What subsystems are distinguished in the psychomotor system? What is psychomotor? FGBOU VPO "Ural State Economic University"
The term “psychomotor” appeared in psychology thanks to I.M. Sechenov, who in his book “Reflexes of the Brain” (1863) with its help outlined the connection of various mental phenomena with human movements and activities.
Today, psychomotor phenomena are analyzed in 3 aspects: in the aspect of the motor field (the area of application of effort), in the aspect of the sensory field (the area from which a person draws information to make a movement), as well as in the aspect of the mechanisms for processing sensory information and organizing motor acts. As a result, psychomotor is understood as the unity of the senses and bodily means of effective human activity.
The need for movement is an innate need of humans and animals, which is crucial for their successful life.
Thus, it has been shown that playing sports reduces the risk of somatic diseases by 2 times and their duration by 3 times due to the fact that the body’s nonspecific resistance to adverse effects (for example, cold, overheating, infections) increases. Hypokinesia (reduced physical activity), on the contrary, reduces the nonspecific stability of the body, leading to disruptions in the functioning of its various systems and, as a consequence, to serious diseases - hypertension, atherosclerosis, cardiosclerosis, etc. According to statistics, city dwellers, especially representatives of mental work, suffer from such diseases much more often than rural residents. In addition, it has been shown that prolonged hypokinesia can contribute to increased mental tension, “chronic fatigue,” and irritability.
Domestic studies have found that excessive physical activity is just as unsafe for health as its lack. And therefore, the condition for a person’s somatic well-being is an optimal level of physical activity, providing the body with the necessary level of physical activity in suitable conditions.
In the aspect of psychological problems, the general purpose of psychomotor skills can be formulated as follows: psychomotor skills allow a person to materialize emotions, feelings, thoughts, ideas, etc.
The task of psychomotorics is to objectify subjective reality. Psychomotority unites “object - thinking body” into a single whole, and it is thanks to it that information is exchanged between them. Accordingly, psychomotor processes, depending on the “objectivity-subjectivity” vector, can be divided into direct and reverse.
Direct psychomotor processes involve the development of thought growing out of object movements, reverse processes allow thought to be embodied in an object through movement. The conditionality of such a division lies in the fact that direct and inverse psychomotor processes, of course, cannot exist in isolation from each other.
According to the ideas of K.K. Platonov, thanks to psychomotorism, the psyche is objectified in sensorimotor and ideomotor reactions and acts. In this case, sensorimotor reactions can vary in degree of complexity. It is customary to distinguish between simple and complex sensorimotor reactions.
Simple sensorimotor reactions represent the fastest possible response with a pre-known simple movement to a suddenly appearing and, as a rule, pre-known signal (for example, when a certain figure appears on a computer screen, a person must press the button at his disposal). They are measured by a single characteristic - the time of implementation of a motor action. There is a distinction between latent reaction time (hidden), that is, the time from the moment the stimulus appears to which attention is drawn until the beginning of the response movement. The speed of a simple reaction is the average latent time of his reaction typical for a given person.
The speed of a simple reaction to light, equal to an average of 0.2 s, and to sound, equal to an average of 0.15 s, is not the same not only in different people, but also in the same person under different conditions, but its fluctuations are very small (they can only be set using an electric stopwatch).
Complex sensorimotor reactions are distinguished by the fact that the formation of a response action is always associated with the choice of the desired response from a number of possible ones. They can be seen, for example, when a person must press a certain button to respond to a certain signal, or different buttons when responding to different signals. The result is an action complicated by choice. The most complex type of sensorimotor reaction is sensorimotor coordination, in which not only the sensory field is dynamic, but also the implementation of multidirectional movements (as, for example, when walking on an uncomfortable surface, working at a computer, etc.).
Ideomotor acts connect the idea of movement with the execution of the movement. The principle of the ideomotor act was discovered in the 18th century by the English physician D. Hartley and later developed by the English psychologist W. Carpenter. It has been experimentally shown that the idea of movement tends to turn into the actual execution of this movement, which, as a rule, is involuntary, little conscious and has poorly expressed spatial characteristics.
In the practice of training athletes, there is the concept of “ideomotor training”, i.e. Part of the training time is allocated for athletes to mentally overcome the distance or perform another sports task. The fact is that during ideomotor training, the necessary movements are carried out at the level of muscle microcontractions. The fact that this is happening is clearly evidenced by changes in the functioning of the body: breathing quickens, heartbeat increases, blood pressure rises, etc.
The literature has repeatedly described examples of people’s conscious use of ideomotor phenomena to train or maintain professionally necessary motor skills. Thus, there is a known case when the pianist I. Mikhnovsky, being a student at the conservatory, finding himself without an instrument, completely prepared Tchaikovsky’s “The Seasons” for performance, learning this work only in his imagination.
However, the phenomenon of ideomotorism can also lead to erroneous movements. Novice drivers who, thinking that they are “about to run into a pole,” often actually end up in a corresponding accident.
The considered characteristics of movements are refracted in the psychomotor organization of a person into his qualities and properties. Terminologically, these properties are designated differently: “motor abilities”, “motor qualities”, “physical qualities”, “psychomotor qualities (or abilities)”. Without going into controversial details on this matter, we note the following: 1) the term “abilities” emphasizes the psychological and psychophysiological aspects of human psychomotor skills and distances itself from its anatomical and morphological features. In this (anatomical) respect, the term “qualities” is more acceptable (especially in sports and physical education); 2) the term “motor” is usually associated primarily with the physiological (neuromuscular) side of human motor activity. To denote the unity of physiological and psychological mechanisms of human motor activity, the term “psychomotor” is preferable; 3) the term “physical” in comparison with the concept “motor” emphasizes the biomechanical component (human anthropometric data) in the bodily basis of psychomotor, masking the neurophysiological one. In our further presentation, while giving preference to the term “psychomotor qualities,” we will not take too strictly into account the noted terminological subtleties.
The basic psychomotor qualities of humans and animals usually include strength, speed, agility and endurance. As E.P. Ilyin writes in his instructions for the study of psychomotor skills, “such a classification, which has existed for more than three decades, is given in all textbooks on physiology and the theory of physical education.” However, he immediately points out that many researchers believe that such uniform qualities do not exist and it is more correct to talk not about them, but about groups of qualities of the corresponding type: a group of strength qualities; a group of qualities that characterize a person’s performance; a group of qualities characterizing his endurance or dexterity. But then the question arises of identifying “simple” qualities included in the corresponding groups, as well as some “complex” qualities that complement them, understood as integrated (inter-analyzer) qualitative features of motor actions. But, unfortunately, this work in science is still far from complete.
The matter is further complicated by the fact that each of the above basic qualities can manifest itself both in a general form and in specific forms. In the first case, they act as general characteristics that reflect the psychomotor capabilities of the individual as a whole, i.e., from the work of the main muscle groups and their complexes in nonspecific, normal (even standard) conditions for the human body and when performing nonspecific types of muscle activity. In the second case, these qualities appear as properties of individual muscle groups or organs, or as the individual’s abilities and capabilities for specialized muscle activity. For example, a generally weak and poorly coordinated person may have remarkable strength and dexterity in the hands and fingers. This may be a congenital feature, or it may develop as a result of exercise (say, among manipulative magicians, musicians, surgeons). By the way, both general and special (speed) endurance, distance speed (as an analogue of general speed ability) and starting speed (as an analogue of special ability) are widely known in sports.
True, not all researchers share this point of view. In their opinion, the division into general and specific motor qualities is untenable. However, in the end they come to the conclusion that in the structure of each quality (or “complex ability”) “there are more general, less general and particular components. Each quality differs from each other primarily by special components, several qualities by less general components, groups of qualities (qualities characterizing strength, qualities characterizing speed, etc.) differ from each other by even more general components.”
In our opinion, the division of psychomotor qualities into general and specific is consistent with the differentiation of abilities into general (giftedness) and special, which has not yet been refuted at the evidentiary level. In addition, special qualities can also develop as a result of the action of compensatory mechanisms. For example, strengthening one hand while losing the other.
Let us define the basic psychomotor qualities of a person as his general motor characteristics, supplementing the generally accepted list with two more, as it seems to us, the most important properties - coordination and plasticity.
Strength is the maximum level of physical tension (effort) developed by the main groups of skeletal muscles of an individual.
Speed is the individual’s inherent speed (average and maximum) of performing movements.
Coordination is the consistency of various movements in time, space and strength in order to achieve a certain motor result. Good coordination usually presupposes a wide range of temporal capabilities of the individual and his tendency to rhythmize movements.
Plasticity is the consistency of the amplitudes (spatial boundaries) of movements, allowing a smooth transition from one movement to another, combining them into an integral complex with a single expressive effect.
Agility is a high degree of coordination and speed combined with economy and rationality of movements.
Endurance is the ability to maintain a given level of motor characteristics (strength, speed, accuracy, modality, coordination, tempo, rhythm) during prolonged or repeated performance of movements. If the two previous properties of a person can, with a stretch, be considered as characteristics of movements (which is found in everyday life and in literature), then endurance is a purely individual quality and does not characterize movement. Endurance manifests itself as a property of a person (or animal) when performing movements. It is associated with another individual property - fatigue.
One of the ways to form an operator response, characteristic of the last stage of training. At the initial stage of education skill conscious regulation of movements is carried out with the direct participation of the processes of thinking and speech. As the skill is mastered, the regulation of individual movements moves to an unconscious level, where perception and sensations begin to play a leading role, especially kinesthetic sensations. When there are changes in activity conditions that cause difficulties in performing movements, de-automation of movements, transition of movement regulation from an unconscious level to the level of its conscious regulation (see. ). The physiological basis of A.D. is the formation dynamic stereotypes. Cm. Motor skill. (N.D. Gordeeva.)
Background coordination in the lower levels of movement construction, created and activated by the higher level. For example, when walking (leading level) A. - synergy of walking (see. Muscle synergies). A. has adaptive variability and plasticity characteristic of the level at which it is realized, therefore it cannot be considered as a persistent stereotype. A. is not an independent movement, but a subsystem of corrections that do not require awareness. (A.I. Nazarov.)
Equal development of the functions of both hands. A. m. b. congenital or result from training. Ambidextrous- a person who is equally good with his right and left hands (no right-handedness or left-handedness, left-handedness).
(from Greek A - negation + stasis- standing) loss of the ability to stand, which is caused by a lack of coordination of the muscles of the body. A. is a symptom of extensive lesions of the frontal lobes of the brain and corpus callosum.
Resources of the motor system, acquired in past experience and stored in human memory in the form of programs for motor patterns, skills,skills(term proposed A.IN.Zaporozhets). (A.I. Nazarov.)
Functional, structural and morphological heterogeneity of the developed motor act. The latter contains cognitive, programmatic, evaluative, affective and effector components. Their systemic organization develops under specific conditions of the subject’s motor behavior and responds to changes in each of its determinants - motor task, surrounding situation, internal motor resources and functional states individual. This allows us to consider live movement How functional organ psyche. (A.I. Nazarov.)
Motor (kinesthetic) analyzer multimodal sensory system, carrying out the analysis and synthesis of receptor information about the movements and position of the body and its parts; integrates signals from proprioceptors, skin receptors, vestibular apparatus (see. Vestibular system), visual and motor centers. Yes. It is closely connected with the motor areas of the cortex and is itself involved in maintaining constant tone (tension) of the body muscles and coordination of movements. In higher animals and humans D. a. models movement, creates an image of the movement to be made, and constantly compares the real polysensory flow of afferent impulses (including from the muscles themselves) with a pre-created image-plan of movement (see. Motor skill). It is not possible to answer the question where the central integration of multimodal information takes place and the image of the body and its parts is formed. It is known that the motor cortex contains multisensory neurons, but it is also known that the somatosensory cortex receives tactile, proprioceptive and vestibular signals. In both the motor and somatosensory cortex the principle of somatotopic projection is observed. The third area in which signals from the cutaneous, proprioceptive, vestibular and visual analyzers converge is the tertiary, parieto-occipital regions of the cortex. One should caution against confusing the concepts of D. a. and “motor system” (see Locomotor system), as well as from the narrowing of the concept of D. a. to a sensory system that analyzes only proprioceptive signals. (B.M.)
A system of muscles, tendons, associated nerve centers and conductive (afferent and efferent) pathways (active part), as well as moving parts of the skeleton (passive part). In humans and animals, the passive part of D. a. consists of a large number of articulated links that form kinematic chains with many degrees of freedom. Active part of D. a. is a complex system of neuromuscular formations in which all elements are repeatedly connected with each other both horizontally and vertically and form a heterogeneous morphological structure. Change in condition D. a. achieved through appropriate innervation of muscles (active movement) or under the influence of external influences (passive movement). (A.I. Nazarov.)
The locomotor system is a physiological system, due to the work of which the construction and implementation of movement is carried out, consisting of a skeleton, muscles, tendons, nerve centers and conductive (afferent and efferent) pathways.
Mastered up to automaticity ability to decide one way or another motor task, based on a multi-level coordination structure formed in the process of education, exercise and training.
Set of motor operations, performed in a certain spatio-temporal mode in accordance with the content motor task and the external and internal means of its solution available to the subject. D. s. determined by the biomechanical properties of body kinematics, innervation resources, available inventory of sensory corrections, as well as the tool used to perform actions. D. s. “there is a function of both the task and its performer” ( Bernstein N.A.). D. s. m.b. defined a priori only partially, in general terms accessible to verbal or figurative description; its complete identification by the subject occurs only during exercises and training, in which an individual style of movements is worked out. Cm. Motor skill. (A.I. Nazarov.)
A complex of psychophysiological functions (processes) implemented musculoskeletal system body. Through D., internal life support organs work, the body or its individual parts move in space, posture and facial expressions change, and regulation functional states body, human labor activity takes place. D. is basic mediator interaction of the individual with the external environment. Depending on the nature of this interaction (in its physical and psychological aspects), determined by both external and internal factors, the structure and dynamics of the motor act are set (see also Live movement,Construction of movement,Mental regulation of movements). (A.I. Nazarov.)
Movements of a person, differing from each other in that the first (D. n.) are performed unconsciously and/or automatically, and the second (D. n.) are conscious in nature, carried out in accordance with the goal facing the subject. Movements are regulated, as shown by AND . M . Sechenov , proprioceptive sensations, reflecting the characteristics of the movements themselves, as well as exteroceptive sensations, signaling those changes in the environment that, for example, are caused by these movements.
Loss of motor automation actions(temporary or permanent). Causes of D. d. m. b.: excessive confusing influence of external influences; too large arbitrary variations in movement; long breaks in using the skill; frequent micro-pauses (especially when long periods of time are required) "working in" or entry into work). Wed. Disautomation,Reautomation of movements. (A.I. Nazarov.)
Violation motor skills and higher forms of automated movements ( praxis), as a result, the implementation of each link begins to require special voluntary effort. D. occurs more often with lesions of the premotor areas cerebral cortex. Wed. Deautomation of movements. (E. D. Chomskaya.)
Biodynamic structure, characteristic of the motor behavior of living organisms and in its functional properties similar to a morphological (anatomical) organ ( N.A.Bernstein). As a psychological concept, life support was introduced into scientific circulation by N. D. Gordeeva and V. P. Zinchenko and began to be considered as “reactive, developing functional organ, possessing a structure differentiated into details and its own biodynamic fabric.” Basic properties: objectivity(determination - although incomplete, but decisive - of the structure and dynamics of movement by the objective situation, reflected in the image of the acting subject); reactivity(in response to a change in the quality of one of its parts, the railway reacts by changing a number of other parts or even its entire structure); ability to development And disintegration V ontogenesis; """ sensitivity "to situational changes and shifts in the functional states of the individual, as well as to individual elements of executive action. See Heterogeneity of the live movement . (A.I. Nazarov.)
Postulate of complex structure reactions person. Reaction time is considered as the sum of the durations of individual stages of the process that unfolds in the period between the appearance of the stimulus and the implementation of the response. The assumption of non-overlapping, additivity of individual stages allowed the Dutch physician Francis Donders (1818-1889) to formulate the essence of the so-called. subtraction method, which can be used to determine the duration of individual stages. Donders, taking the time of a simple reaction as a base, by sequentially subtracting time indicators for less complex tasks from time indicators for more complex ones, obtained the time characteristics of the stages detection,distinctions stimulus and response selection stage. Further development of chronometric studies completely discredited the subtraction method as based on the false assumption of non-overlapping stages.
Experimentally established dependence reaction time choice from a number of alternative signals. It was first received in Germany. psychologist I. Merkel (1885) and later confirmed and analyzed by English. psychologist V. E. Hick (Hick, 1952). Hick approximates this dependence with the function trace. type:
Performance O movement , as if it were actually being performed. Despite the lack of movement implementation, the ideomotor act contains not only perceptual (in the form of visual images and muscle sensations), but also effector components (very weak muscle dynamics, muscle innervation corresponding to this motor task ). (A.I. Nazarov.)
Negative effect transfer skills; is that the execution (mastery) of one skill makes it difficult to perform (master) others. Studies of interference in learning sensorimotor actions indicate that during the transition from one (which has become habitual, “normal”) to another (for example, inverted) correlation of elements of the perceptual and motor fields, “cognitive” components of the action interfere so strongly that they mask all other learning results. When creating display tools and controls, you should avoid situations in which the usual relationships between perceptual and motor fields, especially in situations in which the operator is required to switch from one type of relationship to another. See also Forgetting.
Part actions, having the structure of a holistic action, but differing in its dynamics. For example, a dynamic pattern of slow steady movement, which looks smooth and continuous and appears the same to the subject performing it, consists of a series of waves of increasing and decreasing speed, following each other from the beginning. until the end of the entire motor act. The latter is the result of averaging a number of such waves (quanta), and its dynamics also have the form of a wave, but with different (smaller) values of acceleration, stabilization and deceleration rates. The quantum nature is characteristic not only of the speed parameters of movement, but also of its sensitivity to changes in situations and conditions musculoskeletal system. In contrast to the unit of analysis of the psyche, which is only a qualitative category and is determined largely depending on the subjective context of the analytical procedure (although it is based on objective data), QPD has both qualitative and quantitative properties inherent in the action of the subject and discovered rather than constructed by analysis. Quality the properties of a quantum are determined by the content of the parameter (or element) of the action to which it relates: when reading by a quantum, m. fixation pause or even a separate drift of the eye during fixation; when performing a movement - a high-speed wave, etc. (the quantum nature of other objective actions has not yet been studied). Quantitative Quantum measures are time (duration), amplitude (for actions that have external expression in motor skills) and derived indicators (speed, acceleration, etc.). The duration of the quantum significantly depends on the content of the action, the nature and degree of its mastery by the subject, and the methods of implementation. Thus, the quantum reflects the entire structure and dynamics of action as an integral unit. To study efficiency, methods of interrupting feedback and measuring psychological refractoriness(N.D. Gordeeva, V.P. Zinchenko), fixation optokinetic nystagmus (Yu.B. Gippenreiter, V.Ya. Romanov). (A.I. Nazarov.)
Coordination in time and space of the work of individual muscle groups, aimed at achieving a certain motor effect through overcoming, according to N.A.Bernstein, excessive degrees of freedom of the motor apparatus.
Time elapsed from the beginning action of the stimulus before the response occurs reactions. L. p. consists of the time of physical and chemical processes occurring in receptor, carrying out excitation along pathways, analytical-synthetic integrative processes in brain centers and the timing of activation of muscles or glands. The magnitude of the LP depends on the modality, intensity, and other characteristics of the stimulus, on the degree of complexity and automation of the reaction, on the readiness of the corresponding nerve pathways and structures to perceive the signal and conduct excitations, on functional state n. With. and its individual typological features.
Movements aimed at moving one’s own body in space (swimming, walking, running, jumping, crawling, flying, etc.). see also Topological and vector psychology.
The entire sphere of motor functions (i.e. functions musculoskeletal system) organism, combining their biomechanical, physiological and psychological aspects. Cm. Movement,Behavior. Wed. Praxis.
A response to a stimulus with muscle movements, as opposed to secretory reactions carried out through the endocrine or exocrine glands (the release of chemicals by the body). Syn. motor reaction.
A concept expressing the relationship between external (physical) space and the entire set of topological and metric properties of motor skills ( N.A.Bernstein). M. p. is a multimodal image of space mastered by the subject in the process of realizing movement. Main properties: 1) the predominance of topology over metric while maintaining the ability for metric differentiation; 2) the significant role of direction and relative indifference to position (for example, when drawing with closed eyes a previously perceived line with a given value and slope, the direction of movement of the pencil tip is maintained very accurately, regardless of its amplitude, and the error in the length of the reproduced segment is relatively large and increases with increasing the amplitude of movement); 3) lack of right-left symmetry; 4) curvilinearity (in linear motion, straight lines do not differ from curves); 5) the absence of a rigid link between the coordinates of the physical space and the coordinates of physical space; Normally, such binding is carried out partially with the help of vestibular system, and in other cases by visual fixation of an external object; when visual afferentation is excluded (for example, closing the eyes), the subject quickly loses orientation in external space, compensating for it with palpating movements (as in the blind); 6) relative instability, but within limits that preserve the topology of movements; instability increases especially strongly after vestibular tests, alcohol intoxication and other sudden changes functional states. (A.I. Nazarov.)
Collective designation of characteristics musculoskeletal system human and operator movement in response to perceived signals. The term "M. V." borrowed from information theory. M.v. - one of the characteristics of a person as a “communication channel”. The results of studies of human movements are used in the design of controls.
Coordinated functioning of the muscle group involved in the implementation movement. Thanks to M. s. movements acquire a standard form, turning into motor stereotypes and cliches. At the same time, these stereotypes are dynamic; they characterize the result of movement, and not the process of its regulation, in which knocking reactive forces can not only be overcome, but also used to save muscle innervation energy. M. s. most characteristic of those movements, the methods of execution of which are normalized and standardized (walking, dancing, running, facial expressions, freestyle gymnastics, etc.). (A.I. Nazarov.)
Improvement or deterioration in the performance (mastery) of some actions under the influence of previous performance (mastery) of another; respectively, distinguish between positive and negative. P. (proactive facilitation and inhibition). Often the term "P." is used only in the sense of “relief,” which is probably due to the quantitative predominance of studies of this effect. In an even narrower sense, “P.” understood as accelerating the process of producing one skill under the influence of the acquisition of others. Externally, these skills could be completely different from each other (for example, cycling and skating), but at the same time have a hidden common property (maintaining dynamic balance), which corresponds to the same automatism. Wed. Skill Interference. (A.I. Nazarov.)
Fundamental concept in the theory of structure and functioning motor skills human developed N.A.Bernstein. P. d. is the composition of all afferentation ensembles (sensory syntheses) that participate in the coordination of a given movement, in the implementation of the required corrections and adequate recoding for effector impulses, as well as the entire set of systemic relationships between them. P. d. is not only a theoretical construct; this is a real process that occurs when mastering a particular movement (see. Motor skill). P. d. is implemented on several levels, each of which is determined by the semantic structure actions,engine composition, a complex of afferentations that form sensory synthesis, and a morphological substrate. Each level determines not new qualities of movement, but a whole spectrum of full-fledged movements (the principle of leveled contingency of movements). There are 2 types of levels: leading(it is always alone and is determined by the meaning of a given motor task, subordinating other levels) and background(usually there are several of them). The latter serve the background (technical) components of movement: tone, innervation and denervation, reciprocal inhibition, complex muscle synergies etc. The work of background levels is usually not realized. Cm. Automatism,Coordination of movements,The principle of sensory corrections,Motor servomechanism. (A.I. Nazarov.)
The use of sensory signals about the type and dynamics of the kinematic chain, the degree and dynamics of muscle stretching (or compression) that influence its movement to regulate the effector process. In this case, sensory signals do not act in isolation (separately in different modalities), but in the form of holistic syntheses, specific for each level building movements. Sensory signals from the periphery musculoskeletal system used for correction movement in case of deviation of the k.-l. its parameter from the required value, forming one of the many feedback loops in servomechanism of motility. Sensory syntheses are formed only during the implementation (as a rule, multiple) of movement, constituting its purely subjective aspect, not detectable by outsiders. observation and cannot be conveyed by verbal description. Sensory experience acquired by the subject when making a decision motor task, is deposited in the image of movement, on the basis of which the “professional” characteristics of the latter are worked out - smoothness, accuracy, stability. P.S. K. formulated N.A.Bernstein. (A.I. Nazarov.)
One of the functions of mental reflection (see. Psyche). Adequacy movements And actions person to conditions, tools and objects activities is possible only if the latter are somehow reflected by the subject. The idea of the regulating role of mental reflection in childhood. was first expressed to science AND.M.Sechenov, who noted that Feel And perception are not only trigger signals, but also original “patterns” in accordance with which movements are regulated. Subsequent studies confirmed and developed this idea, revealing the physiological, neurophysiological and psychological aspects of P. r. d.
Reaction delay on the 2nd of two fast tracks. signals one after another. Measurement of P. r. used to identify quanta of objective action(N.D. Gordeeva, V.P. Zinchenko). Cm. Refractory period. (A.I. Nazarov.)
Unlike the young of many animals, a child at the time of birth is not provided with ready-made hereditarily fixed regulatory mechanisms movements. However, even during the period of embryonic development, the muscular system of the fetus begins to carry out adaptive functions in the form of maintaining the posture of the smallest volume, extrapolation preparation of respiratory movements, swallowing and activation of venous circulation and lymph flow (see. Prenatal development,Newborn).
Fundamental form of control of the motor process, consisting of a closed loop 4 components: afferentation ( Aff), central control ( CSS), efferentation ( Eff) and moving system ( Mot). First studied in detail N. A.Bernstein, who proposed the following. generalized model of R. k. (Fig. 8).
The period of time during which nerve and/or muscle tissue is in a state of complete inexcitability (absolute refractory phase) and in a subsequent phase of reduced excitability (relative refractory phase). R. p. occurs after each propagating impulse of excitation. During the period of the absolute refractory phase, stimulation of any strength cannot cause a new impulse of excitation, but can enhance the effect of the subsequent stimulus. The duration of R. p. depends on the type of nerve and muscle fibers, the type of neurons, their functional state and determines the functional lability fabrics. R. p. is associated with the processes of restoration of polarization of the cell membrane, which is depolarized with each excitation. Cm. Psychological refractoriness.
The field of study of the interaction of sensory and motor (motor) components of mental activity. Based on sensorimotor information coming from analyzers, launch, regulation, control and correction are carried out movements. At the same time, the process of performing movements itself is associated with clarification, change and the emergence of new sensory information. Thus, the coordination of sensory and motor components of a motor act, on the one hand, gives it an expedient and adaptive character, on the other, is the most important condition for functioning sensory systems and, ultimately, the formation of an adequate image. The general structural diagram of the organizations of sensorimotor processes is reflex ring(cm. Functional system,Reafferentation principle).
A model of a motor control system using the principle of automatic control servo devices. One of the first models of S. m., like the term itself, was proposed N.A.Bernstein. The model consists of 6 elements: 1) an effector, the operation of which is regulated according to one or another parameter; 2) a master element that introduces the required value of the controlled parameter (Sw) into the system; 3) a receptor that perceives the current values of the parameter (W) and signals about them; 4) a comparison device that determines the discrepancy (error) between the actual and required values in magnitude and sign; 5) a device that re-encrypts the data of the comparison device into correction pulses fed via feedback to 6) a regulator that controls the operation of the effector based on this parameter. (A.I. Nazarov.)
Additional movements that involuntarily join movements performed both intentionally and automatically (for example, arm movements when walking).
One of the types of operator activities in which the main role is played by motor skill manual control. There are 2 types of S. - compensating And haunting. In the 1st, the operator perceives only the control error signal displayed on indicator in the form of the distance between fixed and movable marks; in the 2nd, he sees 2 independent signals: one corresponds to the task (target), the other - to the current state of the parameter of the controlled object (cursor). With compensating S., the operator’s task is to minimize the error by reducing the distance between 2 marks to zero. When pursuing S., he must align the cursor with the moving target as accurately as possible. Both types of S. are widely used in experimental studies of skills. (A.I. Nazarov.)
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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education " Ural State Economic University "
Test
in the discipline: "Professional diagnostics"
on the topic: "Determination of human psychomotor characteristics"
Performer: third-year student of the correspondence faculty
specialty "Human Resources Management"
Koblova Maria
Ekaterinburg - 2014
1. The importance of psychomotor skills for increasing the reliability, quality and efficiency of work
Subjective phenomena of the psyche and its organization - attention - are objectively manifested mainly in movements.
Psychomotor is a process that generalizes the psyche with its expression - muscle movement.
The patterns of psychomotor processes are especially important in the study and mastery of such production actions that require high accuracy, proportionality and coordination of movements. The more complex, powerful and mobile the machines that a worker has to operate, the higher the demands on his psychomotor skills. And in other types of production activities it is of no small importance.
Whether a bricklayer is laying bricks, whether a carpenter is sawing a board, whether a mechanic is filing a part, whether a driver is turning the steering wheel - all their labor movements carry out a conscious goal and are determined by stimuli from the outside world. An element of human psychomotor activity is a psychomotor, or motor, action, which is the solution of an elementary task (in other words, the achievement of an elementary conscious goal) with one or more movements.
A motor action that develops in the process of everyday or educational exercise is called a psychomotor skill.
Psychomotor, like attention, is not a special form of reflection; it is the completion and expression of various mental processes through movements. This is not just any muscular movement of a person - for example, trembling from cold. But every labor movement, that is, a movement that enters into the labor process as a way of its implementation, is always a manifestation of psychomotorism.
In each working movement by which the psychomotor process is realized, one can distinguish its three sides: mechanical, physiological and psychological. The mechanical characteristics of labor movement are determined by: the path taken by the limb in space, i.e., the trajectory, which in turn distinguishes the shape, direction and volume of movement; speed, i.e. the distance traveled per unit time, and depending on the change in speed and acceleration, movements can be uniform, uniformly accelerated, uniformly slowed down, unevenly accelerated and unevenly slowed down; tempo, i.e. frequency of repetition of cycles of monotonous movements; force, i.e. produced pressure or traction.
For the purpose of psychological analysis of labor movements, the trajectory can be free, patterned, forced.
The speed of working movements varies within very wide limits. In the psychological aspect, a distinction is made between optimal speed, i.e. the most convenient, and maximum. In addition, speed can be free or forced. Moreover, it may be forced due to a lack of working time. The sawyer has a free speed of movement toward himself, and a forced speed away from himself. In manufacturing operations, the speed of movements ranges from 0.01 (finger movements during fine adjustment) to 8000 cm/s (wrist movements during throwing). The pace of movement can vary from 1-2 (torso swings) to 10 movements per second (finger strikes).
For the psychological analysis of working movements, it is important to know the goal that is achieved as a result of these movements. It is necessary to remember that the same movement can achieve different goals and the same work goal can be achieved with different movements.
2. Diagnostics of psychomotor properties: reaction speed, reaction accuracy,power characteristics of movements, prosspace-time charactermovements, finger motor skills, coordination of movements
Every work activity, in one way or another, includes a system of actions. In different types of labor, actions have a different nature, but all actions, including not only motor, but also sensory and mental, are characterized by:
1) expediency (purposefulness);
3) mediation of action by tools; its nature changes with the course of technical progress (actions on objects of labor with the help of means of labor are replaced or supplemented by actions on the means of labor themselves);
4) polyeffector of labor actions, meaning the ability to perform the same action with the help of different muscle groups;
5) a certain ratio of fixed, automatic, and variable, restructuring components;
6) social conditionality of labor actions, expressed in the fact that they are regulated not only by the person performing them, but also by other people (from the outside) or by the materialized products of the activities of other people (instructions-drawings, technological maps, etc.).
Analyzing the general structure of activity, A.N. Leontyev emphasizes that human activity does not exist except in the form of an action or a chain of actions. “The same action can carry out different activities, can move from one activity to another. These are relatively independent processes, subordinate to a conscious goal.”
The way in which an action is performed, A.N. Leontyev denotes the concept of "operation". The operation meets the conditions of the action, and not directly the goal. Therefore, different actions can be performed using the same operations. In turn, the same goal, when changing the conditions in which it is designated, can be achieved through various operations. “So, in the general flow of activity that forms human life in its highest manifestations mediated by mental reflection, analysis identifies, firstly, individual (special) activities - according to the criterion of the motives that motivate them. Next, actions are identified - processes that are subordinate to conscious goals. "Finally, these are operations that directly depend on the conditions for achieving a specific goal. These "units" of human activity form its macrostructure."
A.N. Leontyev notes the mobility of individual components of the system of activity and the need to reveal its internal connections. Psychology has already come close to the task of systematic analysis of work activity; methodological methods for solving it are being developed (see Chapter 3), but it is too early to talk about results. Only the characteristics of labor actions, their changes associated with the progress of technological progress, and the factors, subjective and environmental, that determine these dynamics have been studied.
There are three main parameters of labor actions: force, spatial, temporal. In the early stages of technology development, the leading factor was the force factor. The increasing role of spatial and temporal components led to an increasing division of large power movements into smaller dosage ones, providing more accurate differentiation of the force of impact or pressure.
With the development of complex automation and mechanization of labor processes, both the regulation of labor actions changes (the role of mental actions increases) and the characteristics of the main parameters of movement (force, spatial and temporal). In operations with remote controls, as in many other types of production activities, movements become metering. Muscle tension in these movements differentiates, as it were, at the lower threshold of effort.
A comparative analysis of macro-movements in labor operations shows that the transition from manual actions (simple driving in a nail - and one of the complex ones - installation of radio tube units) to mechanized (stamping) and automated production (operating with remote control organs) is accompanied by a gradual reduction in the number of macro-movements performed. Micromovements of the hand and fingers appear only in more complex types of work activity. Within the same work activity, the number of micro-movements included in the most complex and precise movements increases.
The power factor in the process of labor development is increasingly subordinated to the spatial and temporal. In the conditions of mechanized production, the spatio-temporal factor is already completely subjugated by the power factor. This leads to further fragmentation of large power movements into smaller, dosage movements, up to the appearance of micro-movements of the fingers. However, along with small movements, there are still many working movements performed by the larger muscles of the hand. The transition to automated production requires maximum accuracy and speed of response (i.e., it increases the role of the spatio-temporal component). It is impossible to carry out such precise movements with large muscles. Only the finest finger movements can provide the necessary precision. This is precisely what accounts for the appearance of a mass of micro-movements when operating remote control elements. The power factor in such movements does not die out, does not become simplified, but, on the contrary, develops and improves. And it is possible that such small movements require more muscle effort in their mass than rough, forceful movements.
ON THE. Rose also showed differences in the ratio of power, spatial and motor components of action depending on the characteristics of professional activity. She compared hand strength and tremor in girls of the same age group (18-21 years old): workers at construction sites, installers of radio tubes and televisions, and university students. Differences in hand strength were most clearly evident. For female builders, it is 1.8-2 times greater than the hand strength of assemblers of radio tube blocks (very precise and delicate production) and approximately 1.5 times the hand strength of assemblers of conveyor blocks.
Occupational characteristics of tremor were also revealed. Builders showed the highest tremor, greater frequency and amplitude of vibrations. The lowest tremor was recorded among radio assemblers. ON THE. Rose believes that these data reflect the characteristics of natural professional selection in the field of precision manufacturing. In the conditions of installation production, the age and gender characteristics of tremor were clearly revealed. All areas of high-precision assembly production are, as a rule, provided by girls. Many studies show that tremor in men is characterized by both higher frequency and greater amplitude of vibrations. In addition, in a site where 400 installers worked, only 9 were over 30 years old, and even those were busy installing larger blocks of radio tubes. As a rule, by the age of 28-29, female workers reduce their labor productivity, and then gradually begin to fail to cope with the standards and move to work in other areas. “Obviously,” concludes N.A. Rose, “here we are dealing with early aging of differentiation of spatial relationships.” In the monograph by N.A. Rose also provides data on age-related changes in arm strength in men and women, on age-sex characteristics of the success of volitional effort, on age-related characteristics of the accuracy of hand movements in conditions of changing body position, etc. The author does not connect the obtained facts with the characteristics of professional activity, but the results of the research Rose are of undoubted importance for the psychology of work, in particular for the psychological justification of the system of professional selection and vocational training.
ON THE. Rose also analyzes intra- and interfunctional connections of psychomotor skills. In particular, as a result of a comprehensive study in which she took part, it was proven that psychomotor characteristics are associated primarily with the dynamics of excitation, inhibition and balance in dynamism. However, at the age of 25-28 years, the number of connections between psychomotor indicators and indicators of strength and sensitivity increases and the connection with characteristics of dynamism decreases. Rose's attempt at a systematic analysis of psychomotor skills showed the complexity and instability of its interfunctional connections, which should result in caution in assessing psychomotor properties and the need to take into account age and gender characteristics.
In the structure of the actions of a person dealing with a complex technical device, sensorimotor reactions (simple, disjunctive, RDO) play a large role. Therefore, engineering psychology pays great attention to the study of factors influencing the speed and accuracy of sensorimotor reactions. From the point of view of the general characteristics of human psychomotor skills, the discovered trainability of all types of sensorimotor reactions is of interest. Moreover, there is evidence indicating the possibility of voluntary regulation of the speed of the sensorimotor reaction with an accuracy of hundredths of a second.
3. Methods for studying psychomotor skills inadults
The study of psychomotor skills includes, first of all, collecting anamnesis from the words of the patient, as well as relatives and friends, which sometimes gives a lot more. Anamnesis should be studied especially carefully if there is indication of a combination of hypobulia with low mood, which may be accompanied by thoughts of suicide.
Examination and observation of the patient's behavior are very important. Facial expression, posture, the nature of motor restlessness, features of individual movements (frequency, rhythm, amplitude, etc.) are described in great detail. With echo symptoms, it is noted which words, gestures, and facial expressions are repeated and copied by the patient, which is subsequently indicated in the patient’s information.
They find out how the patient spends his free time - whether he helps family members with work, whether he reads newspapers, magazines, how he eats (including how much he eats), etc.
When assessing the patient’s behavior, special attention is paid to differentiation: the desire for movements (unreasonable, absurd), the desire for activity (having a certain meaning). It should not escape attention that some psychomotor disorders sometimes increase or decrease during the examination of the patient. psychomotor diagnostics quality work
If the patient is motionless, then after assessing his appearance, autonomic disorders, and reaction to words addressed to him, the patient should be asked to perform some kind of movement. In most cases, the patient does not follow the instructions, even with repeated requests. Then when explaining that<необходимо проверить движения в суставах>perform several passive motor acts (bend the patient’s arm, leg, etc.). At the same time, attention is paid to muscle tone - hypertension, hypotension. If there are phenomena of waxy flexibility, then sometimes it is possible to give the patient’s limbs and head different positions, maintaining each of them for several (15-20) seconds. During passive movements, the patient's reaction is possible (general, vegetative). In some cases, the presence of muscle tension and negativism, especially active ones, may indicate that the patient, who is in a stupor, is not stupefied. If the state is closer to substuporous or waxy flexibility is observed, or there is reason to assume the presence of hallucinations (especially visual), then it should be assumed that consciousness is upset according to the oneiric type. In the case of active negativism, it is advisable to use Saarm’s technique: having not received an answer from the patient, they turn to another patient (or another person) with the same question. Noticing that he<игнорируют>, the patient suddenly begins to respond. Motor retardation with some types of stupor decreases in the evening, at night. When the room is quiet, the lighting is weak (at night), such patients get up, silently walk slowly around the room, and can independently take food specially left for them near the bed. In other cases, food is taken by the patient to the bed and the patient begins to eat, covering his head with a blanket. If the patient is mutic, then you can try to come into contact with him using the following technique: in a calm environment, in a quiet, intelligible whisper, the patient is asked a simple question. If the patient answers, a series of more questions are asked. Of course, it is not always possible to use phase hypnoid states. A more reliable way to disinhibit a patient who is in a state of stupor is to administer medications. The doctor (or in his presence, a nurse) slowly injects a solution of barbamyl (5% - 0.5-2.0 ml) or hexenal (10% - 0.5-1.0 ml), or ethyl alcohol on glucose (33%) intravenously. - 3.0-5.0 ml). A vegetative reaction following the start of administration is noted. Questions begin to be asked already during the administration of the first portions of the medicine and continue for the next 5-10 minutes (about events that preceded the disease, about current health, about disturbances in perception, thinking, etc.). Then the disinhibitory effect of the medication expires and the patient stops answering questions. Therefore, they should be prepared in advance - formulated, sequence established, etc.
Sometimes the use of stimulants can completely remove the patient from a state of stupor (for example, psychogenic). In these cases, in addition to the questions listed above, you should ask questions about the patient’s attitude to his condition, about the perception of the environment during stupor, about experiences at this time and, if possible, collect a brief history of the disease and life. It is always necessary to remember about the possibility of disorders in other mental areas, suicidal (<плохих>) thoughts and intentions. All data obtained contribute to a more correct determination of the patient’s condition. Relatively rare cases of so-called impulsive inclinations and actions are subject to especially careful study according to the following scheme:<побуждение - желание - осознание мотивов>etc. Typically, with impulsive phenomena, the stages of motor-volitional activity are<побуждение - выполнение>.
To study psychomotor skills, a number of special experimental techniques are used: a generally accepted clinical methodology for studying psychomotor skills still does not exist. Certain methods for studying psychomotor skills make it possible to gain an understanding of strength, speed, endurance, agility, flexibility of motor movements, as well as the holistic state of psychomotor skills.
For many years, N.I.’s technique has been widely used. Ozeretskovsky, modified in relation to modern conditions by researchers from various countries (Germany, USA, etc.). It is a set of separate tests that allow you to study individual components of movements: static coordination, dynamic coordination, speed of movements, synkinesis (excessive accompanying movements), simultaneity of movements and their strength.
To study psychomotor skills, they also use the set proposed by A.R. Luria neuropsychological techniques that allow diagnosing a specific topic of damage to the higher parts of the motor analyzer.
4. Graphic methodology for studying human motor skills and personality E. Mira y LopeWith
Among the tests that study personality characteristics using graphic movements, the well-known method of E. Mira-i-Lopetzab, or otherwise methodologymyokinetic psychodiagnostics. It involves performing several series of movements in different directions in space.
The basic principles of myokinetic psychodiagnostics were formulated by E. Mira-i-Lopez in 1939: psychological space is not neutral and any movement in it, in addition to its mechanical effect, acquires a special meaning in accordance with the meaning of its implementation for the subject. It follows from this that if the subject is asked to make movements in different directions of space, without allowing him to control their extent and direction with his vision, then one can observe how a systematic deviation of these movements occurs. The latter indicates the dominant muscle group for a given subject, which, in turn, can serve as an indicator of the dominant group of actions of the subject in a given space.
Researching. The Mira-i-Lopez method includes 7 tests: “lineogram”, “parallels”, “chains”, “UL1”, “circles”, “zigzags”, “stairs”.
When performing tests, the subject has to carry out double regulation: 1) regulate the position of the hand relative to the body (macro-figure) and 2) regulate the extent and shape of movements performed in a given area of space (micro-figure). The tests vary in the degree of complexity of the drawings. Thus, the test subject performs the “lineogram” test with one hand - right or left, alternately. When performing a drawing, the subject has to simultaneously adjust both the length of the rectilinear movement and the direction, namely: up - down (vertical lineogram), right - left (horizontal lineogram) and away from you (sagittal lineogram). There is no micropattern in this test, and the subject is only required to hold the hand in its original position, i.e., control its possible deviations from the original position in all directions. When performing the zigzag test.
List of used literature
1. http://www.vash-psiholog.info/p/233-2012-11-07-21-19-56/19191-metodika-e-mira-i-lopesa.html.
2. Luchinin A.S. Psychodiagnostics: Course of lectures [Electronic resource]/ A.S. Luchinin - M., 2008. http://www.alleng.ru/d/psy/psy150.htm.
3. Soc.Lib.ru. Digital library. Sociology, Psychology, Management URL: http://soc.lib.ru/.
4. PSYCHOL-OK. Electronic library on psychology http://www.psychol-ok.ru/library.html#mat.
5. Burlachuk L.F. "Dictionary-reference book on psychodiagnostics." 3rd ed. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2007. - 688 p.
6. Anastasi A., Urbina S. "Psychodiagnostics. Psychological testing" - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2008. - 688 p.
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The question arises: what human organ materializes emotions, feelings, thoughts, images, movements, and memory contents? They are served by psychomotor skills. Psychomotor - a mechanism, system, function, merging into integrity, create a human organ. An organ of a person, not a body.
Throughout almost the entire history of human activity, psychomotor and its functions have been and remain primarily a way of creating the second human nature - culture. Including such objects that are carriers of the spiritual creations of mankind - paintings, sculptures, architecture, engineering and technology, etc.
The idea of the universality of the structural and anatomical functions of the human body was proven by Descartes: the human soul and body are two special substances - two unchangeable foundations of man.
What do we get? 1) Disembodied soul. The body is the place where the soul resides. 2) A soulless body, whatever the soul orders, the body does, they are different and even in the act of union they exist separately from one another.
Since that time, the paradigm of R. Descartes has captured the minds of not only philosophers, but also psychologists of almost all directions. This is what the power of authority means. Everyone believed this - except B. Spinoza.
Unlike Descartes, who was captured by the method of analysis, B. Spinoza approached this problem from the other side - he used the principle of integrity and looked for its signs everywhere - harmony. He did not recognize analysis without synthesis of the whole. A body without a soul is a dead man.
A living person is not just a spiritualized body, he is the pinnacle of the development of nature. Nature not only thinks of itself through man. The main thing is that man is an instrument with which nature transforms itself into more perfect forms and harmonizes itself.
It follows from this: thinking as a property of the soul and living movement as a property of the body are not two different substances (according to Descartes), but two attributes, that is, two properties of a person - the soul and the thinking body. Consequently, the internal in human action is thinking, and the external of this thinking is living movement; thinking and movement are merged by psychomotor into integrity.
Almost two and a half centuries later, I.M. Sechenov called this integrity of soul and body psychomotor. He pointed out that the needs of life (discomfort) determine the emergence of desires - thoughts that cause movement. And he emphasized: desire will then be a motive - an effective thought, or goal, and movement - an action or a way to achieve a goal, when a person performs a voluntary movement.
Living, purposeful movement occurs following desire with mental recognition of the consequences of this movement. Without desire or impulse - thought - movement would be completely meaningless. THEM. Sechenov expressed a hypothesis, which has now been confirmed by experiments and forms the basis of the theory of mental regulation of movements: elements of thought are rooted in the movements of children.
A distinctive feature of human movements and actions, as we already know, is their conscious and purposeful nature. By acting, a person cognizes the world, and by cognizing it, he also acts. Many elementary forms of movements of the arms, legs, head and torso, as well as combined systems of motor actions, are learned in childhood.
Historically, human movements, actions, motor creativity and its mechanisms - psychomotor - fell out of the field of view of psychology. For many it was clear: movements are a purely mechanical phenomenon and they are beyond the boundaries of psychology, limited by the inner world of subjective facts.
Unity of thought and movement. The impression that psychomotor = thought + movement is erroneous. Because living movement is the main regulator of our energy. To deprive a person of motor activity means to provoke the emergence of the phenomenon of “confused energy”; in other words, doom him to death.
The structure of the human thinking body is unique. In psychomotor science there are no barriers separating a person from the world of things, but on the contrary - its universality allows us to understand thinking as:
1) the function of objective, external action;
2) the mode of action of the thinking body;
3) an inactive living body is no longer thinking, then it is just an ordinary “body”.
This means that psychomotor processes unite the “thinking body - object” into a single integrity. Psychomotor processes are the third component of the system, providing the possibility of exchanging energy and information between the thinking body and another object.
A person, performing actions on an object, spiritualizes it, endows it with his own properties - embodies the state of his own soul in it - humanizes the object. But betrayal also has the opposite effect on a person. The object becomes active and also awakens an amazing phenomenon in a person: it contributes to the discovery of the ability to pose oneself.
Every object contains an almost infinite number of qualities. It is truth. A person, acting with an object, discovers its properties. And, discovering these properties for himself, he transforms his inclinations into active states - abilities - conditions. The ability not only to know the properties of the objective world, but - and this is the most important thing - to use their power in transforming the same object or substance into new forms and satisfying needs. To translate your abilities into objects so that they acquire value, to create benefits.
These are two - direct and reverse - psychomotor processes.
Thought from living movements: a) grows, b) develops, c) in the process of movement, thought materializes in objects, processes, phenomena, d) in the same process it improves, and, finally, e) becomes a measure for the manufacture of objects and phenomena - a measure person.
The main property of living movement is that a person does not just perform an action, he:
1) masters the space of action, 2) subjugates time, 3) consciously overcomes external and internal forces that offer resistance.
The physical body moves according to the laws of mechanics. With a living movement, a person solves a problem, which is how it differs significantly from purely mechanical movement and from a simple reaction (action is always an action aimed at a future product or stimulus).
To build the correct movements you need:
1) subjugate the most complex biomechanics of your own body to your will,
2) make your body obedient,
3) move your body towards the tree with appropriate movements.
Despite the complexity of the motor task, we are amazed by the time
from time to time, masterfully performing the actions of a young man and girl in ballet, circus, and sports.
Especially in stadiums and gyms, when they set world records in competitions that were not envisaged by the wildest forecasts.
Consequently, the more successful psychomotor actions a person can perform, the more perfect his thinking is, the more thoughts, feelings and images he has in his soul.
But even one and a half hundred years ago I.M. Sechenov proved: psychomotor is an indivisible connection between mental and physical movements (direct and reverse). If he had taken one step further and said: psychomotor is a human organ, a huge number of problems would have been clarified and a lot would have fallen into place.
What is the difference between psychomotor function - the human organ - and the organs of the body?
Universality of psychomotor skills. Psychomotor functions outside the body. With nature and the noosphere. Psychomotor functions have three main functions. She:
1) a tool for “external work”: the human performer works (like a swallow making a nest from its own chewing gum); the polymath enjoys collecting harmoniously constructed objects and phenomena; the creator, overcoming discomfort, makes discoveries, invents or finds images of something that has not yet existed;
2) a tool for creating information (a person takes raw materials for information from the outside, and processes it with the mechanisms of the soul: the performer responds to a feeling with a stereotype, the consumer with an image-feeling, the creator of the feeling turns it into a thought);
3) a tool for harmonizing oneself (a person approaches his own harmony: a performer to a calm conscience; an erudite - to an encyclopedic memory, when pleasure is no longer derived from the harmony itself, but from recognizing it: “so they saw - heard, read, ate, had ... - we and this!..”; the creator feels his kinship with nature and creates like nature itself).
Psychomotor - an organ of the human body, its mechanism of action
and the art of their regulation. Psychomotority carries out the mental regulation of living movements, actions and actions,
she is a mirror of thinking, feeling and imagination.
If psychomotor skills are disharmonious, imperfect or weakened, the quality of the regulation mechanism is low. Psychomotor skills work when interaction occurs in the “thinking body - object” system. The human thinking body is capable of an infinite number of actions. And including movements of bodily programmed instincts.
The main manifestations of psychomotor skills are the classes of movements and actions:
Movements that provide support and changes in the position of the human body in space;
The states and postures of our body are graceful figure, bearing, aplomb and persistent adherence to a vertical line (from head to toe), and vice versa - antics, a poser, an artificial smile, etc.;
Locomotion - movements associated with the movement of one's body by a person: their features are manifested in walking, running, jumping, swimming, etc.; this also includes ballistic movements: catching and grasping an object that is flying or moving, power and impact movements, throwing objects with a focus on accuracy, range, etc.;
Expressive movements of the face, the whole body (facial expressions and pantomimes) - direct manifestations of emotions and feelings, semantic movements - carriers of meaning, signs, meaning that a person conveys to other people, for example, choreographic movements, movements that imitate actions with absent objects;
Working movements and actions, which are methods of labor activity and form the basis of professional skill, ensure work efficiency, save energy costs and contribute to the perfect implementation of human plans. The number of these movements and actions is almost limitless: both those that are already known and learned, and those that are yet to be discovered.
That is why psychomotor is a universal human organ - comprehensive and versatile, with which a person solves vital problems. The real existence of a person is his action* effectiveness.
To better understand the universality of living movement, let's compare psychomotor skills and machines - inanimate bodies.
Psychomotor mechanisms are adjusted during motor action. The mechanisms of the machine are unchanged and programmed for certain, once and for all unchangeable trajectories of movement of parts. Living movement is capable of as many forms of trajectories in space as there are in nature the forms of objects with which a person has the opportunity to interact.
The form of movement of the machine is predetermined by the design, structurally and functionally; it operates according to the scheme of its structure, and only in this way, and not otherwise. Living movement is determined by the shape of the object* with which a person interacts.
Thanks to the universality of functions, the thinking body actively builds the trajectory of its movement in accordance with the shape of surrounding bodies with complex configurations and spatial coordinates. If psychomotor skills encounter an obstacle that it cannot overcome, then the person stops to think, that is, to rearrange the action pattern.
In a collision situation, the physical body destroys itself, or the obstacle. The ability to coordinate the form of movement of the thinking body with the form of another object indicates that the structural and anatomical structure of psychomotor skills is not programmed for one or several methods of action - and a person is capable of any complex action.
The idea of the universality of the structural and anatomical functions of the human body was expressed by Aristotle. His conclusion: the human hand is a tool for many tools. A. Spinoza proved that the method of action of the thinking body is not determined by itself, without permission, but it actively builds its movement, acting in accordance with the form (image, idea, scheme) of any other object.
By thinking we act, by acting we think.
Psychomotor is almost the only means, an instrument, thanks to which a person intervenes in the environment5 changes
him, creates new objects and phenomena on his own - with “golden hands”.
From this it follows: psychomotor action is an effective mechanism for the development of soul and body. After all, when acting, a person thinks, and when thinking, he acts, acts even when he does not touch objects with his hands.
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