Levels of education in the Russian Federation according to the new law. Concept and level of education in the Russian Federation

On September 1, 2013, a new law “On Education” came into force in Russia (the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” was adopted by the State Duma on December 21, 2012, approved by the Federation Council on December 26, 2012). According to this law, new levels of education are established in Russia. The level of education is understood as a completed cycle of education, characterized by a certain unified set of requirements.

From September 1, 2013, the following levels of general education are established in the Russian Federation:

1. preschool education;
2. primary general education;
3. basic general education;
4. secondary general education.

Vocational education is divided into the following levels:

1. secondary vocational education;
2. higher education - bachelor's degree;
3. higher education - specialty, master's degree;
4. higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

Let us dwell in more detail on the characteristics of each level.

Levels of general education

Preschool education is aimed at the formation of a general culture, the development of physical, intellectual, moral, aesthetic and personal qualities, the formation of prerequisites for educational activities, the preservation and strengthening of the health of preschool children. Educational programs of preschool education are aimed at the diversified development of preschool children, taking into account their age and individual characteristics, including the achievement by preschool children of a level of development necessary and sufficient for their successful development of educational programs of primary general education, based on an individual approach to preschool children and activities specific to preschool children. The development of educational programs of preschool education is not accompanied by intermediate certifications and final certification of students.

Primary general education is aimed at the formation of the student’s personality, the development of his individual abilities, positive motivation and skills in educational activities (mastery of reading, writing, counting, basic skills of educational activities, elements of theoretical thinking, simple self-control skills, culture of behavior and speech, the basics of personal hygiene and a healthy lifestyle life). Receiving preschool education in educational organizations can begin when children reach the age of two months. Receiving primary general education in educational organizations begins when children reach the age of six years and six months in the absence of contraindications for health reasons, but no later than they reach the age of eight years.

Basic general education is aimed at the formation and formation of the student’s personality (formation of moral beliefs, aesthetic taste and a healthy lifestyle, a high culture of interpersonal and interethnic communication, mastery of the basics of science, the Russian language, mental and physical labor skills, development of inclinations, interests, and the ability for social self-determination).

Secondary general education is aimed at the further formation and formation of the student’s personality, the development of interest in knowledge and the student’s creative abilities, the formation of skills in independent educational activities based on individualization and professional orientation of the content of secondary general education, the preparation of the student for life in society, independent life choices, continued education and the beginning of a professional activities.

Primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Children who fail to complete the programs at one of these levels are not allowed to study at the next levels of general education.

Levels of professional education

Secondary vocational education is aimed at solving the problems of intellectual, cultural and professional development of a person and has the goal of training qualified workers or employees and mid-level specialists in all main areas of socially useful activities in accordance with the needs of society and the state, as well as meeting the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education. Persons with an education of at least basic general or secondary general education are allowed to receive secondary vocational education. If a student in a secondary vocational education program has only basic general education, then simultaneously with his profession, he also masters the secondary general education program in the learning process.

Secondary vocational education can be obtained at technical schools and colleges. The standard regulations “On an educational institution of secondary vocational education (secondary specialized educational institution)” give the following definitions: a) technical school - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training; b) college - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training and programs of secondary vocational education of advanced training.

Higher education aims to ensure the training of highly qualified personnel in all main areas of socially useful activities in accordance with the needs of society and the state, satisfying the needs of the individual in intellectual, cultural and moral development, deepening and expanding education, scientific and pedagogical qualifications. Persons with secondary general education are allowed to study bachelor's or specialty programs. Persons with higher education of any level are allowed to study master's programs.

Persons with at least a higher education degree (specialist's or master's degree) are allowed to study programs for training highly qualified personnel (postgraduate (adjunct) studies, residency programs, assistantship-internship programs). Persons with a higher medical education or higher pharmaceutical education are allowed to study residency programs. Persons with a higher education in the field of arts are allowed to participate in assistantship-internship programs.

Admission to educational programs of higher education is carried out separately for bachelor's degree programs, specialty programs, master's programs, programs for training highly qualified scientific and pedagogical personnel on a competitive basis.

Admission to master's programs and training programs for highly qualified personnel is carried out based on the results of entrance tests conducted by the educational organization independently.

Bachelor's degree- this is the level of basic higher education, which lasts 4 years and is practice-oriented in nature. Upon completion of this program, the university graduate is issued a diploma of higher professional education with a bachelor's degree. Accordingly, a bachelor is a university graduate who has received fundamental training without any narrow specialization; he has the right to occupy all those positions for which the qualification requirements require higher education. Examinations are provided as qualifying tests for obtaining a bachelor's degree.

Master's degree- this is a higher level of higher education, which is acquired in 2 additional years after completing a bachelor’s degree and involves a deeper mastery of the theoretical aspects of the field of study, orienting the student towards research activities in this field. Upon completion of this program, the graduate is issued a diploma of higher professional education with a master's degree. The main objective of the master's program is to prepare professionals for a successful career in international and Russian companies, as well as analytical, consulting and research activities. To obtain a master's degree in a chosen specialty, it is not necessary to have a bachelor's degree in the same specialty. In this case, obtaining a master's degree is considered as a second higher education. Qualifying tests for obtaining a master's degree include exams and the defense of a final qualifying work - a master's thesis.

Along with the new levels of higher education, there is a traditional type - specialty, the program of which provides for 5 years of study at a university, upon completion of which the graduate is issued a diploma of higher professional education and is awarded the degree of certified specialist. The list of specialties for which specialists are trained was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1136 of December 30, 2009.

Types of education in Russia. New Law "On Education in the Russian Federation"

Education in Russia plays a decisive role in the process of personality formation. Its main goal is the education and training of the younger generation, their acquisition of knowledge, skills, competencies and the necessary experience. Various types of education in Russia are aimed at the professional, moral, intellectual and physical development of children, adolescents, boys and girls. Let's look at this in more detail.

Law "On Education in the Russian Federation"

According to this document, the educational process is a continuous, sequentially connected system. Such content implies the presence of certain levels. In the law they are called “types of education in Russia.”

Each level has specific goals and objectives, content and methods of influence.

According to the law, there are two large levels.

The first is general education. It includes preschool and school sublevels. The latter, in turn, is divided into primary, basic and complete (secondary) education.

The second level is vocational education. It includes secondary, higher (bachelor's, specialist and master's) and training of highly qualified personnel.

Let's look at each of these levels in more detail.

About the preschool education system in Russia

This level is intended for children under seven years of age. The basic goal is the general development, training and education of preschool children. In addition, it implies monitoring and caring for them. In Russia, these functions are performed by specialized preschool education institutions.

These are nurseries, kindergartens, early development centers or homes.

About the secondary education system in the Russian Federation

As noted above, it consists of several sublevels:

• The initial one lasts four years. The main goal is to give the child a system of necessary knowledge in basic subjects.
• Basic education lasts from fifth to ninth grades. It assumes that the development of the child should be carried out in the main scientific directions. As a result, secondary educational institutions must prepare teenagers for the State Examination in certain subjects.

These levels of education at school are mandatory for children in accordance with their age. After the ninth grade, the child has the right to leave school and study further by choosing special secondary educational institutions. In this case, it is the guardians or parents who are legally entrusted with full responsibility for ensuring that the process of acquiring knowledge is continued and not interrupted.

Complete education means that the student spends two years in the tenth and eleventh grades. The main purpose of this stage is to prepare graduates for the Unified State Exam and further study at a university. Reality shows that during this period they often resort to the services of tutors, since school alone is not enough.

More information about secondary vocational and higher education in our country

Secondary vocational educational institutions are divided into colleges and technical schools (state and non-state). They prepare students in their chosen specialties in two to three, and sometimes four years. A teenager can enroll in most colleges after the ninth grade. The exception is medical colleges. They accept students with complete general education.

You can enter any higher educational institution in Russia through a bachelor's program only after the eleventh grade. In the future, if desired, the student will continue his studies in a master's program.

Some universities now offer a specialist's degree rather than a bachelor's degree. However, in accordance with the Bologna system, higher vocational education under this system will soon no longer exist.

The next step is the training of highly qualified personnel. These are postgraduate studies (or postgraduate studies) and residency. In addition, specialists with higher professional education can undergo an assistantship-internship program. We are talking about training highly qualified pedagogical and creative figures.

This system is a new, specific form of education, which differs from traditional ones. Distance education is distinguished by other goals, objectives, content, means, methods and forms of interaction. The use of computer technologies, telecommunications, case technologies, etc. is becoming predominant.

In this regard, the most common types of such training are as follows:

• The first one relies on interactive television. When implemented, there is direct visual contact with the audience, which is located at a distance from the teacher. Currently, this type is not well developed and is very expensive. However, it is necessary when unique techniques, laboratory experiments and new knowledge in a particular area are demonstrated.
• The second type of distance learning is based on computer telecommunication networks (regional, global), which have various didactic capabilities (text files, multimedia technologies, video conferencing, e-mail, etc.). This is a common and inexpensive type of distance learning.
• The third combines a CD (a basic electronic textbook) and a global network. Thanks to its great didactic capabilities, this type is optimal both for university and school education, and for advanced training. A CD has a lot of advantages: multimedia, interactivity, availability of a large amount of information with minimal financial losses.

The Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” highlights the creation of favorable conditions for the education of persons with disabilities as one of its priorities. Moreover, this is reflected not only in form, but also in content.

In the law, this system is called “inclusive education”. Its implementation implies the absence of any discrimination against children with special needs, equal treatment of everyone and accessibility of education.

Inclusive education is implemented in all educational institutions in Russia. The main goal is to create a barrier-free environment in the learning process and provide professional training for people with disabilities. To implement it, it is necessary to perform certain tasks:

• technically equip educational institutions;
• develop special training courses for teachers;
• create methodological developments for other students, aimed at the process of developing relationships with people with disabilities;
• develop programs that are aimed at facilitating the adaptation of persons with disabilities in general educational institutions.

This work has only just begun to develop. Over the next few years, the set goal and identified tasks must be fully implemented.

At the moment, the types of education in Russia are clearly identified, the functions and content of each level are revealed. However, despite this, the reconstruction and reform of the entire education system continues.

Concept and level of education in the Russian Federation

Education in the Russian Federation is a unified process aimed at educating and training the future generation. During 2003-2010. The domestic education system has undergone serious reform in accordance with the provisions contained in the Bologna Declaration. In addition to specialty and postgraduate studies, such levels of the Russian education system as bachelor's and master's degrees were introduced.

In 2012, Russia adopted the Law “On Education of the Russian Federation”. Levels of education, similar to European countries, provide the opportunity for free movement for students and teachers between universities. Another undoubted advantage is the possibility of employment in any of the countries that signed the Bologna Declaration.

Education: concept, purpose, functions

Education is the process and result of the transfer of knowledge and experience that has been accumulated by all previous generations. The main goal of training is to introduce new members of society to established beliefs and value ideals.

The main functions of training are:

• Raising worthy members of society.
• Socialization and familiarization of the new generation with the values ​​established in a given society.
• Providing qualified training for young specialists.
• Transferring work-related knowledge using modern technology.

An educated person is a person who has accumulated a certain amount of knowledge, can clearly determine the causes and consequences of an event and can think logically. The main criterion of education can be called systematic knowledge and thinking, which is reflected in a person’s ability, reasoning logically, to restore gaps in the knowledge system.

The importance of learning in human life

It is through education that the culture of society is transmitted from one generation to another. Education influences all spheres of social life. An example of such an impact would be the improvement of the training system. New levels of vocational education in the Russian Federation as a whole will lead to an improvement in the quality of the state’s existing labor resources, which, in turn, will have a significant impact on the development of the domestic economy. For example, becoming a lawyer will help strengthen the legal culture of the population, since every citizen should know his legal rights and responsibilities.

High-quality and systematic education, which covers all areas of a person’s life, allows one to develop a harmonious personality. Learning also has a significant impact on the individual. Because in the modern situation, only an educated person can climb the social ladder and achieve a high status in society. That is, self-realization is directly related to receiving quality training at the highest level.

The education system in Russia includes a number of organizations. These include institutions:

• Preschool education (development centers, kindergartens).
• General education (schools, gymnasiums, lyceums).
• Higher educational institutions (universities, research institutes, academies, institutes).
• Secondary special (technical schools, colleges).
• Non-state.
• Additional education.

Principles of the education system

• The primacy of universal human values.
• The basis is cultural and national principles.
• Scientificity.
• Focus on the characteristics and level of education in the world.
• Humanistic character.
• Focus on environmental protection.
• Continuity of education, consistent and continuous nature.
• Education should be a unified system of physical and spiritual education.
• Encouraging the manifestation of talent and personal qualities.
• Mandatory primary (basic) education.

Based on the level of independent thinking achieved, the following types of training are distinguished:

• Preschool - in the family and in preschool institutions (children's age is up to 7 years).
• Primary - carried out in schools and gymnasiums, starting from the age of 6 or 7, lasting from the first to the fourth grades. The child is taught basic reading, writing and counting skills, and much attention is paid to personality development and acquiring the necessary knowledge about the world around him.
• Secondary - includes basic (grades 4-9) and general secondary (grades 10-11). Carried out in schools, gymnasiums and lyceums. It ends with receiving a certificate of completion of general secondary education. Students at this stage acquire knowledge and skills that form a full-fledged citizen.
• Higher education is one of the stages of professional education. The main goal is to train qualified personnel in the necessary areas of activity. It is carried out at a university, academy or institute.

According to the nature and focus of education, there are:

• General. Helps to acquire knowledge of the basics of science, in particular about nature, man, and society. Gives a person basic knowledge about the world around him and helps him acquire the necessary practical skills.
• Professional. At this stage, the knowledge and skills that are necessary for the student to perform labor and service functions are acquired.
• Polytechnic. Training in the basic principles of modern production. Acquiring skills in using simple tools.

The organization of training is based on such a concept as “the level of education in the Russian Federation.” It reflects the division of the training program depending on the statistical indicator of study by the population as a whole and by each citizen individually. The level of education in the Russian Federation is a completed educational cycle, which is characterized by certain requirements. The Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” provides for the following levels of general education in the Russian Federation:

• Preschool.
• Initial.
• Basics.
• Average.

In addition, the following levels of higher education in the Russian Federation are distinguished:

• Bachelor's degree. Admission is made on a competitive basis after passing the Unified State Exam. A student receives a bachelor's degree after he has acquired and confirmed basic knowledge in his chosen specialty. The training lasts 4 years. Upon completion of this level, the graduate can pass special exams and continue training as a specialist or master.
• Specialty. This stage includes basic education as well as training in the chosen specialty. On a full-time basis, the duration of study is 5 years, and on a part-time basis - 6. After receiving a specialist diploma, you can continue studying for a master's degree or enroll in graduate school. Traditionally, this level of education in the Russian Federation is considered prestigious and is not very different from a master’s degree. However, when working abroad, it will lead to a number of problems.
• Master's degree. This level graduates professionals with deeper specialization. You can enroll in a master's program after completing a bachelor's degree and a specialist's degree.
• Training of highly qualified personnel. This implies postgraduate study. This is necessary preparation for obtaining a PhD degree. Full-time study lasts 3 years, part-time study lasts 4. An academic degree is awarded upon completion of studies, defense of a dissertation and passing final exams.

Levels of education in the Russian Federation, according to the new law, contribute to the receipt by domestic students of diplomas and supplements to them, which are valued by higher educational institutions of other states, and therefore provide the opportunity to continue their studies abroad.

Training in Russia can be carried out in two forms:

• In special educational institutions. Can be carried out in full-time, part-time, part-time, external, distance learning forms.
• Outside educational institutions. Involves self-education and family education. Passage of intermediate and final state certification is provided.

The learning process combines two interrelated subsystems: training and education. They help achieve the main goal of the educational process - human socialization.

The main difference between these two categories is that training is aimed primarily at developing the intellectual side of a person, and education, on the contrary, is aimed at value orientations. There is a close relationship between these two processes. Moreover, they complement each other.

Despite the fact that a reform was carried out in the education system of the Russian Federation not so long ago, there has not been much improvement in the quality of domestic education. Among the main reasons for the lack of progress in improving the quality of educational services are the following:

• Outdated management system in higher education institutions.
• A small number of highly qualified foreign teachers.
• Low rating of domestic educational institutions in the world community, which is due to weak internationalization.

Issues related to the management of the education system

• Low level of remuneration for workers in the education sector.
• Lack of highly qualified personnel.
• Insufficient level of material and technical equipment of institutions and organizations.
• Low professional level of education in the Russian Federation.
• Low level of cultural development of the population as a whole.

Obligations to solve these problems rest not only on the state as a whole, but also on the levels of municipalities of the Russian Federation.

Trends in the development of education services

• Internationalization of higher education, ensuring the mobility of teachers and students with the aim of exchanging best international experience.
• Strengthening the focus of domestic education in a practical direction, which implies the introduction of practical disciplines and an increase in the number of practicing teachers.
• Active introduction of multimedia technologies and other visualization systems into the educational process.
• Popularization of distance learning.

Thus, education underlies the cultural, intellectual and moral state of modern society. This is a determining factor in the socio-economic development of the Russian state. Reforming the education system to date has not led to global results. However, there is a slight shift for the better. The levels of education in the Russian Federation under the new law contributed to the emergence of opportunities for the free movement of teachers and students between universities, which indicates that the process of Russian education has taken a course towards internationalization.

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additional professional education

"Center for Social and Humanitarian Education"

ABSTRACT

Modern education system in the Russian Federation

Tyunina Elena Vladimirovna

Professional retraining program

"Education and Pedagogy"

Head: Larionova I.E.

Teacher of the highest category

The work was approved for protection “__”____2015.

Grade: ____________________________

Kazan, 2016

CONTENT

INTRODUCTION

The abstract examines the modern education system in the Russian Federation, as well as existing problems and methods for solving them, and touches on an innovative approach to learning. This makes this work interesting and relevant.

Object of study: education system in the Russian Federation

Purpose of the study: Based on legislative acts, analyze the education system of the Russian Federation.

Research objectives:

Identify the main features of the education system of the Russian Federation;

Identify the main problems of education in Russia and possible ways to overcome them;

Consider innovations in the education system of the Russian Federation;

Based on the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of education, formulate the principles of educational policy, as well as priority goals and directions for the development of the education system;

In the process of developing this work, the following methods were used: document analysis, statistical analysis, system analysis, comparison.

1.1 Education system in the Russian Federation:

The Federal Law “On Education” offers the following definition: “Education is a single, purposeful process of education and training, which is a socially significant benefit and carried out in the interests of the individual, family, society and the state, as well as the totality of acquired knowledge, skills, values, experience activities and competencies of a certain volume and complexity for the purpose of intellectual, spiritual, moral, creative, physical and (or) professional development of a person, satisfying his educational needs and interests. According to the Constitution of our country, every citizen of the Russian Federation has the right to free education, regardless of his racial and religious affiliation.

In accordance with the above Federal Law withThe education system includes the following elements:

1) federal state educational standards and federal state requirements, educational standards, educational programs of various types, levels and (or) orientations;

2) organizations carrying out educational activities, teaching staff, students and parents (legal representatives) of minor students;

3) federal state bodies and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, exercising public administration in the field of education, and local government bodies, exercising management in the field of education, advisory, advisory and other bodies created by them;

4) organizations providing educational activities, assessing the quality of education;

5) associations of legal entities, employers and their associations, public associations operating in the field of education.

In the Russian Federation, education is divided into general, vocational, and additional education. Vocational training is also highlighted, which provides the opportunity to realize the right to education throughout life (lifelong education).

General education and vocational education are implemented by levels. The following levels of general education are established in the Russian Federation:

1) preschool education;

2) primary general education;

3) basic general education;

4) secondary general education.

5. The following levels of professional education are established in the Russian Federation:

1) secondary vocational education;

2) higher education - bachelor's degree;

3) higher education - specialty, master's degree;

4) higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

Additional education includes such subtypes as additional education for children and adults and additional vocational education.

1.2 Principles of the state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of education

Education today is one of the means of solving the most important problems not only of society as a whole, but also of individual individuals. As in any state, in Russia the nature of the education system is determined by the socio-economic and political system, as well as cultural, historical and national characteristics. Society's requirements for education are formulated by a system of principles of state educational policy. Its goal is to create favorable conditions for citizens to realize their rights to education, meeting the needs of the economy and civil society.

Public policyand legal regulation of relations in the field of education are based on the followingprinciples :

1) recognition of the priority of education;

2) ensuring the right of every person to education, non-discrimination in the field of education;

3) the humanistic nature of education, the priority of human life and health, individual rights and freedoms, free personal development, education of mutual respect, hard work, citizenship, patriotism, responsibility, legal culture, respect for nature and the environment, rational use of natural resources;

4) the unity of the educational space on the territory of the Russian Federation, the protection and development of ethnocultural characteristics and traditions of the peoples of the Russian Federation in the conditions of a multinational state;

5) creation of favorable conditions for the integration of the education system of the Russian Federation with the education systems of other states on an equal and mutually beneficial basis;

6) the secular nature of education in state and municipal organizations carrying out educational activities;

7) freedom of choice to receive education according to the inclinations and needs of a person, creating conditions for the self-realization of each person, the free development of his abilities, including the right to choose forms of education, forms of training, organizations carrying out educational activities, the direction of education within the limits provided by the education system, as well as providing teaching staff with freedom to choose forms of teaching, methods of teaching and education;

8) ensuring the right to education throughout life in accordance with the needs of the individual, the adaptability of the education system to the level of training, developmental characteristics, abilities and interests of the person;

9) autonomy of educational organizations, academic rights and freedoms of teaching staff and students provided for by this Federal Law, information openness and public reporting of educational organizations;

10) the democratic nature of education management, ensuring the rights of teaching staff, students, parents (legal representatives) of minor students to participate in the management of educational organizations;

11) inadmissibility of restricting or eliminating competition in the field of education;

12) a combination of state and contractual regulation of relations in the field of education.

Every year, as part of ensuring the implementation of a unified state policy in the field of education, the Government of the Russian Federation submits a report to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on the implementation of state policy in the field of education and publishes it on the official website of the Government of the Russian Federation on the Internet information and telecommunications network.

The fundamental point is the principle of the humanistic nature of education. Accordingly, each child must be recognized as an individual, regardless of his social status, level of development, and so on. These general methodological principles should be concretized through organizational, pedagogical and activity-functional principles.

In general, in the modern world, trends in changing value priorities are becoming increasingly obvious. Among the main criteria for assessing the development of society, education occupies a central place. And the refrain highlights the fundamental recognition of the main criterion of educational reforms: the emerging model of education must have mechanisms for dynamic self-development.

Unfortunately, the traditional mass school still retains an uncreative approach to the acquisition of knowledge. Previously, the purpose of high school was only to provide the student with the minimum set of knowledge necessary for a person in everyday life.

However, modern scientists have proven that any student is capable of creative activity. Consequently, the teacher needs to instill in the child the desire and ability to learn, organize activities in the classroom that would encourage each student to reveal his creative abilities.

Today, the state has a priority goal in the field of education: to ensure the high quality of Russian education in accordance with the changing demands of the population and the long-term goals of the development of Russian society and the economy.

At the same time, the main tasks of the state are:

Formation of a flexible system of continuous professional education, accountable to society, developing human potential, meeting the current and future needs of the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation;

Development of infrastructure and organizational and economic mechanisms to ensure the most equal availability of services for preschool, general, and additional education for children;

Modernization of educational programs in the systems of preschool, general and additional education of children, aimed at achieving modern quality of educational results and socialization results;

Creation of a modern system for assessing the quality of education based on the principles of openness, objectivity, transparency, public and professional participation.

The new education system is focused on entering the global educational space. The dominant trend of our time is the integration of national education systems. Today Russia actively participates in many international projects and is involved in the exchange of students and teaching staff.

The system of relations between the educational institution and religious institutions is being transformed. Theological faculties and Sunday schools are being opened, and additional programs are being implemented in secondary schools with the consent of parents and teaching staff.

Radical changes in the Russian education system affect all its elements and links. Thus, at the beginning of the new millennium, a project of state final certification (general state exam) for graduates of 9th grade and a unified state exam for graduates of 11th grade was launched. Despite all the controversy and controversy surrounding the Unified State Exam, it should be noted that this form of examination brings the Russian education system closer to the European one. In addition, if you obtain the required number of points, the Unified State Exam allows you to enter any university, in some cases without additional entrance exams.

Another key change in the education system of the Russian Federation is the testing of alternatives to state educational institutions (for example, private), variable forms of education (gymnasiums, lyceums, colleges, specialized classes, etc.). At all levels - from kindergartens to universities - paid education operates in parallel with the free education system. The state makes sure that the budgetary financing of educational institutions and projects is transparent, controlled, and that the payment for each student’s education from the budget is carried out individually. Attracting investment in the education sector is acquiring the status of state policy.

In short, there is a direct connection between education and the political sphere. The activities of educational institutions directly depend on it. The principles of state policy in the field of education are based on constitutional norms, being basic not only for the preparation of legal legislative acts, but also for direct implementation in individual educational institutions.

1.3 Current problems in the field of education and ways to overcome them

The fate of any state directly depends on the state of the education system. If the state strives for development, the leadership of any country should set the development of literacy and education of the population as a priority goal and task.

The modern education system is going through quite difficult times. The Soviet school is being destroyed and European trends are taking its place. Sometimes the introduction of innovations occurs on unprepared soil, or innovations are not adapted to the Russian mentality. This often leads to all sorts of difficulties. Currently, the following problems can be identified in the Russian education system:

Crisis of the old education system.

Excessive theoretical orientation of education.

Lack of proper funding;

Low level of connection between stages of education;

Corruption;

Let's look at each of these problems and possible or practical ways to solve them in more detail.

Thus, when studying the problem of the crisis of the previous education system, in higher education a solution was found in the transition to a bachelor's and master's degree system. But secondary schools and vocational schools remained unattended. The recently issued law on education is intended to solve this problem. Modern society is at a level of development when it is time to move away from learning as memorizing facts. It is necessary to teach children to obtain information, understand it and apply it in practice. And this requires enormous work in preparing not only new textbooks for students and manuals for teachers, but also the teaching staff themselves.

The second problem of education in Russia is its excessive theoretical orientation. By educating theoretical scientists, we create a huge shortage of specialized specialists. Having received good theoretical training, few people can apply knowledge in practice. Therefore, after getting a job, new employees experience a serious adaptation associated with the inability to compare their knowledge with practical activities.

The third problem is not unique to education - it is insufficient funding. Lack of funds is the reason for the shortage of personnel in the education system throughout the country. In addition, in order to keep up with the times, it is necessary to introduce new technologies and update outdated equipment. The educational institution does not always have the funds for this. Here the solution is to attract additional sources of financing, including private ones.

The problem that school graduates are beginning to feel especially acutely is the low level of connection between the stages of education. So, now, in order to enter a university, parents often hire a tutor to take the Unified State Exam, since the level of requirements that were presented at school and the level required to study at a university are strikingly different from each other.

Of course, we cannot ignore such a problem as corruption. You can find many advertisements for the sale of higher education diplomas on the Internet. Corruption can also include money extortion at school, bribes for exams (tests), and theft of funds from the budget. However, at present, the Russian Prosecutor’s Office has a “hotline” practice, where parents can contact in case of unlawful extortions and bribes, and new laws adopted are designed to toughen punishment for such phenomena. In addition, classrooms in schools where state examinations are held are equipped with a video surveillance system, which also helps eliminate the element of corruption during the examination.

In conclusion of this section, we can note such a problem as the decline in the prestige of vocational schools and technical schools. This leads to a shortage of workers at enterprises and in the service sector. To solve this problem, the Government of the Russian Federation is popularizing “blue-collar” professions by providing certain benefits, social guarantees, and also increasing the level of wages in factories and other enterprises among such specialists.

1.4 Experimental and innovative activities in education

In light of the ongoing modernization of education in Russia, the topic of conducting experimental and innovative activities in the field of education is relevant.

Innovation means introducing something new into the goals, content, methods and forms of teaching and upbringing, and organizing the joint activities of teacher and student. Innovations do not arise on their own, but are the result of scientific research, practical experience of individual teachers and entire teams. In such conditions, the teacher often faces the problem of pedagogical risk. Risk implies the experimental use of any technologies that are not widely used in practice, but, nevertheless, in theory, are promising from the point of view of learning.

In understanding the essence of these two concepts lie two main problems of modern pedagogy: the problem of studying, generalizing and disseminating advanced pedagogical experience and the problem of introducing the achievements of innovative teachers. Thus, innovation and pedagogical risk should lie in the plane of combining two interrelated phenomena, usually considered separately, i.e. the result of their synthesis should be new knowledge that allows the teacher to use innovations in everyday practice, calculating the possible consequences.

In order to determine the main goals and objectives of introducing innovative technologies in the field of education, you should refer to Article 20 of the Federal Law “On Education”. This article reads: “Experimental and innovative activities in the field of education are carried out in order to ensure the modernization and development of the education system, taking into account the main directions of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation, the implementation of priority directions of the state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of education. Experimental activities are aimed at developing, testing and introducing new educational technologies<...>. Innovative activities are focused on improving scientific-pedagogical, educational-methodological, organizational, legal, financial-economic, personnel, material and technical support of the education system and are carried out in the form of the implementation of innovative projects and programs by organizations carrying out educational activities and others operating in the field of education organizations, as well as their associations. When implementing an innovative project or program, the rights and legitimate interests of participants in educational relations must be ensured, the provision and receipt of education, the level and quality of which cannot be lower than the requirements established by the federal state educational standard, federal state requirements, and educational standards.

Today, there are a huge number of methods, programs and methods that allow you to work with all categories of children, using the latest developments in the technological sector, original exercises, authentic, modern and interesting audio and video materials, as well as interactive learning tools. But the main reason for the constant monotony of life of an ordinary schoolchild is the reluctance to implement them.

CONCLUSION

The Supreme laws of the Russian Federation guarantee every citizen of the Russian Federation the right to receive education. The Russian education system creates conditions for lifelong education through the implementation of basic educational programs and various additional educational programs.

In the modern international world, in order to be successful, you have to adapt to international trends, which naturally leads to various kinds of changes, including in the field of education. Such changes often cause a number of large and small problems to arise. The Law “On Education” is an attempt to solve a number of pressing problems in the modern education system. But for the full development of the nation, it is necessary to take a number of more measures in the field of education.

The main goal of education today is to create conditions for the development of natural personality qualities. Possession of solely a stock of academic knowledge is becoming less and less important as an indicator of the quality of education. The state is faced with the task of not only bringing the level and education system closer to international standards, but also making sure that it fully satisfies the country’s needs for qualified specialists and highly educated citizens.

The new education system is focused on entering the global educational space. The dominant trend of our time is the free movement of resources, people, and ideas across national borders. Today Russia actively participates in many international projects and is involved in the exchange of students and teaching staff. Traditions and norms of world education freely penetrate into our country. The cultural transformation of society is expressed both in globalization, internationalization of culture, and in the desire to preserve its identity. Television, the Internet as a means of audiovisual communication, and the popularization of the English language are erasing boundaries in the cultural space. At the same time, ways to preserve cultural identity are being developed. Harmonization of these multidirectional trends is a condition for sustainable development of the education sector.

At the conclusion of the study

1. The education system includes:

1) federal state educational standards and federal state requirements, educational standards, educational programs of various types, levels and (or) orientations;

2) organizations carrying out educational activities, teaching staff, students and parents (legal representatives) of minor students;

3) federal state bodies and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, exercising public administration in the field of education, and local government bodies, exercising management in the field of education, advisory, advisory and other bodies created by them;

4) organizations providing educational activities, assessing the quality of education;

5) associations of legal entities, employers and their associations, public associations operating in the field of education.

2. Education is divided into general education, vocational education, additional education and vocational training, ensuring the possibility of realizing the right to education throughout life (continuing education).

3. General education and vocational education are implemented according to educational levels.

4. In the Russian Federation, the following levels of general education are established:

1) preschool education;

4) secondary general education.

5. The following levels of professional education are established in the Russian Federation:

3) higher education - specialty, master's degree;

4) higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

6. Additional education includes such subtypes as additional education for children and adults and additional vocational education.

7. The education system creates conditions for lifelong education through the implementation of basic educational programs and various additional educational programs, providing the opportunity to simultaneously master several educational programs, as well as taking into account existing education, qualifications, and practical experience when receiving education.

Commentary to Art. 10 of the Law “On Education in the Russian Federation”

The commented provisions are not new for domestic educational legislation, since the rules on the structure of the education system contained system-forming acts of educational legislation: and the law on higher education (Article 4). Meanwhile, in the article under consideration, the relevant provisions of these normative acts are somewhat revised and synthesized into normative material, taking into account the multi-level nature of education.

1. The law being commented on proposes a new approach to defining the education system, taking into account changes in the system of educational relations as a whole. It is that:

firstly, the education system includes all types of existing sets of compulsory education requirements: federal state educational standards, federal state requirements, as well as educational standards and educational programs of various types, levels and (or) orientations.

In order to ensure the quality of education, the legislator provides for: federal state educational standards for basic general education and professional programs, including for preschool education, which was not previously provided for. However, this does not mean the need for certification for students at this level. The law introduces a ban on conducting both intermediate and final certification of students in preschool educational organizations;

federal state requirements - for additional pre-professional programs;

educational standards - for educational programs of higher education in cases provided for by the commented law or decree of the President of the Russian Federation. The definition of the educational standard is given in paragraph 7) of Art. 2 of Law N 273-FZ, however, we find a more precise interpretation of it in Art. 11 of the Law (see).

Educational programs are also included in the education system, since they represent a set of basic characteristics of education and organizational and pedagogical conditions. This distinction is due to the fact that if either federal state educational standards, or federal state requirements, or educational standards have been developed, the educational program is compiled on their basis. In the event that these are absent (for additional general developmental and with certain features, for additional professional programs * (14); vocational training programs are developed on the basis of established qualification requirements (professional standards), educational programs are the only set of requirements for obtaining this type of education .

Secondly, the education system includes, along with organizations carrying out educational activities, also teaching staff, students and their parents (legal representatives) (up to the age of majority of the student), which makes them full participants in the educational process. Of course, such a position must be supported by specific rights and guarantees for such entities. For this purpose, the legislator introduces Chapter 4, dedicated to students and their parents, and dedicated to teaching, management and other employees of organizations carrying out educational activities ( and ).

Thirdly, the education system includes, along with bodies that manage education at all levels of government, advisory, advisory and other bodies created by them. The sign of jurisdiction is not highlighted; instead, the sign of creation of a body by the body exercising management in the field of education is introduced. Such a replacement does not make any fundamental differences. At the same time, the previous formulation of “institutions and organizations” might not have made it possible to classify, for example, public councils as part of the education system.

Fourthly, the education system includes organizations that provide educational activities and assess the quality of education. This is explained by the need to understand the education system as a single, inextricable process of movement of knowledge from the teacher (educational organization) to the student. This process includes information processing centers, certification commissions, etc. This circle does not include individuals (experts, public observers, etc.).

Fifthly, in addition to associations of legal entities and public associations, the education system includes associations of employers and their associations operating in the field of education. This position is due to the intensifying direction of integration of education, science and production; understanding of education as a process that culminates in employment and, in this regard, orientation to the demands of the world of work. Employers take part in the work of educational and methodological associations (), are involved in conducting state final certification for basic professional educational programs, and in conducting a qualification exam (result of vocational training) (,); employers and their associations have the right to carry out professional and public accreditation of professional educational programs implemented by an organization carrying out educational activities, and compile ratings on this basis ().

Paragraph 3 of the commented article 10 of the Law on Education in the Russian Federation introduces a system of types of education, dividing it into general education, vocational education, additional education and vocational training.

Vocational training, despite the seemingly absent “effect” of educational activities - increasing the educational qualifications of the student, also presupposes the need to master the educational program of secondary general education, if it has not been mastered.

This system should make it possible to realize a person’s educational needs throughout his life, that is, not only the opportunity to receive an education at any age, but also to obtain another profession (specialty). For this purpose, various educational programs are being introduced.

The system of education levels is changing, according to which the structure of general education in accordance with the Law includes:

1) preschool education;

2) primary general education;

3) basic general education;

4) secondary general education;

In the structure of professional education:

1) secondary vocational education;

2) higher education - bachelor's degree;

3) higher education - specialist training, master's degree;

4) higher education - training of scientific and pedagogical personnel.

The main innovation is that: 1) preschool education is included as the first level of general education; 2) primary vocational education is not distinguished as a level; 3) higher professional education absorbs the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel (previously carried out within the framework of postgraduate professional education).

The change in education levels is caused by the requirements of the Bologna Declaration, the International Standard Classification of Education.

The question arises: what are the consequences of changing the system of educational levels?

Modernization of the system of educational levels affects the system of educational programs and types of educational organizations.

Changes in educational programs follow the corresponding changes in educational levels.

The introduction of preschool education into the system of educational levels looks frightening at first glance. According to the rule, this presupposes the presence of federal state educational standards with confirmation of the results of mastering the preschool educational program in the form of a final certification. However, in this situation, the Law provides for a “big” exception to the rule, which is justified, given the level of psycho-physical development of children at such an early age. The development of educational programs of preschool education is not accompanied by intermediate certifications and final certification of students. That is, confirmation of compliance with the requirements of federal state educational standards should be expressed not in the form of testing the knowledge, skills and abilities of students, but in the form of reporting by employees of a preschool educational organization on the work done aimed at implementing the requirements of the standard. Preschool education is now the first level of education, but the legislator does not make it compulsory.

Law N 279-FZ now provides for primary general education, basic general education and secondary general education as separate levels of education. In the previous Law N 3266-1 they were levels of education.

Since the level of primary vocational education “falls out,” it is replaced by two programs introduced into secondary vocational education, which represent a successful combination of instilling skills in the field of primary vocational education with the knowledge and skills necessary to perform work requiring the level of secondary vocational education. As a result, the main programs of secondary vocational education are divided into programs for training skilled workers and programs for training mid-level specialists.

Changes in the higher education system lead to its division into several sublevels:

1) bachelor's degree;

2) specialist training, master’s degree;

3) training of scientific and pedagogical personnel.

The term “professional” itself is no longer applied to higher education, although the latter is still part of the vocational education system.

Bachelor's, master's and specialist's degrees, which have already become familiar to us, retain their legal significance, now side by side with the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel. A specialty, as an educational program, is provided where the standard period for mastering an educational program in a specific area of ​​training cannot be reduced.

It should be noted that in the system of education levels, the allocation of sublevels is dictated by different tasks. If we talk about secondary school, then receiving primary education is considered as incomplete education and parents are obliged to ensure that their children receive primary, basic general and secondary general education. These levels are compulsory levels of education. Students who have not mastered the basic educational program of primary general and (or) basic general education are not allowed to study at the following levels of general education. The requirement of compulsory secondary general education in relation to a specific student remains in force until he reaches the age of eighteen, if the corresponding education has not been received by the student earlier.

The identification of sublevels in higher education is dictated by the need to indicate the independence of each of them and self-sufficiency. Each of them is evidence of higher education without the “subjunctive moods.” Judicial practice on this matter, based on the 1992 education law, in contrast approaches the assessment of a bachelor's degree as the first level of higher education, which is insufficient to occupy positions requiring high professional training, for example, a judge. This approach has been implemented throughout the entire system of courts of general jurisdiction, including the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation * (15).

Hence, the concept of incomplete higher education can only refer to the fact of an incomplete standard period for mastering a particular educational program of a certain level of education. Consequently, when the educational program in a specific area of ​​training has not been fully mastered, it is impossible to talk about passing a specific level of education with the issuance of an education document, which is confirmed by judicial practice * (16).

It should be noted that in regional legislation there are examples of ranking depending on the “level” of education (specialist, master’s degree), for example, wage coefficients. This practice is recognized as inconsistent with the law, since in this case the provisions of Part 3 of Art. 37 Constitution of the Russian Federation, art. and 132 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, prohibiting discrimination in the sphere of labor, including discrimination in establishing and changing wage conditions.

Following the logic that each of the “types” of higher education level, be it bachelor’s, specialist’s or master’s degrees, confirms a completed cycle of education, characterized by a certain unified set of requirements (Article 2 of the Law, “Basic Concepts”), then no restrictions can be set for one of the species versus the other.

However, this statement requires clarification: certain restrictions are already provided for by the Law itself. What regulatory requirements does this follow? We find the answer in Art. 69 “Higher Education”, which states that persons with secondary general education are allowed to master bachelor’s or specialist’s programs (the types are equivalent).

Persons with higher education of any level are allowed to study master's programs. This emphasizes the higher position of master's programs in the hierarchy of higher education.

However, further we see that the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel in graduate school (postgraduate studies), residency, and assistantship-internship is possible for persons who have an education of at least higher education (specialist or master's degree). That is, in this case we see that the specialty “at the finish line” corresponds in its level of preparation to the master’s degree. But the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel is the next level of higher education.

Thus, the education system, according to the law on education, is a unified system, starting with preschool education and ending with the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel, as the necessary level of education for engaging in certain types of activities or certain positions (for example, residency).

Changing levels of education led to a change in the types of educational organizations: expanding opportunities to create different types of organizations providing training. In addition to educational institutions themselves, according to the Law, organizations that have educational divisions in their structure are actively involved in the education system.

Additional education is a type of education and includes such subtypes as additional education for children and adults and additional vocational education. Each of them involves the implementation of separate educational programs.

Additional educational programs include:

1) additional general education programs - additional general developmental programs, additional pre-professional programs;

2) additional professional programs - advanced training programs, professional retraining programs.

The selection of various types of educational programs, including within the framework of additional education, allows us to ensure continuity of education throughout life. The proposed system of educational programs provides the opportunity to simultaneously master several educational programs, take into account existing education, qualifications, practical experience in obtaining an education, and study under an abbreviated training program.

The education system in the Russian Federation is a complex of training programs regulated by state education standards and educational networks that implement them, consisting of institutions independent from each other, subordinate to supervisory and management bodies.

How it works

The Russian education system is a powerful combination of four cooperating structures.

1. Federal standards and educational requirements that determine the information component of educational programs. There are two types of programs being implemented in the country - general education and specialized, that is, professional. Both types are divided into basic and additional.

The main general education programs include:

• preschool;
• initial;
• basic;
• medium (full).

The main professional programs are divided as follows:

• secondary professional;
• higher professional (bachelor's, specialist's, master's degrees);
• postgraduate vocational training.

The modern education system in Russia involves several forms of education:

• within the walls of classrooms (full-time, part-time (evening), part-time);
• intra-family;
• self-education;
• externship

A combination of the listed educational forms is also allowed.

1. Scientific and educational institutions. They function to implement educational programs.

An educational institution is a structure engaged in the implementation of the educational process, that is, the implementation of one or more training programs. The educational institution also provides maintenance and education for students.

The scheme of the education system in the Russian Federation looks like this:

Educational institutions are:

• state (regional and federal subordination);
• municipal;
• non-state, that is, private.

All of them are legal entities.

Types of educational institutions:

• preschool;
• general education;
• primary, general, higher vocational education and postgraduate vocational education;
• military higher education;
• additional education;
• special and corrective training of sanatorium type.

III. Structures performing management and control functions.

IV. Associations of legal entities, public groups and public-state companies operating in the education system of the Russian Federation.

Structure

Institutions are the main link in the education system of the Russian Federation. Educational institutions conduct educational work according to specially developed plans and sets of rules.

It is impossible to briefly describe the education system in the Russian Federation, since it is diverse and consists of different components. But they are all included in a complex designed at each educational level to carry out the consistent development of individual and professional qualitative indicators of the individual. Educational institutions and all kinds of training form the Russian system of continuous education, which combines the following types of training:

• state,
• additional,
• self-education.

Components

Education programs in the pedagogical system of the Russian Federation are holistic documents developed taking into account:

• Federal State Educational Standards, which account for more than 70% of the content of educational programs;
• national and regional requests.

Federal State Educational Standards - Federal State Educational Standards - contain requirements, compliance with which is mandatory for institutions that have state accreditation.

Vocational education

The development of the education system in Russia cannot be imagined without the full formation of personality, which is achieved by mastering deep knowledge, professional abilities, skills and solid competencies in one or more professions. Reforming vocational education is designed to ensure progress for every student.

The main directions for improving vocational education include:

• strengthening and expanding the material basis of vocational education;
• creation of practice centers at enterprises;
• attracting production professionals to training;
• improving the quality of specialist training.

The modern education system in the Russian Federation implies the expansion of the professional component.

Regulations

The main document regulating the activities of educational institutions is the Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” adopted in 2012. It sets out the attitude towards the learning process and regulates its financial component. Since the education system is at the stage of reform and improvement, new decrees and orders appear from time to time, and the list of regulations is constantly updated, but today it includes:

1. Constitution of the Russian Federation.
2. Target program for the development of education.
3. Federal laws “On higher and postgraduate education”, “On amendments to legislative acts on levels of higher professional education”.
4. Orders of the Ministry of Education and Science “On parent universities and organizations”, “On the implementation of the Bologna program”.
5. Sample provisions on the organization of the educational process.
6. The concept of modernization of the education system in Russia.
7. Resolution “On cooperation with foreign organizations in the field of education.”
8. Model provisions on additional training.

The list also includes laws, regulations, decrees and orders that relate separately to each “floor” of the educational system.

Management of the educational system in the Russian Federation

At the top level is the Ministry of Education and Science, which is engaged in developing the doctrine of the educational sphere and drawing up regulatory documents. Further federal agencies and municipal level performers are located. Local government teams monitor the implementation of issued acts in educational structures.

Any management organization has its own clearly defined powers, which are transferred from the highest level to the lowest level, which does not have the rights to implement certain actions in educational policy. This does not mean delegating the right to finance certain activities without agreement with a higher structure.

Inspection of general compliance with legislative provisions is carried out by the state-public education management system in the Russian Federation. The organizations included in it are mainly concerned with the functioning of schools and monitoring the implementation of the principles:

• a humane and democratic approach to management;
• systematicity and integrity;
• truthfulness and completeness of information.

In order for the policy to be consistent, the country has a system of education authorities at the following levels:

• central;
• non-departmental;
• republican;
• autonomous-regional;
• Autonomous district

Thanks to the combination of centralized and decentralized management, it is possible to ensure that administrators and public organizations work in the interests of collectives. This creates a springboard for the implementation of management regulations without duplication and leads to increased coordination of actions of all departments of the educational system.

According to the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”, Russian education is a continuous system of successive levels, at each of which state, non-state, and municipal educational institutions of various types and types operate.

Institutions are the main link in the structure of the education system of the Russian Federation. Educational institutions conduct educational work. It is very difficult to briefly describe the education system in the Russian Federation, since it is diverse and based on different components. Educational institutions and all kinds of training form the Russian system of lifelong education, which combines the following types of training:

State;

Additional;

Self-education.

The education system includes:

1) federal state educational standards and requirements;

2) organizations carrying out educational activities, teaching staff, students and parents (legal representatives) of minor students;

3) federal government bodies and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that carry out public administration in the field of education, and local government bodies;

4) organizations providing educational activities, assessing the quality of education;

5) associations of legal entities, employers and their associations, public associations operating in the field of education.

Education is divided into general education, vocational education, additional education and vocational training, ensuring the possibility of realizing the right to education throughout life (lifelong education).

3. General education and vocational education are implemented according to educational levels.

The following levels of general education are established in the Russian Federation:

1) preschool education;

2) primary general education;

3) basic general education;

4) secondary general education.

The following levels of professional education are established in the Russian Federation:

1) secondary vocational education;

2) higher education - bachelor's degree;

3) higher education - specialty, master's degree;

4) higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

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