Imagination as a mental cognitive process. Imagination as one of the cognitive-mental processes - report Imagination as a cognitive process briefly
The concept of imagination. Human consciousness not only reflects the world around us, but also creates it, and creative activity is impossible without imagination. In order to change something existing or create something new that meets material and spiritual needs, it is first necessary to ideally imagine what will then be embodied in material form. The ideal transformation of a person’s existing ideas takes place in the imagination.
In human consciousness there are various ideas as a form of reflection in the form of images of objects and phenomena that we do not directly perceive at the moment.
Representations that are reproductions of past experiences or perceptions are called memory representations. Ideas that arise in a person under the influence of reading books, stories of other people (images of objects that have never been perceived by him, ideas of what has never been in his experience, or of what will be created in a more or less distant future) are called ideas imagination (or fantasy).
There are four types of imagination:
- 1) something that really exists in reality, but which a person has not previously perceived (icebreaker, Eiffel Tower);
- 2) representations of the historical past (Novgorod Veche, boyar, Peter I, Chapaev);
- 3) ideas about what will happen in the future (aircraft models, houses, clothes);
- 4) representations of what never happened in reality (fairy-tale images, Eugene Onegin).
Such images are built from material received in past perceptions and stored in memory. The activity of the imagination is always the processing of the data that delivers sensations and perceptions to the brain. The imagination cannot create from “nothing”: a person deaf from birth is unable to imagine the trill of a nightingale, just as a person born blind will never recreate a red rose in his imagination.
But imagination is not limited to the reproduction of memory representations and their mechanical connection. During the process of imagination, memory representations are processed in such a way that new representations are created as a result.
Imagination - this is a cognitive mental process consisting in the creation of new images by processing materials of perceptions and ideas obtained in previous experience, a unique form of a person’s reflection of real reality in new, unusual, unexpected combinations and connections.
The physiological basis of imagination should be considered the revival in the human brain of previously formed temporary nerve connections and their transformation into new combinations that can arise for various reasons: sometimes unconsciously, as a consequence of a spontaneous increase in excitation in certain centers of the cerebral cortex under the influence of random stimuli acting on these centers at the moment of weakening of regulatory control from the higher parts of the cortex (for example, dreaming); more often - as a result of a person’s conscious efforts aimed at creating a new image.
The basis of imagination is the work not of isolated nerve centers, but of the entire cerebral cortex. The creation of imaginary images is the result of the joint activity of the first and second signal systems, although any image, any idea should formally be attributed to the first signal - a sensory reflection of reality. Consequently, images of the imagination represent a special form of reflection of reality, characteristic only of man.
Imagination performs several important functions in human mental life. First of all this cognitive function. As a cognitive process, imagination arises in a problem situation in which the degree of uncertainty and lack of information are very significant. At the same time, imagination is the basis of hypotheses that fill in the blind spots in scientific systems. Imagination is closer to sensory cognition than to thinking, and differs from it in its conjecture, imprecision, figurativeness and emotionality.
Since a person cannot satisfy all his needs materially, the second function of imagination is motivational, that is, a person can satisfy his needs in an ideal way - in dreams, dreams, myths, fairy tales.
In children, imagination fulfills affective-defensive function, as it protects the child’s unstable psyche from excessively difficult experiences and mental trauma. The mechanism of this defense is as follows: through imaginary situations, the child experiences a release of tension and a symbolic resolution of the conflict, which can be difficult to resolve through practical actions.
The Meaning of Imagination in a person’s life is very large: it is organically connected with other mental phenomena. The French philosopher D. Diderot succinctly and figuratively assessed the importance of imagination: “Imagination! Without this quality one cannot be a poet, a philosopher, an intelligent person, a thinking being, or just a person... Imagination is the ability to evoke images. A person completely devoid of this ability would be a stupid..."
Imagination, like other functions of consciousness, developed historically, and primarily in human labor activity. To satisfy their needs, people had to change and transform the world around them in order to get from nature more than what it could give without human intervention. And in order to transform and create, you need to imagine in advance what you want, the ways and results of such a transformation. A prerequisite for this is the presence of a conscious goal: a person imagines in advance the result of his work, those things and changes in them that he wants to receive. This is the significant difference between humans and animals. The main meaning of imagination is that without it no work would be possible, since one cannot work without imagining the final result.
Without imagination, progress in science, technology, and art would be impossible. Inventors who create new devices, mechanisms and machines rely on materials from observations of living nature. So, while studying the inhabitants of Antarctica - penguins, designers created a machine that can move through loose snow. The car was called “Penguin”. By observing how some species of snails move along the Earth's magnetic field lines, scientists have created new, more advanced navigation devices. In the albatross's beak there is a kind of desalination plant that turns sea water into water suitable for drinking. Interested in this, scientists began developing seawater desalination; Observations of the dragonfly led to the creation of a helicopter.
Work in any field is impossible without the participation of imagination. A developed imagination is extremely necessary for a teacher, psychologist, or educator: when designing a student’s personality, one should clearly imagine what qualities need to be formed or nurtured in the child. One of the common features of outstanding teachers of the past and present is optimistic forecasting - the ability to foresee, anticipate pedagogical reality with faith in the capabilities and abilities of each student.
Types of imagination. Imagination arises in response to needs that stimulate human practical activity, that is, it is characterized by effectiveness and activity. Based on the degree of activity, two types of imagination are distinguished: passive and active.
Passive imagination is subject to subjective, internal factors and is characterized by the creation of images that are not realized, programs that are not realized or cannot be realized at all. In the process of passive imagination, unreal, imaginary satisfaction of any need or desire is carried out.
Passive imagination can be intentional or unintentional.
Unintentional passive imagination is observed when the activity of consciousness is weakened, with its disorders, in a half-asleep state, in a dream. It is imagination without a predetermined goal, without special intention, without effort of will on the part of a person. In this case, images are created as if by themselves: looking at a bizarrely shaped cloud, we “see” an elephant, a bear, a man’s face... Unintentional passive imagination is caused primarily by needs that are unsatisfied at the moment - in a waterless desert, a person has images of water sources, wells, oases - mirages (hallucinations - a pathological disorder of perceptual activity - have nothing to do with imagination).
One type of unintentional passive imagination is dreams, which usually occur during REM sleep, when inhibition weakens in some areas of the cortex and partial excitation occurs. I.P. Pavlov considered the physiological basis of dreams as neural traces of “previous irritations”, connecting in the most unexpected way, and I.M. Sechenov considered dreams “an unprecedented combination of already experienced impressions.” Dreams have always been associated with many prejudices and superstitions. This is explained by their character, which is a strange combination of unprecedented, fantastic pictures and events.
However, it is known that everything in the world is determined, all mental phenomena have a material basis. A number of experiments have shown that dreams are caused by the needs of the body and are “fabricated” on the basis of external stimuli that the sleeping person is not aware of. For example, if a bottle of perfume is brought to the face of a sleeping person, he dreams of a fragrant garden, greenhouse, flowerbed, paradise; if they ring a bell, then someone dreams that he is racing in a troika with bells, and someone’s tray with crystal dishes breaks; if the sleeper’s feet open up and begin to freeze, he dreams that he is walking barefoot in the snow or gets his foot into an ice hole. If the body position is poor, breathing becomes difficult and the person has nightmares. With pain in the heart, a person overcomes obstacles in a dream and experiences something intensely.
The so-called “prophetic dreams” deserve special attention. Often, when a disease of the internal organs begins, sleepers see recurring, annoying dreams associated with the nature of the development of painful phenomena. Until the pain makes itself felt, weak signals are received in the cortex, which during the day are suppressed by stronger signals and are not noticed. At night, the brain perceives these signals with quite a strong force, which causes the corresponding dreams. Dreams - These are processes of both unintentional and intentional passive imagination without a specific direction, occurring in the form of a chaotic sequence of one image after another. The flow of such ideas is not regulated by thinking. In dreams, images that are pleasant to a person always appear. They usually occur when a person is in a passive, weak-willed state - as a result of severe fatigue, during the transition from sleep to wakefulness and vice versa, at high temperature, during poisoning with alcohol, nicotine, or drug intoxication.
All people tend to dream about something joyful, tempting, pleasant, but if dreams predominate in the processes of imagination, then this indicates certain defects in personality development. If a person is passive, does not fight for a better future, and real life is joyless, then he often creates for himself an illusory, fictitious life and lives in it. At the same time, imagination acts as a replacement for activity, its surrogate, with the help of which a person refuses the need to act (“Manilovism”, fruitless daydreaming).
Active imagination manifests itself in cases where new images or ideas arise as a result of a person’s special intention to imagine something specific, concrete. Based on the degree of independence and originality of the products of activity, a distinction is made between recreative and creative imagination.
Recreating (reproductive) Imagination is based on the creation of certain images that correspond to the description (from a map, drawing, diagram, from materials already designed by someone). Each person has his own image of Anna Karenina, Pierre Bezukhov, Woland...
Reproductive imagination is of great importance in the mental development of a person: giving the opportunity, based on someone else’s story or description, to imagine something that he has never seen, it takes a person beyond the narrow personal experience and makes his consciousness alive and concrete. The activity of the imagination unfolds most clearly when reading fiction: by reading historical novels, it is much easier to get vivid images of the past, the atmosphere of the Middle Ages, than by studying scientific works.
Creative imagination presupposes the independent creation of new images, realized in original and valuable products of activity, and is an integral part of any creativity (scientific, technical, artistic): the discovery of new laws in science, the design of new machines and mechanisms, the breeding of new varieties of plants, animal breeds, creation works of art, literature.
Creative imagination is more difficult than recreating: for example, creating the image of Grandfather Shchukar is more difficult than imagining him from a description, and it is easier to imagine a mechanism from a drawing than to construct it. But the difference between these types of active imagination is relative; there is no clear line between them. The artist and musician create an image in accordance with the role, but they do it creatively, giving other people's works an original interpretation.
The process of imagination is not always immediately realized in practical actions. Often imagination takes the form of a special internal activity, which consists in creating images of the desired future, i.e., dreaming. Dream although it does not immediately and directly provide an objective product, it is a necessary condition for the transformation of reality, an incentive, a motive for activity, the final completion of which turned out to be delayed (magic carpet).
The value of a dream is determined by how it relates to human activity. An effective, socially oriented dream, which inspires a person to work and raises him to fight, cannot be confused with empty, fruitless, unfounded daydreaming, which leads a person away from reality and weakens him. Empty visionaries and dreamers are most often people who have poor personal experience, little knowledge, undeveloped critical thinking, and weak will. Their fantasies are not restrained by anything and are not controlled by consciousness.
There are dreams of a real plan, but associated with an insignificant, everyday goal, when they are limited to the desire to have some material values.
Techniques for creating imaginative images. All processes of imagination are of an analytical-synthetic nature, as are perception, memory, and thinking.
Images of the creative imagination are created through various techniques. One of these techniques is combining elements into a holistic new image. Combination - This is not a simple sum of already known elements, but a creative synthesis, where elements are transformed, changed, and appear in new relationships. Thus, the image of Natasha Rostova was created by L.N. Tolstoy based on a deep analysis of the character traits of two people close to him - his wife Sofia Andreevna and her sister Tatyana. A less complex, but also very productive method of forming a new image is agglutination(from Latin agglluninary - to stick) - a combination of properties, qualities, parts of various objects that are incompatible in real life (mermaid, sphinx, centaur, Pegasus, hut on chicken legs). In technology, using this technique, an accordion, a trolleybus, an amphibious tank, a seaplane, etc. were created.
A unique way of creating images of the imagination is accentuation- sharpening, emphasizing, exaggerating any features of an object. This technique is often used in caricatures and cartoons. One form of emphasis is hyperbolization- a method of reducing (increasing) the object itself (giant, heroes, Thumbelina, gnomes, elves) or changing the quantity and quality of its parts (a dragon with seven heads, Kalimata - a multi-armed Indian goddess).
A common technique for creating creative images is typing- highlighting the essential, repeating in homogeneous phenomena, and embodying it in a specific image. For example, Pechorin is “...a portrait, but not of one person: it is a portrait made up of the vices of our entire generation in their full development.” A type is an individual image in which the most characteristic features of people of a class, nation or group are combined into one whole.
Techniques for creating new images also include schematization and specification. Schematization consists in smoothing out the differences between objects and identifying similarities between them. An example is the creation of an ornament from elements of the plant world. Specification abstract concepts can be observed in various allegories, metaphors and other symbolic images (eagle, lion - strength and pride; turtle - slowness; fox - cunning; hare - cowardice). Any artist, poet, composer realizes his thoughts and ideas not in general abstract concepts, but in specific images. Thus, in the fable “Swan, Crayfish and Pike” by I.A. Krylov concretizes the thought in figurative form: “When there is no agreement among the comrades, their business will not go well.”
The presence of creativity in the imagination allows us to consider fantasy (as imagination can be called) and thinking as a single mental activity. But at the same time, there are differences between them.
Imagination is the mental process of creating new images based on the transformation of past experience. This is of course a reflection of reality, but a person transforms something previously displayed. And, please note, unlike thinking, imagination does not operate with concepts. Only images!
How is imagination related to reality?
Imagination is a property characteristic only of man and arises only with the emergence of labor, cognitive activity. This fact alone suggests that the connection between reality and imagination is direct. The following relationships will be of interest to us:
New images are always composed of elements reflected in reality;
Images are evoked and generated by the real demands of reality;
Based on the images of the imagination, new real objects, processes and phenomena are created;
Images of the imagination evoke very real feelings in a person;
Finally, images of the imagination can become a stimulus that pushes a person to active, transformative activity.
These relationships convince us that imagination is developed not only among those who “have their head in the clouds,” but is also a necessary basis for any creative process, the basis of human activity.
Techniques of imagination.
Techniques of imagination, or techniques of associating an image (creating associations) are divided into three groups:
Combining parts (combining). When given the task of drawing a non-existent animal, a person simply takes part from a bird, part from a tiger, part from a frog, etc., and gets something that does not exist in reality.
Combining and emphasizing common features (typification, emphasis, exaggeration (hyperbolization), understatement).
Rethinking. Such associations may be made based on a contrast, an unexpected combination, a clash of views, theories, or simply a change in perspective.
Types of imagination.
Imagination can be passive or active.
Passive imagination does not require any special actions or efforts on our part. If we talk about the norm of such imagination, then it is necessary to list dreams, waking images (at the moment when a person has not yet completely shaken off the torpor of sleep and does not clearly grasp the connection with reality), images (images of habits). If we talk about pathology, then we will talk about hallucinations that can occur in a person due to some kind of mental illness or under the influence of stimulants.
Passive imagination is not purposeful; it is an unconscious or subconscious processing of information from past experience. Such images have no obvious external influence.
Active imagination is a purposeful, conscious (in accordance with the goal) imagination, controlled by human thinking. These are our dreams, our creativity. It lies at the heart of creating something new, at the heart of new scientific discoveries.
What place does imagination occupy in the structure of personality?
Imagination is associated with sensation and perception - they provide the basis for transformation;
It exists in unity with memory, but memory strives to maintain accuracy, and imagination changes the nature of connections and thereby ensures novelty;
Together with thinking, it forms something new, but if thinking requires greater sufficiency of information, then imagination is often included in action when there is insufficient information; thinking cognizes connections and relationships of objective reality, while imagination creates new relationships and connections; scientific truths are revised and grow old, but figurative works created with the help of imagination practically do not age;
Images of the imagination can evoke real feelings;
Imagination can also be correlated with the volitional organization of the personality, if this imagination is effective.
State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Russian Economic Academy
them. G.V. Plekhanov
Report
on the topic of:
“Imagination as one of the cognitive and mental processes”
Completed by: Blagova Ekaterina
Zotova Yana
Faculty of Management
Group No. 1230
Moscow 2009
I. Introduction................................................... ........................................................ .........3
II. Imagination as one of the cognitive and mental processes……...3
1. Traits, functions of imagination and the formation of techniques in a person
changes and transformations of ideas in the process of imagination................3
2. Reasons for fantasy.................................................. ..............................................5
3. Main types of imagination .................................................... ...............................6
4. Ways of appearance of images................................................... ........................7
III. Conclusion................................................. ........................................................ ...8
IV. Bibliography............................................... ................10
Introduction
Psychology studies human mental activity. This science includes several branches. One of them is general psychology, which studies the general laws characteristic of all mental phenomena. It examines the individual, highlighting his cognitive processes and personality.
Cognitive mental processes supply and constitute the material of a person’s inner world. Cognitive mental processes include: sensation, perception, attention, imagination, memory, thinking, speech and language. With the help of cognitive processes, a person receives and comprehends information, displays the objective world, transforming it into a subjective image. Thus, cognitive processes are levels of reflection of reality of varying complexity.
As we have already said, imagination is one of the cognitive processes. It allows a person to reflect such objects and phenomena that did not take place in his personal experience, but which existed, exist or will exist. Thanks to imagination, a person can mentally move in space and time, and visit places inaccessible to him. Imagination connects the present with the past and future, makes the impossible possible, the inaccessible accessible. People not only learn and contemplate the world, they change and transform it. But in order to transform reality in practice, you need to be able to do this mentally. It is this need that imagination satisfies. Thanks to him, a person creates, intelligently plans and manages his activities. Almost all human material and spiritual culture is a product of people's imagination and creativity.
Imagination is a very important feature of a person, which consists in the fact that his behavior is not at all limited by the narrow area of reality, predetermined by the given in the past and present. A person transcends the limits of the immediate given and creates a new reality. The possibility of this is provided to him by imagination, or fantasy. Not content with what is given objectively in the form of the contents of perception and memory, we, through fantasy, begin to imagine new contents, create new ideas that are not a reflection of the objective reality given through perception, but, on the contrary, expanding its limits in order to create a new reality.
Taking into account the importance of imagination in a person’s life, how it affects his mental processes and states, and even the body, we will consider the problem of imagination.
Imagination as a cognitive process
1. Traits, functions of imagination and the development of techniques in a person
changes and transformations of ideas in the process of imagination
Imagination is a mental process consisting of the creation of new images or ideas by processing perceptual material and ideas obtained in previous experience, that is, memory ideas.
If the imaginary images created by a person are never realized in reality, then they are fantastic images, and the process of their creation will be called fantasy. Other researchers of the human psyche consider fantasy to be synonymous with imagination.
Imagination is the basis of visual-figurative thinking. The following features are characteristic of the imagination:
1) It is an integral part of the creative process.
2) Imagination activity depends on the general orientation of the individual.
3) Imagination is closely related to memory, since its specificity lies in the processing of past experience.
4) It is also closely related to perception and influences the creation of images perceived by thinking.
5) Imagination is associated with thinking. Imagination and thinking arise in problematic situations and are motivated by personality problems.
Imagination is unique to humans. Possessing a rich imagination, a person can live in different times, which no other living creature in the world can afford. The past is recorded in memory images, and the future is represented in dreams and fantasies.
Imagination arose as a result of social and labor activity aimed at understanding and transforming the surrounding world. Even the simplest, most elementary labor process cannot be accomplished without imagination, without a mental representation of the goal of labor and the means and methods of achieving it.
Labor is the source not only of the emergence of imagination, but also a constant means of its improvement and development. The increasing complexity of forms of labor in the process of historical development of human society, the constant improvement of means of labor and instruments of production, the emergence and development of new forms of labor activity have imposed and are imposing ever new and increased demands on the human imagination and thereby contribute to its development. Work contributed to the formation and improvement of the following techniques in humans for changing and transforming ideas in the process of imagination:
1. Isolation from a holistic image of an object of any of its elements or properties, a mental representation in one’s imagination of this element or property separately from the object to which they belong. For example, representing one form of stone tool as suitable for cutting; the idea of the size of a stick as a means to lengthen the arm. Compound in one’s imagination, isolated elements and their properties and in this way creating a mental image, imagining a new object that did not previously exist in nature, for example a spear. This was followed by the mental endowment of this weapon with the properties of hitting a target from afar (throwing) or close (strike, powerful thrust) and, in connection with this, giving a special form to each of these weapons (light dart and heavy spear), and finally, mental strengthening of any property or quality, giving this property disproportionately greater or special importance in the characteristics of an object (cunning in a fox, cowardice in a hare).
2. Transfer this property on other objects (the leader of the tribe is as cunning as a fox; enemies are cowardly as hares).
3. Mental weakening any property or quality of an object, leading to the construction of a contrasting image, endowed with properties directly opposite to the original one (many characters of folk epics and fairy tales).
4. Merger two or more images into a new, holistic image (the sphinx among the ancient Egyptians, the centaur among the ancient Greeks).
5. Creation of a new image as a result generalizations traits observed in a number of similar objects. For example, the typification of the image in fiction: Onegin, Pechorin, Oblomov, Korchagin and other literary characters, as exponents of the typical features of their class and era. All this is reflected in the techniques of imagination.
In human life, imagination performs a number of specific functions.
1. Cognitive. This function is that imagination contributes to the expansion and deepening of knowledge. As varieties of cognitive function, we can name, on the one hand, a generalization function, manifested in the generation of diverse elements, situations, opportunities, and, on the other, a synthetic function, which consists in the creation of a holistic new formation (a new combination of images through their partial transformation). Many discoveries and inventions occur through the creation of new images, therefore imagination is an indispensable psychological factor in search creative activity.
2. Emotional. This function is expressed in the fact that through an imaginary situation, the tension that arises can be discharged and a unique, symbolic (figurative) resolution of conflicts that are difficult to resolve with real practical actions can occur. The function of emotional influence can also be carried out by images of the imagination. Vivid images of the imagination, distinguished by sensual vividness, influence the emotional background of the activity, stimulate an increase or decrease in mood in its process. They can both promote passion for work and hinder the work or educational process.
3. Regulatory function. It assumes that images of the imagination acquire motivating meaning and promote human activity in a certain direction. Images of the imagination, being associated with needs, interests and other components of personality orientation, become one of the psychological factors of creative inspiration.
4. Programming function. This is programming of future human behavior. It is realized in a person’s mental drawing up of plans and programs for his future behavior, in their figurative representation.
5. Control and correction. It lies in the fact that images of the imagination allow you to correct errors and shortcomings, as well as improve the methods and techniques of the work performed.
6. Anticipatory function (anticipation). This is the ability to foresee the development of events, phenomena, and results of actions. Thanks to the ability to foresee, a person can, as it were, “with his mind’s eye” see what will happen to him, to other people or to surrounding things in the future. The younger the person, the more and more clearly the forward orientation of his imagination is represented. In older and older people, the imagination is more focused on events of the past.
2. Reasons for fantasy
What is the reason that a person breaks away from reality and begins to build an unreal world, turns away from the actual situation and imagines a non-existent one? What is the meaning, the reason for the creation of the unreal, while our life takes place exclusively in the real world? That is, the question arises simultaneously about the cause and meaning of fantasy.
Objective reality exists independently of us, has its own stable patterns that are not subject to our desires and needs, although their satisfaction depends precisely on this reality. Often our needs remain unmet. It is clear that in such cases the subject has an impulse to create a reality that can provide the opportunity to satisfy an existing need, since the existing reality does not satisfy it. Psychoanalysis (Freud and others) paid special attention to this role of unsatisfied needs, convincingly proving that the work of our fantasy is very often based on the energy emanating from our unsatisfied needs. If we have any strong need that we are unable to satisfy, we usually have a clear idea of its subject: the unsatisfied need gives impetus to the actualization of the imagination.
However, as we know, imaginary reality often takes on such a form that it can only be linked artificially to any specific biological need. Therefore, Freud produced a very artificial interpretation of fantasy ideas in order to convincingly link their content with such needs. It seems that imagination has another basis. The fact is that often objective reality does not allow us to use our forces in all directions, although we feel the absolute need for this. It is possible that fantasy, by creating an artificial reality, thereby often pursues the goal of satisfying this need.
In addition, there is no doubt that in the process of our daily life and activity, based on various needs and under the influence of diverse impressions, many attitudes arise, which can be realized, fully revealed in the conditions of a given objective reality, either partially - to a greater or lesser extent, or impossible at all. There is no doubt that these attitudes strive for realization and it is in fantasy that they find the unlimited possibility of their adequate manifestation.
Thus, a person has many things that are impossible to satisfy or fully identify in the conditions of existing reality. However, man is an active being, initially striving for the full identification and development of his essence. Fantasy is the mental function that allows you to do this within certain limits, in particular, within the framework of mental reality.
3. Basic types of imagination
The emergence of imaginary images in a person can occur both intentionally and unintentionally. In this regard, two types of imagination are distinguished: intentional (arbitrary) And unintentional (involuntary).
Involuntary imagination is the simplest type of imagination and consists in the emergence and combination of ideas and their elements into new ideas without a specific intention on the part of a person, with a weakening of conscious control on his part over the course of his ideas. Involuntary imagination is often observed in young children. It appears most clearly in dreams or in a half-asleep, drowsy state, when ideas arise spontaneously. Unintentional imagination also occurs in the waking state. One should not think that certain new images always arise as a result of conscious, purposeful human activity.
Intentional imagery can be created for two purposes. In one case, their creation is necessary to carry out active activities aimed at creating a new object necessary for life. Such an active imagination already develops in children's games, in which children take on certain roles (pilot, train driver, doctor, etc.). The need to display the most correctly chosen role in the game leads to active work of the imagination. In another case, images of the imagination are created only in order to escape from reality into an invented illusory world. Such fantastic images that are created by a person so that he can express himself the way he wants, even in a fictitious situation, are called dreams. Dreams, replacing a person's active activity, belong to the passive type of imagination.
Active imagination can be restorative and creative.
Recreative (reproductive) imagination is aimed at creating new images based on a verbal description, drawing, drawing, or schematic representation of an object. It is of great importance in educational activities. When mastering scientific knowledge, students must create images of objects that they have never perceived.
Creative (productive) imagination- this is a type of imagination during which a person independently creates new images and ideas that are valuable to other people or society as a whole and which are embodied in specific original products of activity. Creative imagination is a necessary component and basis of artistic, technical, and scientific creativity of a person. Creativity is necessary for both adults and children. In childhood, fantastic images are created on its basis, which are often as real for children as the images that arose on the basis of perception.
The same vivid images of the imagination often arise in people engaged in creative work: writers, artists, musicians. Turgenev wrote about the heroes of the novel “Fathers and Sons”: “I drew all these faces, as if I were drawing mushrooms, leaves, trees: they made my eyes sore and I began to draw.” Dickens wrote the same thing: “I do not write the content of a book, but I see it and write it down.”
Images of creative imagination can be realistic and fantastic. Realistic images are created on the basis of creativity in both practical and theoretical activities. Engineers, architects, scientists, designers, innovators create images and ideas that, when embodied in material objects, contribute to the development of science, technology, culture and the spiritual life of society.
Fantastic images are created by writers, scientists, artists, sculptors, and inventors. They are realized in works of art, paintings, drawings, projects, sculptures, etc. There are science fiction, fairy-tale-fiction and religious-mystical images. They embody the future achievements of science and technology, the beliefs and aspirations of people, their desire to realize their dreams and ideals.
Dreams are of particular importance in a person’s life. In dreams, people create images of the desired future they strive for. Dreams help them bring to life the images created in the process of creative activity. They enable a person to gather all his strength and mobilize all his resources to overcome the difficulties that arise in the creative process.
3. Ways of appearance of images.
Let's consider the mechanism of imagination.
The creation of imaginative images is carried out on the basis of complex mental activity aimed at transforming ideas or their elements into new combinations. These mental actions are of a specific nature and are carried out in the form of imaginative processes through which new images are created. There are a number of processes or techniques of imagination.
One of these processes is agglutination, i.e. “gluing together” representations or their parts. Through agglutination, images of objects that do not exist in the real world are created. This is how mythological and fairy-tale images were created: a centaur, a minotaur, a mermaid, the Serpent Gorynych and others. Agglutination is widely used in creating ideas about new technical designs. For example, a vehicle such as a snowmobile was created on the basis of combining ideas about the individual parts of an airplane and a sleigh.
Another process of imagination is schematization. Schematic images are created by highlighting the main most important elements in their structures in objects and phenomena. Thus, architects create designs for various structures, inventors create diagrams of mechanisms and other devices, artists create abstract paintings, etc.
Close to schematization is the process of typification. Typical images are created in fiction. They combine both typical features inherent in an entire category of people and the individual characteristics of a literary hero.
There is also a well-known technique for creating imaginary images called hyperbolization. Through this technique, new images are created by excessively exaggerating or understating ideas about real-life objects. This is how images are created: giants, midgets, gnomes and other fairy-tale characters.
It is also possible to create a new image by emphasizing it. When emphasizing, one of the most characteristic details of an object is emphasized by exaggeration. This is how artists create caricatures of certain characters in works of art, political figures or other famous people who have negative personality traits. Through accentuation, friendly cartoons are also created, in which some feature of a person is emphasized that evokes a sense of humor.
Creating a new image is also possible through likening (analogy). Thus, the idea of creating aircraft has always been associated by analogy with a flying bird, the creation of a locator - by analogy with the organs that send and receive ultrasounds in dolphins, bats and other animals.
Imaginative images can be created by transferring real objects and living beings into an environment where they cannot exist. Thus, A. Belyaev created the image of Ichthyander in the work “Amphibian Man”. Just as fantastic at first were the ideas about a human diver, about spaceships, about astronauts going into space from a ship.
Conclusion
Imagination plays a big role in human life. It gives him the opportunity to predict the future, create new plans and programs, solve emerging problems in a new way, and find a way out of the most difficult situations. Imagination takes a person beyond his immediate existence, reminds him of the past, and opens up the future. Along with a decrease in the ability to fantasize, a person’s personality becomes impoverished, the possibilities of creative thinking decrease, and interest in art and science fades.
Imagination is closely related to thinking, thanks to which a person can correctly evaluate the products of the imagination and separate fantastic images from images that can be realized in reality. In turn, imagination provides material for the functioning of imaginative thinking, with the help of which a person can put forward fantastic hypotheses and assumptions about the essence of phenomena that cannot be explained logically.
Imagination influences the activities of the entire human body. Under the influence of imagination, mental states, images, emotions and feelings change. It affects physical and physiological processes, movements and actions.
Imagination affects not only human behavior, but also the hidden processes occurring in the muscles of various parts of the body. It is enough to imagine that the hand is compressed and the same impulses can be recorded in the muscles as during real movement. Naturally, these impulses are very weak, but have the same characteristics as in real movements. Under the influence of such impulses, invisible muscle contractions occur. These micromovements or ideomotor acts are a preparatory phase for the implementation of real movement.
Imagination also influences organic processes, improving or worsening the physical condition of the body. It is known that suspicious people often find imaginary symptoms of some disease in themselves and go to the doctor unnecessarily. This kind of phenomenon occurs primarily in people with a vivid imagination. The famous psychologist A.R. Luria observed how one test subject’s temperature in one hand increased by 2 degrees, and on the other decreased by 1.5, depending on the fact that he imagined how he touched a hot stove with one hand and held a piece in the other ice.
The main meaning of imagination is that without it any human work would be impossible, since it is impossible to work without imagining the final and intermediate results. Without imagination, progress would not be possible in science, art, or technology. Not a single school subject can be fully mastered without the activity of the imagination. If there were no imagination, it would be impossible to make a decision and find a way out in a problem situation when we do not have the necessary completeness of knowledge. And in general, without imagination there would be no dreams, and how boring life in the world would be if people could not dream!!!
Bibliography
1. Stepanov V.E., Stupnitsky V.P. Psychology: textbook / Ed. Doctor of Psychological Sciences Yu.M. Zabrodina. M.: Publishing and trading corporation "Dashkov and Co", 2008.
2. Uznadze D.N. General psychology. M.: Smysl, 2004.
imagination thinking memory preschool
Introduction
1. Theoretical aspects of the study of imagination
1.1 The concept of imagination, its types, functions, mechanisms, physiological basis
1.2 Stages of imagination development in ontogenesis
2. Practical aspects of studying imagination in preschool children
2.1 Description of diagnostic methods for studying the level of imagination development in preschool children
2.2 Exercises and games to develop imagination in preschool children
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Imagination is a special form of the human psyche; it stands apart from other mental processes and at the same time occupies an intermediate position between perception, thinking and memory. Imagination is characteristic only of man. Thanks to imagination, a person creates, intelligently plans and manages his activities. Its material and spiritual culture is a product of people's imagination and creativity. Imagination takes a person beyond his immediate existence, reminds him of the past, and opens up the future. Possessing a rich imagination, a person can “live” in different times, which no other living creature in the world can afford.
Imagination is always directed towards the practical activities of man. Before doing anything, he imagines what needs to be done and how he will do it. Thus, a person already creates in advance an image of a material thing that will be manufactured in subsequent practical activities. This ability of a person to imagine in advance the final result of his work, as well as the process of creating a material thing, sharply distinguishes human activity from the “activity” of animals.
DI. Pisarev wrote: “If a person were completely deprived of the ability to dream, if he could not occasionally run ahead and contemplate with his imagination in complete and complete beauty the very creation that is just beginning to take shape under his hands, then I absolutely cannot imagine what incentive would force a person to undertake and complete extensive and tedious work in the field of art, science and practical life.”
Everyday activity poses a lot of challenges to a person. There is not always the necessary knowledge to solve them. Imagination fills this gap: it combines, creates a new combination of existing information. Imagination significantly expands and deepens the process of cognition. It plays a huge role in transforming the objective world. Before changing something practically, a person changes it mentally. Thus, the relevance of the topic lies in the fact that the study of imagination and its role in human life allows us to understand the mechanisms of the emergence of new images. Confirms that imagination contributes to progress in any type of human activity.
Purpose of the study: study of imagination as a mental cognitive process.
Object of study: imagination as a mental cognitive process.
Subject of study: psychological features of imagination development.
Based on the purpose of the study, we determine the following tasks :
1) study psychological literature on the problem of imagination;
characterize the types, functions, mechanisms of imagination, stages of its development;
select psychological methods for diagnosing the level of imagination development (using the example of preschool age);
describe exercises and games for developing the imagination of preschool children.
The theoretical basis of the work was made up of the works of: O.V. Borovik “Development of Imagination”, Yu.A. Poluyanova “Imagination and abilities”, V.A. Skorobogatova and L.I. Konovalova “The Phenomenon of Imagination”, L.Yu. Subbotina "Children's fantasies: Development of children's imagination."
To solve the problems, the following research methods were used: studying the literature on this topic, studying and analyzing methods used to determine the level of imagination development.
1. Theoretical aspects of the study of imagination
1.1 The concept of imagination, its types, functions, mechanisms, physiological basis
As a subject of action, a person not only contemplates and cognizes, but also changes the world, transforms nature, and creates objects that do not exist in it. But a person would not be able to do all this if he did not clearly imagine the result of his actions. To transform the world in practice, one must be able to transform it mentally in imagination.
First, a person carefully becomes familiar with the image of the thing that needs to be made, builds a mental image of it, and then reproduces it when creating a similar thing. But when a completely new thing is made, there is no such sample. Then a new image of her is mentally created independently. This ability to build new images is called imagination [16, p. 187].
The process of imagination is manifested in the creation by a person of something new - thoughts and images, on the basis of which new actions and objects arise. This is the creation of something that has not yet actually existed.
The images with which a person operates include not only previously perceived objects and phenomena. These can be events, facts, phenomena that a person was not and could not be a witness to. Images of the imagination can contain the future, the desired, possible events and phenomena. And at the same time, something new, created in the imagination, is always connected with what really exists. Images of the imagination are based on representations of memory, but they undergo transformation in the imagination. According to R.S. Nemova Imagination is the ability to imagine an absent or really non-existent object, hold it in consciousness and mentally manipulate it [14, p. 260].
Imagination is connected with all aspects of human life: memory, perception, thinking. Thus, the perception of works of art becomes more meaningful and emotional when imagination is involved in it. L.S. Vygotsky said: “The creative activity of the imagination is directly dependent on the richness and diversity of a person’s previous experience, because experience represents the material from which fantasy structures are created. The richer a person’s experience, the more material his imagination has at his disposal”[ 6, p. 134]. The connection between imagination and thinking clearly appears in a problem situation. When faced with the unknown, a person begins to analyze, synthesize, correlate what is perceived with past experience, and tries to penetrate into the essence of the relevant facts and phenomena. In this he is helped not only by thinking and memory, but also by imagination, because it recreates a complete image and fills in the missing elements. The process of imagination is peculiar only to man and is a necessary condition for his work activity.
Types of imagination differ in the degree of activity and awareness of a person’s creation of new images. Depending on this, a distinction is made between involuntary (passive) and voluntary (active) imagination (Fig. 1) [25, p. 285]. With involuntary imagination, new images arise under the influence of little-conscious needs, drives, and attitudes. Such imagination works when a person is sleeping, in a drowsy state, in dreams, etc.
imagination
fantasy
Fig. 1 Types of imagination
Voluntary imagination is a process of deliberately constructing images in connection with a set goal in a particular activity. Voluntary (active) imagination arises at an early age and is most developed in children's games. In a role-playing game, children take on different roles; it is during the game that the active work of the imagination is required, since it is necessary to correctly structure their behavior in accordance with the role they have assumed. In addition, you need to imagine the missing items and the plot of the game itself.
Voluntary imagination is divided into recreative and creative. Recreation is characterized by the fact that in its process, subjectively new images are created, new for a given individual, but objectively they already exist, embodied in certain cultural objects. The essence of the recreating imagination is that a person reproduces, reproduces what he himself did not perceive, but what other people tell him with the help of speech, drawings, diagrams, signs, etc.
Here there must be a connection between images and symbols, signals, symbols, and signs must be deciphered.
Thus, recreating imagination is the creation of a new image based on verbal description, perception of images in the form of pictures, diagrams, maps, drawings, mental and material models.
Recreative imagination plays an important role in human life. It allows people to exchange experiences, it helps each person to master the experiences and achievements of other people.
Creative imagination is the independent creation of new images that are realized in original products of activity. This is the production of an original image without relying on a ready-made description or conventional image. This type of imagination plays an important role in all types of creative activity of people.
A special form of imagination is a dream. A dream is always aimed at the future, at the prospects of a person’s life. The images that a person creates in his dreams are distinguished by their bright, lively, concrete character and emotional richness. However, a dream is useful only when it daily connects the desired future with the present; if this is not the case, then from a stimulus for action the dream can turn into a substitute for action and degenerate into a fantasy.
The neurophysiological basis of imagination is the formation of temporary nervous connections in the sphere of the first and second signaling systems, their dissociation (breakdown into separate elements) and unification into new systems under the influence of various motivations. Imagination is associated with emotions and the activity of subcortical formations of the brain, but recent studies confirm that the physiological mechanisms of imagination are located not only in the cortex, but also in deeper parts of the brain - the hypothalamolimbic system [12, p. 178].
The basis of imagination is always perception, which represents the material from which something new will be built. Then comes the process of processing this material - combining and recombining. The components of this process are analysis and synthesis of what is perceived.
All further activity of the imagination is carried out using the following mechanisms: agglutination, emphasis, hyperbolization, schematization, typification, reconstruction. Let's look at each in more detail.
Agglutination is the merging of individual elements or parts of several objects into one bizarre image.
Emphasis - highlighting and emphasizing certain features of objects, as a result of which one part becomes dominant. Hyperbolization is an exaggeration or understatement of an object or its individual parts.
Reconstruction is the creation of a whole image from parts of an object.
Schematization is smoothing out the differences between objects and highlighting the similarities between them.
Typification is the selection of features of different objects in one image.
The human imagination is multifunctional. Among its most important are 1) gnostic-heuristic - allows the imagination to find and express in images the most significant, significant aspects of reality;
2) protective – allows you to regulate your emotional state (satisfy needs, reduce stress, etc.);
3) communicative – involves communication either in the process of creating a product of imagination, or when evaluating the result;
4) prognostic – lies in the fact that the product of imagination is the goal towards which the subject strives.
R.S. Nemov noted that imagination includes the intellectual, emotional, behavioral experience of the subject and is included in various types of his activities [15, p. functions are distinguished: 107 ].
Man's reflection of the world is active , creative process. This means that perceived objects and phenomena, experienced feelings are not only reflected in the human brain, but are also rearranged into various combinations.
“Imagine, “imagine,” “mentally transport yourself” - with these words we evoke the corresponding images and ideas. They arise in other ways - through reading books, watching movies, looking at paintings, listening to stories, explanations. They can also appear in association with any objects or phenomena.
Representation are among the secondary images, which, unlike the primary ones (sensation, perception), arise in consciousness in the absence of direct stimuli.
Representation is understood as the mental process of reflecting reality in the form of generalized visual images.
Imagination a mental process consisting in the creation of new images (ideas) by processing the material of perceptions and ideas obtained in previous experience.
Imagination, like representation, uses material previously received by perception and stored by memory. The essence of imagination is the combination of images and ideas.
But unlike representation, imagination is a more creative process that develops over time, in which a storyline can often be traced.
Imagination as a unique form of reflection of reality:
– carries out a mental retreat beyond the limits of what is directly perceived;
– promotes anticipation of the future;
– “revives” what was before.
The physiological basis of imagination is the complex analytical and synthetic activity of the brain, during which the formation of new systems of temporary connections occurs on the basis of previously formed ones. The word plays an important role in creating new temporary connections.
Synthesis realized in the processes of imagination is carried out in the following forms:
Agglutination (“gluing” of incompatible qualities and connections that are different in everyday life);
Hyperbolization (increasing or decreasing an object, changing individual parts);
Schematization (individual ideas merge, differences are smoothed out, and similarities appear clearly);
Typification (highlighting the essential, repeated in homogeneous images);
Sharpening (emphasizing any individual features).
Scraps of imagination differ from each other in the degree of brightness and in the relationship between images and reality. Stands out based on the above images:
a) realistic imagination (reflects reality, anticipates events);
b ) fantastic imagination (“flies away” from reality).
The degree of control a person has over the images of his imagination varies greatly. Therefore, a distinction is made between voluntary (active) and involuntary (passive) imagination. The degree of arbitrariness of images varies smoothly from one form of imagination to another. The least degree of arbitrariness of imagination is in dreams and hallucinations, and the greatest degree is in creativity.
Voluntary (active, intentional) imagination is characterized by the presence of a task to create an image through a volitional effort in the implementation of this task. For example, a person who does not have sufficient knowledge of musical notation. He has the sheet music and wants to learn his favorite song. An attempt to recreate the motif included in the notes on an instrument or voices is met with great difficulty. A person makes a lot of effort and energy to make the notes “sound” like a melody. The work done is deliberate imagination.
Based on the methods of creating images, a distinction is made between recreative (reproductive) and creative imagination.
Reproductive imagination is the creation of an image, an object according to its description. The reconstructive imagination unfolds on the basis of the perceived sign system: verbal, numerical, graphic, musical notation, etc. By recreating, a person fills the sign system with the knowledge at his disposal. The content of the recreating imagination based on the sign system turns out to be secondary in relation to the images created by their author and enshrined in signs. (For example, we read a story and recreate the facts, characters, situations described in it. This mental work is secondary in comparison with that done by the writer). In physical education lessons, recreating imagination is of great importance in mastering exercises. The teacher’s task is to accumulate images in students so that, based on them, they can recreate situations and exercises that correspond to reality.
Creative imagination is a type of imagination aimed at creating new original images and values.
There are objectively and subjectively new images. Objectively new are images, ideas that do not exist at the moment either in a materialized or in an ideal form. This new thing does not repeat what already exists. It's original. Subjectively new is new for a given person. It can repeat what exists, but man does not know about it. He discovers it for himself as original, unique and considers it unknown to others.
Creative imagination proceeds as analysis (decomposition) and synthesis (combination) of knowledge accumulated by a person. The elements from which the image is built occupy a different place compared to what they occupied previously. In a new combination of elements, a new image emerges.
In the structure of imagination, a special place occupies a place - a type of creative imagination associated with the awareness of the desired future.
A person dreams of what attracts and brings joy, what satisfies his innermost desires and needs. A person does not dream about the unpleasant and joyless.
A dream can be real or unreal. In a real dream, a person clearly imagines the content of the dream and the ways to achieve it. The real dream is the beginning of forecasting and planning important matters that are significant for the individual and for society. An example of a real dream is the dream of K.E. Tsiolkovsky. about space flights, man's flight to the moon.
An unrealistic dream has content, but there are no ways to realize it, and they cannot be found under the given circumstances. The unrealistic dream is considered in two versions;
a person believes in the content and it seems to him that the dream will come true, but he does not know how and when this will happen, he overestimates his capabilities, the efforts made to achieve the object of dreams are in vain. In this case, we are talking about “broken dreams.”
A person from the very beginning recognizes it as such, but still surrenders to the power of the dream. It compensates for life’s failures, and sometimes becomes the main meaning of life.
An example of an unrealistic dream is the fantasies of the hero of Gogol’s poem N.V., “Dead Souls” - Manilov.
Dreaming and fantasizing can weaken the internal emotional tension of the individual and create it. It (dreaming) helps a person more easily endure his deviation from the goal and at the same time consolidates this goal in his mind. When dreaming, a person strives for one thing - to give himself pleasure. But objectively, his daydreaming affects his behavior and perception of life phenomena.
In childhood and adolescence, the object of dreams can be so unrealistic that even the dreamers themselves realize its impracticability. These are dream games. The child resorts to such dreams for the sake of self-government or self-pleasure. These dreams should be distinguished from their more rational form - the dreams of the plan.
When talking about a child’s dreams, we must not take them into account not so much their goal orientation as the relationship to the environment projected in them.
For example, if a child dreams that he will invent a medicine that will save people from all diseases, this is a productive dream, despite its naive and fantastic nature.
The images of imagination that most often arise in the child’s mind acquire motivating power due to the anticipation of certain experiences, i.e. become motives. The frequent combination of an imaginary object with certain experiences (fear, grief, humiliation, joy, pleasure) leads to the fact that the image itself becomes a source of experience, involuntarily evoking memories of past experiences and feelings.
For example, if, having not learned a lesson and having experienced shame for being humiliated at the blackboard, a student imagines this situation again, then he experiences the same feelings, and when a similar situation is repeated, just the image of the blackboard, the teacher, even the student, will have the same result. Moreover, ideas enhance experiences, since in the imagination the image can be more vivid than in reality.
But imagination is an excellent basis for voluntary learning. The brighter the emotional images are, the sooner they will emerge as their own motives for behavior. Ideas about oneself play an important role in the process of developing a person’s self-awareness and such substructures as the level of aspirations, self-esteem, and criticality.
Imagination takes part in the processes of generating needs, stimulating activity and behavior in the form of motives and their complexes, goal formation, and forms the “I” of a person.
In educational activities, a physical education teacher and coach should consider the following:
– since every secondary image is built on the basis of perception, how skillfully and correctly the perception was organized depends on how accurate and complete the representation will be. With age, the volume of perception increases, and after this, the productivity of the figurative sphere also increases. Since a larger number of objects or their properties can already be perceived in a unit of time, a larger number will be reflected into consciousness in the form of images of ideas and imagination. This allows us to achieve greater intensity in the physical education lesson and training;
– in the process of teaching and training, students will have to learn a certain number of abstract concepts; the formation of abstract-logical concepts is facilitated by various analogies that allow them to achieve the necessary clarity. However, it should not be allowed that in the minds of students and trainees, an analogy replaces the essence of the phenomenon or process being studied, as in the example. A certain student argued that the structure of the Earth is similar to the structure of an egg, where the shell is the lithosphere, the white is the mantle, and the yolk is the core. The idea he has formed suffers from excessive specificity and literalness at the expense of generality. The task of the teacher and coach is to use various means of visualization, skillfully combine them and combine them so that the images of representation and imagination formed in schoolchildren do not suffer from excessive specificity, are sufficiently generalized, but do not lose their inherent clarity.
– Imagination exists in various forms. A number of forms of active imagination naturally replace each other in the process of child development. If free fantasy (thoughts on a free topic) is almost inaccessible to a preschooler (especially if it needs to be put into the form of a coherent story), then at primary school age it reaches its greatest flowering. Then it is gradually replaced by various forms of logical thinking, and a new leap in the development of imagination occurs at the end of adolescence - the beginning of adolescence, when more or less realistic dreams come to the fore;
– a particular difficulty for schoolchildren is imagining movements or performing a series of mental manipulations with secondary images. The teacher and engraver should take into account: where it is impossible to replace representation with perception by manipulating with real objects, it is necessary to resort to their objectification in the form of diagrams, drawings, drawings, and films. One of the most important means for children to objectify their ideas and images of imagination is speech. It should be borne in mind that while the image is not formed or is not clear enough, attempts to verbalize it (with the help of words) lead to its disintegration, and when these images are re-created, putting them into verbal form leads to increased stability and generally has a positive effect on the student’s activities. Therefore, the task of the teacher and coach is to teach the child to competently express his thoughts and experiences (but this does not mean only mastering a special technology). At the same time, we should not forget that the level of development of speech and the ability to imagine are not directly related to each other, and poor development of speech does not mean weakness of ideas and imagination.
Imagination is the most important part of the creative process. Creativity is a process that exists as a synthesis of the cognitive, emotional and volitional spheres of human consciousness.
Flights of fantasy in the creative process are provided by knowledge (acquired by thinking), reinforced by abilities and determination, and accompanied by an emotional tone. And this entire set of mental activity, where imagination plays the main role, can lead to great discoveries and the creation of various values in all types of human activity. Creativity is the highest level of knowledge. The creative process can be divided into 4 stages:
Stage 1 – the emergence of an idea, the implementation of which is carried out in a creative act.
Stage 2 – concentration of knowledge directly and indirectly related to this problem, obtaining missing information.
Stage 3 – work on the material, decomposition and combination, enumeration of options, insight.
Stage 4 – verification and revision.
Types of creativity: scientific, literary, artistic, musical.
Creativity is the concentration of the mind, will, feelings; it is intense, all-consuming work. The personality of the creator is expressed in the products of creative activity. A piece of his mind remains in the creation; character traits are invisibly present. A striking example illustrating the role of imagination in scientific creativity is the creation of D.I. Mendeleev's periodic table of elements.
Schumann's sad melodies express the composer's melancholy nature. Perky, cheerful song motifs and music for I. Dunaevsky’s operettas - his cheerful, sociable character. Poems and poems by S. Yesenin are the lyricism and poetry of his sensual nature. Sculptures of E. Vuchetich - as a strong man, large-scale in his thoughts, sweeping in his deeds.
Imagination plays an important role in the creative activity of the teacher, as the basis for anticipation (anticipation of the future). To foresee the near and distant future of one's actions, to foresee the actions and behavior of a child in response to educational actions, to predict and design the development of a child's educational activities and personality - in all things, a considerable burden falls on the imagination.
The difficulty of anticipation in educational activities lies in the fact that there is no unambiguity in the child’s behavior, i.e., the same reason will not necessarily cause the same deeds and actions. The teacher must be prepared to foresee a complex of reasons that determine the student’s immediate reactions, as well as his behavior in the near future.
creative imagination anticipation educational
Literature
1. Psychology ed. V.V. Bogolovsky. M.: Education, 1981. pp. 271–292. 2. Atlas of Psychology, ed. M.V. Gamezo, I.A. Demashenko. M.: Education, 1986. – P. 176, 189–190.
2. Psychological reference book for teachers, ed. L.M. Fridman, I.Yu. Kulagina. M.: Education, 1991. – pp. 86–90.
3. Cognitive processes in learning abilities, ed. V.D. Shadrikova. M.: Education, 1990. pp. 80–99.
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