A quarry is a place for open-pit mining. Career

Sand mining in a quarry has many nuances. Natural sand, mined in natural conditions, is a rock with a loose structure. The mixture may include various grains of natural minerals. Different types of sand are successfully used for construction. In most cases, river or quarry is used, but the second type is in great demand due to its low price and good properties. To purchase the necessary high-quality material for construction, you will need to study all the main characteristics and types of quarry sand. And to find out how to open a sand mining business, you will need to familiarize yourself with the possible expenses and the list of necessary documents.

The main property of sand extracted from quarries is the absence of various impurities, as well as its maximum purity.

There are also a number of unchanged characteristics:

1. The fraction can vary in size from 1.5 to 5 mm.
2. Sand contains a small amount of dust, clay, and other impurities. This figure does not exceed 0.03%. If the value is exceeded, the quality of the composition deteriorates greatly and the material becomes unsuitable for construction needs.
3. The density of sand is 1.6 grams per cubic centimeter.

These are the main characteristics of quarry sand that you should pay special attention to when purchasing. Even minor changes can lead to major changes in the properties of the composition.

Quarry sand is divided into fine, coarse and medium fractions. This parameter should also be clarified upon purchase, since the diameter of the sand grains is very important during construction and mixing of cement composition.

The shades of the material can also vary greatly from each other and have a brown or amber-yellow color - depending on the quarry being mined, as well as the location of the deposit. This parameter must be taken into account only in the case of decorative sand treatment of some surface. During construction, the color indicator does not matter.

Varieties

Quarry sand is a unique material for construction needs, which can also be successfully used in industry and the national economy. Arrangement of a private territory or construction of a road surface - the material is of key importance in these processes. And this explains the increased demand for sand from the quarry.

Since mining sites can be located at a considerable distance from each other, the composition of the resulting material varies. For this reason, each type of sand has a different structure, composition, and grain size. To find out the final properties of sand, it is also necessary to study the methods of its extraction:

1. Screening.
2. Washing.
3. Open method.

All this will directly affect the type of material obtained.

According to the processing method that is used after obtaining the material, sand is divided into several varieties.

Alluvial

Alluvial sand is mined in quarries and other deposits using hydromechanical equipment. Using this technology, sand is obtained as clean as possible; it does not contain various impurities and other components harmful to the characteristics.

The equipment used makes it possible to immediately remove all unnecessary components during mining by leaching. That is why the method got its name - alluvial. This type of sand is the most appropriate for the production of bricks and concrete, and it is also often used in the construction of various types of premises, reinforced concrete products, and road construction.

Seeded

The name of the method speaks for itself. Screened sand is extracted using technical-mechanical screening, as a result of which the material is separated from large stones and particles. This method is considered quite simple. As a result, sand is used for making plaster or cement mortars, as well as for pouring cement.

This technique is also often used on private properties to separate large particles from the underlying sand material.

Sandy

Sandy sand is an unrefined mixture obtained from quarries. After mining, various components (impurities) remain in the sand, which are not removed during the process. The price for the material is the lowest, but the scope of use is limited, and therefore the material is not so widespread. Sand is used to fill the trench and level the terrain on the site. This variety is not suitable for more serious construction operations, since additional impurities greatly impair the characteristics.

Features of the mining process

The most popular is the open-pit mining method, when construction companies use bulldozers, excavators and other similar equipment. This method is the cheapest, but the disadvantage is that sand is not useful for all types of work.

Quarry sand mined in this way is mined in the upper layers of the soil, and therefore miners use the method of opening the top layer, and sometimes even explosives. The last nuance makes the business of extracting building materials dangerous.

There are times when the quarry is flooded with water. This situation should not stop miners, and special equipment has been developed to solve the problem. In this case, a suction dredger is used, which is a powerful pump that extracts sand from the depths. Stability equipment is secured with anchors and powerful cables. You can also place it on board a specially equipped vessel. The sand that is sucked into the device is called pulp - it passes through the pulp channel, which is designed to filter out various harmful particles and impurities.

The important point is that after this process, the water returns to the quarry, and therefore there can be no talk of any drying. This mining method does not harm the environment. This is a description of the hydromechanized method.

There are also other cases when more specific equipment is used. It is not used regularly. For example, builders can use special sieves to sift out large stones and other particles. Using this method, it takes much longer to extract sand - this is the reason for its unpopularity. An ordinary metal mesh is also used, through which the sand is sifted by the hands of workers.

When the development of a new quarry begins, construction companies prepare all calculations and document them, and also coordinate their activities with the state. Without the necessary official papers, it is impossible to obtain permission to mine sand.

Areas of application

Since quarry sand is of good quality and complies with certain GOST standards, it is often used in construction, decoration and agriculture. Sand is especially often used for making concrete and bricks, as well as for the construction of residential buildings and roads.

Alluvial sand, which has a coarse fraction, has gained great popularity in the production of a good type of concrete, as well as in the creation of reinforced concrete structures.

Quarrying sand is in demand as the materials are often used to construct masonry, paving slabs and street curbs.

Since some types of sand do not contain impurities, they have good strength and will last for many years. For this reason, it is so important to study all the provided documentation and GOSTs before purchasing, otherwise there is a risk of purchasing low-quality material that will quickly fail.

For decorative purposes, sand is used in summer cottages or private buildings, and it is also used in children's playgrounds.

Sand mining business plan

Since sand mining in a quarry is a popular activity, many entrepreneurs want to start their own business with this activity. But extracting sand on an industrial scale is not an easy task. To open such a business, you need to have specific knowledge and also spend a lot of money. It is advisable to draw up a business plan in advance in order to calculate all the costs and know how to properly develop a quarry for sand extraction.

Registration of sand mining activities

To start your own business, you need to know how to register a quarry, and then register the enterprise in accordance with the laws of the Russian Federation. It is advisable to use an LLC based on the simplified tax system.

After this, the person receives the right to use the chosen quarry, according to the license. The license period will be approximately 5 years or slightly less, and after that the permit will need to be renewed.

Financial plan

To open a business, you need to take into account that large expenses will be required, including:

1. Buying an excavator. The cost will be approximately 1.5 million rubles.
2. A front loader costs about the same amount.
3. A dump truck costs 2.5 million rubles. The load capacity should be 18,000 kg.
4. A trailer for transporting the received material – 500,000 rubles.
5. Walkie-talkies for workers worth 25,000 rubles.
6. One fire shield – 8,000 rubles.
7. Tanks used for filling fuel with a volume of 200 liters cost 28,000 rubles.
8. Tank for filling oil - 9000 rubles.
9. One heater fueled with diesel fuel. Cost – 4000 rubles.
10. Gas stove – 7,000 rubles.
11. Gas cylinder – 3000 rubles.
12. A tank intended for filling drinking water – 5,000 rubles.
13. A generator installed on a trailer filled with diesel fuel costs 350,000 rubles.
14. Desks for workers – 4,000 rubles.
15. Chairs for workers – 2000 rubles.
16. Refrigerator – 5000 rubles.

You will also need to spend additional money on liquids to refill the equipment. A business plan is used to calculate costs.

From all this we can conclude that the total cost will be approximately 10 million rubles.

Career

Career

A quarry is a mining enterprise for open-pit mining of coal, ores and non-metallic minerals: sand, building stone, etc.
Quarry - in the coal industry - open pit.
Quarry - in the mining industry, sometimes - a mine.
A quarry is a set of excavations in the earth’s crust formed during open-pit mining. The depth of the quarries reaches tens, sometimes several hundred meters.

In English: Quarry

Synonyms: Open pit, Mine

See also: Industrial enterprises

Finam Financial Dictionary.

See what “Quarry” is in other dictionaries:

- (French carriere). 1) the fastest running horse. 2) quarry, breaking, breaking, mine. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. QUARRY To put a horse into a quarry means to gallop at full speed. Dictionary of foreign... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

An operational open pit of significant transverse dimensions, used for the extraction of ore, sand, building stone, etc. Its depth can be insignificant (for example, when mining sand, gravel, etc.) or very significant up to 400-600 m... ... Geological encyclopedia

Horse running at a gallop; galloping at full speed (Dal) See... Synonym dictionary

Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

1. CAREER1, career, many. no, husband (French: carrière) (special). The fastest gait, accelerated gallop, gallop. Let the horse go into a quarry or into a quarry. A hunting dog should not be carried around by a quarry. ❖ Right off the bat (colloquial) immediately, without any... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

1. CAREER1, career, many. no, husband (French: carrière) (special). The fastest gait, accelerated gallop, gallop. Let the horse go into a quarry or into a quarry. A hunting dog should not be carried around by a quarry. ❖ Right off the bat (colloquial) immediately, without any... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

1. QUARRY, a; m. [French] carrière] The fastest gait, accelerated gallop. Let the horse into the quarry. Rush at full speed. ◊ Right off the bat. Immediately, immediately, without preparation. ◁ Career, oh, oh. K. gait. 2. QUARRY, a; m. [French... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Husband. career for women, French path, course, field of life, service, success and achievement of what. | Quarry, gallop at full speed, at full speed; horse gallop, gallop, insole. | Quarry, breaking, breaking, breaking, mine. Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary. IN AND.… … Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

career- QUARRY, a, m. Carrier signal. The modem does not pick up the quarry. From slang. computer users; from English Carier… Dictionary of Russian argot

- (French carriere) a set of mine workings formed during open-pit mining of minerals; open-pit mining enterprise... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• Quarry, Vasil Bykov. The action of the story "Quarry" takes place as if in two dimensions - at the end of the 20th century and at the same time at the tragic time of the beginning of the war, where the main character constantly returns with feelings and memory.…

When using such concepts as “mine”, “mine” and “mine”, there is usually no difficulty in determining whether an object belongs to the extraction of a type of natural resource. What is a quarry? Is this also an artificial industrial facility or is it still a natural depression?

Definition

A quarry is an artificially formed excavation in the surface of the earth’s crust for the extraction of an underlying layer of natural resources using an open sampling method. As a rule, it has a funnel shape, tapering downwards. The territory is limited by the formed planes. At the initial stage of development, the top layer of soil is removed and moved outside the mining zone.

The concept of “quarry” arose from the word carriere, borrowed from the French language, which was used to designate places where natural stone was mined and processed. It can also be used to highlight the specialization of an enterprise whose activities are related to open-pit mining of natural resources.

Varieties

Excavation using a closed method without removing the top layer is usually called a mine. In open-pit coal mining, the term open pit is used. When mining minerals to extract metal ores and crystals, the concept of a mine (mine) is more often used.

In all cases, we can say that a quarry is an open-pit mine for industrial sampling of rock that lies at depth. Depending on the deposit, it can be sand, clay, gravel, limestone. Extraction of fossil fuels is carried out in peat, shale, and coal quarries. For the chemical industry, samples are made to extract phosphites, apatites, sulfur, arsenic and other salts from the depths of the planet. Non-metallic materials include quarries for the extraction of alabaster, talc, and mica.

Metals are extracted from ore. Its extraction is most often also carried out using the quarry method. This is how raw materials are extracted for the production of ferrous metals (iron, manganese, chromium) and non-ferrous metals (copper, zinc, tin). The same principle is used to sample ores of noble, radioactive and rare earth metals. A mining and processing plant is usually built near such deposits.

Granite mining

The method of opening depends on the nature of the deposit. Typically a vertical trench is used, directed into the excavation. The peculiarity of the quarries is that the material is used to make facing stones and blocks. The main task is to ensure maximum safety of the monolith of extracted blocks.

Granite has the property of splitting along the plane of the rock. This feature is used in wedge mining. Several technological methods are used. The simplest is drilling a well and then planting explosives. During blasting, the rock is exposed. Large pieces are used for cutting slabs. The disadvantage of this method is the large amount of waste that goes into crushed stone. In large parts, the likelihood of microcracks, which will appear during processing, increases. A more gentle method is to pump compressed air into the borehole, which leads to cracking of the formation.

Granite quarries at the preparation stage during field development are cheaper than marble ones. But during the production process, due to complex technology, the cost of production increases. The best results in terms of product quality are obtained by cutting the rock layer directly into blocks. But this option is the most expensive.

Intensive construction requires a lot of concrete. Sand is an indispensable component in its composition. The presence of deposits of this material at shallow depths in close proximity to the city limits has a positive effect on construction costs. When assessing a deposit, the chemical composition (SiO 2 content), the presence of impurities, fire resistance, rock structure, and its physical and mechanical properties are taken into account.

The shallow depth of the deposit makes it possible to open the deposit using wheeled equipment: scrapers, bulldozers. Sampling is carried out by draglines and multi-bucket excavators, and transportation is carried out by road. A sand quarry is a relatively shallow excavation (up to 15 m). The peculiarity is that the material is free-flowing. It is not possible to ensure the stability of frontal dumps due to the danger of collapses. Another feature is the likelihood of groundwater flooding, which requires its diversion or the use of “wet” extraction technology.

Ore, coal and other solid minerals, if they occur near the earth's surface, are usually mined not in mines, but in open pit mining. First, the deposit is dug up - the covering rock layer is removed. Miners call this process stripping the deposit. Then the mineral is extracted from the resulting pit, or quarry. Large quarries reach several kilometers in diameter and 200-300 m in depth.

The quarry is a giant stepped funnel. The steps - miners call them ledges - are several tens of meters wide. They are equipped with roads or railways and powerful conveyor belts. As a rule, quarries are built with the help of excavators; rock and ore are removed by dump trucks and electric locomotives with a train of self-tipping cars - dump cars. Excavators scoop up soil with buckets and reload it onto conveyor belts, into the bodies of dump trucks and into dump trucks. Gentle slopes - ramps - lead from ledge to ledge. Climbing along them, mountain transport carries cargo to the surface. The mineral is delivered directly to the beneficiation plant, and the waste rock is delivered to the dump (see Mineral beneficiation).

In addition to a variety of excavators and mining vehicles, bulldozers, scrapers, and drilling machines operate in the modern quarry. Explosions often occur in it - this destroys strong rocks (see Explosion, blasting). Some quarries use hydromechanization.

A quarry has many advantages over a mine. In its vast open space operate the largest machines ever created by man - walking and rotary excavators, each of which replaces thousands of diggers at once. Therefore, labor productivity in a quarry is several times higher than in a mine, and the extracted coal and ore are cheaper. Miners are forced to leave sometimes up to half of the mineral reserves underground in so-called pillars - natural underground columns that hold back the enormous pressure of the overlying rocks. There is no such need in the quarry, and the mineral is extracted almost completely.

But the most important advantage of the quarry is the liberation of miners from difficult underground labor.

However, making a choice between a quarry and a mine is sometimes very difficult. This requires an accurate calculation - will the mineral pay for the costs of opening the deposit, will it be possible to restore the disturbed surface of the earth after the extraction of the mineral is completed. And yet, the choice is increasingly focused on a career. In the Soviet Union, already 3/4 of all solid minerals are mined in quarries.

Career

Stone quarry

Marble Quarry

Coal quarry

Sand quarry

Flooded stone quarry in Petrozavodsk

Quarry bottom

BOTTOM OF THE QUARRY - the platform of the lower ledge of the quarry (which is also called the bottom of the quarry). In conditions of development of steep and inclined mineral bodies, the minimum dimensions of the D.K. are determined taking into account the conditions for safe removal and loading of rocks from the last ledge: in width - not less than 20 m, in length - not less than 50-100 m.

In the conditions of development of morphologically complex deposits of significant extension, D.K. may have a stepped shape.

Pit depth

A ledge is a system of ledges (as a rule, the upper ones are rock or overburden, the lower ones are mining), the movement of which ensures the excavation of rock mass within the contours of the quarry field. Transport connections in Kazakhstan are provided by permanent or sliding ramps, and with the surface - by trenches. During operation, the working benches move, resulting in an increase in mined-out space. During stripping operations, the overburden is moved to dumps, which are sometimes placed in the goaf. With a rock depth of up to 100 m with strong containing rocks, the cost of 1 m³ of overburden comprises up to 25-30% of drilling and blasting operations, 12-16% of excavation, 35-40% of transport, and 10-15% of the construction of the quarry itself. With increasing depth of water, part of the cost of transport increases to 60-70%. To drill blast holes in Kazakhstan, heavy drilling rigs weighing up to 100-130 tons (type SBSh-250) and light drilling rigs are used. The main type of explosives are granulated ammonium nitrate granulites, gramonites (a mixture of nitrate with TNT) and water-filled ones (in flooded wells). The main excavation and loading equipment for coal and ore mining are electric excavators with a cable drive and a bucket with a capacity of 15-30 m³ with a boom length of up to 26 m. At the same time, hydraulic straight shovels with buckets with a capacity of 10-38 m³ are very common. Single-bucket loaders with buckets with a capacity of 4-20 m³ are used. In stripping operations, increasingly powerful shovels and draglines are being introduced (for example, an overburden shovel weighing 12 thousand tons with a bucket with a capacity of 135 m³ with a drive power of 22 thousand kW and a dragline weighing 12 thousand kW and a dragline weighing 12 thousand tons with a bucket are used capacity 168 m³ with boom length 92 m).

Flow technology in the K. is achieved by using rotary excavators (with a rotor diameter of 22 m and buckets with a capacity of 6.6 m³, the daily productivity of the machine is up to 240 thousand m³). In medium- and low-power excavations, compact rotary-wheel excavators with reduced operating parameters show high efficiency. In Kazakhstan, with hard rocks, the largest volume of transportation is carried out by heavy dump trucks.

Advancement of work in the quarry

PROMOTION OF WORK IN THE QUARRY is one of the indicators of the intensity of field development; characterized by the speed of the P.f.r.k., that is, the distance of movement of the mining front, expressed in meters per unit of time (for the most part - per year). Depends on g.h. on the scale of work, the type and design of loading and transport equipment that is used, the method of moving the mining front and the height of the benches that are mined. There are fan, equilateral and mixed P.f.r.c.

Fan advance - movement of the front of mining operations when developing a quarry field (or part of it) of a rounded shape, which is characterized by a higher speed of advance of sections of the front separated from the turning point (movement of the front in a “fan”, “fan-like” plan). The advance of the front is equilateral - the movement of the mining front parallel to one of the axes of the quarry field from one of its boundaries to another or from an intermediate position to the contours.

The front advance is mixed - a combination of different schemes for the advance of the mining front, for example, equilateral and fan-shaped.

Depth of development of deformations in the quarry

The depth of development of deformations in a quarry is the horizontal distance from the initial position of the upper edge of the slope (the upper edge of the quarry contour) to the last crack, which is visually traced in the direction opposite to the direction of movement of the displaced masses of the slope.

Notes

see also

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what “Quarry” is in other dictionaries:

- (French carriere). 1) the fastest running horse. 2) quarry, breaking, breaking, mine. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. QUARRY To put a horse into a quarry means to gallop at full speed. Dictionary of foreign... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Mining enterprise for open-pit mining of coal, ores and non-metallic minerals: sand, building stone, etc. Open-pit mine in the coal industry. A quarry in the mining industry, sometimes a mine. Quarry totality... ... Financial Dictionary

An operational open pit of significant transverse dimensions, used for the extraction of ore, sand, building stone, etc. Its depth can be insignificant (for example, when mining sand, gravel, etc.) or very significant up to 400-600 m... ... Geological encyclopedia