtaining 100 or more heads of offspring from 100 queens. In livestock farming practice, the main causes of infertility and barrenness may be shortcomings and errors in feeding and keeping the queens; diseases; violations of the rules and technology of insemination of females (organizational shortcomings - poor preparation for insemination of females and males); violation of the rules for breeding animals and raising young animals at an early age.

According to the classification of A.P. Students, there are seven forms of infertility in females and males.

1. Congenital (infantilism, hermaphroditism, cryptorchidism, anomalies in the development of the genital organs).

2. Senile (atrophic processes in the genitals).

3. Symptomatic (genital diseases, mastitis, etc.).

4. Nutritional (due to exhaustion or obesity).

5. Operational (depletion and overload of the animal’s body).

6. Climatic (the effect of cold and heat on sexual function).

7. Artificial (artificially acquired and artificially directed, depending on human activity).

In pigs, sheep, goats, rabbits and bitches (multiparous animals), the pathology of reproduction can manifest itself not only in infertility, but also in infertility (when a pig gives birth to 3 - 4 piglets instead of 8 - 12, in sheep and goats - 1 lamb instead of 2 - 3, for female rabbits - 2 - 4 little rabbits instead of 6 - 8).

Infertility in animals (females and males) can be eliminated by a complex of zootechnical, veterinary, agronomic and organizational measures, taking into account zonal characteristics.

PLAN.

1. Introduction.

2. Literature review.

3. Characteristics of dairy farm No. 3:

A) direction of economy,

b) living conditions, feeding and veterinary and sanitary measures,

V) epizootic condition.

Special part.

Conclusions and offers.

List of used literature.

Introduction.

Meeting the needs of the population of the Kyrgyz Republic for high-quality milk and dairy products is largely related to solving the problems of dairy cattle breeding. The main problems of dairy farming include diseases of the reproductive organs and mammary glands of cows. Due to mastitis (a complex name for inflammatory diseases of the mammary gland), up to 600 liters of milk per productive cow are lost annually. In monetary terms, this figure ranges from 4 to 6 thousand soms per productive animal.

MASTITIS. Milk is the most important food product for people, and therefore the task of livestock workers is to increase milk production in every possible way in order to bring its consumption to optimal levels that meet scientifically based standards of human nutrition.

However, the use of new therapeutic and diagnostic drugs and the improvement of machine milking techniques have not yet given the desired results in the fight against mastitis. Mastitis continues to be a widespread disease. One of the predisposing factors for its occurrence is a violation of machine milking technology. In this regard, mastitis, compared to other diseases, causes the greatest economic damage in modern conditions due to a decrease in milk productivity, premature culling of cows, as well as deterioration in the nutritional value and technological properties of milk.

Cow mastitis is usually registered in countries with developed dairy cattle breeding, especially where there is a high level of mechanization and automation of production, and intensive exploitation of animals. Inflammation of the mammary gland of cows in complexes and large farms should be considered as a disease of multifactorial etiology.

The veterinary services of many countries already have various means and methods for combating cow mastitis. However, the disease still remains one of the barriers to increasing the quantity of high-quality milk and continues to cause huge losses in the economies of farms around the world. Reduced milk production is the most noticeable consequence of mastitis. The inflammatory process in the mammary gland leads to damage and destruction of the cells that produce milk, as a result of which its secretion is disrupted.

One of the main reasons for the premature culling of cows that have had mastitis is the developing atrophy or induration of the udder quarters. For this reason, up to 30% of cows are culled. Premature culling of cows shortens their productive life.

Painful sensations that occur in the mammary gland when milking mastitis cows lead to spasms of the uterus, disorders of the activity of other reproductive organs (rejection and resorption of the fetus, abortion, the birth of underdeveloped calves, barrenness), which ultimately leads to a decrease in milk yield.

It should also be noted that there are undesirable consequences of drinking milk from cows with mastitis - staphylococcal food infections cause serious illness in people.

The disease of cows with mastitis is preceded by factors (mechanical, physical, chemical and bacteriological) that reduce the resistance of the mammary gland and the body as a whole and contribute to the occurrence of a pathological process in the udder.

The mammary gland and genital organs are part of a single system. Therefore, pathological changes in the udder can easily spread to the genitals and vice versa. Moreover, in one organ this process can occur in an acute form, and in another, most often in mild or latent forms.

Literature review.

According to Aknazarov B.K., Zhangaziev M.M. Abdyrayimova E.A. for 2001, in many farms the latent form of mastitis is not diagnosed, appropriate treatment and preventive measures are not carried out, and moreover, there are no (100% of cases) effective locally produced medicines.

The object of the study was cows of the Alatau breed with a productivity of 2500-3500 liters. milk for lactation, which were kept in the conditions of the MTF SKP “Dostuk” Alamedinsky and EH Kyrgyzstan. NPZ Sokuluk district. To establish the prevalence of various forms of mastitis, they conducted a comprehensive examination of the broodstock. At the same time, they paid attention to the general condition of the animal and mammary gland. They resorted to clinical research methods, such as examination, palpation, and trial milking. Subclinical forms of mastitis were differentiated using laboratory research methods (dimastin test, sedimentation tests). Cows that were found to have mastitis and were not inseminated were subjected to additional examination for pathology of the genital organs.

The results of the study are reflected in table. 1. The data shows that the prevalence of mastitis among dairy cows is 22.9% of the animals studied. At the same time, clinical mastitis in cows is 8.12%, and subclinical mastitis is 14.84%. A study of the condition of the genital organs in mastitis cows showed that with clinical inflammation of the mammary gland, endometritis is registered in 24.14% of cases, and in 13.79% of mastitis cows, a pathology of the birth period was registered in the previous period - retained placenta.

Table 1.

Prevalence of mastitis and pathologies of the genital organs in cows.

A relative trend is established when analyzing the incidence of cows with subclinical mastitis and pathology of the genital organs. Thus, in 13.21% of animals with subclinical mastitis, a history of retained placenta was recorded. Hidden mastitis in cows in 11.32% of cases was accompanied by endometritis, and 9.43% by uterine subinvolution. In 66.04% of patients with subclinical mastitis, clinical signs and pathologies of the genital organs were not identified. In 27.59% of cows with clinical mastitis, no visible signs of pathology were diagnosed in the genitals.

The data presented show that clinical mastitis is more often accompanied by pathology of the genital organs than subclinical inflammation of the mammary gland. The high incidence of cows with endometritis and subinvolution of the uterus with clinical mastitis indicates the influence of mammary gland pathologies on the genital organs of females. Low fertility (29.41-33.33% versus 79.07%) is observed in the group of animals with mastitis and with uterine pathology compared to cows suffering only with mammary gland pathology. This trend is clearly observed among animals suffering from subclinical mastitis.

Characteristics of the farm.

Dairy farm No. 3 belongs to the MIS agricultural complex, which is located in the Isyk-Ata region in the city of Kant. MTF No. 3 is located 12 km from the city of Kant, 3 km from the Bishkek-Tokmok-Kemin bypass road, and 3 km from the nearest settlement. Komsomolskoe 1.5 km. It has 4 bases, 3 calf barns and 1 maternity ward. There are summer rest areas, 2 pits with haylage, 2 pits with silage, 1 pit with straw. 350 dairy cows are kept in 3 bases, and first-calf heifers are kept in the 4th base.

There are about 100 cows in the base, they are kept on free-walking and tied, milked 3 times a day - at 3.00 a.m., 11.00 a.m. and 17.00 h.

Feeding:

In the morning - haylage, silage,

For lunch - pulp, mixed feed,

In the evening - silo.

Veterinary and sanitary measures at MTF No. 3:

spring vaccination against brucellosis, foot and mouth disease, anthrax;

Every week the farm and its territory are cleaned (sanitary day),

monthly disinfection of premises,

Disinfection mats and disinfection barriers are available throughout the farm.

Epizootic state of MTF No. 3.

At MTF No. 3 there was not a single zooanthroponotic disease for 3 years. The epizootic condition is normal.

Special part.

During my internship at the MIS agricultural complex in the Ysyk-Ata region on dairy farm No. 3, I recorded cases of cows suffering from mastitis and other gynecological diseases.

MASTITIS. At dairy farm No. 3, a special place in the development of mastitis is occupied by the mechanical factor. One of the main mechanical factors is the improper operation of milking machines, which leads to irritation of the mammary gland.

There are also cases of mastitis occurring as a result of mechanical injuries such as bruises, blows and wounds. Injury to the udder of cows is observed when they are kept crowded and loose.

In 2002, at MTF No. 3, 22 cows fell ill with mastitis, 16 of them recovered, 6 cows were culled (Table 1). 2376 soms were spent on treatment (Mastisan-A). For the entire lactation period (305 days), culled cows did not produce more than 18,300 liters of milk, which is 137,250 soms (7.5 soms per liter).

TREATMENT. Mastisan-A is administered intracisternally (into the udder lobe) at a dose of 10 ml into the affected quarter of the udder.

Complex remedy for the treatment of mastitis. Mastisan-A suspension for veterinary medicine, intramammary. 20 doses, 100 ml, 120 s. 3 days, 10 ml. CJSC-NitaFarm, Saratov.

The losses caused by mastitis have not yet been sufficiently studied, since they are difficult to account for. A certain part of the economic losses due to mastitis is the cost of treatment and preventive measures. However, the main amount of losses is associated with a decrease in milk production, with the inability to maximize the genetic potential of the animal’s milk productivity.

ENDOMETRITIS. 17 cases of the disease were recorded. The animal often urinates, is restless, and there is a slight decrease in milk yield. A yellowish mucopurulent exudate is released from the genital organs. The general emaciation of the animal is often noticeable.

TREATMENT. 7% solution of ichthyol intramuscularly, in a dose of 4 ml once a day. Rectal massage of the uterus. The course of treatment depends on the type of endometritis (serous, purulent, serous-catarrhal, etc.) - 1-2 weeks. 1224 soms were spent on treatment at the rate of 1 ml of 7% ichthyol solution costs 2 soms.

TRAUMATIC DAMAGE TO THE EXTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS. Rupture of the vulva, vagina and perineum. The reason is incorrect delivery, forced removal of a large fetus - 3 cases were recorded. The cases were similar to each other. The large fetus did not pass through the vulva and the vagina, the cattle workers began to forcibly pull out the fetus, without waiting for the cow to begin contractions. In this case, the fetus tore the vagina. Two cows gave birth to still calves. And one cow had to be slaughtered, she developed postpartum paresis and could not get up.

TREATMENT. Wash the edges of the wound with a 0.1% solution of rivanol, then lubricate it with a 5% alcohol solution of iodine, infiltrate with a 0.5% solution of novocaine. After this, the wound edges are excised and connected with sutures. Then, within 1 week, the wound is lubricated with iodine-glycerin (1:1) or tricillin ointment.

The economic damage from this amounted to... Shortage of 2 calves - 1 thousand soms per calf, in total 2 thousand soms. Forced slaughter of a cow – 40 thousand soms. 250 soms were spent on 1 cow – a total of 750 soms.

table 2

Animal diseases for 2002 by month.

table 3

Costs of treatment, non-receipt of income, recovery and culling of animals for 2002.

Conclusions and offers. Based on the above data, we can suggest that the farm improve the maintenance and care of animals, monitor milking techniques so that there is no mechanical damage to the udder. Report primary signs of mastitis and other gynecological diseases to the veterinarian MTF No. 3 in a timely manner.

List of used literature:

Workshop on obstetrics, gynecology and artificial insemination of farm animals. I.I.Rodin, V.R.Tarasov, I.L.Yakimchuk. – 2nd ed. – M.: Kolos, 1979.

Collection of proceedings of the interdepartmental practical-scientific conference. Edited by corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences T.K. Kasymova. Kara-Balta: 2001

Mastitis and reproductive ability in cows. – B.K.Aknazarov, M.M.Zhangaziev, E.A.Abdyrayimov.

Registration data of MTF No. 3 for 2002

Igor Nikolaev

Reading time: 6 minutes

A A

Reproduction is one of the most important functions performed by cattle. Every herd owner sets himself the task of gradually increasing productivity. But sometimes their implementation is put above the quality of the cows and their health. Diseases arise that hinder the growth of livestock numbers. Gynecological diseases of cows occupy a significant niche among them.

Retention of placenta

One of the consequences of a difficult birth is retention of the placenta. This phenomenon occurs very often, so every cattle owner needs to know about it. If the birth proceeds normally, the membranes surrounding the fetus will disappear eight hours or less after the calf is born. A longer period is already called a delay.

This is how childbirth can go wrong:

1. the beginning of inflammatory processes of the placenta and the occurrence of adhesions. The villi of the fetal part of the placenta become swollen and can fuse with the maternal one. We have to separate them through surgery;
2. uterine contractility decreases significantly. The cow cannot push out the placenta due to weak contractions. It continues to be in the uterus;
3. the animal hunches its back, tries to push, taking a position as if urinating;
4. the afterbirth takes on a flabby appearance and an unpleasant odor, and begins to decompose due to a favorable bacterial environment;
5. Experts talk about general intoxication of the body. The cow refuses to feed, the forestomachs do not want to work and the stomach becomes weak.

The help of specialists is to force the uterus to contract in time. The afterbirth should not have decomposed by this time. As a treatment, oxytocin is injected under the skin every three hours. Agofollin or prozerin are also prescribed intramuscularly.

When the placenta can be pulled out, antimicrobial drugs must be used. These are hard capsules clmaoxil, tracur, exuter and others. They give two tablets once a day, then the cervical canal closes. To give the animal strength, glucose is administered, and a calcium chloride solution is also used. The appropriate dosage and intervals will be determined by your veterinarian.

Metritis

Inflammation of the uterus or metritis is divided into several types depending on the location where the pathology starts:

• endometritis – acute inflammation of the uterine mucosa;
• myometritis – swelling and redness of the muscle membrane;
• perimetritis - swelling of the peritoneal uterine lining.

Endometritis

The nature of childbirth directly affects the occurrence of uterine diseases in cows. There are normal births, complicated and pathological ones. In the first case, livestock breeders do not participate in the process; the cow gives birth on its own. The afterbirth leaves on time, after a maximum of eight hours.

During complicated births, contractions are weak, calves are pulled out by people, slight ruptures of soft tissues are also observed and the placenta can come out up to twelve hours.

Longer and more difficult labor corresponds to the third group. Up to eight people can be involved in removing calves. There are severe ruptures, the uterus may fall out, and the baby may even die. In this case, the afterbirth is separated surgically.

As a result, after the first outcome, endometritis occurs in only fifteen percent of cows; with complicated cases, the figure reaches thirty. And all pathological births almost one hundred percent end with this disease.

Signs of endometritis are as follows:

• depressed state;
• small amount of milk;
• lack of appetite;
• mucous or purulent discharge from the uterus;
• often hemorrhage in the vagina;
• the horns of the uterus become larger and hang into the abdominal cavity;
• In general, the uterus contracts poorly.

With the indicated indicators and symptoms, first of all, the sick cow should be placed separately from the rest. Next, the specialist prescribes a number of medications, first antimicrobial. After some time, intrauterine liquid drugs can be prescribed. They should be warm, just like the injected comprehensive antibiotics.

To prevent infertility, long-term treatment and restorative medications are needed. The task of the cattle owner is to increase the animal’s immunity, suppress pathogenic microflora, restore the uterus’ ability to contract and protect the body from general intoxication.

Myometritis

Severe development of endometritis turns into myometritis. Often, an infectious agent penetrates the muscular lining of the uterus. The tissue connecting the muscles increases. In certain areas of the uterus, lime salts form, abscesses and ulcers appear. Motor function of the uterus is significantly reduced or not observed at all.

Rectal examination shows that the uterus appears thicker than usual, with hard tubercles standing out. As is the case with signs of endometritis, the body and horns of the uterus hang into the abdominal cavity.

Unfortunately, chronic myometritis is treated with great difficulty, and the result often remains negative. If there is no positive trend, the animal is culled. This is due to infertility or constant abortions from circulatory disorders in this area and poor distension of the uterus.

Perimetritis

A complication of endometritis and metritis is called perimetritis. It occurs due to injuries to the uterus, its cervix and often the vagina, when the infection reaches the serous membrane and tissue.

During the development of this gynecological disease of cows, the following signs are noted:

When treating the first forms of metritis, massage, lasers, and electrotherapy are used. But for acute types, you cannot massage the area. Unfortunately, the result in the event of perimeteritis is the same: infertility, marriage. The cow does not recover; it is necessary to protect her from the onset of peritonitis and sepsis.

Subinvolution of the uterus

If the uterus does not return to its original state after the calf is born, then subinvolution occurs. It collects lochia, which gradually decompose with the spread of a disgusting odor.

They can also be absorbed into the body, exacerbating the proliferation of more and more harmful microbes. The latter tend to the uterine cavity and form purulent-catarrhal endometritis in a matter of days.

Subinvolution occurs in three forms, based on the development of events:

• heavy;
• average;
• light.

The first case is expressed in the fact that within five days the lochia becomes dark and watery. There is an odor of decomposition and gray and brown flakes are visible. There is no mucous plug in the cervical canal, which is characteristic of the normal course of labor.

The cow tries to raise her tail higher, strains, and does not want to eat. Body temperature sometimes rises.

The uterus hangs into the abdominal cavity. Her middle artery has been vibrating for about two weeks.

On the second day after the birth of the baby, the uterus is placed in the abdominal cavity in the case of a medium form. The wall of the uterus is very thin, but there are no lochias. After just a couple of days, the walls become thicker, discharge may not appear, and some cows develop lochia. By the tenth day, subinvolution is often complicated by the sudden onset of endometritis.

And after another twenty days, the uterus is more than half lowered into the abdominal cavity. The cervical canal closes.

To diagnose and prescribe treatment for these gynecological diseases of cows, it is recommended to study lochia.

Experts offer special tests to determine the presence of uterine subinvolution and its degree. In the future, the conclusions drawn will serve to select a specific technique. A detailed study will tell you whether it is worth continuing treatment or whether it will most likely be pointless.

In particular, they prescribe:

1. antimicrobial drugs to combat pathogenic environments;
2. ascorbic acid is injected to contract the uterus;
3. novocaine into the pelvic organs.

To prevent subinvolution, a month or a little more before the expected birth, the cow is given selenium. It is contained in various preparations in the required dosages, which will be determined by the veterinarian.

Inflammation of the oviducts

Inflammation of the oviducts is considered a companion to endometritis. These are thin, almost even two tubes up to thirty-five centimeters long. They are located in the fold of the peritoneum between the ovary and the uterus, this is noted on each side.

The mucous, muscular and serous membranes form the wall of the oviduct. The first does not imply the presence of glands and has a star-shaped shape. The muscular layer consists of smooth muscle fibers. Visually, they resemble rings and stripes along their length.

The oviducts are mobile and play important roles. Here the connection of the egg with the sperm that has undergone ovulation takes place. Then comes its further fertilization and the formation of a zygote. In three days it will enter the uterus. Obstruction of the oviduct leads to infertility. These processes are different.

Inflammation of the fallopian tube

When inflamed, the fallopian tube (oviduct) can form closed cavities. This result is associated with swelling of the mucous membrane and the joining of folds. Liquid appears in the cavities, destroying the sperm, egg and zygote. Even small lesions of the tubes lead to infertility of the cow, although all other components of the genital organs and the whole body will work uninterruptedly.

Unfortunately, some gynecological diseases of cows, including inflammation of the oviduct, provide few methods for research. For example, it is impossible to identify damage to each layer of the pipe. Only through a rectal examination does it determine the changes occurring, but not in detail.

This type of disease is observed with a change in inflammation from the uterus with endometritis, peritonitis, inflammation of the ovaries, retained placenta, and abortion.

The following reasons are needed for this:

• injuries caused during a careless rectal examination;
• massage of the uterus and ovaries;
• removal of the corpus luteum;
• crushing cysts in the ovaries.

Salpingitis covers all layers of the pipe, it becomes different in size and takes on a different shape. The mucous membrane changes, the folds of the mucous membrane grow and swell. The muscle membrane cannot contract and harmful fluid accumulates. As a result, the lumen into the uterus may completely close.

Next, ulcers appear on the mucous membrane, the fallopian tube risks connecting with the ovary, uterus and nearby organs. In some cases, blood clots accumulate in the lumen of the fallopian tube, and purulent fluid accumulates in the oviduct. The germ cells die.

The purulent form of salpingitis causes serious changes in the mucous membrane. This is expressed in the formation of erosions and deposits. A viscous white liquid or green mass fills the fallopian tube and stretches it.

It is not easy to identify these forms, since the only external signs are a slight increase in temperature and lack of mood. Although a detailed rectal examination will indicate the existence of dense formations in the ligaments between the ovaries and the ends of the uterine horns.

As a result of the examination, bilateral obstruction of the oviducts leaves no chance for the sick animal. With unilateral obstruction, the ovaries work in turn and the offspring can be:

1. the external genitalia are washed with a solution of furatsilin or potassium permanganate;
2. prescription of antibiotics;
3. use of sulfa drugs;
4. gentle massage to compress the oviducts. This technique helps break up adhesions and increase blood circulation;
5. injection of a non-hot solution of ichthyol with chamomile into the rectum.

The practitioner should determine the presence of inflammation of the oviducts, as it has similar symptoms to other gynecological diseases of cows. So far, science does not know a truly effective treatment for salpingitis.

Ovarian cysts

Rounded cavity formations in the ovarian tissues of the corpus luteum are called cysts. They appear as a result of the uncontrolled administration of a number of drugs or excess dosage. In addition, they accompany inflammatory processes and are the result of long-term intoxication.

There are several types of cysts:

• follicular;
• luteal

The former are distinguished by their thin wall and appear from follicles that have not undergone ovulation. They can be felt through the rectum. Sexual cycles in a cow during this period do not appear or are irregular.

The presence of cysts can be determined by swollen labia, swelling of the uterine walls and significant dilatation of the cervix. However, the cow is not impregnated. You can do an ultrasound and confirm the diagnosis.

To rid an animal of a cyst, you must first crush it. This can be done through the rectum. Then they give injections of progesterone, and give potassium iodide orally.

Luteal cysts differ from previous ones in thickness. The formations on the walls are denser and enlarged. Sexual cycles in cattle disappear completely.

To the touch, such cysts are similar to corpus luteum filled with fluids. It's not easy to crush them. There are luteal cysts on one ovary, but ovulation still does not occur even if the other is working. A cow cannot get pregnant. For treatment, a prostaglandin drug is chosen by intramuscular injection.

Vaginal prolapse

When the vagina extends beyond the genital opening, it results in inversion. A distinction is made between complete or partial loss. Most often, the disease is noticed in the second half of pregnancy. There are several reasons for this:

• relaxation of the ligaments that support the female genitals;
• poor quality feeding of pregnant cows;
• exhaustion or obesity;
• staying in a stall instead of long walks;
• noticeably uneven floors in the cattle housing area;
• advanced age of the cow;
• lack of vitamins;
• pregnancy with several calves and difficult births.

With incomplete eversion of the vagina, its upper and lower walls protrude from the genital slit in the form of folds. Once the cow lies down, it will be very clearly visible. It is not difficult to cure this stage. It is necessary to relieve the prolapsed area from friction, damage and give light food so that there is no excess pressure on the vagina during pushing. In this case, it is advisable for the animal to lie on the floor with a slope towards its head.

This stage may be followed by complete loss.

It often occurs as labor approaches. In this case, a specialist is invited. For treatment, he performs the following manipulations:

1. the mucous membrane is washed with a solution of potassium permanganate;
2. erosions and cracks are lubricated with iodine glycerin;
3. epidural anesthesia repeated every two hours;
4. clean gauze is wrapped around the hand and pressed with a fist onto the prolapsed vagina;
5. The animal is given antibiotics to prevent infection from developing.

Thus, partial inversion can always be corrected by immediate reaction by providing first aid, and then complete prolapse can be avoided.

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education

"Altai State Agrarian University"

Industrial practice report

"Obstetrics"

Barnaul 2013

Introduction

Animal insemination methods

Examination of cows for mastitis

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

I did an internship at the Prigorodnoye UOKH, which is located in the suburbs of Barnaul. Form of ownership - federal state unitary enterprise, specialization - dairy farm. The total land area is 10,429 hectares, including agricultural land - 9,144 hectares. Arable lands - 7209 hectares, hayfields - 762 hectares. Communication with the above farm is carried out along public roads. The average distance from the farm to residential areas and production centers does not exceed 1 km. The perimeter of the complex is fenced with a fence 1.9 m high. There is an entrance to the territory, closed with an iron gate. The farm has 2 branches: Central and Mikhailovskoe.

UAH "Prigorodnoye" was organized in 1956 on the basis of the State Land Fund of Economically Weak Collective Farms. In 1958, it was transferred to ASHI as a pilot production facility.

This geographical zone is dominated by a temperate continental climate, and the soils are dominated by lean chernozems. The soil cover of land use is relatively uniform. The total land use area is 100 hectares.

The enterprise breeds black and white Holstein cattle. Breeding farm. The livestock of the first lactation is 400 heads, the second lactation is 470 heads, the third lactation and older is 367 heads. The average live weight of cows of 1st lactation is 480 kg, 2nd lactation - 498, 3rd lactation and older - 520 kg. The average percentage of fat is 3.45%. Almost all herd animals are of the elite-record and elite classes; only 19 goals are 1st class. The milk productivity of the graded cows was 3903 kg. Also, the Prigorodnoye educational farm is the base farm for supplying enterprises of the Altai Territory with pedigree young animals of the black-and-white breed and bulls to the Barnaul breeding enterprise. From 10 to 20% of the main herd of breeding young animals is sold annually.

For the accelerated development of dairy farming, the development of the feed supply is important. The basis of the grass stand in the pastures and surrounding areas consists of: creeping clover, awnless brome, yellow alfalfa, meadow rank, creeping wheatgrass, large plantain, wild strawberry, silver cinquefoil, stinging nettle, wormwood, yarrow, dandelion, horsetail.

Gynecological diseases encountered on the farm

The main, most common disease at the Prigorodnoye educational farm is endometriosis.

Endometriosis. This is a common gynecological disease in which endometrial cells (the inner layer of the uterine wall) grow beyond this layer. Since endometrioid tissue has receptors for hormones, the same changes occur in it as in normal endometrium, manifested by bleeding. These small bleedings lead to inflammation in the surrounding tissues and cause the main manifestations of the disease: pain, increased organ volume, infertility. Symptoms of endometriosis depend on the location of its foci. There are genital (within the genital organs - uterus, ovaries) and extragenital (outside the reproductive system - navel, intestines, etc.) endometriosis. Classification Genital endometriosis is divided into:

1. External genital endometriosis, which includes endometriosis of the ovaries and pelvic peritoneum.

2. Internal genital endometriosis, in which the endometrium “grows” into the myometrium. In this case, the uterus acquires a round or spherical shape and can be enlarged.

Based on the distribution and depth of tissue damage by endometriosis, there are 4 stages of the disease: Stage I - single superficial lesions. II degree - several deeper foci.

III degree - many deep foci of endometriosis, small endometrioid cysts of one or both ovaries, thin peritoneal adhesions. IV degree - Many deep lesions, large bilateral endometrioid ovarian cysts, dense adhesions of organs, invasion of the vagina or rectum.

Animal insemination methods

gynecological disease cow insemination

During my internship, I consolidated theoretical knowledge on mastering obstetric techniques of obstetric care, diagnosing pregnancy, conducting obstetric and gynecological medical examinations, differential diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the genital organs and breast.

Cows are inseminated using the manocervical method. To do this, use sterile disposable instruments: a polyethylene ampoule with a polystyrene catheter and a plastic glove. The animal is first subjected to a thorough clinical examination.

The farm draws up a calendar plan for insemination of animals, the livestock is divided into 3 groups:

pregnant women with clarification of pregnancy;

animals in the postpartum period;

infertile, not pregnant one month after birth.

The uterine composition of all heifers is taken into account, taking into account the time they reach physiological maturity, and they are included in the insemination plan at the appropriate time.

The correct choice of insemination time is one of the main conditions for obtaining high fertility. Since in cows, compared to other animals, sexual heat is much shorter and sexual cycles are recorded more often, much attention is paid to the issue of choosing the time of insemination. Fertilization must be carried out at the moment most favorable for the sperm to meet the egg. Therefore, in production conditions, the heat of females must be determined by a tester male.

Pathologies of the postpartum period

Diseases often occur during the postpartum period. Diseases of the postpartum period include:

uterine prolapse;

subinvolution of the uterus;

postpartum sapremia;

retention after childbirth;

postpartum eclampsia;

postpartum insanity;

postpartum paresis, etc.

The causes are different, but a number of predisposing factors can be identified: lack of active exercise during pregnancy; improper operation; insufficient or one-sided feeding; vitamin and mineral deficiency of feeding, etc.

Diagnosis of newborn diseases and their prevention are an important part of reproduction. The body of a newborn, entering the external environment for the first time, must undergo a number of changes and adapt to new living conditions. This process can be complicated by dysfunction of individual organs and systems of the newborn, sometimes causing their pathological condition. Diseases in newborns develop as a result of errors in feeding, exploitation and maintenance of pregnant females or newborns, improper selection of parental pairs for mating, pathological childbirth and congenital anomalies. The main diseases of newborns are: large-fruited, small-fruited; asphyxia of newborns; constipation in newborns; congenital absence of the anus and rectum; diseases of the circulatory system; bleeding from the navel; inflammation of the navel; navel ulcer; irachus fistula. That’s why prevention of newborn diseases is so important; it includes:

Complete, competent feeding, exploitation and maintenance of pregnant females and newborns

Careful selection of parent pairs for mating

Carrying out births in cows in boxes

Raising newborn calves in sectional dispensaries

Pregnancy testing of cows

During my internship, I also took part in rectal examination of cows for pregnancy.

This method of detecting pregnancy is based on determining the condition of: ovaries, uterine horns, body and cervix, uterine mesenteries. As well as the uterine arteries and fetus passing through them.

Rectal examination was carried out wearing gloves; before insertion, the hand was soaped; the assistant moved the animal's tail to the side for ease of rectal examination. The fingers are folded into a cone and inserted into the rectum with smooth movements. Having cleared it of feces and gone through the ampoule-shaped expansion, we began palpation.

At the bottom of the pelvis I felt the cervix in the form of a dense tourniquet running along the pelvic cavity. Without letting go of the cervix, she continued palpating in front and behind. From behind I felt the vaginal part of the cervix, and in front I felt the body and horns of the uterus, moving forward the interhornal groove was felt. Then the left and right uterine horns are palpated in turn.

A rectal examination was carried out at the Prigorodnoye farm, where out of 10 cows examined, only 8 were pregnant:

2 cows with a term of 2 months. The horns of the uterus and the ovary are located in the abdominal cavity. The cervix has moved towards the entrance to the pelvis. The horn is twice the size of the free horn; a slight fluctuation is palpable upon palpation. The horns, when stroking, almost do not contract. The ovary of the horn (fetal receptacle) is larger than the ovary of the free horn, the corpus luteum is not palpable in it. - 3 cows with a period of 3 months. The horn is 3-4 times larger than the free horn. The interhorn groove is almost not palpable. The uterus is enlarged and fluctuates to the touch. The ovaries are located in front of the pubic fusion on the lower abdominal wall.

3 cows with a pregnancy period of 6 months. Uterus in the abdominal cavity. The fruit is not palpable. You can feel the placenta the size of a chicken egg. Fluctuation is not felt, because the uterine wall is not tense, the middle uterine artery of the horn (fetal receptacle) is strongly expressed.

2 cows turned out to be not pregnant; they have symptomatic infertility due to various diseases.

Infertility is a violation of the reproduction of offspring caused by improper living conditions of females and males (errors in feeding, maintenance and exploitation, improper insemination, diseases of the reproductive system and other organs).

Infertility is characterized by 4 main concepts:

1) Infertility - a violation of the reproduction of offspring due to improper conditions of existence of females and males or diseases of the genital and other organs;

2) infertile animal - an animal that has not been fertilized within one month after birth, and a young female - within one month after reaching physiological maturity;

infertility is a biological phenomenon;

elimination of infertility - obtaining offspring from each female at the time necessary for pregnancy and the postpartum period (maximum offspring).

Examination of cows for mastitis

At the Prigorodnoye educational farm, part of the milk produced on the farm is sold. Therefore, cows are checked for mastitis once a month. To do this, from each quarter of the udder, 1 ml of milk is poured into paillettes and 1 ml of a 2% mastidine solution is added to each quarter. The reaction is considered positive if a jelly-like clot has formed. The reaction is negative; the mixture remains homogeneous. A clinical examination is also carried out, paying special attention to the animals' udders.

During my internship, I took part in the routine medical examination of cattle, namely in the clinical examination of animals, in conducting reactions with mastidine and evaluating the results obtained. Mastitis in cows

Also, in the Prigorodnoye agricultural enterprise, a disease such as mastitis is quite common.

Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland that occurs as a result of exposure to external and internal environmental factors with a decrease in the resistance of the animal’s body and complications with infection. There are 2 forms of mastitis - clinical, with obvious signs of inflammation of the mammary gland (redness, pain, swelling, temperature and impaired secretory activity) and subclinical, occurring latently, in which there are no signs of inflammation except for a decrease in milk production. Among the clinical forms of mastitis there are: serous, catarrhal, fibrinous, purulent, hemorrhagic, specific.

Serous mastitis is characterized by: effusion of serous exudate into the subcutaneous tissue and interlobular tissue of the udder. In animals, mild depression is sometimes noted, appetite decreases, and body temperature rises slightly (up to 39.80C). More often than not, one or two quarters of the udder are affected; they increase in volume, become painful, thickened, with reddened skin and increased local temperature. The nipples are enlarged, the suprauder lymph node on the side of the affected part of the udder is enlarged and painful. Milk secretion is reduced by 10-30%, and in the affected quarter by 50-70%. At the beginning of the disease, the milk does not change in appearance, but later it becomes watery, flakes and casein clots appear.

It was differentiated from congestive edema, from which serous mastitis is distinguished by strong redness of the skin, increased local temperature with pain, in addition, with swelling of the mammary gland tissue, it is testy, which is easy to determine by palpation, and with serous mastitis, the consistency of the udder is rocky and dense. Also differentiated from:

1) clinical mastitis (Mastitis catarrhalis) - characterized by damage to the epithelium of the mucous membrane of the mammary cistern, milk ducts and canals, and glandular epithelium of the alveoli. The general condition of the animal remains satisfactory. Most often, only one quarter of the udder is affected; compactions are found in it, but the pain is mild. The nipple feels doughy to the touch. Milk is liquid with a bluish or yellowish tint and contains a lot of flakes and casein clots.

2) fibrinous (Mastitis fibrinosa) - Inflammation of the udder, in which fibrin is deposited in the thickness of its tissues, the lumen of the alveoli and milk ducts. The animal is depressed, often refuses food, body temperature is greatly elevated (40-41.0C), and lameness is noted. A quarter, half or all of the udder is affected. The affected quarters are greatly enlarged, red, hot, and very painful. Their tissues become very dense and the nipple is swollen. The suprauterine lymph node is enlarged, painful and inactive. The overall milk yield is reduced by 30-70%, the milk from the affected quarters is yellowish-gray, with fibrinous clots, films, often mixed with blood, and is difficult to milk.

3) purulent mastitis (Mastitis purulenta) - Inflammation of the milk ducts and alveoli of the udder with the formation of purulent or purulent-mucous exudate. The animal is depressed, appetite is sharply reduced, body temperature is increased to 40-41.0C. The affected quarters of the udder are enlarged, painful, hot, the skin is reddened and very dense. The suprauterine lymph node is greatly enlarged. Overall milk yield is reduced to 80%. A small amount of thick purulent or mucopurulent exudate with yellowish or white flakes is milked from the affected quarters.

4) hemorrhagic mastitis (Mastitis haemorrhagia) - acute inflammation of the udder with multiple hemorrhages and tissue soaking with hemorrhagic exudate. The disease occurs more often in the first days after childbirth. The cow is depressed, body temperature is increased to 40.0C. The affected quarters of the udder are enlarged, their skin is swollen, covered with burgundy spots, hot, and painful. The nipple is swollen and swollen. The overall milk yield is reduced by 25-40%, and of the affected quarters - by 60-95%. The milk is watery, reddish in color, with flakes.

If the animal is not helped in a timely manner, acute mastitis can already turn into a chronic form on the 5-7th day, and then a slow atrophy of the parenchyma occurs in the udder tissues, it is replaced by connective tissue. Milk yield is steadily declining, milk becomes mucopurulent. Complications are possible, including udder gangrene.

5) Subclinical mastitis, visible signs are absent or weakly expressed, milk secretion and its quality are slightly changed.

The latent inflammatory process is accompanied by a sharp increase in the number of somatic cells in milk, which number over 500 thousand per 1 ml.

The following treatment was prescribed:

Frequent, gentle milking

Rp.: Olii camphoralis 10%-10ml.

D.S. intercisternally, during the first 2 milkings after milking

3) Rp.: Solutionis Calсii chloridi

D.S. intravenously once

4) Rp.: Masticidum 150000 ED 5% -10.0 S.: intercisternally, administer 2 times. per day for 5 days.

5) Light massage from bottom to top for 10-15 minutes for 5 days.

Conclusion

During my internship, I had the opportunity to become practically familiar with the nuances of veterinary work and consolidate the theoretical knowledge acquired during my studies.

I gained a lot of practical skills - the ability to diagnose, prescribe and treat animals, became acquainted with the methods of testing animals for latent forms of mastitis, studied in practice the technique of intravenous administration of solutions to animals, took part in some surgical operations, in preventive and anti-epizootic measures , familiarized myself with the rules for preparing the necessary veterinary documentation.

Bibliography

1. Goncharov V.L., Cherepakhin D.A. Obstetrics, gynecology and biotechnology of animal reproduction. M.: Kolos, 2--4, 328 p.

2.Mirolyubov M.G. Obstetrics and gynecology of farm animals. M.: Kolos, 2008, 197 p.

3. Nebogatikov G.V. Workshop on obstetrics, gynecology and biotechnology of animal reproduction. St. Petersburg: Mir, 2005, 272 p.

4.G. D. Nekrasov, I. A. Sumanova. Obstetrics, gynecology and biotechnology of animal reproduction. M.: Forum, 2008, 176 p.

5. Studentsov A.P., Shipilov V.S., Nikitin V.Ya. Veterinary obstetrics, gynecology and biotechnology of reproduction.-M.: Kolos, 1999.495 p.

6. Porfiryev I.A., Petrov A.M. Obstetrics and biotechnology of animal reproduction. Textbook. St. Petersburg: Lan, 2009, 352 p.

7. Taranov A.G. Laboratory diagnostics in obstetrics and gynecology. M.: Eliskom, 2004, 80 p.

8. Khramtsov V.V. Obstetrics and gynecology of farm animals. M.: Kolos, 2008, 197 p.

9. Shipilov V.S., Zvereva G.V., Rodin I.I., Nikitin V.Ya. Workshop on obstetrics, gynecology and artificial insemination of farm animals.-M.: Agropromizdat, 1988.335 p.

10. Elenschläger A.A., Zhukov V.M., Ponamarev N.M., Baryshnikov P.I., Medvedeva L.V., Fedotov V.P., Kolesnichenko I.D., Borisenko N.E., Chernyshov S.E. Guidelines for educational, clinical and industrial practice for 4-5 year students of the Institute of Veterinary Medicine: Barnaul. Publishing house AGAU, 2007.27 p.

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Diseases of the reproductive organs in farm animals should not be considered as local diseases of the genital organs, but as a general disease of the animal’s body. Therefore, the system for the prevention of diseases of the reproductive organs should include a complex of economic-zootechnical, special veterinary and sanitary-hygienic measures when raising replacement young animals, inseminating cows and heifers, preparing them for fruiting and childbirth, as well as in the postpartum period.
Clinically healthy heifers are selected for reproduction taking into account the milk production and fertility of their parents. Replacement heifers are provided with adequate feeding, allowing them to reach a body weight of 340-370 kg by the age of 18 months. During the 6-month dairy period, they should receive 280-300 kg of whole milk, 400-600 kg of skim milk, 170-200 kg of concentrated feed, 200-300 kg of good hay and haylage, 300-400 kg of silage and root crops. Their growth and development are monitored using clinical, morphological, biochemical and other parameters. If necessary, make appropriate adjustments to feeding and maintenance. In summer, preference is given to camp-pasture housing.
During the insemination period, the average daily weight gain should be above 500 g. When inseminating heifers and cows, they are guided by the instructions for artificial insemination of cows and heifers, and veterinary and sanitary rules for reproduction.
Feeding and maintenance of pregnant animals is carried out in accordance with the norms and rations for feeding farm animals and veterinary and sanitary rules for dairy farms and complexes.
Deep-boned cows at the time of launch (60-65 days before the expected birth) are subjected to a full clinical examination, paying special attention to fatness, condition of hair and skin, bones, hoof horns, mammary glands, as well as body weight. Cows should be tested for subclinical mastitis using one of the rapid diagnostic tests. When indicated, a more in-depth study of the cardiovascular and nervous systems is performed.
Clinically healthy animals are characterized by good fatness and general condition, shiny hair, strong bones, correct gait and shape of the hooves, and the absence of subclinical or clinically pronounced mastitis.
If signs of mastitis, decreased fatness, disturbance or perversion of appetite, softening of the caudal vertebrae, baldness in the area of ​​the root of the tail and sacrum, loosening of the horny sheaths and teeth, lameness, indicating metabolic disorders, are detected in animals, a complex of therapeutic measures is carried out, including etiotropic, symptomatic , dietary, general tonic and corrective therapy, as well as organizational, economic and zootechnical measures for the prevention of metabolic disorders and breast diseases.
After a clinical examination, cleaning of the hair and skin, and trimming of the hooves, the animals are transferred to the dry group, where, depending on the technology, they are kept on a leash or without it in groups that are formed according to the timing of the expected calving (60-45, 45-30, 30-10 days). A group of heifers is kept separately. For better fetal formation and the prevention of birth and postpartum complications, it is advisable to keep animals loose during dry periods.
A room for keeping dry cows and heifers is allocated at the rate of 18% of the total number of cows and heifers of the farm (complex), it must be equipped with a group den at the rate of at least 5 m2 of floor area per animal with individual boxes measuring 2x1.5 m and have feeding area with hard surface (8 m2) or without it (15 m2), feeding front (0.8 m). The consumption of litter (straw) is at least 1.5-2 kg per day. The bedding material must be homogeneous, dry, without traces of mold.
When kept in a tether, pregnant cows and heifers are placed in stalls (1.2 x 1.9 m) equipped with feeders, drinkers and automatic harnesses. The floors in the machines can be wooden or cord-rubber-bitumen, and in the aisles - concrete.
Dosed irradiation of animals with ultraviolet rays is organized in the premises. For this purpose, stationary irradiators E01-ZOM, EO-2, as well as installations UO-4 and UO-4M are used. Erythema irradiators E01-ZOM, EO-2 are installed at a height of 2-2.2 m from the floor, one source per 8-10 m2 of floor area for loose housing, or one irradiator for 2 cows for stall housing. The UO-4M irradiation installation is hung on a cable at a height of 1 m from the back of the animals. The radiation dose is provided in 3 passes of the installation during the day.
During the winter stable period, dry cows and heifers, under favorable weather conditions (absence of severe frosts, precipitation, wind, etc.), must undergo active exercise for 2-3 hours over a distance of 3-4 km, for which a running path with leveled ground and appropriate fencing, as well as walks lasting 5-7 hours a day on walking areas with hard surfaces.
In the summer, dry cows and heifers are provided with pasture and kept in camps equipped with sheds. Stationary premises are subject to repair, cleaning, disinfection and sanitation.
The level of feeding of cows and heifers during the dry period is determined by the animal’s body weight, condition of condition, expected milk production and should ensure an increase in the animal’s body weight during this period by 10-12%. The diet of animals must be balanced in terms of energy, digestible protein, macro- and microelements, dry matter, fiber, and contain 8-9 feed. units and include, kg: good hay - at least 5-6, high-quality silage - 10-15, good-quality haylage - 5-7, grass meal or cutting - 1, concentrated feed - 1.5-2, fodder beets and other roots tubers 4-5, molasses 0.5-1, as well as mineral supplements in the form of table salt, kiode, phosphorus-calcium salts. Each feed unit should contain 100-120 g of digestible protein, 90-150 g of carbohydrates, 45-50 mg of carotene, 8-9 g of calcium, 6-7 g of phosphorus, 8-10 g of sodium chloride, 19-20 g of potassium, magnesium 5-6 g, copper 10 mg, zinc and manganese 50 mg each, cobalt and iodine 0.7 mg each, vitamin D 1 thousand IE, vitamin E 40 mg. The sugar-protein ratio should be 0.8-1.5:1, and the calcium to phosphorus ratio should be 1.5-1.6:1. The diet must be balanced based on a chemical analysis of feed, carefully monitor the content of macro- and microelements, vitamins, and avoid the use of feed containing impurities of heavy metal salts, fluorine, arsenic, nitrates and nitrites, as well as residual amounts of preservatives or stabilizers.
During the dry period, twice on the 14-15th day after launch and 10-14th day after birth, a clinical examination of the mammary gland is carried out by inspection, palpation, test squeezing and organoleptic assessment of the secretion. Identified animals with mastitis are subjected to appropriate treatment.
In order to monitor the state of metabolism, identify early (clinical) signs of the presence and severity of hidden health disorders, predict the state of the reproductive function of animals, biochemical blood tests are carried out selectively from 10-15 dry cows and 10-15 heifers (most fully reflecting the average age, weight body and productivity of the herd) 2-3 weeks before birth at the beginning (October-November), middle (January) and end (March-April) of the winter-stall and in the middle (June-July) summer-grazing periods. In blood serum, the content of total protein, albumin, globulin, residual nitrogen, urea, total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, carotene, vitamins A, C, cholesterol, beta-lipoproteins is determined, in whole blood - glucose, ketone bodies, in plasma - alkaline reserve . High levels of total protein (7.3-8 g/100 ml), gammaglobulins (1.6-2 g/100 ml), cholesterol (160-210 mg/100 ml), beta-lipoproteins (480-580 mg/100 ml ), low concentrations of vitamins A (25 mcg/100 ml or less), C (less than 0.5 mg/100 ml) and low protein index (less than 0.75-0.70) characterize the predisposition of pregnant animals to obstetric pathology.
If necessary, the content of other vitamins, microelements, indicators of immunobiological and natural resistance, as well as sex and corticosteroid hormones is determined in the blood of cows during the same periods of pregnancy. In the normal course of pregnancy, the ratio of progesterone to estradiol concentrations is no more than 60, and cortisol to progesterone is no less than 7. Higher ratios of progesterone to estradiol and lower cortisol to progesterone indicate the risk of birth and postpartum obstetric pathology.
If abnormalities in metabolism are detected in dry cows and heifers, comprehensive measures for the prevention and treatment of animals are developed by adjusting diets to replenish deficient nutrients, taking into account the quality and chemical composition of feed, as well as the additional administration of vitamin and hepatotropic drugs, mineral premixes, and synthetic antioxidants. In this case, the ratio of prescribed oil concentrates of vitamins A and D should be 10:1, and the use of vitamin E in the last 20 days of pregnancy is not allowed, since vitamin E, having a progesterone-like effect, inhibits the contractile function of the uterus.
Diprovit (in a daily dose of 5 g) or lipomide (in a daily dose of 1 g) are used as hepatotropic drugs, which are fed to pregnant cows for 4 weeks at the beginning of the dry period and for 2 weeks before giving birth. For this purpose and according to the same scheme, the drug metavit is also used in a daily dose of 2 g.
When the level of vitamins in animals and feed is low, sodium selenite, barium selenite (depolene), and an oil solution of beta-carotene can be used as drugs that normalize metabolism and prevent retention of placenta and postpartum diseases. A sterile aqueous 0.5% solution in a dose of 10 ml (0.1 ml of sodium selenite per 1 kg of body weight) is administered to cows once intramuscularly 20-30 days before the expected birth. Depolen (10 ml) is administered once at the beginning of the dry period. An oil solution of beta-carotene is used intramuscularly 30-45 days before the expected calving, 40 ml per injection for 5-7 days in a row.
In the system of measures for the prevention of birth and postpartum diseases, the mandatory equipment on each farm (complex) of shift maternity wards that meet zootechnical and veterinary-sanitary requirements, and the correct organization of their work are important.
Each maternity ward should consist of three isolated sections: prenatal with an equipped room for sanitary treatment of animals, maternity with maternity boxes (stalls) and postnatal with a sectional dispensary. In the maternity ward, it is also necessary to have a room for providing obstetric care, conducting clinical and gynecological examinations and medical procedures, and a hospital for 10-12 animals for keeping sick animals. These premises must be provided with obstetric and surgical kits, other necessary instruments and medications, solutions of disinfectants, and a fixation machine.
The number of livestock places in the maternity ward should be 16% of the number of cows and heifers on the complex (farm). In the prenatal (cattle places 2.5-3% of the total farm livestock) and postnatal (4.5-6%) sections, stall equipment OSK-25A is installed (stall length 2-2.2 m, width 1.5 m) . In the maternity section for calving animals and keeping newborn suckling calves, isolated boxes are installed at the rate of 2.5% of the farm's population. The width of the boxes is 3 m, length 3-3.5, height 1.7, the entrance door is 1.5 m wide and 1.7 m high.
The placement of internal equipment and the microclimate parameters of the premises of the maternity ward (as a workshop for dry cows and heifers) are determined by the standards of technological design. The temperature in the maternity ward should be 16°C, relative humidity 70%, illumination 300 lux, permissible concentration of carbon dioxide 0.15%, ammonia 10 mg/m3, hydrogen sulfide 5 mg/m3, microbial contamination 50 thousand m3, room volume at one animal 25 m3.
Sections of the maternity ward are assigned permanent attendants trained in the rules for receiving and caring for newborn calves, and are on duty around the clock.
Transfer of cows to the prenatal section of the maternity department of the production 10 days before the expected birth after a clinical examination of them in order to detect prenatal diseases (vaginal inversion, edema of pregnant women, etc.) and mastitis. Before being placed in the section, animals undergo sanitary treatment in the shower room.
Silage is excluded from the diet of cows in the maternity ward and replaced with high-quality hay. When cows develop severe udder swelling during the prenatal period, other succulent foods are excluded from the diet, and the animals are fed only roughage (hay). To activate the birth process and postpartum involution of the genital organs, prevent birth and postpartum diseases by increasing the neuromuscular tone of the uterus and its contractile retraction ability, cows admitted to the maternity ward are fed 200-250 thousand vitamin A with concentrated feed daily, until birth. IE, vitamin D 20-25 thousand IE, vitamin C 2-3 g, vitamin B1 0.5-0.6 g, vitamin B12 O, I-0.15 g and dicalcium, monocalcium phosphate 50-60 g each .
When signs of labor appear in the shower room, the skin, external genitalia, and mammary glands are sanitized with detergent-disinfectant solutions (0.5% chloramine solution, furatsilin solution 1:5000, potassium permanganate 1:1000) and the cows are transferred in clean, disinfected maternity wards of the maternity section, where calving is carried out, without the need to resort to obstetric care, since physiological labor (and the postpartum period) does not require constant intervention.
After the calf is born, mucus is removed from the nostrils, mouth, ears with a napkin or towel, the umbilical cord is cut off (if spontaneous rupture has not occurred), blood is squeezed out of the stump and disinfected with an iodine solution or a 1% solution of potassium permanganate, and the cow is allowed to lick the calf well. After this, the cow is tied up, the mammary gland is treated (wrapped and wiped with a towel soaked in a disinfectant solution), the first one or two streams of milk, containing an increased number of microbes, are milked into a separate container and destroyed. Once the calf is on its feet, it is helped to find the udder teat. The first feeding of the calf with colostrum is carried out as early as possible, but no later than 1.5 hours after birth. The cow is given amniotic fluid, colostrum or warm salted water.
The calf is kept in a box with the cow for at least 24 hours, and with the suckling method of housing - the entire colostrum period. At this time, cows can be milked 2-3 times a day. Then the calf is transferred to the dispensary section. Good results when raising calves are achieved by using a regulated method of milking and suckling throughout the entire preventive period (20 days).
During manual feeding, the calf (after being licked by the cow) is placed in the dispensary section, and the first drinking of colostrum from the mother cow is carried out from a disinfected teat drinker.
From the maternity box, after weaning the calf, the cow is transferred to the postpartum section of the maternity ward, and the boxes (stalls and equipment) are thoroughly cleaned, washed, and disinfected with a 3-4% hot solution of sodium hydroxide or a clarified solution of bleach in accordance with the instructions for disinfection of livestock farms, premises and dried, after which they are used for the next birth. The sanitary gap must be at least three days. To clean and disinfect premises, it is necessary to install stationary disinfection units or use disinfection machines (DUK, VDM, LSD-2M, OM). To neutralize, gowns, towels and other linen are washed using detergents and boiled in a 1% solution of soda ash.
Cows are kept in the postpartum section for 10-12 days. Animals are fed with easily digestible feed. Particular attention is paid to compliance with machine milking regimes and the prevention of mastitis. From 3-4 days after birth, animals are given walks, active exercise and communication with a test bull. After the expiration of the period of keeping fresh cows in the postpartum section, animals with normal involution of the genital organs are transferred to the insemination and milking group, and those with signs of subinvolution of the uterus or endometritis are transferred to a hospital or separate groups for treatment.
In the workshop for dry cows and heifers, veterinary specialists conduct systematic monitoring of housing conditions, feeding, microclimate, organization of active exercise; in the maternity ward, they conduct daily clinical examination of animals, qualified assistance during normal and pathological childbirth, pharmacoprevention of placenta retention, timely detection and treatment of postpartum complications , maintaining a strict sanitary regime, regular ongoing disinfection of: passages and floors - daily, pens of the prenatal sector, maternity boxes and stalls of the postnatal sector - after each release from the animal, walls of the premises - 2 times a month.
Monitoring of the course of the prenatal period and childbirth is carried out by recording the precursors of labor, the nature and duration of the birth act, and the timing of separation of the placenta.
Early clinical signs indicating a high risk of postpartum diseases in cows are prolongation of the gestation stage to 3-4 hours, spontaneous separation of the placenta after 5-6 hours, pathological birth and the absence of formation of a cervical mucous plug, as evidenced by copious discharge from the first days after childbirth, liquid bloody lochia.
Animals with clinical signs of risk of developing postpartum pathology are prescribed parenterally uterotonic drugs (2 ml of 2% sinestrol and 35-40 units of oxytocin (or pituitrin) or autocolostrum in a dose of 20-25 ml).
Veterinary control over the course of the postpartum period is carried out through a daily clinical examination of cows with registration of the nature of lochia secreted and clinical and obstetric examination on days 5-6, 10-14 and 25-30 after birth. To assess the condition of the reproductive tract, an external examination, vaginal and rectal examination are performed. Cows that had a difficult pathological birth were subject to clinical and obstetric examination on days 5-6 after birth; deviations in the nature of the lochia secreted were identified. Cows with a normal course of labor and the postpartum period are examined on days 10-14 (before transferring them to the insemination and milking workshop). During this period, uterine subinvolution, genital injuries, vestibulovaginitis, cervicitis, endometritis, and mastitis can be detected in animals. Animals with obstetric pathology are transferred to a hospital or to separate groups and subjected to appropriate comprehensive treatment.
Clinical and obstetric examination of cows on the 25-30th day after birth (with the exception of animals that showed the stage of arousal of the sexual cycle and were inseminated) is the final stage of monitoring the reproductive function of calved cows. Research during this period allows us to identify the degree of completion of postpartum involution of the genital organs, subinvolution of the uterus, endometritis and other pathological processes. Treatment of identified sick animals is carried out with differentiation, taking into account the type and severity of the pathological process.
When keeping animals in the insemination and milking group, they provide proper sanitary and hygienic conditions, daily active exercise, communication of cows with a test bull, the correct regime of machine milking and timely detection of heat and insemination of animals, mainly in the first month after birth. Milking cows in the first month after birth is carried out gradually. The range of feeds should be varied and fully meet the animals’ needs for digestible protein, energy, vitamins and minerals. In winter, be sure to feed high-quality hay and fodder root and tuber crops.
An integral part of the fight against animal infertility is the organization of monthly medical examination of breeding stock, which includes a system of organizational, economic, zootechnical and veterinary measures. At the same time, pregnancy and diseases of the reproductive organs are diagnosed, the clinical and physiological state and reproductive ability of animals are determined. Based on the results of the clinical examination, specialists and farm management take measures to eliminate the identified deficiencies, create conditions for physiologically sound reproduction of the herd, and sick animals are subjected to appropriate treatment.