Polio vaccination vaccination rules. Vaccination against polio. Individual polio vaccination regimen

How is vaccination carried out?

In May 2010, a case of imported polio was registered on the territory of the Russian Federation, therefore, sanitary services made certain adjustments to vaccination. Today, polio vaccinations are given in a comprehensive manner - in the first year these are injections of inactivated vaccine, in the second year - instillation of drops of live vaccine.

In total, five consecutive vaccinations are carried out against polio, this is usually vaccination at three months, at four and a half months, at six months, and then revaccination is carried out at one and a half years and at 20 months. Then, to strengthen the immune system, an additional booster vaccination is carried out at 14 years of age.

Such timing of vaccine administration is due to the fact that the polio virus is very volatile, and a child can become infected with a wild virus. If the baby has immunity to polio in the form of a vaccine virus, the wild virus will be replaced and will not cause the disease to develop. In the region of Southern Russia there is still a high probability of developing polio when it is brought from southern countries, so they can be vaccinated with an oral drip vaccine in the first year of life. Now let's talk about both types of vaccines.

There are two types polio vaccines- This oral polio vaccine And inactivated, they are designated OPV and IPV, respectively. These vaccines were developed at about the same time by scientists, the oral one was invented by Sabin, and is often called the Sabin vaccine, the inactivated one was invented by Salk, and is called inactivated. Which one is better, and which one is better to vaccinate children?

In the Russian Federation, the use of both types of vaccine is officially permitted; if you remember, we all had red, bitter-salty drops dropped into our mouths at school, this was the OPV vaccine. In clinics today, they use injections to vaccinate children in their first year of life, and for older children, for revaccination, they can use both an injection and drops; both types of vaccines consist of three main polio viruses, and therefore, both of them will equally protect against all possible variants of polio virus, but since there are two fundamentally different ways of administering the vaccine - an injection and without an injection, it is necessary to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each type of vaccine.

Sabin vaccine or oral poliovirus vaccine

The vaccine is presented as a red liquid, uniform in consistency, with a salty-bitter taste. it is used quite widely in Russia for vaccinating children of different ages, including children of the first year. A special feature of this vaccine is the creation of a collective vaccination mechanism, since viruses from an immunized child, multiplying and entering the external environment, reach other children, and vaccinate and revaccinate them too. Due to this, it is possible to create a sufficiently large layer of children who are immune to the wild polio virus. This vaccine is inexpensive to produce and is applicable everywhere, so it was recommended by WHO to create mass immunity in Europe and Russia, due to which cases of polio were excluded in these countries altogether for many years. Today, the main sources of polio are Asia and the countries of the former Soviet Union.

The principle of vaccination is quite simple– when instilled, the virus reaches the intestinal walls, where it multiplies and circulates for a long time, which forms the baby’s immunity to polio at approximately the same level as it would be after polio itself. the only difference is that the vaccine strain of the virus will not cause the disease itself in the body.

As a result, special antibodies are formed against the vaccine virus, which, when a wild type of virus penetrates, will begin to bind to it and destroy it, preventing it from harming the body. In addition, the vaccine virus displaces the wild one and prevents it from multiplying. In countries where polio is very common, polio drops are administered immediately in the maternity hospital.

In addition, OPV has another useful quality - it is able to stimulate the production of protective substances in the body, especially interferon. Therefore, this vaccination can indirectly protect against other viral intestinal infections.

The vaccine is administered orally, that is, by instillation into the oral cavity; for infants up to one year old, drops are administered to the root of the tongue, since in this area there are accumulations of lymphoid follicles. At an older age, drops are applied to the surface of the tonsil, and the immune response begins from this place. In these places, instillation is effective because there are no taste receptors there, and the likelihood that the baby will taste an unpleasant taste is lower, then there will be less saliva, and he will not swallow the drug too early.

The vaccine is instilled with a special plastic dropper or syringe without a needle; it is either two or four drops. This depends on the dosage of the substance in the solution. If the baby burps, the drops are instilled again, but if he burps again, they will not administer any more, the next dose is administered after a month and a half. After instillation, it is necessary not to drink or feed the baby for an hour, so as not to wash the drug from the tonsils with food.

In total, OPV is instilled in five doses, and it is believed that this regimen creates full-fledged, lasting immunity that protects against the disease. In the calendar of our state, this is the age of three, 4.5 and six months, and then one and a half years and 20 months of life. Next, vaccination is done as needed, if immunity is needed or upon reaching 14 years of age. If the vaccination dates were missed, the baby was sick or vaccinations were prohibited, you just need to complete the vaccinations according to the plan; no new administrations are intended.

Usually, local or general reactions to the administration of the drug do not occur; in very rare cases, an increase in temperature is possible approximately from the fifth to the 14th day of vaccination. In young children, a slight loosening of the stool may occur during vaccination, but this is not a complication of vaccination. This reaction is completely acceptable and does not require treatment. But, if there is repeated diarrhea, nausea, or blood and mucus in the stool, this is not a reaction to the vaccine - this is a layer of infection.

About the difficulties with OPV

The administration of OPV to children also has contraindications - HIV, immunodeficiency, or if there are children and adults in the family with similar problems. OPV should not be used in children whose mothers are expecting a new baby, or if there are pregnant women in the house. In addition, it is necessary to refrain from administering OPV if there is a previously noted neurological reaction to the previous dose of the drug.

In addition, this vaccine has several significant drawbacks that should be brought to the attention of parents.

First of all, the vaccine has varying effectiveness due to the fact that it requires special storage conditions. It must be stored at a special temperature, and the inaccuracy in dosage due to the characteristics of babies also complicates the matter; part of the vaccine is lost in the stool, they regurgitate it and digest it in the stomach. In addition, babies who have received OPV release it into the environment in the form of vaccine polio viruses, which will hinder the final elimination of viruses in the country. This preserves the likelihood of pathogenic mutations and transition to a dangerous form.

Severe complication

If the baby has a serious problem with immunity, or if he was vaccinated with OPV incorrectly, defectively, or he received the polio virus through contact from other children, it is very rare, but a serious complication of vaccination may develop - it is called VAP - vaccine-associated polio. It proceeds according to the principle of real polio with paralysis of the limbs. This may be for the first dose, or very rarely for the second dose of the vaccine. Most often this is due to leukemia, HIV or other types of immunodeficiency. Children with severe defects and diseases of the stomach and intestines are susceptible to the development of vaccine-associated polio. Healthy children do not develop VAP.

If there is a risk, what can be done to reduce it to the bare minimum? This can be prevented by introducing a combined vaccination regimen, the first two or three vaccinations are given with an inactivated vaccine, and the remaining two or three are given by drops. Then, by the time the live drip vaccine is administered, the baby’s immunity will already be sufficient to contain the virus and sufficient to prevent VAP.

This scheme is called a mixed or sequential option, which is justified by economic benefits - OPV is cheaper than the injectable one, and it is more profitable for the state. But if parents have the opportunity to get all polio vaccinations in the form of IPV, then it is better to do it.

Inactivated polio vaccine

Salk vaccine or inactivated shot vaccine. This is a drug in a special dose in a disposable mini syringe with transparent contents and a volume of half a milliliter. It is injected into the thigh or shoulder, after the injection you can immediately eat and drink, there are no restrictions on the administration of the vaccine.

It is advisable not to rub or crush the injection site, and not to sunbathe in the sun for two days; you can walk with your child and bathe him without any restrictions. However, you should avoid crowded places where there is a risk of contracting colds.

The vaccine acts at the injection site; the body forms immunity to the virus particles and provides general protection for the entire body. There is no live virus and the risk of developing VAP is zero; it can be administered to all children without restrictions. It is administered three times, with an interval of one and a half months, and then one revaccination is done at one and a half years; an additional one at 20 months is not required. The next dose is given at age five.

A normal reaction to the injection and administration of the vaccine can be considered redness and swelling at the injection site, the size of which should not exceed 8 cm. General reactions with fever and anxiety in the first two days after vaccination are less common. Very rarely, a small rash may appear, but any other reactions with nausea, fever, vomiting and snot are not related to vaccination and are considered a layer of infection during the vaccination process. This requires the help of a doctor.

Of course, the inactivated vaccine has a number of advantages over the oral one. It is safer because it does not contain a live virus that could cause vaccine-associated polio. Therefore, they are administered even to sick, weak babies, babies whose mothers are pregnant and cannot have side effects in the intestinal area - stool disorders and competition with normal intestinal flora.

This vaccine is more convenient for practical use, it is produced in a separate sterile package, one dose per baby, it does not contain mercury preservatives and instead of five trips to vaccination there are only four, which reduces the stress load on the baby. This vaccine is dosed more easily; it is injected rather than dripped, which means it will not be spat out. It is stored more easily, in a regular refrigerator; after vaccinations, immunity is formed in almost all children.

It is quite possible to switch from one vaccine to another - they are interchangeable.

Types of vaccines

In Russia today people are vaccinated with the oral polio vaccine of their own production; all other vaccines are not produced in our country. The Imovax polio vaccine is used for intramuscular administration; it is widely used in paid vaccination clinics and in many clinics it is used to vaccinate weakened and sick children. In addition, Imovax is part of the Tetracok vaccine - it is combined with DTP, in addition, today children are increasingly vaccinated with the Pentaxim vaccine against five infections at once.

If the timing of vaccination is violated and the vaccine is not fully administered, you simply need to count the previously administered vaccinations and complete the remaining ones at the interval prescribed by the calendar. A child vaccinated with at least two vaccinations has immunity, although not complete, but quite sufficient to protect against polio for some time, for long-lasting immunity, full vaccination is necessary.

Polio (from the Greek polios - “gray”, referring to the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord; from the Greek myelos - “spinal cord”) is a severe infectious disease that is caused by polio viruses of types 1, 2, 3. It is characterized by damage to the nervous system (mainly the gray matter of the spinal cord), which leads to paralysis, as well as inflammatory changes in the intestinal mucosa and nasopharynx, occurring under the “mask” of an acute respiratory infection or intestinal infection.

Epidemic outbreaks are most often associated with polio virus type 1. Epidemics of polio have occurred throughout human history. In the 50s of the 20th century, two American scientists, Sabin and Salk, were the first to create vaccines against this disease. The first researcher proposed a product containing weakened live polio viruses in this capacity, the second one developed a vaccine from killed viruses of the disease. Thanks to vaccination, the dangerous disease was defeated.

However, in some regions of the world, so-called wild polio viruses still circulate in nature, and unvaccinated people can get sick. The disease is transmitted from person to person by talking, sneezing, or through contaminated objects, food, or water. The source of infection is a sick person. Due to its high contagiousness, the infection spreads quickly, but a polio outbreak is suspected when the first case of paralysis is noted. The incubation period of the disease (from the moment of infection to the appearance of the first symptoms) lasts 7-14 days (can range from 3 to 35 days). Viruses enter the body through the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx or intestines, multiply there, then penetrate the blood and reach the nerve cells of the brain, but most often the spinal cord, and destroy them. This determines the appearance of paralysis.

Forms of polio in children

Virus carriage

If the virus does not spread beyond the nasopharynx and intestines, then the disease does not manifest itself clinically in the infected person. However, the infected person himself is a source of infection for others.

Non-paralytic forms

This is a relatively favorable variant of the course of the disease. If the virus manages to penetrate the blood, the disease proceeds as follows: acute respiratory infections(with fever, malaise, runny nose, sore and red throat, loss of appetite) or acute intestinal infection(with frequent, loose stools). Another form is emergence serous meningitis(lesions of the membranes of the brain). Fever, headache, vomiting, tension in the neck muscles appear, as a result of which it is impossible to bring the chin closer to the chest (symptoms indicating the involvement of the meninges in the inflammatory process), twitching and muscle pain.

Paralytic form

This is the most severe manifestation of polio. In this case, the disease begins acutely, with high fever, malaise, refusal to eat, in half of the cases symptoms of damage to the upper respiratory tract (cough, runny nose) and intestines (loose stools) appear, and after 1-3 days symptoms of damage to the nervous system appear ( headache, pain in limbs, back). Patients are drowsy, reluctant to change body position due to pain, and experience muscle twitching. This is the pre-paralysis period, which lasts 1-6 days. Then the temperature drops and paralysis develops. This happens very quickly, within 1-3 days or even several hours. One limb may be paralyzed, but much more often both arms and legs are immobilized. Damage to the respiratory muscles is also possible, which leads to breathing problems. In rare cases, paralysis of the facial muscles occurs. The paralytic period lasts up to 2 weeks, and then the recovery period gradually begins, which lasts up to 1 year. In most cases, complete recovery does not occur, the limb remains shortened, atrophy (disorder of tissue nutrition) and muscle changes persist. It is worth noting that paralysis occurs in only 1% of those infected.

Diagnosis of polio in children

The diagnosis of polio is established on the basis of the characteristic external manifestations of the disease and epidemiological prerequisites: for example, the presence of infected or sick people in the patient’s environment, as well as in the summer. The fact is that on hot days people (and especially children) swim a lot, and you can become infected with the virus by swallowing water from an open reservoir. In addition, laboratory test data (for example, isolation of the virus from the nasopharyngeal mucus, feces and blood of the patient, examination of the cerebrospinal fluid) allow diagnosing polio. But these studies are expensive and are not carried out in every hospital, much less in every clinic. To carry out such analyses, a network of centers for laboratory diagnostics of polio has been created, where material from the patient is delivered for study.

Vaccination against polio for a child

Considering that polio is a viral infection and there is no specific therapy that specifically targets these viruses, the only effective means of preventing the disease is vaccination.

Two drugs are used for vaccination against polio: oral (from Latin oris mouth, pertaining to the mouth) live polio vaccine (OPV), containing weakened modified live polio viruses, the solution of which is dripped into the mouth, and inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) ), containing killed wild polio viruses, which is administered by injection. Both vaccines contain 3 types of polio virus. That is, they protect against all existing “variations” of this infection. True, IPV is not yet produced in our country. But there is a foreign vaccine IMOVAX POLIO, which can be used for grafting. In addition, IPV is part of the vaccine TETRACOK(combined vaccine for the prevention of diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio). Both of these drugs are used commercially at the request of parents. Polio vaccines can be administered simultaneously with immunoglobulin and any other vaccines except BCG.

Since January 1, 2008, the first and second vaccinations against polio are carried out with an inactivated vaccine (IPV). The third vaccination is carried out with live vaccines to prevent polio (6 months).

Polio vaccination schedule

First vaccination with inactivated polio vaccine - 3 months.

The second vaccination is carried out with an inactivated polio vaccine - 4.5 months.

The third vaccination is carried out with live vaccines to prevent polio - 6 months.

First revaccination - 18 months.

Second revaccination - 20 months.

Third revaccination - 14 years.

Oral polio vaccine - a pink liquid substance with a bitter-salty taste.

Method of administration: instillation into the mouth, for children - onto the lymphoid tissue of the pharynx, for older children - onto the surface of the palatine tonsils, where immunity begins to form. There are no taste buds in these places, and the child will not feel the unpleasant taste of the vaccine. Otherwise, excessive salivation will occur, the baby will swallow the drug, it will enter the stomach with saliva and be destroyed there. The vaccine will be ineffective. OPV is instilled from a disposable plastic dropper or using a disposable syringe (without a needle). Dose depends on the concentration of the drug: 4 drops or 2 drops. If the baby burps after receiving the vaccine, the procedure is repeated. After repeated regurgitation, the vaccine is no longer administered, and the next dose is given after a month and a half. Within an hour after the administration of OPV, you should not feed or water the child.

Body reaction

After OPV administration, vaccine reactions (local or general) are usually absent. In extremely rare cases, low-grade fever (up to 37.5 degrees C) may appear 5-14 days after vaccination. In young children, frequent bowel movements are occasionally observed, which persist for 1-2 days after vaccination and go away without treatment. These reactions are not complications. If stool abnormalities are pronounced (there is mucus, greens, streaks of blood in the stool, etc.) and continue for a long time, this may be a manifestation of an intestinal infection, which coincidentally coincided with vaccination.

How does vaccination work?

The oral live polio vaccine is stored in the intestines for a long time (up to 1 month) and, like all live vaccines, forms in the body of the vaccinated person an immunity almost identical to that which occurs after suffering the infection itself. In this case, antibodies (protective proteins) are synthesized in the blood and on the intestinal mucosa (so-called secretory immunity), which do not allow the “wild” virus to enter the body. In addition, specific protective cells are formed that are able to recognize polio viruses in the body and destroy them. Another property is also important: while the vaccine virus lives in the intestines, it does not allow the “wild” polio virus to enter there. Therefore, in regions where there is polio, newborn children are vaccinated with a live vaccine right in the maternity hospital to protect the baby in the first month of life from infection. This type of vaccination does not create long-term immunity, which is why it is called “zero”. And the first vaccination dose is administered to the child at 2 months and they continue to be vaccinated according to the full schedule. The live polio vaccine has another unexpected property - it stimulates the synthesis of interferon (an antiviral substance) in the body. Therefore, indirectly, such a vaccination can protect against influenza and other viral respiratory infections.

Complications from live polio vaccine

The only serious, but fortunately very rare complication of OPV vaccination is vaccine-associated polio (VAP) ) . This disease can develop during the first, less often during the second, and extremely rarely during the third administration of a live vaccine, in cases where it was vaccinated to a child with congenital immunodeficiency or to an AIDS patient in the stage of immunodeficiency. Congenital malformations of the gastrointestinal tract also predispose to the occurrence of VAP. In other cases, this complication does not develop. Persons who have had vaccine-associated polio should continue to be vaccinated, but only with inactivated polio vaccine (IPV).

Inactivated polio vaccine Available in liquid form, packaged in syringe doses of 0.5 ml.

Method of administration: injection. Children under 18 months. - subcutaneously into the subscapular region (possibly into the shoulder) or intramuscularly into the thigh, for older children - into the shoulder. No restrictions on eating or drinking times are required.

Body reaction

After the introduction of IPV, 5-7% of vaccinated people may have local vaccine reactions (which is not a complication of vaccination) in the form of swelling and redness not exceeding 8 cm in diameter. In 1-4% of cases, general vaccine reactions are observed in the form of a short-term low rise in temperature and restlessness of the child on the first or second day after vaccination.

How does vaccination work?

When inactivated polio vaccine is administered, the vaccinated person develops antibodies in the blood. However, they practically do not form on the intestinal mucosa. Protective cells capable of recognizing and destroying polio viruses along with the pathogen in the body are not synthesized, as is the case with OPV vaccination. This is a significant disadvantage of IPV. However, when using an inactivated vaccine, vaccine-associated poliomyelitis never occurs and it can be safely administered to children with immunodeficiency.

Complications

A side effect of IPV can, in very rare cases, be an allergic rash.

ATTENTION! Persons who have had polio must continue to be vaccinated in the future, since a second illness may be caused by a different type of virus.

Unvaccinated people, be careful!

People who have not been vaccinated against polio (regardless of age) and who also suffer from immunodeficiency can become infected by a vaccinated child and develop vaccine-associated polio (VAP). Cases have been described in which vaccinated children infected parents with AIDS, in the stage of immunodeficiency, as well as relatives with primary immunodeficiency or those who receive medications that suppress the immune system (for the treatment of cancer). To prevent such situations, it is recommended to vaccinate your child inactivated polio vaccine , and also wash your hands after washing the baby and do not kiss the vaccinated person on the lips. Vaccination against polio, like any other vaccination, if done on time and according to the rules, will help the fragile baby resist a serious and dangerous disease. This means it will make the child stronger, strengthen his body and relieve parents from many problems and trials that the family of a seriously ill child usually has to endure.

Paralysis (from the Greek paralysis to relax) is a disorder of motor functions in the form of a complete absence of voluntary movements, due to a disruption in the transmission of nerve signals to the corresponding muscles.

Immunoglobulin is a drug made from the blood of a person who has been ill or vaccinated against a particular infection and has developed antibodies- protective proteins against infectious agents.

Article “Vaccinations: on the issue of safety” (No. 4, 2004)

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Vaccination against polio is the only way to prevent the development of a dangerous viral infection. The vaccine was developed more than 60 years ago by American and Soviet doctors, which helped prevent the development of a pandemic. Immunization is carried out in childhood and helps to reliably protect the body from polio. But how relevant is vaccination in our time? Is the vaccine safe for children? When should you get vaccinated? It is necessary to consider in more detail the issues that concern parents before immunization.

What is polio?

Poliomyelitis is a dangerous viral infection caused by Poliovirus hominis. The disease is transmitted by contact through household items and secretions. Virus particles enter the human body through the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx or intestines, then spread through the bloodstream to the spinal cord and brain. Mostly young children (no older than 5 years) are susceptible to polio.

The incubation period is 1-2 weeks, rarely – 1 month. Then symptoms develop that resemble a common cold or a mild form of intestinal infection:

• Slight increase in temperature;
• Weakness, increased fatigue;
• Runny nose;
• Impaired urination;
• Increased sweating;
• Soreness and redness of the pharynx;
• Diarrhea due to decreased appetite.

When viral particles penetrate the membranes of the brain, serous meningitis develops. The disease leads to fever, muscle and head pain, skin rashes, and vomiting. A characteristic symptom of meningitis is neck muscle tension. If the patient is unable to bring the chin to the sternum, then urgent consultation with a specialist is necessary.

Important! About 25% of children who have suffered a viral infection become disabled. In 5% of cases, the disease leads to the death of the patient due to paralysis of the respiratory muscles.

In the absence of timely treatment, the disease progresses, pain in the back and legs appears, and the act of swallowing is impaired. The duration of the infectious process usually does not exceed 7 days, then recovery occurs. However, polio can lead to disability of the patient due to paralysis (complete or partial).

Why are polio vaccinations given?

Polio vaccination is given to people regardless of age. Indeed, in the absence of immunity, a person can easily become infected with an infection and contribute to its further spread: the patient releases the virus into the environment for 1-2 months from the moment the first symptoms appear. After which the pathogen quickly spreads through water and food. Doctors do not exclude the possibility of the polio pathogen being transmitted by insects.

Therefore, they try to get vaccinated against polio as early as possible, starting from 3 months of age. Immunization is carried out in all countries of the world, which helps to minimize the occurrence of an epidemic.

Vaccine classification

During immunization, polio vaccines are used:

• Oral live polio vaccine (OPV). Produced exclusively in Russia on the basis of weakened live viral particles. The drug is available in the form of drops for oral use. This polio vaccine reliably protects the body from all existing strains of the virus;
• Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV: Imovax polio, Poliorix). The drug is created on the basis of killed viral particles that are injected. The polio vaccine is safe for humans and causes virtually no adverse reactions. However, the vaccine is less effective than OPV, so certain groups of patients may develop polio.

Combination drugs are widely used for immunization, which help protect the body from polio and other infections. The following vaccines are used in Russia: Infanrix Hexa, Pentaxim, Tetracok.

How does the vaccine work?

The polio vaccine involves injecting weakened or dead virus particles. Our body is capable of producing special immune bodies, which are carried through the bloodstream to all organs and tissues. When meeting infectious agents, leukocytes cause an immune reaction - the production of specific antibodies. To obtain lasting immunity, one encounter with the virus is enough.

Important! When using OPV, the child will release viral particles into the environment, so it can be dangerous for unvaccinated children.

The introduction of weakened viral particles leads to a pronounced immune response of the body, however, it minimizes the risk of developing an infection. At the end of the 20th century, administration of IPV was sufficient to create lifelong immunity. However, over time, virus strains have become more virulent, so only polio vaccinations with OPV can reliably protect against infection. Important! To create lifelong immunity, 6 vaccinations are required.

Is the polio vaccine safe for children?

Vaccination against polio using inactivated drugs is absolutely safe for a child. After all, killed virus particles are not able to provoke the development of infection. However, polio vaccination using OPV can lead to the development of vaccine-associated polio in rare cases when the immunization schedule is disrupted. Children with pathologies of the digestive organs and severe immunodeficiency are at risk of developing complications. If a child has suffered vaccine-associated poliomyelitis, then further vaccination should be carried out exclusively with the introduction of an inactivated vaccine.

Important! By law, parents have the right to refuse vaccinations using weakened viruses.

The following vaccination regimen will help to almost completely eliminate the development of a severe complication: the first polio vaccination should be given with the IPV vaccine, followed by OPV. This will lead to the formation of immunity in the child before live particles of the virus enter his body.

When is vaccination carried out?

To form reliable immunity, a child needs two-stage preventive measures: vaccination and revaccination. During infancy, children receive 3 polio vaccinations, but over time the amount of antibodies in the bloodstream decreases. Therefore, repeated administration of the vaccine or revaccination is indicated.

Vaccination against polio - combination immunization schedule:

• Introduction of IPV to children at 3 and 4.5 months;
• Taking OPV at 1.5 years, 20 months, 14 years.

Using this regimen allows you to minimize the risk of developing allergies and complications.

Important! Here is a classic child immunization schedule. However, it may vary depending on the health status of the children.

When using exclusively an oral drug, the child is vaccinated at 3; 4.5; 6 months, revaccination at 1.5 years, 20 months and 14 years. Vaccination against polio using IPV is carried out in 3; 4.5; 6 months, revaccination – at 1.5 years and 6 years.

How are children vaccinated?

OPV is produced in the form of pink drops that have a bitter-salty taste. The drug is administered with a disposable syringe without a needle or via an oral dropper. In young children, the vaccine must be applied to the root of the tongue, where the lymphoid tissue is located. At older ages, the drug is dripped onto the tonsils. This helps to avoid excessive salivation and accidental swallowing of the vaccine, which significantly reduces the effectiveness of immunization.

The dose of the drug is determined by the concentration of OPV, 2 or 4 drops. After vaccination, children should not be given water or food for 60 minutes.

Important! The polio vaccine can cause regurgitation in the child, then the manipulations should be repeated. If, when the vaccine is re-administered, the baby burps again, then vaccination is carried out 1.5 months later.

When vaccinated with IPV, the drug is administered intradermally. For children under 18 months, the injection is placed under the shoulder blade, for older children - in the thigh area.

Possible adverse reactions

The vaccine is usually well tolerated. After the administration of OPV, there may be a slight increase in body temperature and an increase in bowel movements in young children. Symptoms usually develop 5-14 days after immunization and go away on their own within 1-2 days.

When using an inactivated vaccine, the following adverse reactions are possible:

• Swelling and redness of the injection site;
• Increased body temperature;
• Development of anxiety, irritability;
• Decreased appetite.

Parents should be alert to the following symptoms:

• Apathy of the child, development of adynamia;
• The occurrence of seizures;
• Breathing problems, shortness of breath;
• Development of urticaria, which is accompanied by severe itching;
• Swelling of the limbs and face;
• A sharp increase in body temperature up to 39 0 C.

If such symptoms appear, you must call an ambulance.

Contraindications to immunization

The use of oral vaccine is prohibited in the following cases:

• A history of congenital immunodeficiency;
• Planning pregnancy and the period of bearing a child by a woman who is in contact with the child;
• History of various neurological reactions to vaccination;
• Acute infectious diseases;
• Lactation period;
• Immunodeficiency in a child's family member;
• Development of neoplasms;
• Allergy to Polymyxin B, Streptomycin, Neomycin;
• Carrying out immunosuppressive therapy;
• Exacerbation of chronic pathologies during the period of immunization;
• Diseases of non-infectious origin.

Administration of the IPV vaccine is contraindicated in the following cases:

• Pregnancy and lactation period;
• Hypersensitivity to Streptomycin and Neomycin;
• History of allergy to this vaccine;
• Presence of oncological pathologies;
• Acute forms of diseases during the period of immunization.

Poliomyelitis is a serious viral disease that can lead to disability of the patient. The only reliable method of protection against infection is the polio vaccine. The vaccine is usually well tolerated and does not pose a threat to the child's health. However, in rare cases, the introduction of weakened viruses can lead to the development of vaccine-associated infection.

Poliomyelitis is a serious disease that affects the spinal cord. Children are at greatest risk because their immunity is not able to adequately fight the virus.

Vaccination is an effective way to protect against the causative agent of the disease.

When and where are children vaccinated against polio, what types of vaccines exist and which one is safer (drops or injections), how many procedures does a child need to undergo, and what preparation should be done before it? Let's figure it out.

Description of the disease

A vaccinated person is not contagious and can be in society without fear.

The live polio vaccine contains a small amount of live viruses of several stamps (read whether you can get infected after the vaccine).

It is a pink liquid with a bitter taste..

It is considered a more effective method, since the drops enter the intestines, where the poliovirus develops, and the body will actively secrete antibodies to fight the pathogen.

On the first day after the procedure, it is better not to be around large crowds of people, as there is a risk of infecting unvaccinated children.

At what age do they vaccinate?

The first vaccination is given at 3 months using an inactivated vaccine.

The next time they are vaccinated is at 4.5 months, then at six months.

You need to re-vaccinate at the following times:

• 1.5 years;
• 20 months;
• 14 years old.

Revaccination is carried out with live polio vaccine.

After 14 years of age, there is no need to be vaccinated; a person is completely protected from the polio virus.

How is the procedure carried out?

The vaccine with dead virus cells is given inside the muscles. Can be done to the hip, shoulder or shoulder blade area.

For children under one and a half years old, the injection is given only in the thigh.

Live vaccine is administered orally. For children, 2-4 drops of anti-poliomyelitis are dripped onto the tonsils or lymphoid tissue to prevent excessive salivation; if the drops get into the stomach, the procedure loses its meaning. For convenience, drops are drawn into a pipette or syringe without a needle.

If a gag reflex appears and the drops do not reach the target, repeat the procedure after 1 hour. If the reflex is repeated, the next time you can try to instill drops only after a month.

How many times: schedule

For complete protection, 3 vaccines are required at 3, 4.5 and 6 months, after which revaccination is required at 18, 20 months, 14 years.

If they are vaccinated only with an inactivated vaccine, then the scheme is different:

• vaccination - 3, 4.5, 6 months;
• repeated vaccination – 1.5 years and 6 years.

This number of polio vaccines for children is a strictly fixed vaccination calendar in Russia.

Exceptions are possible if the family has arrived and is planning to leave for a country with an unfavorable epidemiological situation. In this case, you need to get vaccinated 4 weeks before entering or leaving the country.

Time interval

After the first vaccine is administered, at least one and a half months must pass.

Then another break is taken until the age of six months. After a year, revaccination is necessary. After 60 days, they are vaccinated again and, finally, take the longest break until 14 years.

FAQ

In most cases, parents worry and ask questions about preparation, what needs to be done and what cannot be done after the procedure.

We can highlight the most common questions that parents are interested in:

How to prepare a child

If a child is sick, he cannot be vaccinated. Initially, you need to be cured so that there is no fever, runny nose or sore, red throat.

If you have an allergy, after consulting a doctor before vaccination, medications may be prescribed to eliminate allergic symptoms.

No need to have a big breakfast. 24-48 hours before the procedure, it is better not to go to places with a lot of people.

You can donate blood for a general analysis, then it will definitely be clear that there are no inflammatory processes in the body.

Don't dress too warmly, but you should not allow excessive sweating.

Is it possible to get vaccinated if you have a runny nose?

If parents suspect that the child is sick, they need to reschedule the trip to the treatment room for another date.

It is necessary to achieve a full recovery and then check with your pediatrician when to get vaccinated.

Should you bathe your baby?

On the first day it is better to avoid swimming. The next day you can swim, but do not use a washcloth. In the future there are no restrictions on bathing.

How to behave after, what to pay attention to

It is better not to go out to public places for 1-2 days.

After visiting the treatment room, you need to examine the injection site; slight redness is allowed.

Feed the child 1-2 hours after the procedure; you should also not drink liquid for an hour. If unwanted symptoms appear, you should contact your pediatrician.

A specialist will tell children more about polio vaccinations in this video:

Poliomyelitis can lead to paralysis of the limbs. Only vaccination can protect children from poliovirus.

It is important for parents to prepare their child for vaccination; after the procedure, be sure to ask how they are feeling. If you have complaints, contact a medical facility.

In contact with

Vaccination against polio can protect a child, and then an adult, from a severe infection that often leads to disability. Science has not yet invented effective methods for treating this “infection,” and the source of infection is growing at lightning speed, consuming entire countries, and not so long ago even continents.

Why is the polio vaccine necessary?

Poliomyelitis is an infectious disease caused by a virus (there are 3 types). The central nervous system is damaged, which often ends in paralysis. If the functioning of the respiratory system is disrupted, then death.

Today the problem has been resolved on a global scale, but only thanks to mass vaccination. Dangerous areas remain in Africa and Asia (by the way, Ukraine recently fired, which came as a shock to Europe). In countries where the health care system is practically undeveloped, international organizations work, but they cannot provide full coverage of the territory.

Since the disease cannot be properly treated, the only option left is vaccination.

Modern vaccinations guarantee the development of immunity in a person to all three types of the virus, while the risk of serious complications after vaccination is minimized.

Benefits of vaccination:

1. Complete immunity for the rest of your life, provided you complete the full course;
2. Passive vaccination. The introduced strain of the virus is excreted orally for another 30 days, so those around them become infected with the weakened infection, developing immunity in themselves;
3. Safety. The percentage of complications is negligible, however, despite this, the vaccine is constantly being improved. The goal of scientists is to eliminate the side effect altogether;
4. Availability. The legislation of the Russian Federation provides for free distribution of the drug in the required quantities for complete vaccination of the population. This has been the case since the times of the USSR, and remains so to this day.

Types of vaccines and principle of action

Today in the world there are 2 types of vaccines that contain all 3 viruses.

OPV – live oral polio vaccine

Developed in 1955 by an American scientist. This is a red, bitter liquid consisting of a live, but very weakened polio virus. It is administered by instillation into the oral cavity (the root of the tongue in younger children, between the lip and gum in older children).

Depending on the concentration of a particular ampoule (manufacturers may vary this indicator), you need from 2 to 4 drops. Helped defeat the disease on an entire continent in a fairly short time.

Operating principle:

• The virus enters the intestines and begins to multiply;
• The immune system reacts to this process by producing antibodies on the intestinal mucosa and blood;
• After about 30 days, active shedding of the virus occurs through the oral route. Others become infected (passive vaccination). At the same time, the chances of a vaccinated person contracting a wild virus are reduced to zero. This is actively used in problem areas, using zero vaccination immediately after birth. It will not give immunity, but it will protect the child from illness until the first vaccination;
• A weakened virus cannot create problems for the immune system, so it is defeated. Next time, the immune cells formed in this way will work faster and more efficiently.

IPV – inactive polio vaccine

Developed in the same America, but a little earlier - in 1950. This is an injection liquid containing a certain amount of killed viruses of three types. Packaged in disposable syringes (one dose per syringe). Inserted into the thigh or shoulder. It is safer, but does not provide a passive effect.

Operating principle:

1. Killed pathogens are introduced into the blood;
2. The body reacts to them accordingly - antibodies are produced;
3. There is no synthesis of immune cells in the intestines.

This type of vaccine is approved for children with HIV, as it cannot cause even a mild form of the disease.

Polio vaccination schedule for children

In our country there is a regulatory document - the national vaccination calendar, which describes in detail the procedure for compulsory vaccination of the population. It is compiled according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization, but each government can slightly vary the timing and type of vaccines, so the schedule of different countries may vary significantly. Let's look at a few examples.

Russia

Our order is as follows:

• 3 months old – IPV;
• 4.5 months – IPV;
• 6 months – OPV;
• 18 months – OPV;
• 20 months – OPV;
• 14 years old – OPV.

The first two times an inactive vaccine is administered, which is absolutely safe for the child. Then, to develop lasting immunity, a weakened virus acts on the prepared body.

But not everyone is allowed a live vaccination, so there is a polio vaccination schedule using only killed “infection”:

• 3 months;
• 4.5 months;
• 6 months;
• 18 months;
• 6 years.

The production of live vaccines exists in our country, but IPV is completely imported. Therefore, Ministry of Health officials are in no hurry to follow new trends - using exclusively dead virus, since this will turn out to be quite expensive on a national scale.

At the same time, it has even been scientifically proven that children vaccinated exclusively with IPV develop stable immunity in the same way as when using OPV.

Belarus

Our neighbors' level of medicine is considered one of the best among the countries of the former Soviet Union, but the polio vaccination calendar is focused on the United States. IPV is used exclusively:

• 3 months;
• 4 months;
• 5 months;
• 7 years.

No cases of the disease have been recorded during the entire period of independence, so conclusions about the effectiveness of the system suggest themselves.

Germany

This country is taken as an example of good European medicine. So, the schedule (used exclusively by IPV):

• 2 months;
• 3 months;
• 4 months;
• From 11 to 14 months;
• From 15 to 23 months. This revaccination is not mandatory and is prescribed if necessary according to the decision of the family doctor;
• From 9 to 14 years old;
• From 15 to 17 years old.

USA

The vaccine was developed in this country, so it makes sense to familiarize yourself with their calendar (only IPV is used):

• 2 months;
• 4 months;
• From 6 to 18 months according to the doctor’s decision;
• From 4 to 6 years;

However, there are no age restrictions for late arrivals. There is only one rule - children under 18 years of age must be vaccinated 4 times.

Reaction to polio vaccination

Complications are extremely rare here; much more often, the child’s body demonstrates a normal reaction, which many parents attribute to complications.
What can a child have after vaccination?

After OPV:

• No reaction;
• Increased temperature (up to 38 degrees) 3 days and up to 14 days after instillation;
• Stool upset for a couple of days;
• 1 case in two and a half million cases of infection with the disease.

After IPV:

• No reaction;
• Local allergic reaction at the injection site;
• Decreased activity and appetite for several days.

Hence the conclusion: the IPV vaccine is safer and guarantees complete immunity.

OPV is appropriate during disease outbreaks, as it allows others to be vaccinated (who often do not even know about it) and not become infected with the wild virus for 30 days.

The myth that OPV provides stronger immunity has long been debunked, and our officials support it due to economic feasibility (this applies to almost all CIS countries).

What to do if vaccination dates are missed?

There are many reasons why you can skip the polio vaccine. For example, the most common:

• The child was ill or recovering from an illness;
• Progressive allergic manifestations (acute period);
• The local clinic simply did not have the vaccine (this is rare, but it also happens);
• Negligence of medical workers or parents, and many others.

There is no point in giving in to panic in such cases, nothing terrible happened. There is a certain procedure:

• Missed first vaccination:
  • For children under 6 years old, it is done twice with a break of a month;
  • After 6 years – once;
• If the second vaccination is missed, then it is simply given later and that’s it;
• The third and fourth also do not require any additional funds; the doctor shifts the schedule.

The basic rule is that the total number should be 5 IPVs under 14 years of age or 4 OPVs with two IPVs. Unscheduled revaccination is possible in the event of a disease outbreak, as was done in Ukraine, where everyone under 12 years of age was vaccinated in 2 months, despite the schedule.

Contraindications to vaccination

• The child has HIV or there are such patients in his immediate environment. Weak immunity can cause the disease itself, which has practically no cure;
• A course of chemotherapy or similar drugs is being administered. In this case, the period is shifted to 6 months after the end of treatment;
• Presence of a pregnant woman in the family;
• There are infectious diseases (acute respiratory infections, influenza, others) or the acute phase of a chronic illness. Vaccination is allowed after recovery;
• Intolerance to several types of antibiotics:
  • Streptomycin;
  • Neomycin;
  • Polymyxin B;
• Manifestation of side effects after previous vaccination (high temperature, allergies, severe digestive upset).
• The presence of a newborn (or adult) in the family who has not even been vaccinated with IPV. This contraindication applies to cases of routine OPV vaccination. Parents should strictly monitor this.

There is no need to be afraid of the polio vaccine; problems with it are extremely rare, but the disease itself is one of the most severe on the planet.

The doctor's interesting explanations about the polio vaccine are in the next video.