Adapted characters of succession. Distribution of fruits and seeds in plants, methods. Useful properties of the string

Sexual reproduction in seed plants, which include flowering plants and gymnosperms, is carried out using seeds. In this case, it is usually important that the seeds are at a sufficiently distant distance from the parent plant. In this case, there is a greater chance that young plants will not have to compete for light and water, both among themselves and with the adult plant.

In the process of evolution of the plant world, angiosperms (also known as flowering plants) solved the problem of seed distribution most successfully. They “invented” such an organ as the fetus.

The fruits serve as an adaptation to a particular method of seed dispersal. In fact, most often the fruits spread, and the seeds along with them. Since there are many ways to distribute fruits, there are many varieties of fruits. The main methods of dispersal of fruits and seeds are as follows:

with the help of the wind,

animals (including birds and humans),

self-spreading,

using water.

The fruits of plants that are distributed by the wind have special adaptations that increase their area, but do not increase their mass. These are various fluffy hairs (for example, poplar and dandelion fruits) or wing-shaped outgrowths (like maple fruits). Thanks to such formations, the seeds float in the air for a long time, and the wind carries them further and further from the parent plant.

In the steppe and semi-desert, plants often dry out and the wind breaks them off at the root. Rolled by the wind, dried plants scatter their seeds throughout the area. Such “tumbleweed” plants, one might say, do not even need fruits to spread their seeds, since the plant itself spreads them with the help of the wind.

Seeds of aquatic and semi-aquatic plants are spread with the help of water. The fruits of such plants do not drown, but are carried away by the current (for example, alder growing along the banks). Moreover, these are not necessarily small fruits. In the coconut palm they are large, but light, so they do not sink.

Adaptations of plant fruits to distribution by animals are more diverse. After all, animals, birds and humans can distribute fruits and seeds in different ways.

The fruits of some angiosperms are adapted to cling to animal fur. If, for example, an animal or person walks near a burdock, several thorny fruits will get caught on it. Sooner or later the animal will drop them, but the burdock seeds will already be relatively far from the original place. In addition to the burdock, an example of a plant with fruit-hooks is the succession. Its fruits are of the achene type. However, these achenes have small spines covered with denticles.

Juicy fruits allow plants to spread their seeds with the help of animals and birds that eat these fruits. But how do they spread them if the fruit and seeds along with it are eaten and digested by an animal? The fact is that mainly the juicy part of the pericarp of the fruit is digested, but the seeds are not. They come out of the animal's digestive tract. The seeds end up far from the parent plant and are surrounded by droppings, which, as you know, are a good fertilizer. Therefore, the juicy fruit can be considered one of the most successful achievements in the evolution of living nature.

Humans played a significant role in the dissemination of seeds. Thus, the fruits and seeds of many plants were accidentally or intentionally introduced to other continents, where they were able to take root. As a result, we can now, for example, observe how plants characteristic of Africa grow in America, and plants native to America grow in Africa.

There is an option for spreading seeds using scattering, or rather self-spreading. Of course, this is not the most effective method, since the seeds are still close to the mother plant. However, this method is often observed in nature. Typically, seed dispersal is typical for fruits of the pod, bean and capsule types. When a bean or pod dries out, its flaps curl in different directions and the fruit cracks. Seeds fly out of it with little force. This is how peas, acacia and other legumes spread their seeds.

A fruit capsule (for example, a poppy) sways in the wind, and seeds fall out from it.

However, self-spreading is not limited to dry seeds. For example, in a plant called crazy cucumber, the seeds fly out of the juicy fruit. Mucus accumulates in it, which under pressure is thrown out along with the seeds.

There are more than 200 species of string, which are distributed almost throughout the globe, but mainly in America. Most common in Russia tripartite sequence.

The string is a plant of damp places; it likes to stand directly in the water of small puddles, roadside ditches, village ponds and other warm shallow bodies of water. With a lack of moisture, it can grow, but like a caricature of a normal plant - 3-5 cm tall with one or two pairs of leaves and one inflorescence. Of course, such a “treasure” is not suitable for raw materials. In damp places with good soil, the string reaches a height of two meters.

The fruit of the string is a very characteristic achene shape; it is obovate, tetrahedral, strongly flattened, with two, rarely three or four setae directed upward and covered with sharp denticles directed downwards. These achenes cling to clothing and animal fur and are thus carried over long distances. They ripen in August - October, at which time they can be easily harvested. The shape of the fruits gives the series its Latin name (Bidens), which translates as “two-pronged”.

Medicinal properties. The series is one of the oldest folk remedies. The ancient name of the string is scrofulous herb; it has long been used for metabolic disorders, skin rashes, wounds, as a diuretic and diaphoretic. Currently, it is used for various diathesis.

The herb is used to prepare medicinal baths used in children's practice for various diathesis, accompanied by rash, scrofula, milk scab and seborrhea of ​​the head (scrofula). In this case, the best effect develops when combining baths with taking an infusion or decoction of the string inside. In an experiment on animals, it was found that the sequence causes a decrease in blood pressure and slightly increases the amplitude of heart contractions, and also has a sedative effect. The succession herb, together with tricolor violet and leaves of black currant or bittersweet nightshade, is part of the “averin tea” and is used as an antiscrofulous agent. Oil extracts of the string are recommended for the treatment of difficult-to-heal wounds and ulcers as a means of promoting tissue regeneration.

The herb has diuretic and diaphoretic properties, improves digestion, and normalizes impaired metabolism. The medicinal properties of the preparations of the series, to a certain extent, appear to be determined by the presence of ascorbic acid and manganese, which are important in the physiological transformations of substances. Manganese ions in enzyme systems affect the processes of hematopoiesis, blood clotting, and the activity of the endocrine glands. Oil extracts of the succession herb, containing significant amounts of water-insoluble but highly fat-soluble carotene, have anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties. Tannins, up to 66% of which are polyphenols, give the plant pronounced bactericidal properties.

Dosage forms, route of administration and doses. Infusion of succession herb: 10 g (3 tablespoons) of raw material is placed in an enamel bowl, poured with 200 ml of hot boiled water, heated in a boiling water bath for 15 minutes, cooled at room temperature for 45 minutes, filtered, squeezed. The volume of infusion is adjusted to 200 ml with boiled water. Take 1/3-1/2 cup (adult dose) 3 times a day after meals as an anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic agent. The prepared infusion is stored in a cool place for no more than 2 days. For a bath, take 1 glass of infusion for every 10 liters of water.

Straw grass briquettes are produced in the form of rectangular tiles weighing 75 g, divided into 10 segments. Pour a glass of boiling water over one slice, leave for 10 minutes, and filter. For a bath, take 1 glass. Take 1 tablespoon orally in the morning and evening.

Collection and drying of tripartite string. The raw materials for the string are the ends of shoots with leaves and individual leaves collected during budding. The length of the harvested branches is no more than 15 cm; longer branches are usually bare stems. The shoots are cut off as soon as the buds become clearly visible, without waiting for the inflorescences to bloom, in the most extreme case - at the beginning of flowering. Collected later, during drying they manage to produce prickly seeds that spoil the raw material. With sufficient moisture and careful pruning (if there are several pairs of leaves left from which branches have not yet appeared), the string grows a second time. Do not chase long branches; bare stems contain almost no active ingredients.

When collecting raw materials, the branches are cut with scissors, and individual leaves are torn off the stems. Dry the raw material in a thin layer, turning it over daily and as often as possible, in a room with good ventilation, avoiding direct sunlight - the succession grass is usually very juicy and darkens easily. You can also dry it with heat, but not above 40 °C. When the stems begin to break, stop drying the grass. The shelf life of raw materials is 2 years. But the herb collected in the year of use works better, then the activity decreases. The smell of the raw materials is specific, intensifying when rubbed. The taste is tart, with an acrid aftertaste.

Chemical composition. Seed grass contains significant amounts of carotene (over 50 mg%) and ascorbic acid (up to 70 mg%); as well as flavonoids: butein, isocoreopsin, flavanomerein, luteolin, cynaroside, sulfuretin, sulfurin, maritimethin; coumarins (umbelliferone, scopoletin, esculetin), tannins, some essential oil, mucus, bitterness, lactones, amines. An increased content of manganese was noted.

The leaves and stems of the string are used in the dyeing industry to dye silk and woolen fabrics (depending on the mordant with neutral or acidic extracts) in cream, brown, lemon yellow or light green colors.

Growing a succession of tripartite. Growing a series is not difficult; the seeds are easy to collect in the fall. The string is often found in weedy places, where its characteristic achenes (when the inflorescence matures become like prickly balls) cling to clothing. For the succession, you need to choose a bright place, dig the soil deeply, add a bucket of compost and complete mineral fertilizer (30-40 g) per 1 m2. Sowing of the succession is carried out only before winter, since it requires mandatory stratification. If you have to sow in the spring, then the seeds should be kept moist in the refrigerator at a temperature of 2-3 ° C for at least a month; at a higher temperature they may begin to germinate.

A prerequisite for the germination of row seeds is light, so the crops do not fall asleep, the distance between the rows is 40 cm. It is best to sow on already frozen soil in pre-prepared grooves, about 3 cm deep. In winter, as much snow as possible should be kept in this area so that in the spring provide the seeds with the maximum amount of moisture. To do this, after sowing, you can spread branches or stems of tall plants over the area to retain the snow. And when it melts, the snow retention can be removed.

The succession of shoots will appear 1-2 weeks after the snow melts. At first it grows slowly, requires weeding, then, when the plants close together, you only need to take care of sufficient moisture. As soon as a bud appears on the main shoot, it is better to remove it in order to enhance the development of side shoots, which together will yield much more raw material. The yield of dry grass is 200-250 g/m2.

Central Russia rapidly settled leafy succession. This is an introduced North American plant. Unlike our species, its leaves are more neatly dissected, and the leaf lobes have clearly defined petioles. The outer leaves of the involucre are long, narrow, and leaf-shaped. The leafy plant grows in weedy places, and in damp areas it even displaces native species. Its settlement occurred very quickly: it took only a few decades to develop the territory of central European Russia.

Tripartite string (Bidens tripartita L.)

Description of appearance:
Flowers: Inflorescences - baskets up to 1.5 cm in diameter, with multi-leaf two-row involucres; outer leaflets of the involucre, numbering 5-8, similar in shape to leaves. In each basket the marginal flowers are ligulate, sterile; median - tubular, bisexual; all flowers are yellow. Stems and branches end in 1-4 baskets.
Leaves: Leaves are opposite (the upper ones may be alternate), up to 7 cm long, 3-5 divided (sometimes whole), with serrated lobes and winged petioles.
Height: 30-100 cm.
Stem: Erect branching.
Fruit: Flattened wedge-shaped achenes up to 8 mm long and up to 3 mm wide, equipped with two serrated bristles, with which they cling to animal fur and human clothing and are carried.
It blooms in June-September, the fruits ripen in August-September.
Lifespan: Annual plant.
Habitat: It grows in swamps, damp meadows, along the banks of rivers, lakes and other bodies of water, in roadside ditches and ditches. Prefers well-moistened habitats with rich soils.
Prevalence: A species with a wide range, found in many regions of Eurasia, North America, and Australia. An ordinary plant in many regions of our country, including all regions of Central Russia.

Radiant string (Bidens radiata Thuill.)

Description of appearance:
Flowers: The baskets are flat, their diameter is twice the height. The outer leaves of the involucre are leaf-shaped, 10-14 in number, significantly larger than the involucre and surround it in the form of rays. The marginal flowers are false-lingulate, golden-yellow, sterile; median - tubular, bisexual.
Leaves: Leaves are opposite, yellowish-green, three to five-parted or dissected, with lanceolate or ovate-rhombic serrated-toothed lobules, sometimes partially entire.
Height: 20-100 cm.
Stem: Stems are erect, branched at the top, glabrous or slightly pubescent.
Fruit: Flattened wedge-shaped achenes with a diameter of about 4 mm; The awns are equal in length to the achene or slightly shorter than it; the achenes are naked, but along the edges and spines they bear setae facing downwards.
Flowering and fruiting time: Blooms in July-September.
Lifespan: Annual plant.
Habitat: Sera radiata grows on the banks of reservoirs and shallows.
Prevalence: Widely distributed in Eurasia, including throughout Russia, except for desert and Arctic regions. In Central Russia it is found, probably, in all areas of the non-chernozem zone; further south it is rare.
Addition: Medicinal plant. It is used in the same way as the tripartite sequence, and when preparing raw materials these types are usually not distinguished.

Drooping string (Bidens cernua L.)

Description of appearance:
Flowers: Baskets drooping, 10-20 mm wide, flattened, on long stalks. The outer involucre leaves are 5-9, green, oblong-linear, short-ciliated along the edge, noticeably longer than the brownish-greenish inner ones, almost equal in length to the flowers. The marginal flowers in the baskets are false-lingulate, golden-yellow, sterile; median - tubular, bisexual.
Leaves: Leaves are opposite, entire, lanceolate, sparsely serrate-toothed along the edges, sessile, almost fused at the bases.
Height: 15-100 cm.
Stem: Stems are erect, glabrous or covered with protruding glandular hairs.
Fruit: 3-4-sided pyramidal achenes, with 3-4 equal awns, which are half as long as the achenes.
Flowering and fruiting time: It blooms in June-September, the achenes ripen in July-October.
Lifespan: Annual plant.
Habitat: The drooping string grows along the banks of reservoirs, swamps, ditches, and swampy places.
Prevalence: Eurasian-North American species. Distributed throughout Russia, including all central Russian regions.
Addition: Medicinal plant. It is used in the same way as the tripartite sequence, and when preparing raw materials these types are usually not distinguished. Previously, the raw materials of this plant were used to dye wool bright yellow.

Leafy string (Bidens frondosa L.)

Description of appearance:
Flowers: The baskets are erect. The marginal flowers are false-lingulate, golden-yellow, sterile; median - tubular, bisexual; the bracts at the apex are quickly pointed.
Leaves: Leaves are opposite, trifoliate or pinnate, with petioles; leaf segments (at least apical) with well-defined petioles.
Height: 20-90 cm.
Stem: Stems are erect.
Fruit: Flattened wedge-shaped achenes, densely seated with warts, pubescent over the entire surface with appressed hairs; along the edges of the achene the hairs are directed upward; achenes with two awns (sometimes there are 3-4 awns, but in such cases two of them are longer than the others).
Flowering and fruiting time: It blooms in July-September, the achenes ripen in July-October.
Lifespan: Annual plant.
Habitat: The deciduous tree grows along the banks of reservoirs, in damp forests, on roadsides, in quarries, on vacant lots, and embankments.
Prevalence: An American plant that has been intensively spreading in recent years in European Russia along railways and in populated areas. In Central Russia it is common in all regions.

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Seed grass - HerbaBidentis

Tripartite succession - Bidens tripartita L.

Aster family - Asteraceae

Other names:

- scrofulous herb

- bident

- goat horns

- dog owner

- Chernobrivets

-marsh

- prichepa

- dog burrs

- arrow

Botanical characteristics. An annual herbaceous plant with a height of 15 to 100 cm. The roots are taprooted and branched. The stem is round, oppositely branched. The leaves are short-petiolate, tripartite, with a larger lanceolate and serrate middle lobe along the edge, arranged oppositely. Baskets, often single at the ends of branches, with a two-row involucre. The flowers are tubular and dirty yellow. The fruit is a wedge-shaped achene, flattened, 6-8 mm long, with two “tenacious” awns at the apex. It blooms from June to September, bears fruit in August-September. A possible admixture is other species of the succession growing together. The medicinal properties of the series radiata and drooping have been studied and confirmed, but they are not yet harvested, just like the sapling.

Spreading. Everywhere, except the Far North.

Habitat. The plant is moisture-loving. It grows in damp places, in swamps, along the banks of rivers and streams, and in gardens as a weed.

Harvesting, primary processing and drying. Harvesting is carried out in the phase of budding and the beginning of flowering, cutting off the leafy tops and their lateral branches up to 15 cm long and individual leaves. This is done manually or using a sickle or knife. On plantations, the rows are harvested using forage harvesters, chopping the entire above-ground part and removing thick stems.

To dry, the grass in successions is laid out in a thin layer on a tarpaulin or racks and turned over daily. When drying in artificial dryers, the grass can be heated to 35-40°C.

Standardization. The quality of raw materials is regulated by the State Fund XI; Change 1.

External signs.Whole raw materials. These are leafy stems and their pieces, whole or crushed leaves and flowering baskets. Leaves are opposite, on short petioles fused at the bases; the middle ones are three- and five-partite with lanceolate serrated lobes, the apical ones are entire, broadly lanceolate, up to 15 cm long. The buds are round, somewhat flattened on top, sometimes blossoming baskets. Each basket is surrounded by double wrapping; the receptacle is flat, seated with narrow membranous bracts. The flowers are all tubular, with two serrated awns instead of a calyx. The color of the leaves is green or brownish-green, the flowers are yellow. The taste is bitter, slightly astringent. The smell is weak.

Crushed raw materials. Pieces of leaves, stems, buds and flowers passing through a 7mm sieve. The color is green, brownish-green or greenish-violet with dirty yellow patches. Smell and taste like whole raw materials.

The tripartite succession can be confused with the drooping succession Bidens cernua L., the grass of which cannot be harvested. It is distinguished by simple, entire, lanceolate leaves and drooping baskets.

Microscopy. Secretory ducts with reddish-brown contents along the veins and along the edge of the leaf are of diagnostic value. In addition, simple caterpillar-shaped hairs with thin walls are found throughout the plate, and along the edges and veins there are simple hairs with thick walls and longitudinal folding of the cuticle.

Numerical indicators.Whole raw materials. Humidity no more than 13%; total ash no more than 14%; yellowed, browned and blackened parts of the plant no more than 8%; stems, including those separated during analysis, no more than 40%; organic impurities - no more than 3%, mineral - no more than 1%.

Crushed raw materials. Humidity no more than 13%; total ash no more than 14%; yellowed, browned and blackened particles no more than 8%; pieces of stems no more than 40%; particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm, no more than 10%; particles passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 0.5 mm, no more than 15%; organic impurity no more than 3%; mineral impurity no more than 1%.

Qualitative reactions. The authenticity of the raw materials is also confirmed by qualitative reactions. When scanning chromatograms of the obtained alcoholic extracts from the succession herb under UV light, flavonoid spots are detected on paper when separated. When 95% alcohol is added to aqueous extracts, polysaccharides precipitate.

Quantitative assessment of raw materials. It is carried out according to the content of polysaccharides, which is determined by the gravimetric method.

The raw material must contain at least 3.5% polysaccharides.

Distinctive features of various types of succession and accompanying plants

Security measures. The plant is cultivated. When harvesting in meadows, you should not trample down the rows and grass cover.

Chemical composition. The herb contains essential oil, flavonoids, cinnamic acid derivatives, tannins with a high content of polyphenol fraction (the largest amount in the budding phase), polysaccharides (2.46%, GF XI not less than 3.5%), carotenoids and carotene (accumulate over time). flowering up to 50-60 mg% at the tops), ascorbic acid (during flowering up to 950 mg%), coumarins, chalcones. The plant is capable of accumulating manganese.

Storage. In a dry place, packed in bales, bales or bags. Shelf life: 3 years.

Pharmacological properties. A tincture of string, injected into the vein of an animal, has sedative properties, lowers blood pressure, and at the same time slightly increases the amplitude of heart contractions. Experiments revealed antiallergic properties of the herb preparations, which are explained by the high content of ascorbic acid in the plant, which stimulates the function of the adrenal glands and has a diverse effect on metabolic processes in the body. The antiallergic effect is manifested by weakening the symptoms of experimental anaphylactic shock and delaying the development of the Arthus phenomenon in animals. When the pituitary gland was removed in experimental animals, no antiallergic effect of the sequence was observed.

The complex of flavonoids and polysaccharides, a series of tripartite, drooping and radial, has true choleretic properties. The combination of flavonoids and polysaccharides of the drooping chain in the experiment surpasses flamin in its stimulating effect on the cholate-synthesizing function, increases the content of conjugated bile acids and the cholate-cholesterol coefficient of bile. Flavonoids have hepatoprotective properties, which include choleretic, cholate-stimulating, anti-inflammatory and capillary-strengthening components. The combination of flavonoids and water-soluble polysaccharides in the series helps to improve the absorption of the plant complex of the series and increase its activity. In the experiment, flavonoids from a series of tripartite and droopingweed eliminated the effect of hepatotropic poisons, restored bile secretion and the level of cholates to control levels. Manganese ions found in the plant also affect metabolism. They are part of various enzyme systems, affect the processes of hematopoiesis, the function of the liver cell, the tone of the walls of blood vessels, bile ducts, and are able to prevent the formation of intravascular blood clots.

In the experiment, essential extracts from the string have an antimicrobial effect against gram-positive bacteria and some pathogenic fungi. Flavonoid compounds of the string (flavones and chalcones) have bacteriostatic and insecticidal properties. The antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of the string preparations are also associated with tannins, which are dominated by simple polyphenols in structure, which have more pronounced antimicrobial properties than tannins such as tannins.

The pronounced antimicrobial properties of the string are also associated with the high content of manganese in its preparations.

Sequence preparations, when applied topically, improve tissue trophism; In case of thermal burn in animals, alcoholic extracts of the string have an anti-inflammatory and protective effect.

Medicines. Herb strings, briquettes, infusions.

Application. The series is one of the oldest folk medicines. The series is taken internally as a diuretic, diaphoretic and antipyretic in the form of infusions and “teas”.

For diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract, the following medicinal mixture is recommended: string 2 parts, bearberry 3 parts, birch buds 1 part. A decoction is prepared from the collection.

The sequence is used for psoriasis, microbial eczema, athlete's foot, and alopecia areata. For psoriasis, the series is taken orally as an infusion (20.0:200.0). Take the infusion 1/4 cup 2-3 times a day.

For urticaria, a medicinal mixture is used, which includes succession herb, nettle leaves, yarrow herb (or flowers), black currant leaves, burdock roots and strawberry leaves. To prepare the infusion, take 1 tablespoon of each plant and pour 1 liter of cold water, boil over low heat for 10 minutes, filter and take 2 tablespoons every hour until the rash disappears.

A mixture of string, nettle leaves, yarrow flowers, black currant leaves 10 g each, tricolor violet herb (20 g), burdock root (15 g) and strawberry leaves (15 g) is used for skin diseases in the form of a decoction (1 tablespoon of the mixture per 200 ml water).

For skin diseases (diathesis) and rickets, the series is also used in the form of an infusion (of 10-30 g of herb) for a bath. The infusion is poured into the bath and 100 g of table or sea salt is added. The water temperature in the bath is 37-38°C. For weeping eczema and diathesis, general and local baths with succession grass, oak bark and chamomile flowers are prescribed. Take 1 tablespoon of each plant, infuse in 1 liter of cold water for 10-12 hours. Then bring to a boil, filter and pour the infusion into the bath (for a baby bath, 10 liters of water, temperature 37-38°C). When bathing a patient with exudative diathesis and skin rashes, the concentration of the series can be increased by 2-3 times. For all types of local itchy dermatoses, local baths are used (for example, for the extremities; sitz baths for itching of the perineum in patients with diabetes, for hemorrhoids). For itching in the back, neck, axillary and groin areas, applications of steamed herb or compresses with strong infusions can be recommended. For neurodermatitis accompanied by severe itching, an infusion of the series is used in the form of applications with local anesthetic substances (Novocaine, anesthesin). For weeping diathesis in children, moisten the fabric with a decoction of the string and apply it to the skin, changing the lotions 5-6 times a day. For inflammation, lotions are used cold.

Externally, the series is also used in the treatment of purulent wounds and trophic ulcers with signs of inflammation. The sequence dries the wound surface and promotes faster healing of the affected skin areas. The series is used to prepare baths, lotions and rubdowns for microbial eczema of the feet, epidermophytosis (the best results were obtained in the treatment of the intertriginous form of epidermophytosis).

The series is used as a cosmetic product for acne and seborrhea. Use a decoction of the string to wash your face and make cosmetic masks. Seed grass comes to pharmacies in 100 g bags or in special briquettes.

Infusion of herb (Infusum herbae Bidentis): place 10 g of herb in an enamel bowl, add 200 ml of water at room temperature, cover with a lid, heat in a boiling water bath with frequent stirring for 15 minutes, cool at room temperature for 45 minutes, filter, add water up to 200 ml. Take 1 tablespoon 2-3 times a day.

belongs to the family of Compositae plants, annual. The string can grow up to only one meter in height. The root of this plant is taproot, thin, densely branched. The stem of the plant is red and single. Leaves on short petioles grow on it oppositely.

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The series is characterized by tubular flowers of a dirty yellow color. The flowers are collected in inflorescences-baskets, several in each. The inflorescences are located at the very top of the stem.

The fruits of the succession are presented in the form of flattened achenes with jagged awns. Awns are hairs that have the property of clinging to animal fur. In this way the series spreads. The flowering period of the series falls from mid-summer to September. In September-October the fruits of the succession ripen.

The distribution areas of the series are the entire territory of Ukraine and Russia, Siberia, the Caucasus, and the Far East. The preferred habitats for the string are the banks of lakes, streams and rivers, swamps and fields.

Growing and propagating the string

This plant loves humid and moderate climatic conditions. If succession seeds are sown in the field, they will germinate very slowly. The series will grow better on loamy or light sandy soil.

If the seeds are sown in the spring, then before sowing they need to be stratified for three weeks. One day before sowing the seeds, the soil must be fertilized with organic and potassium supplements. During the growing season, the soil needs to be loosened and weeded.

Seedlings will appear two to three weeks after sowing the seeds. It is necessary to constantly monitor the soil, as weeds will choke the row and allow it to develop.

Beneficial features

The series has diuretic and diaphoretic properties, helps normalize the metabolic system, improves digestive processes in the body, has anti-allergenic and anti-inflammatory properties. The series also contains substances that improve hematopoiesis and blood clotting.

Application

In folk medicine, leaves and herbs are used, from which various decoctions and infusions are prepared for internal and external use.

Medicines made on the basis of the series are recommended to be taken for bleeding and skin diseases, to lower blood pressure, as well as for the treatment of splenic and liver diseases, bronchitis, and diabetes. The Series is also used to treat rheumatism, osteochondrosis, and malignant tumors.

Externally, the series is used to treat furunculosis, ulcers, wounds, and diathesis. A decoction of the string is used for arthritis, rickets, and gout. Fresh leaves of the string can be applied to wounds. Fright in children is also treated using baths from the series. The series is used as an antidote to treat snake and insect bites.
A tincture made from a string is used to improve appetite and normalize the metabolic process. It is recommended to drink an infusion of string to treat scrofula, psoriasis, and scabies.

Methods for preparing medicinal products

To prepare an infusion from the string, you need to do the following: take three tsp. dried herbs, pour one liter of boiling water over them and leave to steep for twelve hours. After this, the resulting infusion must be filtered. Take 70 ml three times a day before meals. The infusion can be drunk with the addition of a small amount of honey.

To improve appetite, you can prepare a tincture from the string. To do this, you need to take 20 grams of crushed string and pour vodka (100 ml) into it. Leave to infuse for two weeks, shaking from time to time. The strained tincture should be taken a few tablespoons before meals.

Contraindications

Children should not take this mixture for a long time, as it may cause harm to the child. It is advisable to use the series for medicinal purposes only after consultation with a doctor and under his supervision. In case of self-treatment, the series should be taken in very small doses.

For furunculosis, you can use an infusion of string and lingonberry leaves. To prepare this infusion, you need to take one tablespoon of these herbs, pour 200 ml of boiling water over them and leave for one hour, then strain. Drink 50 ml two to four times a day for 14 days.

Syn.: scrofulous grass, string, goat horns, trailer, marsh arrow, bident, dog lover, shabashnik, dog burrs.

A herbaceous weed that has long been used for skin diseases in both adults and children.

Ask the experts a question

In medicine

An infusion of the herb is used internally for colds; externally - for exudative diathesis, pyoderma, atopic dermatitis, eczema with various etiologies.

Seed grass is a component of the Elakosept ® collection.

For children

The string is one of the most popular medicinal plants, which is used for bathing children. An infusion of string is often used to treat various childhood allergic diseases: diathesis accompanied by urticaria, pruritus, seborrhea of ​​the head. You can bathe babies in a bath with an infusion of string from birth.

In cosmetology

The series is an affordable and popular product that is widely used in cosmetology. A decoction of the string helps to care for oily skin, eliminates wounds and cracks on the skin, acne, and oily shine. If you freeze the decoction from the string in special molds, it can be used for cryomassage. This procedure tones the skin, keeps it young, invigorates and refreshes. Fresh leaves of the string are used to prepare nourishing, whitening masks, and the infusion of the string is used to rinse the head for seborrhea and hair loss. You can prepare hand cream at home. To do this, one teaspoon of herb tincture is mixed with 50 g of butter and one teaspoon of honey. The prepared cream is stored in the refrigerator.

Healing baths with an infusion of string are a source of health and beauty, an excellent remedy for increasing the body's defenses and its resistance to adverse influences. For sweaty feet, tired legs, peeling, and redness of the skin, foot baths made from herb are effective.

Classification

Tripartite row (lat. Bidens tripartita L.) belongs to the aster family (lat. Asteraceae). The genus series includes over 200 species of plants growing in temperate and tropical regions of the globe.

Botanical description

Sequence tripartite is an annual herbaceous plant 30-100 cm high. The roots are taprooted, highly branched. Stems are solitary with opposite branching. The leaves are short-petiolate, opposite, mostly tripartite, dark green. The flowers are yellow, tubular, collected in single inflorescences of the basket. Each basket is surrounded by a double wrapper. As the fruits fade and form, the baskets darken and turn brown. The fruits are wedge-shaped compressed achenes with one longitudinal rib, obovate, with points at the top. The achenes are seated with denticles facing downwards, and there are denticles on the ribs of the achenes. The length of the achene is 5-8 mm, width 2-3 mm. The plant blooms from late June to September, bears fruit from late September.

Spreading

The series grows in almost all regions of the European part of Russia (except for the Far North), as well as in Western Siberia, Central Asia, the Far East and the North Caucasus. Distributed in Belarus and Ukraine. It grows as a weed in damp places, in floodplains, near streams and swamps.

Regions of distribution on the map of Russia.

Procurement of raw materials

The herb (Bidentis herba) is used as a medicinal raw material. The grass is collected in the phase of budding and the beginning of flowering. To do this, cut off the leafy tops 10-15 cm long. Dry the grass in attics, in the shade under a canopy with good ventilation, or in dryers at a temperature of 40-45 ° C.

Chemical composition

The herb contains carotene, essential oil, bitterness, vitamin C, tannins, mucus, lactones, amines, macro- and microelements. The following flavonoids have been isolated from the plant: luteolin, isocoreopsin, cynaroside, butein, sulfuretin, sulfurin, umbelliferone, scopoletin and esculetin.

Pharmacological properties

The herb has many medicinal properties. The anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties of the plant are attributed to the polyphenolic compounds that make up the tannins.

Oil extracts of the succession herb, containing significant amounts of carotene, highly soluble in fats, also have anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties.

The medicinal properties of the preparations of the series depend to a certain extent on ascorbic acid and manganese, which are important in physiological processes. Manganese ions in enzyme systems affect the processes of hematopoiesis, blood clotting, and the activity of the endocrine glands.

The effectiveness of using succession preparations in the treatment of patients with allergic skin diseases is also associated with the choleretic effect of the plant. The substances contained in the tripartite series are true choleretics (Isakova, 1980). Flavonoids and polysaccharides of the plant, acting together, influence the choleretic function of the liver.

The tincture of the series, when administered intravenously, has sedative properties, lowers blood pressure, increases the amplitude of heart contractions, and somewhat enhances the contraction of smooth muscle organs.

As a diaphoretic, diuretic, vitamin and anti-allergic agent, the herb is taken orally for colds.

Since the plant improves metabolism, it is currently used for various diathesis accompanied by urticarial rash, scrofulosis, neurodermatitis and seborrheic lesions of the scalp. Externally, the infusion of the plant is used to prepare herbal baths and herbal applications for patients with skin diseases. At the same time, the series dries the wound surface and promotes faster healing of the affected areas of the skin.

In a clinical study of the alcoholic extract and ointment from the string, anti-inflammatory properties were noted, as well as the ability of the string preparations to stimulate the function of the adrenal cortex. Alcohol extract and ointment from the string were used in patients with psoriasis for 12-15 days. At the same time, by the end of the 1st week of treatment, the peeling of the skin in patients decreased, and flattening and blanching of psoriatic plaques was observed. By the end of the 2nd week, the string extract was stopped taken orally and only ointment therapy was continued. Thus, as a result of treatment, 96% of patients experienced complete cure or improvement, and only for 4% of patients therapy was unsuccessful. It is worth noting that during the course of treatment, the patients did not make any complaints about the drugs in the series.

Various preparations are prepared from the string herb: infusions, tinctures, bath compositions, ointments with plant extract.

Use in folk medicine

The medicinal properties of the string have long been used in folk medicine in various countries.

In Russian folk medicine, the string is used as a diuretic and diaphoretic, for respiratory diseases, scrofula and metabolic disorders, scurvy, for blood diseases, for scabies, lichen, sluggish digestion, toothaches, as an antiallergic, antidiathetic agent. The herb in the form of an infusion is sometimes used as a vitamin remedy for lung diseases, ulcerative processes on the skin and ulcerative colitis.

An infusion of the herb is used internally for salt deposition, rheumatism, bleeding, hypertension, nervous disorders, to improve appetite, for urticaria, and pruritus.

A decoction of the strings is washed to make the skin soft, for acne and pimples, used for bathing children, and also for lotions for skin diseases.

Seed tea is a fairly common home remedy for scrofula, scrofula and diathesis in children. A mixture of string grass and lingonberry leaves is prescribed as a collection that improves metabolism in cases of furunculosis and eczema.

Oil extracts of the string herb are used to treat difficult-to-heal wounds and ulcers. The crushed leaves of the string are applied to the sites of poisonous insect bites.

In Tibetan medicine, the plant is used for anemia, atherosclerosis, anthrax; in Chinese medicine - in the form of an infusion orally as an antipyretic and for tuberculosis, atopic dermatitis, seborrheic, microbial eczema; in Japan - as an antipyretic.

Historical reference

Among the people, the tripartite string has many names: scrofulous grass, goat's horns, marsh black-brown grass, dog's burrs, bident. The popularity of the plant in Russia was so great that its harvesting was carried out in 29 provinces. For a long time, the string was used only within the country; its medicinal properties were not recognized in the West. But Chinese and Tibetan traditional medicine recommended it for dysentery, eczema, and joint diseases.

In a Russian medicinal herbal book of 1893 it is written that the string is “useful for coughs...for diluting thick phlegm, the green herb applied to a wound from poisonous snakes soon heals it.” The tripartite sequence is described in the first three editions of the Russian Pharmacopoeia (1866-1880). The plant was then undeservedly excluded from the pharmacopoeia for more than a hundred years and appeared only in the 1990 edition.

Literature

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2. State Register of Medicines. Moscow 2004.

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