Pharmaceutical dictionary Latin Russian Russian Latin. Latin language and basics of pharmaceutical terminology - Chernyavsky M.N. §56. Uppercase and lowercase letter

Pharmaceutical terminology is a complex consisting of sets of terms from a number of special disciplines, united under the general name “pharmacy” (Greek pharmakeia - the creation and use of drugs), which study the research, production, and use of medicines of plant, mineral, animal and synthetic origin. The central place in this terminological complex is occupied by the nomenclature of medicines - an extensive set of names of medicinal substances and drugs officially approved for use. Tens and hundreds of thousands of medicines are used on the pharmaceutical market. The total number of medicines and their combinations available in different countries exceeds 250 thousand. Every year, more and more new drugs are supplied to the pharmacy chain.

To have an idea of how drug names are created, which influences the choice of certain methods of word formation and structural types of names, it is necessary to familiarize yourself, at least in the most general terms, with some general pharmaceutical terms.

1. Medicine (medicamentum) – a substance or mixture of substances authorized by the authorized body of the relevant country in the prescribed manner for use for the purpose of treating, preventing or diagnosing a disease.

2. Medicinal substance (materia medica) – a drug that is an individual chemical compound or biological substance.

3. Medicinal plant materials – plant materials approved for medical use.

4. Dosage form (forma medicamentorum) – a state convenient for use given to a medicinal product or medicinal plant raw material, in which the necessary therapeutic effect is achieved.

5. Medicine (praeparatum pharmaceuticum) – a medicine in the form of a specific dosage form.

6. Active substance – component(s) of a medicinal product that has a therapeutic, prophylactic or diagnostic effect.

7. Combined medicines – medicines containing in one dosage form more than one active substance in fixed doses.

The table below illustrates some of these concepts.

Medications

1. Trivial names of medicinal substances

Some chemical compounds used as medicinal substances retain the same traditional semi-systematic names that they received in chemical nomenclature (salicylic acid, sodium chloride). However, in a much larger volume in the nomenclature of medicines, chemical compounds are presented not under their scientific (systematic) names, but under trivial (Latin trivialis - “ordinary”) names. Trivial names do not reflect any unified principles of scientific classification accepted by chemists; they do not indicate composition or structure. In this respect, they are completely inferior to systematic names. However, the latter are unsuitable as names of medicinal substances due to their bulkiness and complexity for use in recipes, on labels, and in the pharmacy trade.

Trivial names are short, convenient, accessible not only for professional, but also for ordinary communication.

Examples of trivial names

Methods of word formation for trivial names

Trivial names of medicines are derivatives of various word-formation structures. A word or group of words, which are often systematic names of chemical compounds or names of the sources of their production, is used as a producer. The main “building” material for the formation of trivial names is words, word-forming elements, roots and simply so-called verbal segments of ancient Greek and Latin origin. For example, a preparation from the herb adonis vernalis is called Adonisidum - adonizid; a substance (glycoside) obtained from some species of the foxglove plant (Digitalis) is called Digoxinum - digoxin. The name Mentholum - menthol is assigned to a substance obtained from peppermint oil (oleum Menthae).

Abbreviation

Among the various word formation methods used to create trivial names, the most productive is abbreviation (Latin brevis - “short”) - shortening. This is a way of creating compound words, so-called abbreviations, by combining word segments arbitrarily selected from the corresponding generating words or phrases. As such, systematic names of chemical compounds are often used.

Trivial name (abbreviation) producing systematic name

Abbreviations are also used to form the names of combination drugs. Instead of listing the names of all active substances contained in one dosage form, the drug is assigned a complex abbreviated name. It is placed in quotation marks and is an appendix to the name of the dosage form.

Name of combination medicinal product

Composition of active ingredients:

Tabulettae "Ancophenum" - Anhofen tablets;

Unguentum "Efcamonum" - Efkamon ointment.

Suffixation

By adding a suffix (most often -in-) to the productive base, as a rule, the names of individual substances (for example, glycosides, alkaloids, etc.) isolated from plant materials and biological substances - waste products of fungi, microorganisms (for example, antibiotics) are formed. . The names of the corresponding plants and mushrooms are taken as generating words.

Many names are created in a mixed, abbreviation-suffix way: Theophedrinum, Aminazinum, Sulfadimezinum, Valocordinum.

Basis

Even less often than suffixation, addition of stems is used: for example, Cholenzyraum (chole - “bile” + enzymum - “enzyme”), Apilacum (apis - “bee” + lac - “milk”).

2. General requirements and current practice of naming medicines

1. In Russia, the name of each new drug is officially approved in the form of two mutually translated equivalents in Russian and Latin, for example: solutio Glucosi - glucose solution. As a rule, Latin names of medicinal substances are nouns of the II declension cf. R. The Russian name differs from the Latin only in transcription and the absence of the ending -um, for example: Amidopyrinum - amidopyrin, Validolum - validol.

Trivial names of combination drugs, which are inconsistent applications to the name of the dosage form, are also nouns of the II declension cf. p.: for example, tabulettae "Haemostimulinum" - tablets "Gemostimulin".

2. The name of medicines should be as short as possible; easy to pronounce; have clear phonetic-graphic distinctiveness. The last requirement in practice becomes particularly important. Each title must be noticeably different in its sound composition and graphics (spelling) from other titles. After all, it is enough to remember the sound complex even slightly inaccurately and write it down incorrectly in Latin letters in the recipe for a serious mistake to occur.

A large number of drugs are entering the domestic market under original brand names. They are formatted orthographically and grammatically most often in some national language, that is, they do not have a Latin grammatical format. Often names lack the ending -um completely (German) or partially (English) or the ending -um is replaced with -e (English and French), and in some languages (Italian, Spanish. , rum.) – in -a.

At the same time, companies assign names to their drugs with the traditional Latin ending -um. In domestic prescription practice, in order to avoid discrepancies, it would be necessary to conditionally latinize the commercial names of imported drugs: substitute the ending -um instead of the last vowel or add the ending -um to the final consonant, for example: instead of Mexase (mexase) - Mexasum, instead of Lasix (lasix) - Lasixum, etc. .

Exceptions are allowed only for names ending in -a: Dopa, No-spa, Ambravena. They can be read and considered by analogy with nouns of the first declension.

In modern commercial names, the traditional scientifically approved transcription of word-forming elements (verbal segments) of Greek origin is often neglected; their graphic simplification is cultivated; To make pronunciation easier, ph is replaced by f, th by t, ae by e, y by i.

When studying this section of the textbook, you must be extremely careful when writing the names of medicines.

3. Frequency segments in trivial names

A huge number of abbreviations, as noted, are formed by combining segments arbitrarily selected from the composition of generating words - systematic names. At the same time, in the nomenclature there are many such names, the sound complexes of which include repeating frequency segments - a kind of pharmaceutical term elements.

1. Frequency segments, very conditionally and approximately reflecting information of an anatomical, physiological and therapeutic nature.

For example: Corvalolum, Cardiovaienum, Valosedan, Apressinum, Angiotensinamidum, Promedolum, Sedalgin, Antipyrinum, Anaesthesinum, Testosteronum, Agovirin, Androfort, Thyrotropinum, Cholosasum, Streptocidum, Mycoseptinum, Enteroseptolum.

2. Frequency segments carrying pharmacological information. Over the past decades, the recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO) has become widespread to include in the trivial names of medicinal substances (namely substances!) frequency segments that carry not a random and vague characteristic, like the above segments, but stable information of a pharmacological nature. For this purpose, it is recommended to include in the names frequency segments indicating that the drug substance belongs to a specific pharmacological group. To date, several dozen such frequency segments have been recommended.

For example: Sulfadimezinum, Penicillinum, Streptomycinum, Tetracyclinum, Barbamylum, Novocainum, Corticotropinum, Oestradiolum, Methandrostenolonum.

Trivial names of vitamins and multivitamin combination drugs

Vitamins are known both by their trivial names and by letter designations, for example: Retinolum seu Vitaminum A (also known under another name - Axerophtholum); Cyanocobalaminum seu Vitaminum B12; Acidum ascorbinicum seu Vitaminum C. The names of many multivitamin preparations include the frequency segment -vit– – -vit-, for example Tabulettae “Pentovitum” (contains 5 vitamins), Dragee “Hexavitum” (contains 6 vitamins), etc.

Trivial names of enzyme preparations

Often the names indicate that the drug affects the enzyme processes of the body. This is evidenced by the presence of the suffix -as– – -az-. Such names are usually Latinized according to the general rule, that is, they receive the ending -um. However, there are also deviations from this rule: for example, Desoxyribonucleasum (or Desoxyribcnucleasa) is a deoxyribonuclease, Collagenasum is a collagenase.

Pharmaceutical terminology is a complex consisting of a set of terms from a number of special disciplines, united under the general name “pharmacy” (Greek pharmakeia - the creation and use of medicines), which study the research, production, and use of medicines of plant, mineral, animal and synthetic origin. The central place in this terminological complex is occupied by the nomenclature of medicines - an extensive set of names of medicinal substances and drugs officially approved for use. Tens and hundreds of thousands of medicines are used on the pharmaceutical market. The total number of medicines and their combinations available in different countries exceeds 250 thousand. Every year, more and more new drugs are supplied to the pharmacy chain.

1.Medicine(medicamentum) - a substance or mixture of substances authorized by the authorized body of the relevant country in the prescribed manner for use for the purpose of treating, preventing or diagnosing a disease.

2.Medicinal substance(materia medica) is a drug that is an individual chemical compound or biological substance.

3.Medicinal plant raw materials– plant materials approved for medical use.

4.Dosage form(forma medicamentorum) – a condition given to a medicinal product or medicinal plant material that is convenient for use, in which the necessary therapeutic effect is achieved.

5.Medicine(praeparatum pharmaceuticum) – a drug in the form of a specific dosage form.

6.Active substance– component(s) of a medicinal product that has a therapeutic, prophylactic or diagnostic effect.

7.Combination drugs– medicines containing in one dosage form more than one active substance in fixed doses.

The table below illustrates some of these concepts.

Medications

1. Trivial names of medicinal substances

Some chemical compounds used as medicinal substances retain the same traditional semi-systematic names, which they received in the chemical nomenclature (salicylic acid, sodium chloride). However, in a much larger volume in the nomenclature of medicines, chemical compounds are presented not under their scientific (systematic) names, but under trivial ( lat. trivialis – “ordinary” ) names. Trivial names do not reflect any unified principles of scientific classification accepted by chemists; they do not indicate composition or structure. In this respect, they are completely inferior to systematic names. However, the latter are unsuitable as names of medicinal substances due to their bulkiness and complexity for use in recipes, on labels, and in the pharmacy trade.

Trivial names are short, convenient, accessible not only for professional, but also for ordinary communication.

Examples of trivial names

Methods of word formation for trivial names

Abbreviation

Among the various word formation methods used to create trivial names, the most productive is abbreviation (Latin brevis - “short”) - reduction. This is a way of creating compound words, the so-called abbreviations, by combining verbal segments arbitrarily selected from the corresponding generating words or phrases. As such, systematic names of chemical compounds are often used.

Trivial name (abbreviation) producing systematic name

Abbreviations are also used to form the names of combination drugs. Instead of listing the names of all active substances contained in one dosage form, the drug is assigned compound abbreviated name. It is placed in quotation marks and is an appendix to the name of the dosage form.

Name of combination medicinal product

Composition of active ingredients:

Tabulettae "Ancophenum" - Anhofen tablets;

Unguentum "Efcamonum" - Efkamon ointment.

Suffixation

Many names are created in a mixed, abbreviation-suffix way: Theophedrinum, Aminazinum, Sulfadimezinum, Valocordinum.

Basis

Even less often than suffixation, addition of stems is used: for example, Cholenzyraum (chole - “bile” + enzymum - “enzyme”), Apilacum (apis - “bee” + lac - “milk”).

2. General requirements and current practice of naming medicines

Exceptions valid only for names ending in -a: Dopa, No-spa, Ambravena. They can be read and considered by analogy with nouns of the first declension.

When studying this section of the textbook, you must be extremely careful when writing the names of medicines.

3. Frequency segments in trivial names

A huge number of abbreviations, as noted, are formed by combining segments arbitrarily selected from the composition of the generating words - systematic names. At the same time, in the nomenclature there are many such names, the sound complexes of which include repeating frequency segments- kind pharmaceutical term elements.

1. Frequency segments, very conditionally and approximately reflecting information of an anatomical, physiological and therapeutic nature.

For example: Sulfadimezinum, Penicillinum, Streptomycinum, Tetracyclinum, Barbamylum, Novocainum, Corticotropinum, Oestradiolum, Methandrostenolonum.

Trivial names of vitamins and multivitamin combination drugs

Vitamins are known both by their trivial names and by letter designations, for example: Retinolum seu Vitaminum A (also known under another name - Axerophtholum); Cyanocobalaminum seu Vitaminum B 12; Acidum ascorbinicum seu Vitaminum C. The names of many multivitamin preparations include the frequency segment -vit– – -vit-, for example Tabulettae “Pentovitum” (contains 5 vitamins), Dragee “Hexavitum” (contains 6 vitamins), etc.

Trivial names of enzyme preparations

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1 MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS BELARUSIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF LATIN LANGUAGE A. Z. TSISYK, N. A. KRUGLIK, S. K. ROMASHKEVICHUS LATIN LANGUAGE for students of the Faculty of Pharmacy Educational and methodological manual in two parts Part 1 Minsk BSMU Page 1 of 245

2 UDC (075.8) BBK 81.2 Lat-923 Ts73 Recommended by the Scientific and Methodological Council of the University as an educational and methodological aid, protocol 8 Reviewers: Ph.D. Philol. Sciences M. N. Petrova; Ph.D. Philol. Sciences, Associate Professor L. S. Kapitula Ts73 Tsisyk, A. Z. Latin language for students of the Faculty of Pharmacy: educational method. manual in 2 parts. Part 1 / A. Z. Tsisyk, N. A. Kruglik, S. K. Romashkevicius. Minsk: BSMU, p. ISBN Compiled on the basis of specialized pharmaceutical vocabulary and contains the necessary theoretical and practical material on the pharmaceutical and clinical parts of the curriculum, as well as Latin-Russian and Russian-Latin dictionaries. Particular attention is paid to the spelling of terms and the rules for the design of dosage forms as part of a prescription. Intended for students of the Faculty of Pharmacy, and can also be used as a reference publication for students of other faculties when taking courses in pharmacology and clinical pharmacology. UDC (075.8) BBK 81.2 Lat-923 Educational publication Tsisyk Andrey Zinovievich Kruglik Natalia Anatolyevna Romashkevichus Svetlana Konstantinovna LATIN LANGUAGE for students of the Faculty of Pharmacy Educational and methodological manual in two parts Part 1 Responsible for the publication A. Z. Tsisyk In the author's edition Computer set Z. V. Poznyak, O. M. Novikova Computer layout by N. M. Fedortsova Signed for printing Format 60 84/16. Writing paper “Snow Maiden”. Risographic printing. Times typeface. Conditional oven l. 14.18. Academic ed. l. 12.95. Circulation 300 copies. Order 652. Publisher and printing execution: educational institution “Belarusian State Medical University”. LI 02330/ from St. Leningradskaya, 6, Minsk. ISBN (Part 1) Design. Belarusian State Medical University ISBN, Page 2 of 245

3 PREFACE This publication is compiled in accordance with the standard and educational programs of the discipline “Latin” for students of the Faculty of Pharmacy, which provide a 108-hour classroom course. The entire course is divided into two main sections. The first section includes grammatical rules and basic concepts of pharmaceutical terminology. This includes essential information about nominal parts of speech (noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral), verbs, adverbs, and conjunctions. At the same time, information is provided on the structure of pharmaceutical terms and the spelling and grammatical rules of their design, including frequency segments, Latin chemical and botanical terminology, as well as the names of vitamins. The final part of the pharmaceutical section presents the rules for preparing the Latin part of a simple and complex prescription, provides a modern classification of dosage forms and the features of their prescription, and also provides a systematization of frequency segments and non-systemic letter combinations that present spelling difficulties in the written form of words. Since the production of drugs is closely related to their targeted use in the treatment of diseases and pathological conditions, the last 8 lessons of the Latin language course for pharmacists and, accordingly, this teaching aid are devoted to Latin clinical terminology. First of all, the rules for constructing and translating single-word terms consisting of Greek initial and final term elements are discussed (6 lessons), and then the last three lessons are devoted to multi-word clinical terms. The structure of each lesson is standard and is designed for two hours of classroom work. Each lesson includes a theoretical part, exercises to consolidate it, and a minimum vocabulary for these exercises. Constant attention is paid to the proper spelling of terms. To do this, the number of exercises in each lesson usually includes a separate 2 Page 3 of 245

Exercise 4 Sayings and aphorisms designed to expand the general cultural level of students and play an important role in their moral and ethical education are also included in the structure of each lesson. Suggestions for translation from Latin into Russian and from Russian into Latin, which are included in the exercises in the pharmaceutical part of the manual, are designed to expand the general linguistic horizons of students and their cognitive level, since all sentences are built on the basis of professional pharmaceutical vocabulary and convey professional information. In most cases, this information is taken from the latest editions of the famous pharmacological reference book by M. D. Mashkovsky “Medicines” or textbooks on the Latin language for pharmacists. The most important component of the content of each lesson is the acquisition of vocabulary in the proper dictionary form and spelling. That is why we consider it advisable to include vocabulary for exercises in the structure of each lesson in the form of a lexical minimum. Latin-Russian and Russian-Latin dictionaries, which reflect the vocabulary of all exercises, are located at the end of each part of the manual. This arrangement of dictionaries, as experience shows, is quite justified, since it allows you to more effectively use the vocabulary of each section. Students need to remember that the material in the publication is connected both grammatically and lexically. Therefore, it is necessary to work on it constantly and thoroughly. Mastering the material is hard work, requiring a lot of time and attention, but the desired result of knowledge awaits the diligent and patient. As the ancient Romans said, radíces litterárum amárae, frúctus dúlces, that is, the roots of science are bitter, but the fruits are sweet. The authors express special gratitude to Zoya Vilhelmovna Poznyak for preparing the manuscript for publication. 3 Page 4 of 245

5 INTRODUCTION Pharmaceutical terminology includes terms from special disciplines that study the research, production and use of medicines of plant, mineral, animal and synthetic origin. The basis of the term pharmaceutical, like many other pharmaceutical concepts (pharmaceutics, pharmacognosy, pharmacology, phytopharmacy, etc.) is the ancient Greek noun phármakon [pharmakon] medicine. Historically, the ancient Greek and Latin languages played a key role in the formation and development of European pharmaceutical terminology, and even today, a future pharmacist or pharmacist cannot do without studying the basics of pharmaceutical Latin. To understand the reasons for this fact, it is necessary to turn to the origins of European medicine. The founders of medical science were the ancient Greeks, who, thanks to their unique talent, laid the foundations of almost all the sciences and arts of mathematics, physics, biology, history, philosophy, philology, poetry, theater, etc., as evidenced by the very names of these sciences and arts. New European medicine has historically had a Latin name (medicina), but Greek names denoting treatment and the ability to heal (iatreía, therapia) also entered the European lexicon (cf. Russian: therapy, pharmacotherapy, pediatrics, psychiatry, etc.). Hippocrates (BC) is considered the “father” of scientific European medicine. In his works, which have partially survived to our time, the foundations of scientific medical terminology were laid. In the time of Hippocrates, as throughout antiquity, there was no independent science about medicines and their use; the doctor and the pharmacist acted as one person, each doctor himself or with the help of his students was engaged in the manufacture of medicines. It is known that Hippocrates had a special work on this topic called “Ta phármaka” (“Medicines”), which has not survived. In his surviving writings, Hippocrates uses the word pharmakeía (Latinized pharmacía) to denote the art of preparing medicine. In these same works there is a lot of information about the manufacture of various medicines, in particular, they mention the names of about 235 medicinal plants. The names of many plants go back to the works of famous ancient Greek scientists, in particular, Theophrastus (BC), who was a student of Aristotle. Of his numerous works, the essay “On the History of Plants” in 10 books has survived. The scientist Dioscorides (1st century AD) described more than 400 plants in his works. His work “On Medicinal Substances” has been preserved. The most significant physician and pharmacist after Hippocrates was the Greek Claudius Galen (AD), who was from Pergamum in Asia Minor, but lived and worked in Rome. Galen was the author of numerous works in Greek, much of which has survived. In particular, he wrote 78 books on the manufacture, properties and use of medicines. Galen's role in the development and description of liquid medicines from plant materials is enshrined in the name "galenic preparations", which is used in modern pharmacy. 4 Page 5 of 245

6 Thus, ancient Greek medicine and its branch of science about medicines, their manufacture and use occupied a leading place throughout the Mediterranean when the Roman state entered the historical arena, capturing vast territories from the Bay of Biscay to the Caspian Sea by the 2nd century AD. Having begun its history with a small settlement founded, according to legend, by a Latin tribe in 753 BC. e., Rome became the largest state of the ancient world, in which the Latin language took a dominant place. Having captured the Greek world with its immeasurably superior culture, the Romans began to actively assimilate the Greek language and Greek cultural values. By the 1st century BC. e. all educated Roman citizens knew the Greek language and the basics of Greek culture. Latin included many Greek words, which were actively assimilated by all layers of Roman society and, accordingly, spread throughout all territories of the Roman Empire. However, with all the authority of Greek science and culture, the Romans acutely felt the need for their own system of scientific concepts, which were significantly inferior to the Greek ones. The pioneers in the development of national medical-biological terminology were the encyclopedist scientists Cornelius Celsus, who wrote in the 1st century BC. e. the essay “De medicina” (“On Medicine”) in 8 books, as well as Pliny the Elder (23 79 AD), who created the extensive work “História naturális” (“Natural History”) in 37 books. Eight of them are devoted to medicinal plants and 5 to medicinal products of animal origin. Questions of this kind in the 1st century. n. e. were also discussed in the works of the philosopher and writer Lucius Annaeus Seneca “Naturáles quaestiónes” (“Natural problems”) and the physician Scribonius Larga “De compositióne medicamentórum” (“On the composition of medicines”). Gradually, along with the strengthening of the role of the Latin language, Latin education, including information in the field of medicine and pharmaceuticals, spread in the provinces. After the fall in 476 AD. e. During the Roman Empire, new states emerged on its territories, in which Latin was used as the language of education, science, government administration, diplomacy and church worship for more than 1000 years. In some of these countries, on the basis of folk Latin, the so-called Romance languages (from the word Románus “Roman”) are formed: Italian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, Romanian and some others. Therefore, we can assume that Latin in the form of these languages continues to exist today. The emergence and spread of university education also contributed to the strengthening of the authority of Latin in the Middle Ages. The first university (lat. univérsitas community, totality) appeared in the northern Italian city of Bologna at the beginning of the 12th century. In all European universities, the number of faculties (lat. facultas ability, opportunity) necessarily included medicine. Teaching was conducted in Latin, and students from various European countries communicated with each other in the same language. Latin was the international language of students, in which they not only studied and wrote scientific works, but also composed poems and songs. One of these student drinking songs later became a generally accepted student anthem.

No. 7 "Gaudeámus" ("Let's have fun"). Latin, of course, was also the professional language of doctors, in which diagnoses were formulated and recommendations were given regarding treatment and the use of medicines. For patients who did not know Latin, the doctor explained the procedure for treatment and taking medications in the patient’s native language. The Latin language experienced a new rise during the Renaissance, when Western Europe began to become acquainted with the half-forgotten works of ancient Greek authors. This was also facilitated by the system of pronunciation of ancient Greek words in Latin transcription developed by the humanist Erasmus of Rotterdam (). During the Renaissance, humanist scholars actively worked to cleanse literary Latin and Greco-Latin terminology from vulgarisms and Arabisms. The authority of Latin at this time is evidenced by the fact that more books were published in this language in all countries of Western Europe than in national languages. It was during this era that Latin began to gain the position of the international language of science. Terminological creativity based on Latin and Greek vocabulary has increased significantly; much work has been done to unify and systematize the terminology of medicine, pharmacy, chemistry and other sciences. Biological medical and pharmaceutical terminology on a Greco-Latin basis developed intensively in the 7th and 7th centuries. In particular, the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus () developed a classification of the plant world, where he was the first to use binary nomenclature in the world-famous works “Génera plantárum” (“Genera of Plants”), “Spécies plantárum” (“Species of Plants”), “Philosophia botánica” ( "Philosophy of Botany"). In the 8th century in Europe, including Russia, lists (nomenclatures) of medicines were formed, included in the so-called pharmacopoeias (from the Greek phármacon medicine + poiéo do) books, which are a set of state laws on medicines and dosage forms regulating and determining their qualities. In Russia, until 1866, both civil and military pharmacopoeias were published in Latin, since scientific works in the field of pharmaceuticals and medicine in all European countries were published, according to a centuries-old tradition, in Latin. In Russia, in particular, the dissertation of pharmacologist I. E. Dyadkovsky () “De módo, quo águnt medicaménta in corpus humánum” (“On the way in which drugs act on the human body”) was very famous. From the 19th century to the present day, medicine and pharmaceuticals have been actively replenished with vocabulary created on the basis of words and word-forming elements of Greek and Latin origin. For example, in 1863, I. M. Mechnikov discovered motile cells capable of digesting cells of other species, which he called phagocytes, using the Greek words phágos devouring and cýtus cell. In 1905, the term hormónum (Greek: hormáo encourage), in 1912 the term vitamínum (Latin: vita life + amínum amine, organic compound, product of the replacement of hydrogen atoms in ammonia by hydrocarbon radicals) appeared, in the 40s. XX century penicillinum (lat. penicillum tail, brush for painting), etc. Nowadays, Latin is used to design the name - 6 Page 7 of 245

8 names of medicinal products in the International Pharmacopoeia (Pharmacopoéa Internationális) and in the national pharmaceutical nomenclatures of many countries, including Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. In these same countries, the text of recipes is written in Latin. In addition, the International Medical and Biological Nomenclatures - botanical, zoological, microbiological, anatomical, histological - were compiled in Latin. Thus, every future pharmacist or pharmacist must not only know the Latin basics of designing drugs and prescriptions, but also the same basics of terminology in auxiliary medical and biological disciplines. However, the Latin language, in addition to the formation of professional knowledge and skills, also plays an important general cultural (humanitarian) role in the education of the future pharmacist or pharmacist. The words and concepts of “culture” (Latin cultúra cultivation, education), “humanitarian”, “humane” (Latin humánus humane, human), without understanding the true essence of which there can be neither a real person and citizen, nor a specialist, are closely related with the ancient worldview, which proclaimed human dignity as the main values of human existence. This humanistic worldview is represented in particular in Latin aphorism, in which the centuries-old life experience of the ancient Greeks and Romans and the peculiarities of their understanding of the world around them are expressed in a concise and figurative form. Compare: Hómo sum, humáni níhil a me aliénum ésse púto I am a man, and I believe that nothing human is alien to me; Verum amícum pecúnia non parábis Money cannot buy a true friend; Quisque fortúnae súae fáber Every smith of his own happiness. Many aphorisms have their own specific authors - famous political figures, philosophers, writers, scientists of antiquity and modern times, and also go back to the Bible. Knowledge of many facts from the history and culture of the ancient world, which in all centuries formed the basis of the education of a European person, is also an essential sign of a person with a broad university education. In addition, a huge number of words from Greek and Latin live around us in the names and concepts of our native speech. These are our names (Andrey, Anton, Marina, Yulia), the names of all months (January, March), the names of plants (mint, rose, asters), the names of objects and concepts of everyday life (bed, bathhouse, motor, thermometer), the names of school subjects and the terminological apparatus of these subjects (biology vacuole, membrane, mutation; mathematics figure, radius, sum; physics vector, dynamics, statics; literature author, plot, drama). Naturally, such words are much easier to define and recognize after becoming familiar with the elements of these two classical languages mentioned above. Knowledge of these elements will be of considerable help to all those who will study medical or pharmaceutical English, in which up to 75% of vocabulary is of Latin origin. Therefore, a first-year student, becoming familiar with the secrets of the words of ancient Greece and Rome, not only successfully masters the terminological foundations of his future specialty, but also broadens his horizons in every possible way, consciously perceives the essence and meaning of many modern words and concepts, and becomes a truly educated person. 7 Page 8 of 245

9 SECTION I PHONETIC FUNDAMENTALS LESSON 1 LATIN ALPHABET. RULES FOR READING LETTERS AND COMBINATIONS OF LETTERS 1. LATIN ALPHABET The Latin alphabet includes 25 letters. Style Name Pronunciation Style Name Pronunciation Aa a [a] Mm em [m] Vb bae [b] Nn en [n] Ss tse [ts] or [k] Oo o [o] Dd de [d] Rr pe [p] Her e [e] Qq ku [kv] Ff ef [f] Rr er [p] Gg ge [g] Ss es [c] or [z] Hh ga as Belarusian g Tt te [t] or [ts] in words gonar, guk Uu y [y] or German h Vv ve [v] Ii and [and] Xx x [ks] Jj yot (iota) [th] + a, e, o, y = [i], Yy upsilon [ i] [e], [e], [yu] Kk ka [k] Zz zet (zeta) [z] Ll el [l] Note that 25 letters have made up the Latin alphabet since the 16th century, when the traditional 23 letters were added Jj (yot) and Uu (y), instead of which the letters Ii (i) and Vv (ve) were previously used. In modern Latin scientific terminology, the letter Ww is also found, mainly in surnames of German and English origin (reactio Wassermanni, unguentum Wilkinsoni). It is usually pronounced as [в] in words of German origin and as [у] followed by a vowel in words of English origin: Wassermann, Webster, Wilkinson. In Latin, as in Russian, proper names and place names are written with a capital letter: Celsus [Tse lsus] Celsus, Hippocrates [Hippocrates] Hippocrates, Roma [Roma] Rome. In addition, in medical terminology it is customary to write with a capital letter: 1) generic names of binary terms of microbiological nomenclature: Helicobacter pylori [helikobakter pilόri]; 2) names of medicinal plants, medicines and chemical elements: Rosa [rose] rose hips, Aspirinum [aspirunum] aspirin, Cuprum [kuprum] copper. Some other cases of using capital letters in pharmaceutical terminology will be described in the corresponding section of the manual, see Page 1 of 245

10 2. CLASSIFICATION OF SOUNDS In the Latin language, sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. The letters a, e, i, o, u, u represent vowel sounds. The letters b, c, d, f, g, h, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, x, z convey consonant sounds. The letter j is considered a semivowel, and the letters x and z are double consonants. 3. PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS AND LETTERS j Single vowels (or single vowels) in phonetics are called monophthongs. Latin monophthongs a, e, i, o, u are pronounced as the corresponding letters are called: the letter a is the sound [a], the letter e is the sound [e], etc.: depuratus [depuratus] purified, linea [ lúnea] line, sirupus [syrup] syrup, Valeriana [valerian] valerian. The letter y (upsilon), borrowed by the Romans from the Greek alphabet, is always pronounced like the letter i (which is why in French the letter y received the name “y”, lit. “Greek and”): polyvitaminosus [polyvitaminosis] multivitamin, Strychninum [strychnúnum ] strychnine, syndromum [sundromum] syndrome. If the letter i is located before the vowels a, e, o, u and forms one syllable with such a vowel, then it is pronounced as a semi-vowel й, which merges with the following vowel: Iuniperus [yunúperus] juniper, iecur [ékur] liver (fish), maior [major] big. Since in this position the letter i has a qualitatively different sound, in the 16th century the letter j was introduced into the Latin alphabet, which began to be used to replace the letter i at the beginning of a syllable before a vowel. So the above examples can also be written with a j: Juniperus, jecur, major. However, replacing the letter i with the letter j is not strictly necessary. In medical and pharmaceutical terminology the letter j is usually preferred, and in historical, philological and legal Latin the letter i is preferred. But in words of Greek origin, the letter i before another vowel is always pronounced separately: Iodum [iodum] iodine, iatria [iatrúa] healing (cf.: pediatrics, psychiatry, phthisiology, etc.). 4. PRONUNCIATION OF VOWEL COMBINATIONS In Latin, combinations of two vowels are used, which are pronounced as one sound or syllable. There are four such combinations: ae, oe, au, eu. The first two are conventionally called digraphs, and the remaining two are diphthongs. The digraph ae is expressed by the sound [e]: Laevomycetinum [levomycetinum] chloramphenicol, tabulettae [tabulette] tablets. The digraph oe is expressed by the sound [e]: coeruleus [ceruleus] blue, Synoestrolum [sinestrolum] sinestrol. The au diphthong is expressed in one syllable as in Belarusian: trauma [trauma] damage, injury, auris [áўris] ear. The diphthong eu is pronounced like the Russian single-syllable [eu] or like the Belarusian [eў]: Eucalyptus [eucalúptus] eucalyptus, pneumonia [pneumonúka] pneumonia (pneumonia). However, it should be remembered that the combination of the vowels eu with the consonants m or s at the end of a word is no longer a diphthong and 9 Page 1 of 245

11 each vowel is pronounced separately: oleum [oleum] oil, amylaceus [amila tseus] starch. If in the combinations ae or oe each vowel must be pronounced separately, then in the written version of the word a colon or dash is placed above the second vowel of this combination: aerosolum (= aērosolum) [aerosolum] aerosol, Aloë (= Aloē) [álioe] aloe. 5. PRONUNCIATION OF CONSONANTS The letter c is pronounced as [ts] before the vowels e, i, y, as well as before the digraphs ae and oe: aceticus [ace tikus] acetic, acidum [acidum] acid, cito [tsúto] quickly, Cyanocobalaminum [cyanocobalamum] cyanocobalamin, caecum [tse kum] cecum, coeruleus [tseruleus] blue. In other cases (i.e. before vowels a, o, u and before consonants, except h) this letter is pronounced as the sound [k]: bacca [bakka] berry (but baccae [baktse] berries), carbonicus [carbonicus] coal , corpus [body] body, cuticula [cuticle] skin, Сrataegus [krate gus] hawthorn. The letter g is always pronounced as the sound [g]: Argentum [arge ntum] silver, gingiva [gingiva] gum, gypsum [gúpsum] gypsum. The letter h is pronounced like the Belarusian or Ukrainian [g] (gai, edge), or like the German [h] (haben, Hund). A pronunciation similar to the pronunciation of the letter h in English (hand, heart) is also acceptable. However, you cannot pronounce the letter h the way the letters g and x are pronounced in Russian, because such sounds convey the pronunciation of the Latin letter g and the combination ch, respectively. In Russian transliterated terms, the letter g is usually used to convey the Latin h, cf.: Hirudínum hirudin, hydróxydum hydroxide, horizontális horizontal, so you need to ensure that the pronunciation in transliterations does not affect the pronunciation of the letter h in the original. Taking all this into account, in transcription options to denote the sound conveying the pronunciation of the Latin letter h, we introduce a special designation g x: Hirudinum [g x irudunum] hirudin, Hydrargyrum [g x idrárgirum] mercury, hydroxydum [g x hydroxide] hydroxide, Homotropinum [ g x omotropunum] homotropin. The letter l is pronounced softly [l] both before a vowel and before a consonant: lacticus [la cticus] milky, Plumbum [plumbum] lead, pulmo [pulmo] lung. The letter q is used only in combination with the letter u (hence its name “ku”). These two letters followed by the vowels a, e, i, o, u are transmitted respectively as [qua], [kve], [kvi], [kvo], [kvy]: aqua [ákva] water, liquor [lúkvor] liquid, Quercus [kve rkus] oak, quinque [kvúnkve] five. Since the handwritten version of the letter q is close to the same version of the letter g (cf. : quadratus and gutta), you should write these letters correctly and not confuse them. The letter s in the position between vowels is pronounced as [z], in other cases it should be pronounced as [s]: basis [basis] base, infusum [infusum] infusion, but: succus [sukkus] juice, sapiens [sapiens] reasonable, Synoestrolum [synestrolum] cinestrol. Care should be taken to ensure that 10 Page 1 of 245

12 wearing the letter s did not acquire the character of a voiced consonant when this letter was placed next to the consonants l, m, n, r: balsamum [balsamum] balm, plasma [sma] plasma, synergismus synergism (activity of organs in one direction), sensibilitas [sensitivity ] sensitivity, bursa [bursa] bag. From the above examples, it becomes clear that attempts to pronounce [з] instead of the correct [c] in the Latin source are most often determined by the peculiarities of the pronunciation of a given letter in the Russian transliterated equivalent of each similar term, since in the Russian orthoepic system the sound [c] next to the voiced one is assimilated into [z]. However, neither in Latin nor in Greek the sound [з] is heard in a similar position of the letter s. The letter s sounds like the sound [c] also at the junction of the prefix and the root of the word: resectio [rese ktsio] resection (removal of part of an organ); desensibilisatio [desensitization] desensitization (elimination of painful sensitivity to allergens); desinfectio [desinfe ktsio] disinfection (disinfection); dysenteria [dysentery] dysentery (acute infectious disease of the intestines). In the same way, the letter s is pronounced at the junction of roots in words composed of word-forming root morphemes and frequency segments: chromosoma [chromosome] chromosome (structure of the cell nucleus, which is stained with basic dyes during the process of cell division); aerosolum [aerosolum] aerosol, Vikasolum [vicasolum] vikasol; lymphosarcoma [lymphosarcoma] lymphosarcoma (lymph node sarcoma); hydrosulfas [hydrosulfas] hydrosulfate. The letter z, borrowed by the Romans from the Greeks, is usually found in words or in word-forming elements of Greek origin and is expressed by the sound [z]: Oryza [orúza] rice, Sulfadimezinum [sulfadimezinum] sulfadimezin, trapezius [trapezius] trapezoidal, zona [zone] belt. Exception: the words Zincum [tsúncum] zinc and influenza [influenza] flu. 6. COMBINATIONS OF CONSONANTS WITH VOWELS The letter combination ngu followed by a vowel is pronounced [ngv]: lingua [lúngva] tongue, sanguis [sángvis] blood, unguentum [ungwe ntum] ointment. The same combination followed by a consonant is pronounced as [ngu]: lingula [lúngulya] tongue, angulus [ángulus] angle. The combination ti before vowels is pronounced [qi]: trituratio [trituratio] rubbing, insufficientia [insufficiency] insufficiency. However, there are some exceptions to this rule. The pronunciation [ti] is preserved in the following cases: 1. If the combination ti + vowel is preceded by the consonants s or x: combustio [combustio] burn; mixtio [múkstio] mixing, mixture. 2. In the comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs: latior [la tior] wider, citius [tsútius] faster. 3. In the genitive case of the plural of nouns, adjectives and participles there are 3 declensions: dentium [de ntium] teeth, sapientium reasonable, partium [partium] parts. 11 Page 12 of 245

14 lactation); hypertonίa hypertension (increased tone of the muscle or muscle layer of the wall of a hollow organ); Helicobácter pylóri Helicobacter pylori 3. Read the terms, paying attention to the pronunciation of the combinations ngu and qu: ápex línguae tip of the tongue; quantum satis as needed; sánguis venosus venous blood; vértebra quínta fifth vertebra; vas sanguineum blood vessel; unguéntum Streptocídi streptocidal ointment; pars squamosa scaly part; canalis inguinalis inguinal canal; línea obliqua oblique line; Áqua destilláta seu purificáta distilled or purified water; decóctum córticis Quércus decoction of oak bark 4. Read, paying attention to the pronunciation of diphthongs: líneae lines; tabulettae tablets; gangraéna gangrene (death of tissue); forámen caécum línguae blind opening of the tongue; Eucaliptus eucalyptus; coeruleus blue; procéssus caudátus caudate process; cristae sacrale intermédiae intermediate sacral ridges; cóstae spúriae false ribs; córpus vesícae félleae (biliáris) body of the gallbladder; oedema edema; aponeurosis aponeurosis (tendon sprain); haematopoeticus hematopoietic; nérvus auriculáris auricular nerve; aquaedúctus сóchleae snail aqueduct 5. Read the terms, paying attention to the pronunciation of consonant combinations: cóncha shell; Rheum rhubarb; thýmus thymus gland; Anaesthesinum anesthesin; ásthma bronchiále bronchial asthma; Aethylmorphinum ethylmorphine; Phenolphthaleínum phenolphthalein; vertebrae thorácicae thoracic vertebrae; cávitas pharýngis pharyngeal cavity; procéssus xiphoideus xiphoid process; labyrínthus ethmoidális lattice labyrinth; cirrhosis hepatis cirrhosis of the liver; artéria ophthalmica ophthalmic artery; incisura ischiádica májor greater sciatic notch; Schizándra chinensis Chinese lemongrass; lupus erythematosus lupus erythematosus; febris haemorrhagica hemorrhagic fever; typhus abdominalis typhoid fever; Methylmethioninsulfónii chlóridum methylmethionine sulfonium chloride 6. Read the terms, paying attention to the correct pronunciation of vowel and consonant combinations: Anaesthesinum anesthesin; Benzonaphthólum benzonaphthol; Chlorophylliptum chlorophyllipt; anemia (anemia); achylía (lack of gastric juice enzymes); áphthae aphthae (ulcerations in the mouth); Glycyrrhiza licorice; Erythromycinum erythromycin; erythrólysis erythrolysis (destruction of red blood cells); Foeniculum dill; Laevomycetinum chloramphenicol; gnathalgia gnathalgia (neuralgia of the jaw); Methylénum coeruleum methylene blue; Naphthyzinum naphthyzin; nephrolithíasis nephrolithiasis (kidney stone disease); oesophagus esophagus; ophthalmorrhéxis ophthalmorexis (rupture of the eyeball); Phenoxymethylpenicillinum phenoxymethylpenicillin; Phthivazidum ftivazid; unguéntum ophthalmicum eye ointment; foétor ex óre seu halitósis bad breath or halitosis; 13 Page 14 of 245

15 praecáncer precancer; Strychnine strychnine; Synoestrólum sinestrol; Cholenzymum cholenzim; Symphytum comfrey; dysthyreosis (disorder of thyroid function); Theophyllinum theophylline; Thymolum thymol; xerocheilía xerocheilia (dry lips); Spécies antihaemorrhoidáles antihemorrhoidal collection LATIN Sayings and APHORISMS 1. Alma matter. Mother-breadwinner (this is how they respectfully speak about their higher educational institution). 2. Árte et humanitáte, labóre et sciéntia. Art and philanthropy, work and knowledge (the motto of BSMU). 3. Curriculum vítae. Autobiography (lit.: “life’s run”). 4. Non est vía in medicina síne língua Latina. There is no way in medicine without Latin. 5. Núlla díes síne línea! Not a day without a line (i.e. without studying)! LESSON 2 RULES FOR STRESS 9. RULES FOR STRESS IN WORDS CONSISTING OF TWO SYLLABLES In words consisting of two syllables, the stress always falls on the first syllable: áqua water, Férrum iron, dósis dose The stress mark is used for educational purposes only in this lesson , in Latin terminology (as well as in the Latin language in general) it is not used. 10. LONGTH AND SHORTness OF THE PENULTIMATE SYLLABLE AS A CRITERION FOR DETERMINING STRESS IN WORDS CONSISTING OF THREE OR MORE SYLLABLES In words consisting of three or more syllables, the place of stress is determined by the longness or shortness of the second syllable from the end of the word. If it is long, the stress falls on it, and if it is short, the stress is placed on the third syllable from the end of the word, regardless of the length or shortness of this syllable. The longness and shortness of a syllable are usually associated with the longness and shortness of its vowel. Longitude is conventionally indicated by a dash (ā), shortness by a bracket (ă), and in educational literature these signs are placed above the vowels of the penultimate syllable if they are located before one consonant: infū sum infusion Sácchărum sugar Furacilīńum furatsilin Junípĕrus juniper Longitude or shortness of the penultimate vowel can be initial (i.e. by its nature), or determined by the placement of this vowel before certain letters or groups of letters. 14 Page 15 of 245

16 11. STRESS IN WORDS WITH INITIALLY LONG AND SHORT PENULTUTE VOWELS In educational dictionaries, the original longness or shortness of the penultimate vowel before one consonant is always recorded and noted: númĕrus number, Phósphŏrus phosphorus, Urtīća nettle. The length or shortness of the penultimate vowel can often be determined without a dictionary on the basis of the so-called long and short suffixes, which initially contain a long or short vowel. For example, the suffix -os- is long, and the suffix -ul- is short in all sections of terminology: petrṓsus stony clavícŭla collarbone Glucṓsum glucose Bétŭla birch stenṓsis stenosis, narrowing fístŭla fistula, fistula However, it should be borne in mind that some suffixes can be long in one section terminology and concise in others. For example, the suffix -ol- is always short in anatomical-histological terminology and long in pharmaceutical terminology, cf.: alvéŏlus alveolus, fovéŏla dimple, but: Ichthyṓlum ichthyol, Menthṓlum menthol. In addition, in some cases the penultimate vowel is not part of a known suffix, and its Longitude is not correct. It is advisable to note such exceptions immediately; they are given below in the lists of long and short suffixes. 12. LONG SUFFIXES Long suffixes in pharmaceutical terminology: -āt- destillā tus distilled, rectificā tus purified -āl- majā lis May, antihaemorrhoidā lis antihemorrhoidal -ār- vulgā ris ordinary -īv- sedatī vus soothing, adhaesī vus sticky -īd- Chlozepī dum chlozepid, Phthivazī dum phthivazide (i.e. in the names of drugs) -īn- Aspirīńum aspirin, Penicillīńum penicillin (in the names of drugs), but: lamĭna plate, Rícĭnus castor bean, Terebínthĭna oleoresin) -ōl- Ichthyṓlum ichthyol, Protarg ṓlum protargol -ōs - Glucṓsum glucose, spirituṓsus alcoholic -ūt- dilū tus diluted, diluted -ūr- tinctū ra tincture Long suffixes in clinical terminology: -āt- exacerbā tus aggravated, exsudā tum exudate (inflammatory effusion) -īt(is) bronchī tis bronchitis (inflamed tion bronchi), hepatī tis hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) -ōma lymphṓma lymphoma (tumor arising from lymphoid tissue), myṓma myoma (tumor from muscle tissue) 15 Page 16 of 245

17 -ōs(is) prognṓsis prognosis (a scientifically based assumption about the further course and outcome of the disease), sclerṓsis sclerosis (thickening, hardening) -ēma emphysḗma emphysema (air content in some tissue), erythḗma erythema (redness of the skin due to hyperemia); (but: eczĕma eczema (recurrent inflammation of the skin of a neuro-allergic nature) -ūr- acupunctū ra acupuncture (acupuncture), fractū ra fracture -ūt- acū tus acute; evolū tus expanded -ĭc- -ĭd- -ŭl- 13. SHORT SUFFIXES Short suffixes in pharmaceutical terminology: láctĭcus milky, Pérsĭcum peach but: Hyperīćum St. John's wort, Urtīća nettle ácĭdum acid, chlórĭdum chloride (except for drug names) Caléndŭla calendula, Foenícŭlum dill Short suffixes in clinical terminology: -iăsis nephrolithiasis nephrolithiasis (kidney stone disease), urolithiasis urolithiasis (urolithiasis), -ĭc- allérgĭcus allergic, chrónĭcus chronic -ŭl- furúncŭlus furuncle (purulent inflammation of the hair follicle and surrounding tissue), pústŭla pustule (vesicle filled with pus) 14. DETERMINATION OF THE LENGTH OF THE PENULTIMATE SYLLABLE BY ITS COMPOSITION AND LOCATION OF ITS VOICE NOGO 1 A syllable is long if it contains a diphthong: amōḗba amoeba, Cratāḗgus hawthorn 2. A syllable is long if its vowel is located before two or three consonants: Belladṓnna belladonna, Heliā nthus sunflower However, if a vowel that is short in nature is located before two consonants, the first of which belongs to the so-called dumb (b, p, d, t, g, c), and the second to smooth (l, r), then it does not lengthen: Éphĕdra ephedra, ephedra; múltĭplex plural 3. The syllable is long if the vowel comes before the consonant x or z: reflḗxus reflex, Nigedā zum nigedaza. Orýza Fig. 15. DETERMINING THE SHORTENESS OF THE PENULTIMATE SYLLABLE BY THE POSITION OF ITS VOWEL I. A syllable is short if its vowel is before the vowel: línĕa line, purpúrĕus purple However, the diphthong before the vowel is not shortened: glutāḗus gluteal, Althāḗa marshmallow 16 Page 17 of 245

18 There are some exceptions to the rule “the vowel before the vowel is short”: 1. In clinical terminology, most nouns with the final element -ia- retain stress on the penultimate syllable containing the vowel -i-: anaemía anemia, mastopathía mastopathy More details about the variability of stress in These kinds of terms are discussed in the corresponding section of the manual (see 214). 2. In some words of Greek and other origins included in modern anatomical and pharmaceutical terminology, the length of the penultimate vowel is preserved: Cacā o cocoa, trachḗa trachea 3. In the genitive case form of the noun faciei (face or surface), the stress falls on the vowel -e-: [facie i]. II. The syllable is short if the vowel is located before the combinations ch, ph, rh, th: cholédŏchus gall, bile-excreting enterólĭthus enterolitis (intestinal stone) 16. MISCELLANEOUS STRESS IN SOME RUSSIAN TRANSLITERATED TERMS AND THEIR LATIN EQUIVALENTS In all sections of medical terminology, and especially in clinical parts of it, many Latin terms are used that are not translated into Russian, but are transliterated, i.e., transmitted in letters of the Russian alphabet with or without minor changes in spelling. At the same time, the emphasis of the original often changes, cf.: Latin terms ampúlla Echinácea éczĕma erythrócўtus Haemódĕsum phlégmŏne pólўpus pílŭla 17 Russian equivalents ampula echinacea eczema erythrocyte hemodés phlegmon semin pill la Therefore, in terms of this kind, you should always carefully check the length or shortness of the penultimate vowel in the Latin word according to the dictionary, without relying on the similar sound of a given word in the Russian equivalent. 17. EXERCISES 1. Read the terms and determine the stress, paying attention to the initial longness or shortness of the penultimate syllable: cavĭtas oris oral cavity; Tinctūra Schizandrae chinensis tincture of Schizandra chinensis; vesīca urinaria bladder; Succus foliōrum Plantagĭnis majōris juice of plantain leaves; Tabulettae Carbōnis activāti activated carbon tablets; dura mater encephăli hard shell of the brain Page 18 of 245

19 brain; Immunoglobulīnum humānum antiallergĭcum fluĭdum human immunoglobulin antiallergic liquid; Rhizōma cum radicĭbus Valeriānae rhizome with valerian roots; Sirūpus ex fructĭbus Rosae rosehip syrup; tumor cerĕbri brain tumor; erosio cervīcis utĕri erosion of the cervix; Pulvis Chlorāli hydrātis ad solutiōnem chloral hydrate powder for solution; emphysēma pulmōnum pulmonary emphysema; Papaverīni hydrochlorĭdum papaverine hydrochloride; Acĭdum hydrochlorĭcum dilūtum diluted hydrochloric acid; Oleum Ricini castor oil; Spiritus aethylĭcus ethyl alcohol; Bismŭthi subnĭtras basic bismuth nitrate; tunǐca albuginea tunica albuginea; stomatitis chronica chronic stomatitis; Sirūpus Rubi idaei raspberry syrup; eczěma allergǐcum allergic eczema; systēma condūcens cordis conduction system of the heart; polўpi recti polyps of the rectum 2. Write down the terms, and then, using manual dictionaries if necessary, indicate the length or shortness of the penultimate syllable and determine the place of stress in each word: glandulae suprarenales adrenal glands; medulla spinalis spinal cord; Emulsum Benzylii benzoatis benzyl benzoate emulsion; Oleum Terebinthinae rectificatum purified turpentine; Solutio Iodi spirituosa alcohol solution of iodine; Carbo activatus activated carbon; Mucilago Amyli mucus starch; lamellae ophthalmicae eye films; Emulsum olei Ricini castor oil emulsion; Liquor Ammonii anisatus ammonia-anise drops; Tinctura Belladonnae belladonna tincture; Species diureticae seu urologicae diuretic or urological collection; Hydrargyri oxydum flavum yellow mercuric oxide; appendicitis acuta acute appendicitis; Cerebrolysinum in ampullis Cerebrolysin in ampoules; Pyridoxini hydrochloridum in tabulettis pyridoxine hydrochloride in tablets; paralysis congenita congenital paralysis; diarrhoea epidemica epidemic diarrhea; combustio thermalica textuum pedis sinistri thermal burn of the tissues of the left foot; abscessus tonsillaris tonsillar abscess; myocarditis diffusa diffuse myocarditis; Platyphyllini hydrotartras platyphyllini hydrotartrat; hepatitis infectiosa infectious hepatitis; Baccae Vitis idaeae lingonberries; sectio caesarea caesarean section; Phenolum purum liquefactum pure liquid phenol; maculae cribrosae lattice spots; Tinctura Nucis vomicae tincture of emetic nut; Extractum Crataegi fluidum liquid extract of hawthorn; Suppositoria cum Ichthyolo suppositories with ichthyol; Aestifanum seu extractum Echinaceae purpureae siccum estifan or dry extract of Echinacea purpurea; gingivitis exacerbata aggravated gingivitis; Decoctum radicis Althaeae decoction of marshmallow root; Vitaminum A seu Retinoli acetas vitamin A or retinol acetate; substantia adamantina enamel; Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter pylorus LATIN Sayings and APHORISMS 1. Citius, altius, fortius! Faster, higher, stronger! (the motto of the International Olympic Games, introduced by the IOC in 1913). 2. Eruditio aspĕra optĭma est. Strict training is the best. 18 Page 19 of 245

20 3. Ignorantia non est argumentum. Ignorance (ignorance) is not an argument. 4. Non scholae, sed vitae discĭmus. We study not for school, but for life. 5. Scientia potentia est. Knowledge is power. SECTION II GRAMMAR FUNDAMENTALS OF TERM FORMATION LESSON 3 NOUN (NOMEN SUBSTANTĪVUM). GRAMMAR CATEGORIES AND DICTIONARY FORM OF NOUNS OF ALL DECLINATIONS. I DECLINATION OF NOUNS. I GREEK DECLINATION. COMBINATION OF NOUNS IN THE TERM (UNCONSISTENT DEFINITION). CAPITAL AND SMALL LETTER FOR NOUNS IN PHARMACEUTICAL TERMS 18. GRAMMARICAL CATEGORIES OF A NOUN AND ITS DICTIONARY FORM Nouns in Latin, as in Russian, have the categories of gender, number and case, and also belong to one of the declensions. In Latin, as in Russian, nouns come in three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. Masculine gender (genus) masculīnum (m) Feminine gender (genus) feminīnum (f) Neuter gender (genus) neutrum (n) The word genus (gender) when naming the gender of Latin nouns is usually skipped, only the corresponding adjective is used. It should also be remembered that the gender of nouns in Russian and Latin often does not coincide. Compare: oak (m. r.) Quercus (f) bark (f. r.) cortex (m) sulfur (f. r.) Sulfur (n) number (v. r.) numĕrus (m) Correctly determine the gender of nouns in the Latin language it is possible, first of all, according to their dictionary form, i.e. according to the form in which a given noun is given in the dictionary with the obligatory indication of its gender. The dictionary form is discussed in more detail below. There are two numbers of nouns in Latin: (numĕrus) singulāris singular and (numĕrus) plurālis plural. Latin has six cases. Nominatīvus (Nom.) nominative (who? what?) Genetīvus (Gen.) genitive (who? what?) Datīvus (Dat.) dative (to whom? what?) 19 Page 20 of 245

21 Accusatīvus (Acc.) accusative (who? what?) Ablatīvus (Abl.) ablative, instrumental (by whom? with what?) Vocatīvus (Voc.) vocative, vocative In medical nomenclatures, the first two cases Nominatīvus and Genetīvus are most often used. The Latin cases Datīvus and Vocatīvus are not used in medical nomenclatures. Datīvus can be found in texts, including pharmaceutical ones, as well as in proverbs and aphorisms. Vocatīvus can also be found in proverbs and aphorisms. Accusatīvus and Ablatīvus are used in prepositional constructions, mainly in pharmaceutical and clinical terms, as well as in texts. Latin nouns are divided into five declensions, that is, five types of case inflection. The type of declension is determined by the ending of the genitive case of the singular (and sometimes plural) number, which is given in the dictionary form of the noun. You should memorize the endings of Genetīvus (genitive case), characteristic of each declension of nouns: Ending in Genetīvus Type of declension -ae I -i II -is III -us IV -ēi V The dictionary form of a noun consists of three elements: 1) a noun in the nominative case ; 2) the ending of the genitive case, which determines the type of declension; 3) abbreviated indication of the gender of the noun: herba, ae f grass os, ossis n bone numĕrus, i m number pars, partis f part In the oral version of the dictionary form, all three of its elements are pronounced in full: herba, herbae, feminīnum; numĕrus, numĕri, masculīnum; os, ossis, neutrum; pars, partis, femininum. It is also necessary to remember that in the nominative case of three-syllable and polysyllabic words, and sometimes at the end of the genitive case, the penultimate vowel (if it is located before one consonant) is marked with its original length or brevity. This element of the dictionary form is mandatory and its absence or incorrect formatting will result in a lower grade. Therefore, in the written version of the dictionary form, all these designations must be scrupulously indicated, cf.: cortex, ĭcis m cortex; encephălon, i n brain; numĕrus, i m number; radix, īcis f root. 19. GRAMMATICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DECLINATIONS The first declension includes feminine nouns with the ending -a in the nominative case and with the ending -ae in the genitive: Convallaria, ae f lily of the valley herba, ae f grass 20 Page 21 of 245

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CONTENTS 1. PASSPORT OF THE WORKING PROGRAM OF THE ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE page 4. STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF THE ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE 5 3. CONDITIONS FOR IMPLEMENTING THE ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE 9 4. CONTROL AND EVALUATION OF THE RESULTS OF MASTERING THE ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE

Year of manufacture: 2002

Genre: Latin

Format: DjVu

Quality: Scanned pages

Description: The textbook contains ample material for studying and mastering the academic discipline “Latin and the Basics of Pharmaceutical Terminology,” which is unfamiliar to first-year students. This discipline is an integral link in the process of training pharmacists - specialists with higher pharmaceutical education.
The entire program is implemented in the structure of basic pharmaceutical education in the 1st year, which contributes to the preparation of students of the second and third levels of higher education and the eventual formation of a terminologically competent pharmacist and his professional language culture.
Historically, for many centuries the Latin language, which absorbed the lexical and word-formative wealth of the ancient Greek language, played and still plays a certain role in the professional activities of doctors, pharmacists, and biologists. The alphabet, phonetics, morphological, word-formation, syntactic and lexical resources of the Latin language continue to actively function as a supranational sign system in the languages of various sciences and fields of scientific knowledge.
The structure of the textbook “Latin and the Basics of Pharmaceutical Terminology” presents two leading components in an inextricable organic connection:

Latin language to the extent limited by tasks of professional applicability.
Basic theoretical and practical aspects of pharmaceutical and general medical terminology.

Teaching the elements of Latin grammar is consistently focused on teaching the basics of pharmaceutical terminology.
This edition of the textbook, the fourth, is not stereotypical compared to the previous one (1994). and very significantly revised in content, structural, methodological and editorial terms. This is primarily due to the intensive development in the second half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries of pharmaceutical science (pharmacology, pharmacy) in connection with progress in all areas of biomedical, chemical sciences, original biotechnology, etc. An exceptionally strong impetus was given to the development of pharmaceuticals - the industrial production of a huge number of medicines, including new generation medicines. The total number of individual compounds, dosage forms made from them, and combination drugs used in modern medicine amounts to many thousands. All this inevitably led to an extremely oversaturated and very confusing “market” of drug names. “The abundance of available and the ever-increasing number of new drugs, and especially their numerous names, not only make them difficult to remember, but can lead to inaccuracies in choosing the right drug and replacing it, if necessary, with another drug. To understand the jungle of drugs and their names, certain efforts are currently required” (M.D. Mashkovsky, Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences). If we add to this conclusion the difficulties that arise in the pharmacy trade of drugs in the conditions of over-the-counter sales that have sharply increased over the last decade, then it becomes obvious how important preliminary preparation is for the perception of information of a medicinal, medical and biological nature associated with the names of drugs.
The author expresses his heartfelt gratitude to Yu.I. Gorodkova for her invaluable assistance in preparing the textbook manuscript for publication.

- (from the Greek pharmakon medicine, poison and logos word, doctrine), the science of the action of medicinal substances on a living organism. The word F. first appeared in the 17th century; in 1693, Dale entitled his work on pharmacognosy “Pharmacologia, s.... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia

PHARMACOLOGY- (Greek, from pharmakon medicine and logos word). The science of medicines, their effect on a living organism, and their use in diseases. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. PHARMACOLOGY Greek, from pharmakon, ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

PHARMACOLOGY- (from the Greek pharmakon medicine and...logy), science that studies the effect of medicinal substances on the human and animal body. Systematized information about medicines is contained in ancient Egyptian papyri, the works of an ancient Greek doctor... ... Modern encyclopedia

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PHARMACOLOGY- PHARMACOLOGY, a science that studies the properties of MEDICINES and their effects on the body... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary

PHARMACOLOGY- PHARMACOLOGY, pharmacology, many others. no, female (from the Greek pharmakon medicine and logos teaching). The science of the effects of medicinal substances on the body. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

PHARMACOLOGY- PHARMACOLOGY, and, women. The science of medicinal and other biologically active substances and their effect on the human and animal body. Biochemical f. Clinical f. | adj. pharmacological, oh, oh. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu.... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

PHARMACOLOGY- female, Greek part of medical science: about the action and use of drugs and potions. Pharmacologist, scientist in this field. Pharmacological readings. Pharmacolite, fossil: arsenic acid lime. Pharmacopoeia for women painting of medicines and potions, which... ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

pharmacology- noun, number of synonyms: 10 biopharmacology (1) medical science (3) ... Synonym dictionary

Pharmacology- (from jarmakon medicine and o logoV science) department of drug science, dedicated to the scientific study of the question of the mechanism of beneficial action of pharmaceuticals. As one of the subjects of medical sciences, F. is not limited; however, research... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

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Pharmacology, N. I. Fedyukovich, E. D. Ruban. , 704 pp. This edition has been revised and expanded in accordance with modern requirements. New data and definitions have been introduced into the text. The definition of pharmacology, its historical... Series: Secondary medical education Publisher: PHOENIX, Manufacturer: PHOENIX, Buy for 1080 UAH (Ukraine only)
Pharmacology, D. A. Kharkevich, The textbook includes three main sections: introduction, general pharmacology and specific pharmacology. The first section examines the content of pharmacology, its position among other medical... Publisher: