Comparison of the characteristics of plant and animal cells. Comparison of cells of different kingdoms Comparative characteristics of the structure of eukaryotic cells table

Comparison of the structure of cells of bacteria, plants and animals Cellular structure Function Bacteria Plants Animals Nucleus Storage of hereditary information, RNA synthesis No Yes Yes Chromosome Hereditary material consisting of linear DNA No Yes ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Cell (meanings). Human blood cells (HBC) ... Wikipedia

Epithelial cells. Cell theory is one of the generally accepted biological generalizations that affirm the unity of the principle of structure and development of the plant world and the animal world, in which the cell is considered as a common structural element... ... Wikipedia

Epithelial cells. Cell theory is one of the generally accepted biological generalizations that affirm the unity of the principle of the structure and development of the world of plants, animals and other living organisms with a cellular structure in which the cell ... ... Wikipedia

The cell is an elementary unit of structure and vital activity of all living organisms (except for viruses, which are often referred to as non-cellular forms of life), possessing its own metabolism, capable of independent existence,... ... Wikipedia

Prokaryotes ... Wikipedia

Each cell contains many chemical elements involved in various chemical reactions. Chemical processes occurring in a cell are one of the main conditions for its life, development and functioning. Some chemical elements in the cell... ... Wikipedia

Lesson type: study and primary consolidation of knowledge.

Lesson Objectives

Educational: systematization of knowledge about the structural features of plant, animal and fungal cells; developing the ability to apply acquired knowledge when comparing different types of cells; strengthening skills in working with a microscope.

Educating: formation of materialistic views on the unity of living nature; formation of moral qualities: a sense of camaraderie, discipline.

Developmental: development of analytical thinking, student speech, enrichment of vocabulary; development of skills for independent work with a textbook and a microscope.

Equipment: 11–12 microscopes, micropreparations of plant, animal and fungal cells, tables: “Cell”, “Plant cell”, “Mushroom cell”, projector, slides.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment

II. Checking the assimilation of previously studied material

1. What two groups are all organisms divided into? ( Prokaryotes and eukaryotes.)
2. What is another name for prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? ( Pre-nuclear and nuclear.)
3. What organisms are prokaryotes? ( Bacteria and archaea.)
4. What is the main structural feature of prokaryotes? ( Cells do not have a formed nucleus.)

III. Learning new material

Comparative characteristics of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Eukaryotes include different organisms, but their cells have a common structure: a nucleus that has a membrane that separates it from the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm contains various organelles, which are much more numerous than in prokaryotic cells. The appearance of a nucleus in a eukaryotic cell during evolution made it possible to separate in space and time the processes of transcription - the synthesis of messenger (messenger) RNA, and translation - the synthesis of protein on ribosomes. In prokaryotes, mRNA synthesis and protein synthesis can occur simultaneously, but in eukaryotes - only sequentially.

Exercise: fill out the table “Comparative characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.”
What conclusions can be drawn from analyzing the data in this table? ( Eukaryotic cells contain many more organelles than prokaryotic cells. The similarity in the structure of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells indicates the unity of living nature.)

Table. Comparative characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Exercise: Compare the cells shown on the slide. What numbers indicate the cells of prokaryotes and eukaryotes? In what direction did cell evolution go? ( The evolution of the cell followed the path of increasing complexity of its structure.)

Features of the structure of plant, animal and fungal cells

Although the cells of different eukaryotes have much in common in structure and life activity (presence of a nucleus, similarity in chemical composition, metabolic and energy processes, universal genetic code, similarity in division processes), the cells of plants, animals and fungi differ markedly. These differences form the basis for the classification of these organisms, i.e. assigning them to a certain kingdom of living nature.

Scheme of the structure of a eukaryotic cell: A – animal; B – plants

Independent work in groups: identifying structural features of cells of representatives of different kingdoms.

Assignment for 1st group

1. Read in the textbook “General Biology” by A.O. Ruvinsky’s article “Comparative characteristics of eukaryotic cells”, starting with the words: “It is characteristic of a plant cell...”.

2. Examine a preparation of a plant cell under a microscope and Fig. 23 in the textbook.

3. Transfer the table to your notebook and fill in the first column:

4. Divide into pairs. Prepare a story about the features of a plant cell and test each other.

Assignment for group 2

1. Read the article “Comparative characteristics of eukaryotic cells” in the textbook, starting with the words: “In the cells of representatives of the kingdom of fungi...”.

2. Examine a preparation of mucor fungus cells under a microscope.

3. Transfer the table to your notebook and fill in the second column.

4. Divide into pairs. Prepare a story about the features of fungal cells and test each other.

Assignment for group 3

1. Read the article “Comparative characteristics of eukaryotic cells” in the textbook, starting with the words: “In animal cells there is no...”.

2. Examine a preparation of an animal cell under a microscope and Fig. 23 in the textbook.

3. Transfer the table to your notebook and fill in the third column.

4. Divide into pairs. Prepare a story about the features of an animal cell and test each other.

Speeches by students from groups, filling out all columns of the table on the board and in notebooks.

IV. Reinforcing the material learned

1. What structural features bring mushrooms closer to the plant kingdom? ( Presence of a cell wall, immobility, presence of a central vacuole, absence of centrioles.)

2. What brings mushrooms closer to the animal kingdom? ( Heterotrophy, presence of chitin, glycogen, absence of plastids.)

3. Identify similarities and differences in the structure of plant and animal cells. Draw conclusions. ( The similarity in the structure of plant and animal cells - the plasma membrane, the presence of a nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex - indicate that both plant and animal cells belong to eukaryotes. Differences in their structure -
plastids, central vacuole, cell wall in plants - indicate that they belong to different kingdoms. In the figure, the organelles are indicated by numbers.)

Tests

Choose one correct answer.

1. Prokaryotes do not have:

A) mitochondria;
b) chromosomes;
c) ribosomes.

2. Chloroplasts are organelles characteristic of cells:

a) animals;
b) plants and animals;
V) only plants.

3. The following cells have a cellulose cell wall:

A) plants;
b) animals;
c) mushrooms.

4. Mushrooms are not capable of photosynthesis because:

a) they live in the soil;
b) do not have chlorophyll;
c) are small in size.

5. Bacteria and fungi include:

a) to one kingdom of living organisms;
b) to the plant kingdom;
V) to different kingdoms of living nature.

6. Mushrooms are brought closer to animals by:

a) cell wall structure and immobility;
b) autotrophic method of nutrition;
V) heterotrophic mode of nutrition.

Choose several correct answers from those given.

7. Prokaryotes include:

a) mushrooms;
b) bacteria;
c) insects;
d) chlamydomonas;
e) mosses;
f) animals;
g) euglena;
h) blue green algae.

Homework. Repeat §6–9: read, answer questions, learn words in italics, know their meaning, repeat the material from notes in notebooks.

2.4. The structure of pro- and eukaryotic cells. The relationship between the structure and functions of the parts and organelles of a cell is the basis of its integrity

Basic terms and concepts tested in the examination paper: apparatus

Golgi, vacuole, cell membrane, cell theory, leukoplasts, mitochondria, cell organelles, plastids, prokaryotes, ribosomes, chloroplasts, chromoplasts, chromosomes, eukaryotes, nucleus.

Any cell is a system. This means that all its components are interconnected, interdependent and interact with each other. This also means that disruption of one of the elements of a given system leads to changes and disruptions in the functioning of the entire system. A collection of cells forms tissues, various tissues form organs, and organs, interacting and performing a common function, form organ systems. This chain can be continued further, and you can do it yourself. The main thing to understand is that any system has a certain structure, level of complexity and is based on the interaction of the elements that make it up. Below are reference tables that compare the structure and functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and also understand their structure and functions. Carefully analyze these tables, because exam papers often ask questions that require knowledge of this material.

2.4.1. Features of the structure of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Comparative data

Comparative characteristics of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

The structure of eukaryotic cells.

Functions of eukaryotic cells. The cells of unicellular organisms carry out all the functions characteristic of living organisms - metabolism, growth, development, reproduction; capable of adaptation.

The cells of multicellular organisms are differentiated by structure, depending on the functions they perform. Epithelial, muscle, nervous, and connective tissues are formed from specialized cells.

EXAMPLES OF TASKS Part A

A1. Prokaryotic organisms include 1) bacillus 2) hydra 3) amoeba 4) volvox

A2. The cell membrane performs the function

1) protein synthesis

2) transmission of hereditary information

3) photosynthesis

4) phagocytosis and pinocytosis

A3. Indicate the point where the structure of the named cell coincides with its function

1) neuron - abbreviation

2) leukocyte – impulse conduction

3) erythrocyte – transport of gases

4) osteocyte - phagocytosis

A4. Cellular energy is produced in

1) ribosomes 3) nucleus

2) mitochondria 4) Golgi apparatus

A5. Eliminate an unnecessary concept from the proposed list

1) lamblia 3) ciliates

2) plasmodium 4) chlamydomonas

A6. Eliminate an unnecessary concept from the proposed list

1) ribosomes 3) chloroplasts

2) mitochondria 4) starch grains

A7. Cell chromosomes perform the function

1) protein biosynthesis

2) storage of hereditary information

3) formation of lysosomes

4) regulation of metabolism

IN 1. Select the functions of chloroplasts from the list provided

1) formation of lysosomes 4) ATP synthesis

2) synthesis of glucose 5) release of oxygen

3) RNA synthesis 6) cellular respiration

AT 2. Select structural features of mitochondria

1) surrounded by a double membrane

2) contain chlorophyll

3) there are cristae

4) folded outer membrane

5) surrounded by a single membrane

6) the inner membrane is rich in V3 enzymes. Match the organelle with its function

AT 4. Fill out the table, marking with “+” or “-” signs the presence of the indicated structures in pro- and eukaryotic cells

C1. Prove that the cell is an integral biological, open system.

2.5. Metabolism: energy and plastic metabolism, their relationship. Enzymes, their chemical nature, role in metabolism. Stages of energy metabolism. Fermentation and respiration. Photosynthesis, its significance, cosmic role. Phases of photosynthesis. Light and dark reactions of photosynthesis, their relationship. Chemosynthesis. The role of chemosynthetic bacteria on Earth

Terms tested in the examination paper: autotrophic organisms

anabolism, anaerobic glycolysis, assimilation, aerobic glycolysis, biological oxidation, fermentation, dissimilation, biosynthesis, heterotrophic organisms, respiration, catabolism, oxygen stage, metabolism, plastic metabolism, preparatory stage, light phase of photosynthesis, dark phase of photosynthesis, photolysis of water, photosynthesis, energy metabolism.

2.5.1. Energy and plastic metabolism, their relationship

Metabolism (metabolism) is a set of interconnected processes of synthesis and breakdown of chemicals occurring in the body. Biologists divide it into plastic (anabolism) and energy metabolism (catabolism), which are interconnected. All synthetic processes require substances and energy supplied by fission processes. Decomposition processes are catalyzed by enzymes synthesized during plastic metabolism, using the products and energy of energy metabolism.

For individual processes occurring in organisms, the following terms are used:

Anabolism (assimilation) is the synthesis of more complex monomers from simpler ones with the absorption and accumulation of energy in the form of chemical bonds in the synthesized substances.

Catabolism (dissimilation) is the breakdown of more complex monomers into simpler ones with the release of energy and its storage in the form of high-energy bonds of ATP.

Living beings use light and chemical energy for their life. Green plants - autotrophs - synthesize organic compounds during the process of photosynthesis, using the energy of sunlight. Their source of carbon is carbon dioxide. Many autotrophic prokaryotes obtain energy through the process of chemosynthesis - the oxidation of inorganic compounds. For them, the source of energy can be compounds of sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon. Heterotrophs use organic sources of carbon, i.e. feed on ready-made organic matter. Among the plants there may be those that feed in a mixed way (mixotrophically) - sundew, Venus flytrap or even heterotrophically - rafflesia. Among the representatives of unicellular animals, green euglena are considered mixotrophs.

Enzymes, their chemical nature, role in metabolism . Enzymes are always specific proteins - catalysts. The term “specific” means that the object in relation to which this term is used has unique features, properties, and characteristics. Each enzyme has such characteristics because, as a rule, it catalyzes a certain type of reaction. Not a single biochemical reaction in the body occurs without the participation of enzymes. The specificity of the enzyme molecule is explained by its structure and properties. An enzyme molecule has an active center, the spatial configuration of which corresponds to the spatial configuration of the substances with which the enzyme interacts. Having recognized its substrate, the enzyme interacts with it and accelerates its transformation.

Enzymes catalyze all biochemical reactions. Without their participation, the rate of these reactions would decrease hundreds of thousands of times. Examples include reactions such as the participation of RNA polymerase in the synthesis of mRNA on DNA, the effect of urease on urea, the role of ATP synthetase in the synthesis of ATP, and others. Note that many enzymes have names that end in “aza.”

The activity of enzymes depends on temperature, acidity of the environment, and the amount of substrate with which it interacts. As temperature increases, enzyme activity increases. However, this happens up to certain limits, because At high enough temperatures, the protein denatures. The environment in which enzymes can function is different for each group. There are enzymes that are active in an acidic or slightly acidic environment or in an alkaline or slightly alkaline environment. In an acidic environment, gastric juice enzymes are active in mammals. In a slightly alkaline environment, intestinal juice enzymes are active. The pancreatic digestive enzyme is active in an alkaline environment. Most enzymes are active in a neutral environment.

2.5.2. Energy metabolism in the cell (dissimilation)

Energy metabolism is a set of chemical reactions of the gradual decomposition of organic compounds, accompanied by the release of energy, part of which is spent on the synthesis of ATP. The processes of breakdown of organic compounds in aerobic organisms occur in three stages, each of which is accompanied by

In multicellular organisms it is carried out by digestive enzymes. In unicellular organisms - by lysosome enzymes. At the first stage, protein breakdown occurs

to amino acids, fats to glycerol and fatty acids, polysaccharides to monosaccharides,

nucleic acids to nucleotides. This process is called digestion.

The second stage is oxygen-free (glycolysis). Its biological meaning lies in the beginning of the gradual breakdown and oxidation of glucose with the accumulation of energy in the form of 2 ATP molecules. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of cells. It consists of several sequential reactions of converting a glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvic acid (pyruvate) and two molecules of ATP, in the form of which part of the energy released during glycolysis is stored: C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2P → 2C3H4O3 + 2ATP. The rest of the energy is dissipated as heat.

In yeast and plant cells ( with a lack of oxygen) pyruvate breaks down into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. This process is called alcoholic fermentation.

The energy accumulated during glycolysis is too little for organisms that use oxygen for their respiration. That is why in the muscles of animals, including humans, under heavy loads and lack of oxygen, lactic acid (C3H6O3) is formed, which accumulates in the form of lactate. Muscle pain appears. This happens faster in untrained people than in trained people.

The third stage is oxygen, consisting of two sequential processes - the Krebs cycle, named after Nobel laureate Hans Krebs, and oxidative phosphorylation. Its meaning is that during oxygen respiration, pyruvate is oxidized to the final products - carbon dioxide and water, and the energy released during oxidation is stored in the form of 36 ATP molecules. (34 molecules in the Krebs cycle and 2 molecules during oxidative phosphorylation). This energy of decomposition of organic compounds provides reactions of their synthesis in plastic exchange. The oxygen stage arose after the accumulation of a sufficient amount of molecular oxygen in the atmosphere and the appearance of aerobic organisms.

Oxidative phosphorylation or cellular respiration occurs when

the inner membranes of mitochondria, into which electron transport molecules are built. During this stage, most of the metabolic energy is released. Carrier molecules transport electrons to molecular oxygen. Some of the energy is dissipated as heat, and some is spent on the formation of ATP.

Total reaction of energy metabolism:

С6Н12O6 + 6O2 → 6СО2 + 6Н2O + 38ATP.

EXAMPLES OF TASKS Part A

A1. The feeding method of carnivorous animals is called

1) autotrophic 3) heterotrophic

2) mixotrophic 4) chemotrophic

A2. The set of metabolic reactions is called:

1) anabolism 3) dissimilation

2) assimilation 4) metabolism

A3. At the preparatory stage of energy metabolism, the formation occurs:

1) 2 molecules of ATP and glucose

2) 36 molecules of ATP and lactic acid

3) amino acids, glucose, fatty acids

4) acetic acid and alcohol

A4. Substances that catalyze biochemical reactions in the body are:

1) proteins 3) lipids

2) nucleic acids 4) carbohydrates

A5. The process of ATP synthesis during oxidative phosphorylation occurs in:

1) cytoplasm 3) mitochondria

2) ribosomes 4) Golgi apparatus

A6. The ATP energy stored during energy metabolism is partially used for reactions:

1) preparatory stage

2) glycolysis

3) oxygen stage

4) synthesis of organic compounds A7. The products of glycolysis are:

1) glucose and ATP

2) carbon dioxide and water

3) pyruvic acid and ATP

4) proteins fats carbohydrates

IN 1. Select the events that occur during the preparatory stage of energy metabolism in humans

1) proteins are broken down into amino acids

2) glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and water

3) 2 ATP molecules are synthesized

4) glycogen is broken down into glucose

5) lactic acid is formed

6) lipids are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids

AT 2. Correlate the processes occurring during energy metabolism with the stages at which they occur

VZ. Determine the sequence of transformations of a piece of raw potato in the process of energy metabolism in the pig’s body:

A) formation of pyruvate B) formation of glucose

C) absorption of glucose into the blood D) formation of carbon dioxide and water

E) oxidative phosphorylation and formation of H2O E) Krebs cycle and formation of CO2

C1. Explain the reasons for fatigue among marathon athletes at distances, and how is it overcome?

2.5.3. Photosynthesis and chemosynthesis

All living things need food and nutrients. When feeding, they use energy stored primarily in organic compounds - proteins, fats, carbohydrates. Heterotrophic organisms, as already mentioned, use food of plant and animal origin, already containing organic compounds. Plants create organic matter through the process of photosynthesis. Research into photosynthesis began in 1630 with the experiments of the Dutchman van Helmont. He proved that plants do not obtain organic matter from the soil, but create it themselves. Joseph Priestley in 1771 proved the “correction” of air with plants. Placed under a glass cover, they absorbed carbon dioxide released by the smoldering splinter. Research has continued, and it has now been established that photosynthesis is the process of formation of organic compounds from carbon dioxide (CO2) and water using light energy and takes place in the chloroplasts of green plants and the green pigments of some photosynthetic bacteria.

Chloroplasts and folds of the cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes contain a green pigment - chlorophyll. The chlorophyll molecule is capable of being excited by sunlight and donating its electrons and moving them to higher energy levels. This process can be compared to throwing a ball up. As the ball rises, it stores potential energy; falling, he loses her. The electrons do not fall back, but are picked up by electron carriers (NADP+ - nicotinamide diphosphate). In this case, the energy they previously accumulated is partially spent on the formation of ATP. Continuing the comparison with a thrown ball, we can say that the ball, as it falls, heats the surrounding space, and part of the energy of the falling electrons is stored in the form of ATP. The process of photosynthesis is divided into reactions caused by light and reactions associated with carbon fixation. They are called light

and dark phases.

All organisms with a cellular structure are divided into two groups: prenuclear (prokaryotes) and nuclear (eukaryotes).

The cells of prokaryotes, which include bacteria, unlike eukaryotes, have a relatively simple structure. A prokaryotic cell does not have an organized nucleus; it contains only one chromosome, which is not separated from the rest of the cell by a membrane, but lies directly in the cytoplasm. However, it also records all the hereditary information of the bacterial cell.

The cytoplasm of prokaryotes, compared to the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, is much poorer in structural composition. There are numerous smaller ribosomes than in eukaryotic cells. The functional role of mitochondria and chloroplasts in prokaryotic cells is performed by special, rather simply organized membrane folds.

Prokaryotic cells, like eukaryotic cells, are covered with a plasma membrane, on top of which is a cell membrane or mucous capsule. Despite their relative simplicity, prokaryotes are typical independent cells.

Comparative characteristics of eukaryotic cells. The structure of various eukaryotic cells is similar. But along with the similarities between the cells of organisms of different kingdoms of living nature, there are noticeable differences. They relate to both structural and biochemical features.

A plant cell is characterized by the presence of various plastids, a large central vacuole, which sometimes pushes the nucleus to the periphery, as well as a cell wall located outside the plasma membrane, consisting of cellulose. In the cells of higher plants, the cell center lacks a centriole, which is found only in algae. The reserve nutrient carbohydrate in plant cells is starch.

In the cells of representatives of the fungal kingdom, the cell wall usually consists of chitin, the substance from which the exoskeleton of arthropods is built. There is a central vacuole, no plastids. Only some fungi have a centriole in the cell center. The storage carbohydrate in fungal cells is glycogen.

Animal cells have no dense cell wall and no plastids. There is no central vacuole in an animal cell. The centriole is characteristic of the cellular center of animal cells. Glycogen is also a reserve carbohydrate in animal cells.

Question No. 6. Life and mitotic cycles of cells

An important property of a cell as a living system is its ability to reproduce itself, which underlies the processes of growth, development and reproduction of organisms. The cells of the body are exposed to various harmful factors, wear out and age. Therefore, each individual cell must ultimately die. For the body to continue to live, it must produce new cells at the same rate at which old ones die. Therefore, cell division is a mandatory condition of life for all living organisms. One of the main types of cell division is mitosis. Mitosis is a division of the cell nucleus that produces two daughter cells with the same set of chromosomes as the mother cell. The division of the nucleus is followed by the division of the cytoplasm. Mitotic division leads to an increase in the number of cells, which ensures the processes of growth, regeneration and cell replacement in all higher animals and plants. In single-celled organisms, mitosis is a mechanism of asexual reproduction. Chromosomes play a major role in the process of cell division, since they ensure the transmission of hereditary information and participate in the regulation of cell metabolism.

The sequence of processes occurring between the formation of a cell and its division into daughter cells is called the cell cycle. During the interphase of the cycle, the amount of DNA in the chromosomes doubles. Mitosis ensures the genetic stability of subsequent generations of cells.

Life and cell cycles of cells

Possible directions

Periodization

In the life of a cell, a distinction is made between the life cycle and the cell cycle. The life cycle is much longer - this is the period from the formation of a cell as a result of the division of the mother cell and to the next section or death of the cell. Throughout life, cells grow, differentiate, and perform specific functions. The cell cycle is much shorter. This is the actual process of preparation for division (interphase) and the division itself (Mitosis). Therefore, this cycle is also called mitotic. Such periodization (on the life cycle and the mitotic cycle) is quite conventional, since the life of a cell is a continuous, indivisible process. Thus, in the embryonic period, when cells rapidly divide, the life cycle coincides with the cellular (mitotic) one. After differentiated cells, when each of them performs a specific function, the life cycle is long from mitotic. The cell cycle consists of interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis. The length of the cell cycle varies among organisms.

Interphase is the preparation of the cell for division and accounts for 90% of the entire cell cycle. At this stage, the most active metal processes occur. The core has a homogeneous appearance - it is filled with a thin mesh, consisting of fairly long and thin threads interconnected - chromonemata. The nucleus is of an appropriate shape, surrounded by a two-spherical nuclear membrane with pores with a diameter of about 40 μm. In the interphase nucleus, preparation for division takes place; interphase is divided into certain periods: G1 - the period preceding DNA replication; S-period of DNA replication; G2 is the period from the end of replication to the beginning of mitosis. The duration of each period can be determined using the autoradiography method.

The presynthetic period (G1 - from the English Gap - interval) begins immediately after the section. The following biochemical processes occur here: the synthesis of macromolecular molecules necessary for the construction of chromosomes and the achromatic apparatus (DNA, RNA, histones and other proteins), the number of ribosomes and mitochondria increases, the accumulation of energy material occurs for the implementation of structural rearrangements and complex movements during division . The cell grows rapidly and can perform its function. The set of genetic material will be 2p2s.

In the synthetic period (S), DNA doubles; each chromosome, as a result of replication, creates a similar structure for itself. The synthesis of RNA and proteins, the mitotic apparatus and the exact doubling of centrioles takes place. They diverge in different directions, forming two poles. The set of genetic material is 2p4s. Next comes the post-synthetic period (G2) - the cell stores energy. Achromatin spindle proteins are synthesized and preparations for mitosis are underway. The genetic material is 2p4s. After the cell reaches a certain state: accumulation of proteins, doubling the amount of DNA, etc., it is ready to divide - mitosis

Similarities and differences in the structure of cells of plants, animals and fungi

Similarities in the structure of eukaryotic cells.

Now it is impossible to say with complete certainty when and how life arose on Earth. We also do not know exactly how the first living creatures on Earth ate: autotrophic or heterotrophic. But at present, representatives of several kingdoms of living beings coexist peacefully on our planet. Despite the great difference in structure and lifestyle, it is obvious that there are more similarities between them than differences, and they all probably have common ancestors who lived in the distant Archean era. The presence of common “grandfathers” and “grandmothers” is evidenced by a number of common characteristics in eukaryotic cells: protozoa, plants, fungi and animals. These signs include:

General plan of the cell structure: the presence of a cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, organelles;
- fundamental similarity of metabolic and energy processes in the cell;
- coding of hereditary information using nucleic acids;
- unity of the chemical composition of cells;
- similar processes of cell division.

Differences in the structure of plant and animal cells.

In the process of evolution, due to the unequal conditions of existence of cells of representatives of different kingdoms of living beings, many differences arose. Let's compare the structure and vital activity of plant and animal cells (Table 4).

The main difference between the cells of these two kingdoms is the way they are nourished. Plant cells containing chloroplasts are autotrophs, that is, they themselves synthesize the organic substances necessary for life using light energy during the process of photosynthesis. Animal cells are heterotrophs, i.e., the source of carbon for the synthesis of their own organic substances is organic substances supplied with food. These same nutrients, such as carbohydrates, serve as a source of energy for animals. There are exceptions, such as green flagellates, which are capable of photosynthesis in the light and feed on ready-made organic substances in the dark. To ensure photosynthesis, plant cells contain plastids that carry chlorophyll and other pigments.

Since a plant cell has a cell wall that protects its contents and ensures its constant shape, when dividing between daughter cells, a partition is formed, and an animal cell, which does not have such a wall, divides to form a constriction.

Features of fungal cells.

Thus, the separation of fungi into an independent kingdom, numbering more than 100 thousand species, is absolutely justified. Mushrooms originate either from ancient filamentous algae that have lost chlorophyll, i.e., from plants, or from some ancient heterotrophs unknown to us, i.e., animals.

1. How does a plant cell differ from an animal cell?
2. What are the differences in the division of plant and animal cells?
3. Why are mushrooms separated into an independent kingdom?
4. What do they have in common and what differences in structure and life can be identified by comparing mushrooms with plants and animals?
5. Based on what features can we assume that all eukaryotes had common ancestors?

Kamensky A. A., Kriksunov E. V., Pasechnik V. V. Biology 10th grade
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