Decoding the biochemical analysis of cats. Blood test in cats: norm, general indicators and interpretation of results

A biochemical blood test is necessary to obtain an idea of ​​the functioning of the internal organs of the animal’s body and to determine the content of microelements and vitamins in the blood. This is one of the laboratory diagnostic methods that is informative for the veterinarian and has a high degree of reliability.

Biochemical analysis involves laboratory testing of the following blood parameters:

Squirrels

• Total protein
• Albumin
• Alpha globulins
• Betta globulins
• Gamma globulins

Enzymes

• Alanine aminotransferase (ALAT)
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
• Amylase
• Phosphatase alkaline

Lipids

• Total cholesterol

Carbohydrates

• Glucose

Pigments

• Total bilirubin

Low molecular weight nitrogenous substances

Creatinine

Urea nitrogen

Residual nitrogen

Urea

Inorganic substances and vitamins

Calcium

There are certain standards for biochemical blood analysis. Deviation from these indicators is a sign of various disorders in the functioning of the body.

The results of a biochemical blood test can indicate diseases that are completely independent of each other. Only a professional - an experienced and qualified doctor - can correctly assess the animal’s health status and give a correct, reliable interpretation of the biochemical blood test.

Total protein

Total protein is an organic polymer made up of amino acids.

The term “total protein” refers to the total concentration of albumin and globulins found in the blood serum. In the body, common protein performs the following functions: participates in blood clotting, maintains a constant blood pH, carries out a transport function, participates in immune reactions and many other functions.

Norms of total protein in the blood in cats and dogs: 60.0-80.0 g/l

1.Increasing protein may be observed with:

a) acute and chronic infectious diseases,

b) oncological diseases,

c) dehydration of the body.

2.Low protein may be when:

a) pancreatitis

b) liver diseases (cirrhosis, hepatitis, liver cancer, toxic liver damage)

c) intestinal disease (gastroenterocolitis), dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract

d) acute and chronic bleeding

e) kidney disease, accompanied by significant loss of protein in the urine (glomerulonephritis, etc.)

f) decreased protein synthesis in the liver (hepatitis, cirrhosis)

g) increased protein losses due to blood loss, extensive burns, injuries, tumors, ascites, chronic and acute inflammation

h) cancer.

i) during fasting, intense physical exertion.

Albumen

Albumin is the main blood protein produced in the liver of an animal. Albumin is classified into a separate group of proteins - the so-called protein fractions. Changes in the ratio of individual protein fractions in the blood often provide the doctor with more significant information than just total protein.

Albumin is 45.0-67.0% in the blood of cats and dogs.

1.Increased albumin in the blood occurs when dehydration, loss of fluid from the body,

2.Lower content albumin in the blood:

a) chronic liver diseases (hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver tumors)

b) intestinal diseases

c) sepsis, infectious diseases, purulent processes

f) malignant tumors

g) heart failure

h) drug overdose

i) occurs as a result of starvation, insufficient intake of proteins from food.

Globulin fractions:

Alpha globulins are normal 10.0-12.0%

Betta globulins 8.0-10.0%

Gamma globulins 15.0-17.0%

Betta globulins: 1.Faction promotion – for hepatitis, cirrhosis and other liver damage.

Gamma globulins: 1.Faction promotion for cirrhosis, hepatitis, infectious diseases.

2. Decrease in fraction – 14 days after vaccination, in case of kidney disease, in immunodeficiency states.

Types of proteinograms:

1. Type of acute inflammatory processes

A marked decrease in albumin content and an increased content of alpha globulins, an increase in gamma globulins.

It is observed in the initial stage of pneumonia, pleurisy, acute polyarthritis, acute infectious diseases and sepsis.

2. Type of subacute and chronic inflammation

Decrease in albumin content, increase in alpha and gamma globulins

Observed in late stage pneumonia, chronic endocarditis, cholecystitis, urocystitis, pyelonephritis

3. Type of nephrotic symptom complex

Decrease in albumin, increase in alpha and beta globulins, moderate decrease in gamma globulins.

Lipoid and amyloid nephrosis, nephritis, nephrosclerosis, cachexia.

4. Type of malignant neoplasms

A sharp decrease in albumin with a significant increase in all globulin fractions, especially beta globulins.

Primary neoplasms of various localizations, metastases of neoplasms.

5. Type of hepatitis

Moderate decrease in albumin, increase in gamma globulins, sharp increase in beta globulins.

For hepatitis, the consequences of toxic liver damage (improper feeding, improper use of medications), some forms of polyarthritis, dermatoses, malignant neoplasms of the hematopoietic and lymphoid apparatus.

6. Type of cirrhosis

Significant decrease in albumin with a strong increase in gamma globulins

7. Type of obstructive (subhepatic) jaundice

A decrease in albumin and a moderate increase in alpha, beta and gamma albumin.

Obstructive jaundice, cancer of the biliary tract and head of the pancreas.

ALT

ALT (ALT) or alanine aminotransferase is a liver enzyme that is involved in the metabolism of amino acids. ALT is found in the liver, kidneys, heart muscle, and skeletal muscles.

When the cells of these organs are destroyed, caused by various pathological processes, ALT is released into the blood of the animal’s body. ALT norm in the blood of cats and dogs: 1.6-7.6 IU

1.Increasing ALT - a sign of serious illness:

a) toxic liver damage

b) cirrhosis of the liver

c) liver tumor

d) toxic effect on the liver of drugs (antibiotics, etc.)

e) heart failure

f) pancreatitis

i) trauma and necrosis of skeletal muscles

2.Decreased ALT levels observed when:

a) severe liver diseases - necrosis, cirrhosis (with a decrease in the number of cells synthesizing ALT)

b) vitamin B6 deficiency.

AST

AST (AST) or aspartate aminotransferase is a cellular enzyme involved in the metabolism of amino acids. AST is found in the tissues of the heart, liver, kidneys, nervous tissue, skeletal muscles and other organs.

The norm of AST in the blood is 1.6-6.7 IU

1.Increased AST in the blood observed if there is a disease in the body:

a) viral, toxic hepatitis

b) acute pancreatitis

c) liver tumors

e) heart failure.

f) for skeletal muscle injuries, burns, heat stroke.

2.Decreased AST levels in the blood due to severe illness, liver rupture and vitamin B6 deficiency.

Alkaline phosphatase

Alkaline phosphatase is involved in the metabolism of phosphoric acid, breaking it down from organic compounds and promoting the transport of phosphorus in the body. The highest levels of alkaline phosphatase are in bone tissue, intestinal mucosa, placenta and mammary gland during lactation.

The normal level of alkaline phosphatase in the blood of dogs and cats is 8.0-28.0 IU/l. Alkaline phosphatase affects bone growth, so its content is higher in growing organisms than in adults.

1.Elevated alkaline phosphatase may be in the blood

a) bone disease, including bone tumors (sarcoma), cancer metastases to bone

b) hyperparathyroidism

c) lymphogranulomatosis with bone lesions

d) osteodystrophy

e) liver diseases (cirrhosis, cancer, infectious hepatitis)

f) tumors of the biliary tract

g) lung infarction, kidney infarction.

h) lack of calcium and phosphates in food, from an overdose of vitamin C and as a result of taking certain medications.

2.Decreased alkaline phosphatase levels

a) with hypothyroidism,

b) bone growth disorders,

c) lack of zinc, magnesium, vitamin B12 or C in food,

d) anemia (anemia).

e) taking medications can also cause a decrease in alkaline phosphatase in the blood.

Pancreatic amylase

Pancreatic amylase is an enzyme involved in the breakdown of starch and other carbohydrates in the lumen of the duodenum.

Pancreatic amylase norms - 35.0-70.0 G\hour * l

1. Increased amylase - symptom of the following diseases:

a) acute, chronic pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)

b) pancreatic cyst,

c) tumor in the pancreatic duct

d) acute peritonitis

e) diseases of the biliary tract (cholecystitis)

f) renal failure.

2.Reduced amylase content may occur with pancreatic insufficiency, acute and chronic hepatitis.

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is a yellow-red pigment, a breakdown product of hemoglobin and some other blood components. Bilirubin is found in bile. Bilirubin analysis shows how the animal's liver works. Bilirubin is found in blood serum in the following forms: direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin. Together, these forms form total blood bilirubin.

Norms of total bilirubin: 0.02-0.4 mg%

1. Increased bilirubin - a symptom of the following disorders in the body:

a) lack of vitamin B 12

b) liver tumors

c) hepatitis

d) primary cirrhosis of the liver

e) toxic, drug-induced liver poisoning

Calcium

Calcium (Ca, Calcium) is an inorganic element in the animal body.

The biological role of calcium in the body is great:

Calcium supports normal heart rhythm, as does magnesium, calcium promotes overall cardiovascular health,

Participates in iron metabolism in the body, regulates enzyme activity,

Promotes normal functioning of the nervous system, transmission of nerve impulses,

Phosphorus and calcium in balance make bones strong,

Participates in blood clotting, regulates the permeability of cell membranes,

Normalizes the functioning of some endocrine glands,

Participates in muscle contraction.

The normal level of calcium in the blood of dogs and cats: 9.5-12.0 mg%

Calcium enters the animal’s body with food; calcium absorption occurs in the intestines and metabolism in the bones. Calcium is removed from the body by the kidneys. The balance of these processes ensures a constant calcium content in the blood.

The excretion and absorption of calcium is controlled by hormones (parathyroid hormone, etc.) and calcitriol - vitamin D3. In order for calcium absorption to occur, the body must have enough vitamin D.

1. Excess calcium or hypercalcemia can be caused by the following disorders in the body:

a) increased function of the parathyroid glands (primary hyperparathyroidism)

b) malignant tumors affecting bones (metastases, myeloma, leukemia)

c) excess vitamin D

d) dehydration

e) acute renal failure.

2.Lack of calcium or hypocalcemia - a symptom of the following diseases:

a) rickets (vitamin D deficiency)

b) osteodystrophy

c) decreased thyroid function

d) chronic renal failure

e) magnesium deficiency

f) pancreatitis

g) obstructive jaundice, liver failure

cachexia.

A lack of calcium can also be associated with the use of medications - antitumor and anticonvulsants.

Calcium deficiency in the body is manifested by muscle cramps and nervousness.

Phosphorus

Phosphorus (P) - necessary for the normal functioning of the central nervous system.

Phosphorus compounds are present in every cell of the body and are involved in almost all physiological chemical reactions. The norm in the body of dogs and cats is 6.0-7.0 mg%.

Phosphorus is part of nucleic acids that take part in the processes of growth, cell division, storage and use of genetic information,

phosphorus is contained in the bones of the skeleton (about 85% of the total amount of phosphorus in the body), it is necessary for the formation of the normal structure of teeth and gums, ensures the proper functioning of the heart and kidneys,

participates in the processes of accumulation and release of energy in cells,

participates in the transmission of nerve impulses, helps the metabolism of fats and starches.

1. Excess phosphorus in the blood, or hyperphosphatemia, can cause the following processes:

a) destruction of bone tissue (tumors, leukemia)

b) excess vitamin D

c) healing of bone fractures

d) decreased function of the parathyroid glands (hypoparathyroidism)

e) acute and chronic renal failure

f) osteodystrophy

h) cirrhosis.

Phosphorus is usually higher than normal due to the use of anticancer drugs, which releases phosphates into the blood.

2. Lack of phosphorus must be regularly replenished by eating foods containing phosphorus.

A significant decrease in the level of phosphorus in the blood - hypophosphatemia - is a symptom of the following diseases:

a) lack of growth hormone

b) vitamin D deficiency (rickets)

c) periodontal disease

d) impaired absorption of phosphorus, severe diarrhea, vomiting

e) hypercalcemia

f) increased function of the parathyroid glands (hyperparathyroidism)

g) hyperinsulinemia (in the treatment of diabetes mellitus).

Glucose

Glucose is the main indicator of carbohydrate metabolism. More than half of the energy our body expends comes from the oxidation of glucose.

The concentration of glucose in the blood is regulated by the hormone insulin, which is the main hormone of the pancreas. With its deficiency, the level of glucose in the blood increases.

The glucose norm in animals is 4.2-9.0 mmol/l

1. Increased glucose (hyperglycemia) with:

a) diabetes mellitus

b) endocrine disorders

c) acute and chronic pancreatitis

d) pancreatic tumors

e) chronic liver and kidney diseases

f) cerebral hemorrhage

2.Low glucose (hypoglycemia) is a characteristic symptom for:

a) diseases of the pancreas (hyperplasia, adenoma or cancer)

hypothyroidism,

b) liver diseases (cirrhosis, hepatitis, cancer),

c) adrenal cancer, stomach cancer,

d) arsenic poisoning or overdose of certain medications.

A glucose test will show a decrease or increase in glucose levels after exercise.

Potassium

Potassium is found in cells, regulates water balance in the body and normalizes heart rhythm. Potassium affects the functioning of many cells in the body, especially nerve and muscle cells.

1. Excess potassium in the blood - hyperkalemia is a sign of the following disorders in the animal’s body:

a) cell damage (hemolysis - destruction of blood cells, severe starvation, convulsions, severe injuries, deep burns),

b) dehydration,

d) acidosis,

e) acute renal failure,

f) adrenal insufficiency,

g) increasing the intake of potassium salts.

Typically, potassium is elevated due to taking antitumor, anti-inflammatory drugs and some other medications.

2. Potassium deficiency (hypokalemia) is a symptom of disorders such as:

a) hypoglycemia

b) dropsy

c) chronic starvation

d) prolonged vomiting and diarrhea

e) renal dysfunction, acidosis, renal failure

f) excess of adrenal hormones

g) magnesium deficiency.

Urea

Urea is an active substance, the main breakdown product of proteins. Urea is produced by the liver from ammonia and is involved in the process of concentrating urine.

In the process of urea synthesis, ammonia is neutralized - a very toxic substance for the body. Urea is excreted from the body by the kidneys. The normal level of urea in the blood of cats and dogs is 30.0-45.0 mg%

1. Increased urea in the blood - a symptom of serious disorders in the body:

a) kidney diseases (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, polycystic kidney disease),

b) heart failure,

c) obstruction of urine outflow (bladder tumor, prostate adenoma, bladder stones),

d) leukemia, malignant tumors,

e) severe bleeding,

f) intestinal obstruction,

g) shock, fever,

An increase in urea occurs after physical activity, due to the intake of androgens and glucocorticoids.

2.Urea analysis in the blood will show a decrease in urea levels in case of liver disorders such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatic coma. A decrease in urea in the blood occurs during pregnancy, phosphorus or arsenic poisoning.

Creatinine

Creatinine is the end product of protein metabolism. Creatinine is formed in the liver and then released into the blood, participating in the energy metabolism of muscle and other tissues. Creatinine is excreted from the body by the kidneys in the urine, so creatinine is an important indicator of kidney activity.

1.Increased creatinine - a symptom of acute and chronic renal failure, hyperthyroidism. Creatinine levels increase after taking certain medications, during dehydration, and after mechanical or surgical muscle damage.

2.Decreased creatinine in the blood, which occurs during fasting, decreased muscle mass, during pregnancy, after taking corticosteroids.

Cholesterol

Cholesterol or cholesterol is an organic compound, the most important component of fat metabolism.

The role of cholesterol in the body:

cholesterol is used to build cell membranes,

in the liver, cholesterol is a precursor to bile,

Cholesterol is involved in the synthesis of sex hormones and in the synthesis of vitamin D.

Cholesterol norms in dogs and cats: 3.5-6.0 mol/l

1.High cholesterol or hypercholesterolemia leads to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques: cholesterol attaches to the walls of blood vessels, narrowing the lumen inside them. Forms on cholesterol plaques blood clots that can break off and enter the bloodstream, causing blockage of blood vessels in various organs and tissues, which can lead to atherosclerosis and other diseases.

Hypercholesterolemia is a symptom of the following diseases:

a) coronary heart disease,

b) atherosclerosis

c) liver disease (primary cirrhosis)

d) kidney diseases (glomerulonephritis, chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome)

e) chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer

f) diabetes mellitus

g) hypothyroidism

h) obesity

i) deficiency of somatotropic hormone (GH)

2.Lower cholesterol occurs when fat absorption is impaired, fasting, or extensive burns.

Low cholesterol may be a symptom of the following diseases:

a) hyperthyroidism,

b) chronic heart failure,

c) megaloblastic anemia,

d) sepsis,

e) acute infectious diseases,

f) end-stage liver cirrhosis, liver cancer,

g) chronic lung diseases.

Our specialists will take biochemical and clinical blood tests from the patient to establish and clarify the diagnosis at your home. The tests are done at the Veterinary Academy, the deadline is the next day after 19-00.

A general blood test in cats is one of the mandatory studies to determine the condition of the animal’s body and the timely detection of diseases of various types. Tests are carried out in specialized laboratories; your pet’s attending physician is primarily responsible for decoding. At the same time, you can play it safe and try to understand on your own what the numbers in the summary say. This information will help you have a more productive conversation with your veterinarian and, if necessary, guide him to make the correct diagnosis.

Interpretation of clinical blood test indicators

Let’s take a closer look at what each substance is responsible for and what to look for when interpreting tests in cats.

Hematocrit (HCT). Norm - 24-26%

An increased number indicates a likely increase in the level of red blood cells (erythrocytosis), dehydration, the development of diabetes in the animal, and a decrease in plasma volume in the blood.

A decrease in hematocrit indicates anemia, chronic inflammation of one of the organs, cat starvation, or the presence of internal infusion.

Hemoglobin (HGB). Norm - 80-150 g/l

An increased level of hemoglobin can signal erythrocytosis or.

A reading below 80 g/l is a sign of one of several disorders, such as anemia, obvious or hidden blood loss, poisoning, or damage to the hematopoietic organs.

White blood cells (WBC). Norm - 5.5-18.0*109/l

Exceeding the norm: leukemia, development of bacterial infections or inflammatory processes, oncology.

Decreased normal: virus, bone marrow damage, damage to the body due to radioactive radiation.

Red blood cells (RGB). Norm - 5.3-10*10 12 /l

An increased level of red blood cells means the development of erythrocytosis in the body, lack of oxygen, and dehydration of the body. In some cases, it also indicates the liver.

A low red blood cell count indicates blood loss (hidden or obvious), anemia, and the presence of chronic inflammation in the body. May appear in the last stages of pregnancy.

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Norm - 0-13 mm/h

An increase in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate clearly indicates a heart attack, the development of cancer, liver and kidney diseases, animal poisoning, and a state of shock. In some cases, it can occur during pregnancy.

There are no reduced indicators in this case.

Neutrophils. The norm for rods is 0-3% of WBC, for segmented ones - 35-75% of WBC

With increased levels, we can talk about the development of acute inflammation (including purulent), leukemia, tissue breakdown due to or poisoning.

If the level of neutrophils is low, then most likely we are dealing with fungal diseases, damage to bone marrow tissue, or anaphylactic shock in the animal.

Important: the first step to diagnosing diseases is testing.

Eosinophils. Normal - 0-4% of WBC

Take a closer look at your pet: does he have a food allergy or intolerance to medications? This is what the increased level of eosinophils indicates. Considering that the minimum threshold for this substance is 0% of WBC, there is no reduced amount.

Monocytes. Normal - 1-4% of WBC

An increase in monocytes in the blood often occurs against the background of the development of fungus in the body (including a viral nature), as well as with protozoal diseases, tuberculosis, and enteritis.

An indicator below normal occurs against the background of aplastic anemia or when taking corticosteroid drugs.

Lymphocytes. Normal - 20-55% of WBC

Increased: leukemia, toxoplasmosis, viral infection.

Decreased: presence of a malignant tumor, immunodeficiency of the body, pancytopenia, kidney and/or liver damage.

Platelets (PLT). Norm - 300-630*10 9 /l

Exceeding the norm often indicates bleeding, a tumor (benign or malignant), and the presence of chronic inflammation. Often the platelet level increases after or against the background of corticosteroids.

A low platelet count indicates infection or bone marrow disease. However, in veterinary practice there are cases when a low number of platelets in the blood is normal.

Biochemical blood test: interpretation

Using a biochemical blood test, you can determine the quality of functioning of internal organs. The objects of research are enzymes and substrates.

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Norm - 19-79 units.

An increased content may indicate the destruction of liver cells, hepatitis, liver tumors, burns and poisoning, as well as a deterioration in the elasticity of muscle tissue in the animal’s body.

A decrease in ALT levels, as a rule, has no diagnostic value. That is, if you see an indicator below 19 in the analysis, do not rush to panic.

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The norm is 9-30 units.

Often the norm is exceeded in case of liver disease, damage to the heart muscle or stroke. However, this can be seen not only from the analysis, but also from a visual inspection. If everything is normal with the cat, then most likely it has damaged its muscles. A reduced reading usually does not play a role in diagnosing the disease.

Creatine phosphokinase (CPK). Norm - 150-798 units.

It increases due to a heart attack or stroke, as well as against the background of muscle injuries, poisoning or coma. A reduced indicator does not affect the diagnostic breakdown.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The norm for adults is 39-55 units.

An increased level of phosphatase in the normal condition of the animal may indicate pregnancy or healing. In the presence of related symptoms, it often signals tumors in bone tissue, blockage of the bile ducts, or diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

A reduced indicator indicates the development of anemia, hypothyroidism, and acute lack of vitamin C.

Alpha amylase. Norm - 580-1600 units.

Alpha-amylase tends to increase due to diabetes, as well as with lesions of the pancreas, renal failure or intestinal volvulus. If the indicator is below normal, then the cat is likely developing pancreatic insufficiency, which also does not bode well.

Glucose. Normal - 3.3-6.3 mmol/l

Almost always, an increase in glucose levels indicates a cat with pancreatic diseases. Glucose often increases due to stress or shock. In rare cases, it is one of the symptoms of Cushing's syndrome.

A decrease in glucose indicates malnutrition, poisoning or tumors.

Total bilirubin. Normal - 3.0-12 mmol/l

In 99% of cases, bilirubin increases due to liver disease (most often hepatitis) and blockage of the bile ducts. The destruction of blood cells is also possible, which is also indicated by an increase in bilirubin.

If the level of this substance in the blood is reduced, then your pet may have anemia or bone marrow disease.

Urea. Normal - 5.4-12.0 mmol/l

Did you see that the urea content in the tests exceeded the norm? Be prepared for the fact that the veterinarian will indicate intoxication in the body. However, most often this indicator increases against the background of a diet rich in proteins, as well as the stressful state of the animal. Low urea content, as a rule, indicates a lack of protein in food.

Cholesterol. 2-6 mmol/l

As in humans, an increase in the level of cholesterol in the blood of an animal occurs against the background of developing atherosclerosis. In some cases, an increased rate is a consequence of liver disease or hypothyroidism. On the contrary, low cholesterol levels indicate starvation or neoplasms of various natures.

To make an accurate diagnosis, the veterinarian usually looks at the results together. And if the same disease is traced by several indicators at once, it is diagnosed after additional studies (X-ray, ultrasound, palpation, etc.).

A general blood test in cats is one of the mandatory studies to determine the condition of the animal’s body and the timely detection of diseases of various types. Tests are carried out in laboratories at specialized veterinary clinics; your pet’s attending physician is primarily responsible for decoding. At the same time, you can play it safe and try to understand on your own what the numbers in the summary say. This information will help you have a more productive conversation with your veterinarian and, if necessary, guide him to make the correct diagnosis.

Interpretation of clinical blood test indicators

Let’s take a closer look at what each substance is responsible for and what to look for when interpreting tests in cats.

Hematocrit (HCT). Norm - 24-26%

An increased number indicates a likely increase in the level of red blood cells (erythrocytosis), dehydration, the development of diabetes in the animal, and a decrease in plasma volume in the blood.

A decrease in hematocrit indicates anemia, chronic inflammation of one of the organs, cat starvation, the presence of cancer or internal infusion.

Hemoglobin (HGB). Norm - 80-150 g/l

An elevated hemoglobin level may indicate erythrocytosis or dehydration.

A reading below 80 g/l is a sign of one of several disorders, such as anemia, obvious or hidden blood loss, poisoning, or damage to the hematopoietic organs.

White blood cells (WBC). Norm - 5.5-18.0*109/l

Exceeding the norm: leukemia, development of bacterial infections or inflammatory processes, oncology.

Decreased normal: virus, bone marrow damage, damage to the body due to radioactive radiation.

Red blood cells (RGB). Norm - 5.3-10*10 12 /l

An increased level of red blood cells means the development of erythrocytosis in the body, lack of oxygen, and dehydration of the body. In some cases, it indicates kidney and liver diseases.

A low red blood cell count indicates blood loss (hidden or obvious), anemia, and the presence of chronic inflammation in the body. May appear in the last stages of pregnancy.

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Norm - 0-13 mm/h

An increase in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate clearly indicates a heart attack, the development of cancer, liver and kidney diseases, animal poisoning, and a state of shock. In some cases, it can occur during pregnancy.

There are no reduced indicators in this case.

Neutrophils. The norm for rods is 0-3% of WBC, for segmented ones - 35-75% of WBC

With increased levels, we can talk about the development of acute inflammation (including purulent), leukemia, tissue breakdown due to tumors or poisoning.

If the level of neutrophils is low, then most likely we are dealing with fungal diseases, damage to bone marrow tissue, or anaphylactic shock in the animal.

Important: the first step to diagnosing diseases is testing.

Eosinophils. Normal - 0-4% of WBC

Take a closer look at your pet: does he have a food allergy or intolerance to medications? This is what the increased level of eosinophils indicates. Considering that the minimum threshold for this substance is 0% of WBC, there is no reduced amount.

Monocytes. Normal - 1-4% of WBC

An increase in monocytes in the blood often occurs against the background of the development of fungus in the body (including a viral nature), as well as with protozoal diseases, tuberculosis, and enteritis.

An indicator below normal occurs against the background of aplastic anemia or when taking corticosteroid drugs.

Lymphocytes. Normal - 20-55% of WBC

Increased: leukemia, toxoplasmosis, viral infection.

Decreased: presence of a malignant tumor, immunodeficiency of the body, pancytopenia, kidney and/or liver damage.

Platelets (PLT). Norm - 300-630*10 9 /l

Exceeding the norm often indicates bleeding, a tumor (benign or malignant), and the presence of chronic inflammation. Often the platelet level increases after surgery or against the background of corticosteroids.

A low platelet count indicates infection or bone marrow disease. However, in veterinary practice there are cases when a low number of platelets in the blood is normal.

Biochemical blood test: interpretation

Using a biochemical blood test, you can determine the quality of functioning of internal organs. The objects of research are enzymes and substrates.

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Norm - 19-79 units.

An increased content may indicate the destruction of liver cells, hepatitis, liver tumors, burns and poisoning, as well as a deterioration in the elasticity of muscle tissue in the animal’s body.

A decrease in ALT levels, as a rule, has no diagnostic value. That is, if you see an indicator below 19 in the analysis, do not rush to panic.

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The norm is 9-30 units.

Often the norm is exceeded in case of liver disease, damage to the heart muscle or stroke. However, this can be seen not only from the analysis, but also from a visual inspection. If everything is normal with the cat, then most likely it has damaged its muscles. A reduced reading usually does not play a role in diagnosing the disease.

Creatine phosphokinase (CPK). Norm - 150-798 units.

It increases due to a heart attack or stroke, as well as against the background of muscle injuries, poisoning or coma. A reduced indicator does not affect the diagnostic breakdown.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The norm for adults is 39-55 units.

An increased level of phosphatase in the normal condition of the animal may indicate pregnancy or healing of previously occurring fractures. In the presence of related symptoms, it often signals tumors in bone tissue, blockage of the bile ducts, or diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

A reduced indicator indicates the development of anemia, hypothyroidism, and acute lack of vitamin C.

Alpha amylase. Norm - 580-1600 units.

Alpha-amylase tends to increase due to diabetes, as well as with lesions of the pancreas, renal failure or intestinal volvulus. If the indicator is below normal, then the cat is likely developing pancreatic insufficiency, which also does not bode well.

Glucose. Normal - 3.3-6.3 mmol/l

Almost always, an increase in glucose levels indicates diabetes in a cat or diseases of the pancreas. Glucose often increases due to stress or shock. In rare cases, it is one of the symptoms of Cushing's syndrome.

A decrease in glucose indicates malnutrition, poisoning or tumors.

Total bilirubin. Normal - 3.0-12 mmol/l

In 99% of cases, bilirubin increases due to liver disease (most often hepatitis) and blockage of the bile ducts. The destruction of blood cells is also possible, which is also indicated by an increase in bilirubin.

If the level of this substance in the blood is reduced, then your pet may have anemia or bone marrow disease.

Urea. Normal - 5.4-12.0 mmol/l

Did you see that the urea content in the tests exceeded the norm? Be prepared for the vet to indicate kidney failure or intoxication in the body. However, most often this indicator increases against the background of a diet rich in proteins, as well as the stressful state of the animal. Low urea content, as a rule, indicates a lack of protein in food.

Cholesterol. 2-6 mmol/l

As in humans, an increase in the level of cholesterol in the blood of an animal occurs against the background of developing atherosclerosis. In some cases, an increased rate is a consequence of liver disease or hypothyroidism. On the contrary, low cholesterol levels indicate starvation or neoplasms of various natures.

To make an accurate diagnosis, the veterinarian usually looks at the results together. And if the same disease is traced by several indicators at once, it is diagnosed after additional studies (X-ray, ultrasound, palpation, etc.).

Clinical blood test.

Test material: venous, capillary blood

Taking: When taking blood, it is necessary to follow the rules of asepsis and antisepsis in accordance with the instructions. If possible, blood is taken on an empty stomach into a clean (preferably disposable) tube with an anticoagulant (K3EDTA, K2EDTA, Na2EDTA, less commonly sodium citrate, sodium oxalate) (test tube with a green or lilac cap). Heparin should not be used! It is necessary to correctly calculate the amount of anticoagulant. After drawing blood, the tube should be mixed smoothly.
When drawing blood into a syringe, transfer it into the test tube immediately and slowly, preventing foaming. DON'T SHAKE!!!

Storage: Blood is stored for no more than 6-8 hours at room temperature, 24 hours in the refrigerator.

Delivery: Blood tubes must be labeled and tightly closed. During transportation, the material should be protected from the harmful effects of the environment and weather conditions. DON'T SHAKE!!!

-exceeding the concentration of the anticoagulant causes wrinkling and hemolysis of erythrocytes, as well as a decrease in ESR;
- heparin affects the color and staining of blood cells, the count of leukocytes;
- high concentration of EDTA increases the number of platelets;
- intense shaking of the blood leads to hemolysis;
- a decrease in hemoglobin and red blood cells can occur due to the action of drugs that can cause the development of aplastic anemia (antitumor, anticonvulsants, heavy metals, antibiotics, analgesics).
- biseptol, vitamin A, corticotropin, cortisol - increase ESR.

Hemogram.

Leukocyte formula.

Leukocyte formula - the percentage of different forms of leukocytes in the blood (in a stained smear). Changes in the leukocyte formula may be typical for a particular disease.

Biochemical blood test.

Material to be tested: serum, less commonly plasma.

Taking: On an empty stomach, always before diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. The blood is taken into a dry, clean tube (preferably disposable) (tube with a red cap). Use a needle with a large lumen (without a syringe, except for difficult veins). The blood should flow down the wall of the tube. Mix smoothly and close tightly. DON'T SHAKE! DO NOT FOAM!
Compression of the vessel during blood collection should be minimal.

Storage: Serum or plasma should be separated as quickly as possible. Depending on the parameters required for research, the material is stored from 30 minutes (at room temperature) to several weeks in frozen form (the sample can be thawed only once).

Delivery: Test tubes must be signed. Blood should be delivered as quickly as possible in a cooler bag. DON'T SHAKE!
DO NOT deliver blood in a syringe.

Factors influencing results:
- with prolonged compression of the vessel, the concentrations of proteins, lipids, bilirubin, calcium, potassium, enzyme activity increase when studying
- plasma cannot be used to determine potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, etc.,
- it should be taken into account that the concentration of some indicators in serum and plasma is different
Concentrations in serum are greater than in plasma: albumin, alkaline phosphatase, glucose, uric acid, sodium, OB, TG, amylase
Serum concentration equal to plasma: ALT, bilirubin, calcium, CPK, urea
Concentrations in serum are less than in plasma: AST, potassium, LDH, phosphorus
- hemolyzed serum and plasma are not suitable for determining LDH, Iron, AST, ALT, potassium, magnesium, creatinine, bilirubin, etc.
- at room temperature after 10 minutes there is a tendency for glucose concentration to decrease,
- high concentrations of bilirubin, lipemia and turbidity of samples overestimate cholesterol values,
- bilirubin of all fractions is reduced by 30-50% if serum or plasma is exposed to direct daylight for 1-2 hours,
- physical activity, fasting, obesity, food intake, trauma, surgery, intramuscular injections cause an increase in a number of enzymes (AST, ALT, LDH, CPK),
- it should be taken into account that in young animals the activity of LDH, alkaline phosphatase, and amylase is higher than in adults.

Blood chemistry

Hormone research.

Material to be tested: blood serum (at least 0.5 ml for the study of one hormone), do not use PLASMA!

Collection: On an empty stomach, take blood into a clean, dry test tube (test tube with a red cap). Separate the serum immediately, avoid hemolysis!
When repeating tests, take blood only under the same conditions as before.

Storage, delivery: freeze the serum immediately! Re-freezing is excluded. Deliver on the day the material is collected.

Factors influencing results:
- concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) fluctuate throughout the day (max - early morning, min - second half of the day),
- estradiol, testosterone, progesterone, thyrotropin (TSH) - stable in serum at room temperature for 1 day, frozen for 3 days,
- for the study of sex hormones, you should avoid taking estrogens 3 days before donating blood,
- for the study of T4 (thyroxine), exclude drugs with iodine for a month, thyroid drugs for 2-3 days,
- before carrying out the analysis, you need to exclude physical activity and stress,
- lower the level of hormones: anabolic steroids, progesterone, glucocorticoids, dexamethasone, ampicillin, etc.,
- increase the level of hormones: ketoconazole, furosemide, acetylsalicylic acid.

Study of the hemostasis system.

Test material: venous blood (serum, plasma), capillary blood. Anticoagulant - sodium citrate 3.8% in a ratio of 1/9 (test tube with blue cap).

Collection: blood is taken on an empty stomach, with a wide bore needle without a syringe. The time for squeezing the vein with a tourniquet should be minimal. The first 2-3 drops merge, because... they may contain tissue thromboplastin. The blood is taken by gravity, slowly mixed in a test tube, DO NOT SHAKE!

Storage, delivery: the study is carried out immediately. Before centrifugation, the tubes are placed in an ice bath.

Factors influencing results:
- the exact ratio of the amount of blood and anticoagulant (9:1) is critical. If the volume of anticoagulant does not correspond to a high hematocrit value, the prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) increase,
- heparin, carbenicillin and tissue fluid entering the sample (during venipuncture) - increase clotting time,
- prothrombin time is increased by anabolic steroids, antibiotics, anticoagulants, acetylsalicylic acid in large doses, laxatives, nicotinic acid, thiazide diuretics.

Hemogram of cats of different ages and sexes (R.W. Kirk)

Biochemical blood test in units. SI (norm for cats, R.W. Kirk)

The health of an animal is determined in part by its behavior. A physically healthy animal will always be active, cheerful and cheerful. But a sick animal, on the contrary, will be lethargic, boring, with a loss of excitement in its eyes. Monitoring the pet's health is the first thing its owner should do. Often it is possible to accurately determine the diagnosis and condition of the pet

Animals are, after all, just like people, and when they get sick, they require increased attention. Just as people, when they feel a loss of strength, go to see a doctor, so an animal, in case of obvious signs of ill health, should be taken to a veterinarian. Only in this case will you receive a complete answer to the question: “What’s wrong with your favorite furry?” Some cases will require taking a biochemical blood test from the animal.

Biochemistry is one of the most important tests that clarifies the health status of the animal. By analyzing the data obtained, the veterinarian will be able to further clarify the picture of the cat’s illness.

Why and why you need to do a biochemical blood test in cats

To fully answer the question posed, you need to understand one thing -

the internal processes occurring in the animal’s body are influenced by everything

From the selection of food he eats to his habitat. If we consider the issue of food, the situation today looks like this: a large number of breeders do not know how to select it on their own. And, since they also do not have the time or desire to consult with more experienced specialists, the food chosen “for luck” ultimately turns out to be completely different from what the animal needs for normal metabolic processes. The saddest thing is that it is not possible to see any changes in the animal’s behavior right away, so time will play against you. For this reason, a biochemical blood test is needed and should be performed so that your cat can avoid a number of negative consequences.

If we talk about a simple, routine blood test, then its data will not be able to clarify the picture. Of course, if you come across an experienced specialist with experience, he will be able to determine, based on the data obtained, for example, a lack of iron in the animal’s body, but there are very, very few of them today. It should be remembered that animal analysis is taken strictly on an empty stomach. Now there is a clear awareness that a biochemical blood test in cats is a very important factor for identifying certain disorders in the condition of their body.

Our veterinary center “YA-VET” will be happy to help you with making a diagnosis and taking biomaterial, the main thing is to contact us in time.

What does a biochemical blood test mean in cats?

Specifics never hurt. And you, as the owner, will be more calm if you know what is hidden under this concept. A biochemical blood test in cats is a diagnostic method, thanks to which it is possible to characterize the functional characteristics of the pet’s organs, plus, of course, organ systems. To put it even more simply, the analysis perfectly shows how the animal’s body “works.” Looking ahead a little, it should be said that transcript of the analysis biochemistry is based on the ratio of enzymes, namely substances that accelerate metabolic reactions, and substrates - substances that “modify” the enzyme.

After your animal is taken venous blood sample, it will be labeled and sent for examination. If blood is taken from the animal during the treatment itself, then this is necessary in order to track the dynamics of treatment. Correct something in the prescribed medications, maybe cancel something and generally see how the treatment course is going.

Biochemical blood test in cats. What enzymes does animal blood contain?

The body, as a separate, complex, integral system, contains a number of enzymes, each responsible for something. Let's take a closer look what enzymes does cat blood contain?:

An incredibly important step in almost any research will be what its results show. That is, what data, because the diagnosis by the veterinarian will depend on it. To do this, you need to be able to decipher it correctly, and this also takes time. If you don’t want to waste precious minutes, our veterinary clinic “YA-VET” offers a service - calling a veterinary doctor to your home. The arriving specialist will also present all documents and licenses upon your request, then you will certainly be calm that you are entrusting the animal to the hands of a trusted specialist.

If the blood test for biochemistry is correctly deciphered, it will give that treasured key that will lead to knowledge of the complete state of the pet’s body.

How to decipher a biochemical blood test in cats

First, close attention is paid to the condition of the animal’s kidneys.

The first thing that a biochemical analysis determines in cats is the condition of the kidneys

The second thing that a biochemical blood test in cats will show is liver function.

After the indicators responsible for the functioning of the kidneys have been deciphered, the specialist begins to decipher those indicators that are responsible for the normal functioning of the liver, namely:

Other indicators in decoding - biochemical analysis of the cat

Bottom line. Biochemical blood test in cats

Produce detailed and high-quality transcription such a complex and multi-level analysis as the biochemistry of an animal’s blood, must be a specialist! Our veterinary clinic “YA-VET” is filled with professionals in their field.

When you turn to us for help, you always receive first-class help, support, and a lot of practical advice. Our level of service and examination is very high; in our work we use the best and newest equipment, which also increases professionalism and accuracy in making diagnoses. The animal that lives in your home has its own history, let it extend it by living for many, many more years.

Now, having read the data in the article in its entirety, you understand how valuable normal biochemical blood test values ​​are in your cats!