This is called a chest excursion. Assessment of respiratory excursion of the chest. Criteria for assessing the chest development index

P continuation. See No. 38, 39/2003

Fundamentals of anthropology with elements of human genetics

Training and metodology complex

The main dimensions adopted to characterize individual parts and proportions of the body are defined as projection distances between two anthropometric points or between an anthropometric point and the floor plane:

body length (height) – height above the floor of the apical point;

body length – body length minus the length of the lower limb;

length of the lower limb – height above the floor of the trochanteric point;

length of the upper limb - the distance between the shoulder point and the finger point;

foot length - the distance between the heel and end points;

shoulder width (acromial diameter) - the distance between the right and left shoulder points.

2.1.2. Laboratory work No. 1. “Somatometry. Determination of basic body dimensions and weight"

Work is carried out in pairs.

Determining standing height

1. Invite the subject to stand on the stadiometer platform. In this case, the bar (“slider”) of the stadiometer should be raised up.
2. Set it to the “Frankfurt” or “German horizontal” position. In this case, the line connecting the lowest point of the lower edge of the orbit and the highest point of the upper edge of the external auditory canal should be perpendicular to the stadiometer scale. Three points (back of the head, shoulder blades and buttocks) should be on the same line and touch the measuring scale.
3. Smoothly lower the height meter bar until it touches the apex of the head (girls need to let their hair down if their hairstyle interferes with the measurement).
4. Record the measurement result.

Determination of height while sitting

1. Height is determined similarly to determining standing height, only the subject sits on the hinged lid of the stadiometer.
2. Height is determined using the stadiometer scale for this type of measurement.

Determination of chest circumference

2. The chest is in an intermediate position between inhalation and exit during quiet breathing.
3. The measurement is carried out with a centimeter tape, which passes at the level of the lower border of the shoulder blades (immediately below them) and through the nipples (for boys) or above the mammary glands (for girls).
4. The data is entered into a table.

Determination of chest excursion

By chest excursion we mean the amplitude of movement of the chest within the limits of maximum inhalation and exhalation. Having been introduced as an additional sign of physical development back in the last century, chest excursion was and continues to be considered by a number of researchers today as an indicator of the degree of intensity of air exchange in the lungs.

1. The subject takes a vertical position.
2. The subject takes the deepest breath, after which the chest circumference is recorded.
3. The subject exhales as deeply as possible, after which the chest circumference is recorded.
4. Excursion is defined as the difference between the chest circumference readings during inhalation and exhalation.
5. The readings are recorded in the table.

Anthropometric data (last name, first name, patronymic)

2.1.3. Body length and its morphological variability

Body length (height)

Body length is the most important morphological feature, which largely determines many other sizes. Body length reveals greater individual variability and greater age, sex and territorial group differences.

The average body length for all humanity is approximately 165 cm for men and 154 cm for women. The difference in body length between men and women is on average 8–11 cm (standard deviation approximately 6 cm).

*Cit. By: Rodzinsky Ya.Ya., Levin M.G. Anthropology. – M.: Higher School, 1978

The method of anthropometric research is widely used to determine the physical development of people involved in physical education and sports. This method of studying the human body is mainly based on taking into account quantitative, external morphological indicators. However, a number of anthropometric studies (spirometry, dynamometry) also provide insight into the functions of various systems and organs. In general, indicators of physical development reflect the functional state of the body and are important for assessing health and performance.

The technique for conducting anthropometric studies is not complicated. They are usually carried out by nurses. However, like any other scientific research method,

anthropometry requires skills and compliance with certain conditions that ensure the correctness and accuracy of the indicators. These basic conditions for carrying out all anthropometric changes are:

Carrying out research using a single unified methodology;

Conducting primary and repeated studies by the same person and with the same tools;

Study at the same time of day (best in the morning on an empty stomach);

The subject must be without clothes or shoes (only underpants are allowed).

Determination of weight. Weighing is carried out on ordinary decimal medical scales, which must be verified and adjusted before use. The scale platform must be exactly horizontal to the floor (this is checked by a plumb line or a water “eye” installed on the scales). The scales must be sensitive to a weight of 100 g. The correctness of the scales is checked by periodically weighing the branded weights (at least 30 kg). The subject must stand motionless in the middle of the scale platform. On the site, it is advisable to mark with paint the footprints where the subject should stand.

Height measurement. Height is measured with a conventional wooden stadiometer or a metal anthropometer of the Martin system.

Measuring standing height using a wooden stadiometer is carried out as follows: the subject stands on the stadiometer platform with his back to the stand with a scale and touches it with three points - the heels, buttocks and the interscapular space. The head should not touch the stadiometer 1, but should be slightly tilted so that the upper edge of the external auditory canal and the lower edge of the orbit are located in one line parallel to the floor.

The measurer stands at the side of the person being examined and lowers a tablet sliding along a centimeter scale onto his head. The counting is carried out along the lower edge of the tablet. It is necessary to ensure that the person being examined stands without tension; Women with high hairstyles should have their hair down when measured.

Height measurement in a sitting position is carried out using the same wooden stadiometer, which has a folding bench fixed at a distance of 40 cm from the floor. The measurement is carried out as follows: the person being examined sits deeper on the bench with his back to the stadiometer stand,

The head touching the stadiometer is possible if the subject has a dolichocephalic skull shape.

Measuring height with an anthropometer. Martin's metal anthropometer consists of 4 folding hollow metal rods. A muff with a cutout slides along the rod, on which divisions are applied with an accuracy of 1 mm. At the upper end of the anthropometer, a second coupling with a measuring ruler is fixedly attached. The upper rod of the anthropometer can be used separately as a compass to determine the width of body parts. The entire device can be disassembled into parts and put into a case, it can be easily transported and carried, which makes using the anthropometer very convenient.

Chest circumference measurement. It is carried out with a rubberized measuring tape in three positions: at rest, with full inhalation and maximum exhalation. The difference between the amount of inspiration and output is called chest excursion; this is an important indicator of the state of respiratory function.

Methodology for studying chest circumference. The subject is asked to spread his arms to the sides. The measuring tape is applied like this. so that in the back it passes under the lower angles of the shoulder blades, and in front in men and children of both sexes up to 12-13 years old - along the lower segment of the nipple, in women - above the mammary gland at the place of attachment of the 4th rib to the sternum; After applying the tape, the subject lowers his hands. You should check that the tape is applied correctly. For convenience, it is recommended to conduct the study in front of a mirror, to which the subject’s back is turned. You can see in the mirror whether the tape is applied correctly at the back.

The chest circumference at rest in adult men is 88-92 cm, in women 83-85 cm. The excursion of the chest, depending on the height of the subject and the volume of the chest, is 6-8 cm in adult men, 3-6 cm in women.

As a result of regular exercise, especially sports, the chest excursion can increase significantly and reach 12-15 cm.

Spirometry is a method by which the vital capacity of the lungs is determined. The measurement is carried out with a water spirometer, which consists of two hollow metal cylinders inserted one into the other. The spirometer capacity is usually 7 liters.

Research methodology. The subject stands facing the spirometer and takes the mouthpiece with the rubber tube in his hands. Then, after taking 1-2 inhalations and exhalations, he quickly takes in the maximum amount of air and smoothly blows it into the mouth. The study is carried out three times in a row; mark the best result. In this case, each subject must use an individual glass mouthpiece. After use, mouthpieces are boiled.

Spirometry is a good method for determining respiratory function. By spirometry indicators one can, to a certain extent, judge the function of the cardiovascular system.

With age, lung vital capacity changes.

The average vital capacity of the lungs for an adult man is 3500-4000 cm3, for women - 2500-3000 cm3.

In athletes, especially rowers, skiers, and swimmers, the vital capacity of the lungs can reach 5000-6000 cm3 or more.

The amount of lung capacity depends on height and body weight, and therefore it is important to determine the so-called vital indicator, which is the ratio between the vital capacity of the lungs and body weight. For an adult, this indicator should not be lower than 60. The norm for an adult athlete is considered to be 62-68.

Dynamometry is a method by which the muscle strength of the hands and the strength of the back extensor muscles are determined.

A hand-held dynamometer is an ellipsoidal steel plate, the squeezing of which indicates muscle strength, expressed in kilograms.

Research methodology. The dynamometer is held in the hand with the dial facing inward (the button faces the fingers). The arm is pulled to the side and the dynamometer is squeezed as much as possible. Manual strength is noted for each hand separately. The study is carried out 3 times for each hand.

and record the best result. Average right hand strength for adult men is 40-45 kg, for women - 30-35 kg; the average strength of the left hand is usually 5-10 kg less.

Deadlift strength is examined with a special spring dynamometer. The subject stands on a step with a hook on which the chain from the dynamometer is attached. You should stand so that 2/3 of each sole extends beyond the metal base (usually it is embedded in a wooden platform). Legs should be straightened and placed side by side. The torso is bent, the chain is attached to the hook so that the hand from the device is at the level of the track. After this, the subject, without bending his arms and legs, slowly unbends, stretching the chain to failure. Usually a one-time study is sufficient. Deadlift strength in adult men is on average 130-150 kg, in women - 80-90 kg.

Scope of anthropometric studies. In mass medical studies of athletes, they are usually limited to determining weight, height, chest circumference, vital capacity of the lungs, muscle strength of the hand and back strength.

For a more complete and special examination, the scope of research can be expanded and include determining the circumference of the shoulder, forearm, thigh, lower leg, abdomen, neck and the diameter of the chest, its anterior-posterior size, the diameter of the pelvis, etc. These measurements are made when using a measuring tape and a thick compass. Of great interest, in particular, is the determination of body proportions. All these Fig. 13. measurement of deadlift forces. research can significantly expand our understanding of the degree and characteristics of the physical development of the athletes being examined.

The results of anthropometric studies are assessed using the methods of standards, correlation, profiles, and indices.

Assessment using the standards method is the most accurate and objective. The assessment of the physical development of athletes using this method is carried out by comparing (contrasting) the obtained data with the average - standard - values ​​established on a large number of subjects of the same sex, age and height.

By processing a large number (usually the number of subjects is expressed in thousands) of anthropometric studies using the method of variation statistics, the average value - “median” (M) and standard deviation - sigma (±a) are determined. The resulting standard values ​​are tabulated to assess physical development, which are very convenient to use. The data obtained from the measurements are compared with the corresponding indicators of anthropometric standards. If the measured value coincides with that indicated in the table of standards or differs from it in one direction or another by no more than the value of the “average deviation” shown here (±1/2o), then the assessment can be considered satisfactory. If the obtained value differs from the average indicated in the table by more than one standard deviation, then the corresponding individual characteristic should be considered large or small, depending on which direction from the average value it is deviated. If the obtained value differs from the average given in the table by more than two deviations (±a), then the assessment of the characteristic being studied is considered very good or very bad, which thereby indicates extreme variations.

It should be borne in mind that the standard method involves the processing of materials obtained from homogeneous populations of subjects: students, schoolchildren, workers, collective farmers, discharge athletes, etc., living in the same geographical and climatic conditions, in the same city or the same terrain.

Currently, such tables of standards are available not only in republican research institutions, but also in many sports and other organizations and educational institutions. These tables were developed by local experts.

It is also important to take into account the time when anthropometric standards were developed, since it is well known that the physical condition of the population of the USSR is improving from year to year and the old anthropometric standards obtained are no longer suitable for use.

Below, just as a sample, we provide a table for assessing the physical development indicators of athletes.

For the purposes of scientific processing of materials and evaluation of the results of anthropometric studies, some authors consider the correlation method to be the most rational. It is based on the ratios of individual anthropometric indicators, which are calculated mathematically using the correlation coefficient; they determine the so-called regression coefficient. The latter shows by what amount one characteristic changes when another changes by one unit. Using the regression coefficient, you can build a regression scale, i.e. find out what weight, chest circumference, etc. should be for a given height.

The profile method is based on variation-statistical processing of survey results. It allows you to display the obtained data graphically. Usually, for this purpose, grids are prepared in advance, on which digital indicators are plotted.

As an example, we provide a sample anthropometric profile. The disadvantage of this method is the difficulties associated with the production of a large number of meshes and the work of drawing profiles; therefore, apparently, this method is not widely used at present.

The method of indices (indicators) is a set of special formulas with which it is possible to evaluate individual atropometric indicators and their relationships. A number of indicators are of interest and have known practical significance.

The height-weight indicator characterizes the proportional (relative to height) body weight.

The most common and most primitive is the Broca's index, but in which a person's weight should be equal to his height minus 100 units. This formula is applied with Brooksch's amendments; for people with a height of 165 to 170 cm, 105 units should be subtracted, with a height of 175-185 cm, PO units; this indicator is unsuitable in childhood and adolescence.

Another common indicator is the Quetelet weight-height index, obtained by dividing weight in grams by height in centimeters; this indicator shows how many grams of weight are per centimeter of height (an indicator of fatness). On average, 1 cm of height should account for 400 g of weight. An indicator of 500 g and above indicates signs of obesity, an indicator of 300 g and below indicates a decrease in nutrition.

Index of proportionality between height and chest circumference. The most common indicator of this kind is the chest indicator. To calculate it, chest circumference in centimeters is multiplied by 100 and divided by height in centimeters; Normally this index is 50-55. An index of less than 50 indicates a narrow chest, and more than 50 indicates a wide chest.

The Erisman index is widely used; it is determined by subtracting half the height from the chest circumference at rest; Normally, the chest circumference should be equal to half height.

If the chest circumference exceeds half the height, this indicator is indicated by a plus sign, but if the chest circumference lags behind half the height, it is indicated by a minus sign. The average values ​​of this indicator for a well-developed adult athlete are 5.8, for a female athlete -3.8 cm.

General physical development index. An example of this type of index is the Pinier index. It is calculated by subtracting from the height indicator in centimeters (L) the sum of the chest circumference in centimeters (T) and body weight in kilograms (P), i.e. L-(T---P); the smaller the balance, the better the physique. Body type at 10-15 is strong, at 16-20 good, at 21-25 average, at 26-30 weak, at 31 or more very weak.

Theoretically, the index is compiled incorrectly, since unlike quantities are compared not in their ratios, but through simple addition or subtraction. In people of short stature, but with a lot of weight, the indicator will always be high; this index is completely unsuitable for children and adolescents.

Most indices are compiled mechanically and therefore do not withstand scientific criticism. The state of physical development using indices should be assessed with great caution. For this reason, apparently, interest in the use of indices in medical and physical education practice has sharply decreased in recent years. However, many prominent therapists (A.L. Myasnikov and others) recommend in their manuals certain indices for the purposes of clinical anthropometry.

To identify hip dysplasia, the “click” symptom is of great importance. The child is on his back, and his limbs are bent 90° at the hip and knee joints. In this position, the femoral head is removed from the acetabulum posteriorly. The examiner's hands cover the area of ​​the knee joints - the thumbs are located on the inner surface of the thighs, the index fingers in the area of ​​the greater trochanter, and the remaining fingers along the outer surface of the thighs (Figure a).

At the next moment of the examination (for example, when examining the right hip joint), the left thigh is fixed, and pressure is applied to the area of ​​the right knee joint from above, along the axis of the femoral diaphysis (Fig. b). Already at this point in the examination, the femoral head may enter the acetabulum with a characteristic click.

Then the right thigh is gradually moved to the side, continuing to apply pressure to the knee joint area (Fig. c). When the angle of passive abduction of the hips reaches 50-60°, the index finger presses on the area of ​​the greater trochanter, and at this moment a distinct click is felt. Gradually the thigh is brought back to its original position (Fig. d). The left hip joint is examined in the same sequence.

Measuring the size of a large fontanel.

Located at the intersection of the coronal and sagittal sutures.

The large fontanel has a diamond shape. Its size is the distance between opposite sides of the rhombus (but not between its corners). Sizing is determined by touching with your fingers.

ALGORITHM FOR MANIPULATION:

1. Feel the edges of a large fontanel.
2. Determine by touch the distance between one side.
3. Move your fingers and determine by touch the distance between the other sides of the fontanel.
4. Record the size of the fontanel in centimeters in the child’s development history (in newborns, on average, from 1.5-2 cm to 3x3).

NOTE:

You can measure using a centimeter tape.

*The large fontanelle closes by the age of 1-1.5 years (at present, by the 9-10th month of life)

52. Anthropometry of a newborn.

Height measurement.

Newborns and children under 2 years of age: measurement is carried out in a supine position using a horizontal stadiometer. The child is placed on his back, resting the top of his head against the stationary bar of the stadiometer. The head is fixed so that the lower edge of the orbit and the upper edge of the external auditory canal are in the same vertical plane. The child's legs are straightened with light pressure on the knees, and the movable bar of the stadiometer is pressed firmly against the heels. The distance from the fixed to the movable bar corresponds to the length of the child’s body.

Measuring circles. Head circumference measured by applying a soft measuring tape, which should pass through the eyebrows and the back of the head. The tape is pulled slightly to press the hair.

Chest circumference measured three times - during quiet breathing, at the height of inspiration and at maximum exhalation. The tape is applied at the angles of the shoulder blades, with the arms retracted to the side, and passed in front over the nipples

Body weight an infant is determined on a special children's electronic scale with a maximum permissible load of up to 10 kg and measurement accuracy of up to 1 gram
Determination of the body weight of older children is carried out in the morning on an empty stomach on special medical scales with an accuracy of 50 grams.

53. Determination of chest excursion

The child's chest circumference is measured while inhaling and exhaling.
The difference in the circumference of the child's chest at the height of inhalation and exhalation reflects the mobility of the chest, which is more correctly called the excursion of the chest during breathing. The formula for calculating this indicator:

Excursion of the child’s chest = Chest circumference on inhalation – Chest circumference on exhalation.

If the result obtained is 4 cm or less, it is regarded as low. If it is 5 - 9 cm - medium, and if 10 cm or more - high.

for children up to 6 months. - 45 – 2 (6 – n)
from 6 to 12 months. - 45 + 0.5 (n – 6)
n – child’s age in months

from 1 year to 10 years - 63 – 1.5 (10 - n)
over 10 years old - 63 + 3 (n – 10)
n – child’s age in years

54. Measuring blood pressure in a child - on a mannequin.

To measure blood pressure in the arms and legs, use cuffs that correspond to the age and circumference of the child's shoulder and hip.

Blood pressure cuff sizes:

Children 1 year old – 3.5 -7 cm; children 2-4 years old -5.5 – 11 cm;

children 2 years old – 4.5 -9 cm; children 4-7 years old 6.5 – 13 cm;

children under 10 years old 8.5 – 15 cm.

Average blood pressure values ​​when measured on the radial artery are given in Table 8-3.

* In girls, blood pressure is 5 mm Hg. lower than that of boys.

To determine blood pressure in children older than one year, you can use the following formulas:
BPsist = 90 + 2p (mm Hg),
BPdiast = 60 + p (mm RT-ST-),
where n is age in years.
In healthy children, blood pressure in the arteries of the right and left extremities does not differ significantly. On the legs, blood pressure readings are 10-15 mm Hg. higher than on the hands.
Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure (proportional to the amount of blood ejected by the heart with each systole). With age, pulse pressure increases: in newborns it is, on average, 42 mm Hg, in children aged 5-6 years - 44 mm Hg, in 14-15 years - 52 mm Hg.

55. Method for determining pulse in peripheral arteries - on a mannequin.

When palpating the peripheral arteries, the pulse is assessed. Arterial pulse - periodic jerky oscillations of the walls of peripheral vessels, synchronized with the systole of the ventricles of the heart. The pulse is felt on both arms and legs and compared. If the indicators are the same, the pulse is regarded as synchronous.
A decrease in pulsation in peripheral vessels indicates a violation of blood flow in them.
In children over 2 years old, the main characteristics of the pulse are determined on the radial artery. Heart rate, rhythm, tension, filling, size and shape of the pulse are assessed.
At an early age, one respiratory movement accounts for an average of
3-3.5 heartbeats, and in the older age - 4.

• In a newborn - 140 – 160 beats per minute;
• At 1 year - 120 - 125 beats per minute;
• At 1-2 years -110 – 115 beats per minute;
• At 2 - 3 years - 105 - 110 beats per minute;
• At 3 – 7 years – 90 – 110 beats per minute;
• At 8 – 12 years old 75 – 80 beats per minute;
• Over 12 years old – 70 – 75 beats per minute.

Heimlich maneuver.

Get ready for a pat on the back. Place a conscious child face down on your knee to pat him on the back. Hold your baby firmly in this position (face down) and support his head. The baby should rest his chest firmly on your hand; you can hold it with your thigh.

• Then clasp the fingers of one hand together, forming a paddle, and gently pat the child's back, right between the shoulder blades. The blows should not be so strong that they could injure the child.
• Check your mouth for foreign objects. If you find one, remove it immediately.

Press down on your chest. If a child coughs and cries, this is a good sign that he is breathing. If the child does not cry after performing the previous steps and the object could not be coughed up, then patting on the back did not help. In this case, you need to apply pressure to the chest.

• Place your baby face up on your lap with the head lower than the body.
• Place three fingers directly on the center of your baby's chest (sternum, just below the nipple line). The middle finger should be right in the middle of the chest, on top.
• With your fingers in the desired position, lift your middle finger and, using only your remaining fingers, press firmly 5 times.
• Check the mouth again and remove the visible object.

Check again to see if the child is breathing. If not, alternate between back pats and chest compressions as described above until emergency services arrive.

Procedure for helping a choking child:

1. Place your baby on his back on a hard surface and kneel at his feet, or hold him on your lap facing away from you
2. Place the middle and index fingers of both hands on the baby's stomach at a level between the navel and costal arches
3. Apply vigorous pressure on the epigastric region upward toward the diaphragm without compressing the chest.

57. Determining and ensuring patency of the upper respiratory tract

Restoring airway patency is the first and very important stage of resuscitation, since without ensuring airway patency and the possibility of mechanical ventilation, further measures become useless.

The fingers of one hand grasp the chin, and the other hand is on the forehead along the line of the scalp. The chin is lifted, pushing the lower jaw forward. With the other hand, the head is straightened, which ensures that the mouth opens slightly.

An Esmarch maneuver is also performed, which makes it possible to open the mouth and carry out its sanitation. The person providing assistance kneels at the patient’s head, grabs the corners of the lower jaw with the fingers of both hands and moves it forward, the thumbs press on the chin and thereby open the mouth. The index and middle fingers of the left hand examine the oropharynx and remove foreign bodies.

Both techniques - head extension and Esmarch - are recommended as a single technique that ensures the opening of the mouth - Safar triad. This is a triple technique that includes three components (head extension back; mouth opening; moving the lower jaw forward).

ASSESSMENT OF STUDENTS' PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

Guidelines for performing practical work in the discipline “Elective courses in physical education”

Introduction 3

Calculation of individual indicators 4

Bibliography 6

INTRODUCTION

Physical development– the process of changing the natural morphofunctional properties of the body during an individual’s life, the most important indicator of the health of children and adults, determined by internal factors and living conditions.

The most accessible and simple indicators of physical development are body sizes and their proportions. To assess anthropometric parameters, it is necessary to measure body weight (kg), standing height (cm), chest circumference during inhalation, exhalation and pause (cm).

To determine the circumference of the chest, you will need a centimeter tape, which is applied horizontally at the level of the mammary glands in men, and under the mammary glands in women. When determining the chest circumference during a pause, it is necessary to calculate the arithmetic mean between inhalation and exhalation.

The purpose of practical work is the formation of skills in using methods for assessing physical development, the ability, based on the analysis of indicators, to formulate recommendations for organizing physical activity as one of the components of a healthy lifestyle.

The work is done individually.

The design of the work (title page, content) must meet the requirements for written tests (Appendix 1).

Execution order.

1. It is necessary to measure your anthropometric indicators (height, body weight, chest circumference, etc.) and enter them into the table (Table 1).

2. Based on knowledge of your anthropometric indicators, using the formulas presented in the tasks, calculate certain indices of physical development.

3. The results obtained are transferred to the summary table. 6, in which it is necessary to give a brief comment/conclusion for each indicator.

4. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, it is necessary to formulate a conclusion in which to describe the factors that negatively affect your physical development.

CALCULATION OF INDIVIDUAL INDICATORS

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

Table 1 Results of anthropometric measurements

The index is calculated from the relationship between a person’s height and his weight, which can be used to determine the presence of excess weight or underweight (Table 2) and assess the possible risk of developing diseases associated with excess body weight. The Quetelet index is determined by the following formula:

BMI=

Where M– body weight (kg); R– standing height (m).

table 2

Interpretation of the Quetelet index

The index is calculated using a formula that takes into account the value of the chest circumference during inspiration, body length and weight.

IP=N−(M+OGK inhale), (2)

Where N– body height (cm); M– body weight (kg); OGK inhale– chest circumference during inspiration.

Table 3

The value of the Pinier index for various body types

Task 3. Erisman Index (IE). The index is intended to assess the development of the chest and is calculated using the formula:

IE= OGKn– (N/2), (3)

Where OGKp– chest circumference in pause (cm);

N– body height (cm).

Table 4

Criteria for assessing the chest development index

Task 4. Assessment of chest excursion (ECG). The EGC indicator characterizes the development of the respiratory organs. The indicator is calculated using the formula:

EGC=OGKinhale−OGKexhale, (4)

Where OGKinhale– chest circumference during inspiration;

OGKexhale– chest circumference during exhalation.

EGC = 87 - 82.5 = 4.5

Table 5

Assessment of chest excursion

Table 6

Summary table of task results

Measuring the chest circumference for women is a periodic ritual, as representatives of the fair sex strive for beauty and ideality. When a lady gains a few extra pounds, she feels discomfort and carefully measures her hips and waist. However, there are many techniques that allow you to measure the parameters of the human body. There is no single technology. Only in medicine have standards been adopted that make it possible to measure a patient’s chest circumference using a unified method. We'll talk about it in the article.

Anthropometric calculations

Before determining chest circumference, we invite readers to familiarize themselves with calculations such as anthropometric standards and indicators.

Anthropometric standards are averaged by sex and age. Deviations from them of 10 cm are allowed. For example, anthropometric standards for athletes deviate from the norm. During active physical education, the following features are observed:

• the waist and hips can be expanded due to muscle mass.

Measuring chest circumference should take into account the characteristics of a person’s constitutional makeup (asthenic, normosthenic, hypersthenic). If you are going to measure the circumference, you should remember that the anterior-posterior and transverse dimensions are normally different for different people.

Anthropometric indicators take into account the individual characteristics of a person. People may have different heights, so weight should be calculated for each individual.

When assessing the degree of obesity, doctors also pay attention to the patient’s national characteristics. People of Caucasian nationality have a wide chest and short stature. Women in most cases have a narrow chest. Men have less developed pelvic bones.

Due to the features described above, in order to determine chest circumference, you should not only measure body parameters, but also correlate them with many factors.

How is the measurement carried out?

Breast volume measurement is carried out according to a common algorithm used by doctors and people monitoring anthropometric indicators.

How to measure volume:

• stand up straight and bring your breathing back to normal. Spread your arms to the sides. Ask people around you to use a measuring tape to measure your chest, hips, waist, etc.;
• a man's chest circumference is normally between 85-92 cm. The measurement is taken between the angle of the shoulder blades at the back and the lower edge of the nipples of the mammary glands;
• You should first measure the distance as you inhale, and then as you exhale as much as possible. With normal lung excursion, the thoracic volume can expand by 5 to 10 cm. However, the excursion also depends on the structure of the body.

Algorithm for evaluating results

The algorithm for estimating chest girth contains calculated indicators in the form of coefficients and indices. With their help, it is possible to fully assess the physical development of a person.

What indices are used to assess human development:

• weight and height;
• vital;
• proportionality.

Using weight and height indices, excess or deficiency of body weight can be assessed. Doctors use a simple formula to assess the degree of obesity in patients: normal weight is the difference in height minus 100.

Proportionality according to the Erisman index for men is in the range of 3-6. It is used to calculate the proportions of one body part in relation to another.

Body strength is assessed using the formula: the difference between the sum of weight and height and chest circumference. This change is carried out by pediatricians in children. If the result is less than 36 - weak physique. It indicates that the child lacks physical activity.

How to determine chest circumference in children

Thoracic volume in children is measured in the supine position. In this case, the child should be at rest. His hands should be down. Otherwise, the algorithm is similar to that used in adults.

The girth should be measured between the angle of the shoulder blades at the back and the areolas of the nipples under the mammary glands.

In pediatrics, there are special tables that allow you to determine the index by the child’s age.

Normal chest girth in children - main indicators:

• the circle that promotes the harmonious development of the child is located at the level of up to 10 centiles (determined from the table);
• if the girth is in the range from 10 to 25 centiles, there is a tendency to disharmonious development. Such a child needs to be monitored and physical activity adjusted;
• a circumference from the 75th to the 90th centile indicates expansion of the chest;
• pronounced pathology in children when measuring chest girth is observed when the indicator is less than 3 or more than 90 centiles.

The above measurement algorithm is approximate. By analogy with it, there are many other schemes.

General rules

There are certain rules for measuring the chest wall. We invite you to familiarize yourself with them:

1. The measurement is taken in a standing position.
2. Girth is assessed during quiet breathing.
3. The difference in size between inhalation and exhalation reflects the respiratory mobility of the lungs.
4. In children, the circumference of the wrist in the area of ​​the wrist joint must be measured. If it is no more than 4 cm, there is a high probability of atrophy or underdevelopment of the muscular system.
5. Ideal weight according to Brocca's formula (height minus 100) requires an assessment of the patient's constitution and nationality.

First you need to measure volume, girth and other anthropometric indicators. Then compare them with average tables and exclude individual characteristics of a person.

In conclusion, it should be noted that ideality is different for each person.