Will goat's rue be used as hay for cows? Recommendations for growing goat's rue (eastern galega) for food and seeds. What are the benefits of the plant and how does it affect humans?

Due to the longevity of goat's rue and the long period of economic use of its crops, areas for it should be selected outside of crop rotations.

The best predecessors for goat's rue are row crops, to which organic and mineral fertilizers were applied. It can also be cultivated after grain crops, as well as various mixtures grown for green fodder and silage.

The tillage system depends on the predecessor and the structural features of the soil profile. On sod-podzolic soils, plowing is carried out to the depth of the arable layer, and the subsoil layers are loosened with subsoilers. On chernozems and other types of soil, moldboard plowing to a depth of 25-27 cm is advisable.

If goat's rue is sown after grain or row crops, then the plowed land is plowed after the harvesting of these predecessors. If the predecessors are annual forage crops harvested early for green fodder, then plowing is carried out after harvesting and the field is maintained in a fallow state until goat's rue is sowed.

For plowing on soddy-podzolic soils, 50-70 t/ha of manure and 80-150 t/ha are applied. A mandatory step should be liming the soil to ensure full hydrolytic acidity.

In spring, cultivation is carried out with harrowing.

On heavy soils, shallow plowing is then carried out; on medium loamy soils, deep cultivation is carried out. N 60 is added for pre-sowing cultivation. When sowing on a smooth surface, roll the soil to level it. To effectively control weeds, sowing is carried out on ridges with row spacing of 70 cm.

The best sowing time is spring when the soil warms up to 6...7°C. On soils that are free from weeds, sowing is carried out in a row method, which ensures the highest yield of green mass. Most often, sowing is carried out in a wide row with row spacing of 45-60 cm, and to increase the yield of crops, improve the palatability and silageability of green mass, cereal components are sown in the row spacing.

Before sowing, scarification is carried out, and on the day of sowing, inoculation is carried out.

The seed sowing rate for the wide-row sowing method is 20-25 kg/ha, for the row sowing method it is 25-30. Cereal components are sown between goat's rue rows at the rate of 50-60% of the full norm. Sowing depth is 1.5-2 cm.

After sowing, rolling is carried out.

After sowing, seedlings appear quickly, but at first they grow slowly and are easily drowned out by weeds. Therefore, 10-15 days after their appearance, when the plants reach a height of 3-4 cm, the first cultivation is carried out, the second cultivation is carried out 20-25 days later. Subsequent cultivations are carried out as the weeds grow.

At the end of summer, fertilizing (RF) is carried out with 45-60.

The cereal component is sown at different times, but not earlier than after two cultivations.

In the second and subsequent years, in the spring and after mowing, the row spacing of pure crops is treated with a cultivator, and joint crops are harrowed. Fertilizers are used mainly phosphorus-potassium, and in case of poor plant development, nitrogen fertilizers are used. Nitrogen fertilizers are applied only in the spring and after the first mowing.

The maximum yield of green mass is formed in the full flowering phase, but the greatest protein collection is obtained when harvesting at the beginning of flowering. If mowed too early, the goat's rue is thinned out, so it is advisable to make the first cut for green fodder no earlier than the budding phase. When mowing for the first time, the cutting height of the plants should be 8-10 cm, which ensures rapid regrowth and has a positive effect on the size of the regrowth crop. The aftertaste is mowed at a height of 6-8 cm. Under good conditions, its yield reaches 40% of the total value. The waste must be removed no later than 3-4 weeks before the end of the growing season.

Seeds are obtained starting from the second or third year of plant life. For seed purposes, special seed plots are laid with a wide-row sowing method and a seed sowing rate of 15-20 kg/ha.

The application of organic and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers to seed plots is an indispensable condition for increasing yields and improving the sowing qualities of seeds. During the years of seed use, nitrogen fertilizers are applied in moderate doses, and phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are applied in slightly higher doses. At the same time, plant development and seed ripening occur 3-5 days faster compared to forage crops. The seeds are harvested when 75-80% of the beans are brown. The beans begin to crack 15-20 days after ripening. Remove separately. Standard seed moisture is 13-14%.

Seed germination in good conditions lasts 5-8 years. But for sowing it is better to use freshly harvested seeds or those that have been stored for a short time.

In Russia, the Galega variety, bred by the Estonian Research Institute of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, is more often used.

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Growing oriental goat's rue

Eastern goat's rue has a very high rate of spring development and produces green food before winter rye.

The first mowing of oriental goat's rue can be carried out in the phase of stemming, budding or the beginning of flowering. The second cutting must be done two weeks before the end of the growing season.

In the conditions of the region, until the completion of the study of mowing regimes in the Belgorod State Agricultural Academy, for the purpose of long-term use of goat's rue grass stands and a more uniform supply of forage over the years, a double-cut regime of its use should be practiced.

Place of goat's rue in crop rotation

Due to the long-term use of eastern goat's rue, it is advisable to place it only in forage crop rotations and in cleared areas.

When choosing a site for goat's rue, preference should be given to fertile, loose, permeable soils with a humus content of at least 3%, with a slightly acidic or better neutral reaction of the soil solution, which will contribute to the intensive formation of nodules.

The best predecessors of eastern goat's rue are winter grains and row crops.

You should not cultivate goat's rue after sunflower, corn for grain, sugar and fodder beets, perennial and annual legumes, Sudanese and Columbus grass.

Soil preparation

The basic preparation of the soil for eastern goat's rue should ensure maximum destruction of weeds, accumulation of moisture, nutrients, good incorporation of crushed crop residues, manure, fine-lumpy soil structure and leveling of its surface.

The first traditional tillage operation is to peel the field to a depth of 6-8 cm after harvesting the predecessor in order to preserve “shadow moisture”, destroy vegetative weeds, preventing them from being seeded, and provoke the germination of carrion and weed seeds.

After peeling, when rosettes of root shoot weeds appear, treat with plowshare harrows to a depth of 12-14 cm or with anti-erosion cultivators KPE-3.6, or, in extreme cases, with heavy disc harrows.

In fields heavily infested with root shoot weeds, it is advisable to treat the field with the herbicide 2.4 D (amine salt 2-2.5 kg a.i. per ha) or Roundup (4 kg a.i. per ha) when weed rosettes reappear, and then , after two to three weeks, if fertilizers are available, apply them and plow to a depth of 25-27 cm or to the depth of the arable layer. It is more advisable to plow with a flat cutter, which allows you to avoid dumps and collapses, reduce the cost of their elimination, reduce feed losses during harvesting and ensure high productivity of agricultural machines and implements.

In fields relatively free from root weeds, plowing is carried out at an earlier date. Erosion-free areas are leveled in the fall after plowing with one or two cultivations using steam or anti-erosion cultivators.

In early spring, the soil is leveled with VIP-5.6 or trains with medium toothed and seed harrows, and in clean fields it remains in this condition until sowing. This helps to provoke the germination of weeds and their destruction by pre-sowing cultivation.

In fields where leveling was not carried out in the fall and they were overgrown with carrion and weeds, early in the spring after leveling they carry out cultivation and, without allowing a gap in time, rolling with heavy rollers.

Pre-sowing cultivation when sowing without cover to the minimum possible depth, and when sowing under cover - to the depth of planting the seeds of the cover crop, is carried out using USMK-5.4 cultivators with razor paws in a unit with trains or leveling bars.

On weed-free, leveled fields, VNIISR harrows can be used for pre-sowing cultivation.

If pre-sowing cultivation with simultaneous rolling was carried out on the field and for some reason sowing was not carried out in a timely manner and weeds appeared, in hot, dry, windy weather it is advisable to replace pre-sowing cultivation with harrowing with seed harrows with simultaneous rolling with heavy rollers.

Fertilizers

Oriental goat's rue, as a high-yielding forage crop, removes a large amount of nutrients from the soil with 1 ton of dry matter: nitrogen - 30 kg, phosphorus - 5 and potassium - 21 kg. Therefore, it is demanding on soil fertility.

Organic fertilizers (20-30 t/ha) are applied during autumn plowing of the previous crop or directly before sowing goat's rue.

When applying phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, they proceed from the planned yield of eastern goat's rue and the supply of soil nutrients or take the average rate (90 kg/ha). To obtain high yields, it is advisable to apply P90K120-180 annually. Acidic soils are limed. Lime standards are set based on total hydrolytic acidity. The nitrogen requirement of oriental goat's rue is met by 40-80% due to symbiotic nitrogen fixation with soil acidity close to neutral, good aeration and moisture supply, the presence of a sufficient number of nodules on the roots and sufficient supply of nutrients.

Apply 30-60 kg a.i. nitrogen per hectare should be provided if at the beginning of growth in spring the plants are “chlorotic”, that is, they have a light green color, grow slowly due to the fact that there is not enough mobile nitrogen in the soil, and the nodules begin to “work” only at the end of July - early August.

Old-growth crops need fertilizing with nitrogen fertilizers if, 8-10 days after the start of the growing season, nodules are still not on the roots or they do not “work” (they have a light green or gray color instead of pink or red).

Preparing seeds for sowing

It should be borne in mind that some of the goat's rue seeds have a shell that is difficult to permeate water and air and does not sprout in the year of sowing.

In some years, such seeds can be over 60%. Therefore, if a batch of seeds contains more than 10% solid, they are scarified using scarifiers SKS-1, SKS-2, SKS-30, K-0.5 or passed 2-3 times through a clover grinder, having previously adjusted it so that it does not crush seeds.

In the absence of these machines, scarify by rubbing the seeds with 3-5 circular movements between two sanding sheets.

After scarification, you need to check the seeds for germination.

It must be remembered that scarified seeds quickly lose their viability, and therefore it is better to scarify them no earlier than 20-30 days before sowing.

Mandatory agrotechnical methods for preparing Oriental goat's rue seeds for sowing should be dressing and inoculation. To prevent infection of plants with diseases during the growing season, its seeds are treated a month before sowing using a dry method or with moistening (5-10 liters of water per 1 ton of seeds) in PSSh-5, PS-10 "Mobitox" machines, and in their absence - manually .

TMTD, 80% wetting powder with a consumption rate per ton of seeds of 2.4-3.2 kg a.i. is used as disinfectants. or tigam, 70% pp. 2.1-2.8 kg a.i. Treatment with preparations less toxic to root nodule bacteria - Fundazol, BMK and others made on the basis of benomyl - can be combined with treatment with rhizotorphin on the day of sowing.

Seed inoculation is a mandatory agricultural practice that promotes the development of a large number of nitrogen-fixing nodule bacteria and, as a result, normal growth and development of plants and the production of a high yield of seeds and green mass of goat's rue with an increase in protein content.

Goat's rue seeds are processed only with the goat's rue-specific rhizotorphin in a semi-dry method, for which it is best to moisten each hectare portion of seeds with water, skim milk or whey (at the rate of 2-3% by weight of the seeds) and mix well, and then level the seeds with a layer of 20-30 cm and evenly add rhizotorfin and mix thoroughly again. The treated seeds must be slightly dried until they flow and sown.

Rizotorfin is stored in a dark, dry room (or in a dry basement) separately from pesticides at a temperature of 3-15 C.

To increase the symbiotic activity of nodule bacteria, it is advisable, simultaneously with inoculation, to treat seeds with molybdenum at the rate of 150 g of molybdenum acid ammonium per hectare seeding rate.

At the same time, molybdenum fertilizer is dissolved in 0.5 liters of water, and the required amount of rhizotorphin is added to this solution; The seeds are treated with the prepared suspension.

Doses of rhizotorphin vary depending on the rate of seed sowing. When sowing 10 kg of seeds, 100 grams of rhizotorphin from the All-Russian Research Institute of Agriculture of Microbiology is sufficient, and at higher rates - about 20-30 kg - from 200 to 300 grams.

Treatment of seeds with rhizotorphin is carried out under a canopy or indoors in order to prevent sunlight from reaching the treated seeds. They should not be exposed to sunlight even during sowing. If absolutely necessary, the seeder box can be opened from the side on which the open cover of the seeder protects the seeds from sunlight.

Do not process the seeds required for sowing for the day in one go. If the crops are converted (due to weather conditions or technical malfunctions of the sowing unit), they will have to be treated with rhizotorphin again the next day, since the bacteria live no more than a day, and according to some data - only 9 hours.

It should be borne in mind that when sowing goat's rue, herbicides can be added to the soil no later than 7 days before sowing so as not to destroy nitrogen-fixing bacteria. When sowing under cover, it is advisable to treat the seeds of the cover crop (not goat's rue) due to the fact that they are sown deeper than goat's rue seeds, and therefore the conditions for the life of bacteria will be more favorable. The norm of rhizotorphin is 600 g per hectare.

Dates, methods of sowing and seeding rates

The timing of sowing of eastern goat's rue largely determines field germination, growth rates, development and overwintering of plants.

It is believed that 120 days of growing season are required for the formation of root shoots and overwintering buds, on which the overwintering and regrowth of eastern goat's rue plants next spring depends.

Despite almost the same yield and fodder productivity (sowing dates from May 10 to June 19), it is necessary to sow eastern goat's rue mainly in the first ten days of May, which annually guarantees the timely receipt of full, friendly shoots and, as a result, good yield and productivity.

Summer sowing of goat's rue, if necessary, should be carried out in the first ten days or, in extreme cases, in the second ten days of June.

Later sowing dates are unacceptable.

The main method of sowing eastern goat's rue should be coverless.

Oriental goat's rue can also be sown under cover. At the same time, although the economic efficiency of using arable land due to the cover crop increases, as a rule, the productivity of goat's rue decreases. This is due to the fact that any cover crop suppresses its plants to one degree or another, which leads to their thinning. To form a good grass stand equal to coverless sowing, it takes one to four years of use.

It takes several years for a full-fledged grass stand to form. Often such crops are plowed.

The sowing of goat's rue in lightened rows of spring wheat for grain, spring rape, white mustard, and conventional row sowing of white sweet clover deserves production testing in small areas. Two-year-old white sweet clover weakly shades the goat's rue and falls out by the end of the second year of life.

Sowing methods - ordinary row (15 cm) and wide-row (45 cm) - depending on sowing under cover or without cover, have different effects on the yield and productivity of eastern goat's rue.

When under cover sowing, no significant difference was found between sowing methods in terms of green mass yield and feed productivity. The difference in favor of conventional row sowing, taking into account the performance of the cover crop, was only 0.1%; 2.9 and 2.4%, and without taking it into account -0.2%; 3% and 2.4% respectively.

It should be noted that wide-row sowing with both methods of planting eastern goat's rue crops for food can be used for 2-4 years for seed production.

The yield of green mass and the productivity of eastern goat's rue depends not only on sowing methods, but also on seeding rates. At the same time, the highest rates are provided by seeding rates of four and three million viable seeds per hectare.

Conventional seedless sowing with a sowing rate of 1 million seeds was inferior in terms of green mass yield by 1.8 -4.4%, and in terms of the collection of feed units and digestible protein it was on the same level as sowing rates of 3 and 4 million seeds per hectare.

When undercover sowing of 1 million viable seeds per hectare, increases in the collection of feed units were obtained from 4.1 to 7.7%, digestible protein - from 3.2 to 5.6% compared to other seeding rates.

To obtain higher yields of green mass and productivity, it is necessary to sow 3 million in the first two to three years of use.

seeds per hectare.

It is irrational to sow four million viable seeds per hectare due to the fact that the additional consumption of seeds does not justify the slight increase in green mass yield and productivity compared to three million.

Oriental goat's rue provides the highest yield and productivity in single-species crops. However, it can also be sown in a mixture with other crops, in particular with alfalfa or awnless rump. The highest dry mass yield (34.08 t/ha) was provided by a mixture of eastern goat's rue and alfalfa.

Such crops should be practiced to create long-term legume-bluegrass agrophytocenoses in order to obtain feed with a more favorable sugar-protein ratio.

Sowing eastern goat's rue in single-species crops with a wide-row sowing method is best done with vegetable seeders SO-4.2, CH-4.2, and with conventional row sowing - SZT-3.6.

The optimal seeding depth is 2 cm. It is important that the seeds are sown on a dense, moist bed. Therefore, it is imperative to roll the soil before and after sowing, avoiding a large gap in time between cultivation, sowing and rolling.

Crop care

Oriental goat's rue seeds require a lot of moisture to germinate. Taking into account their shallow embedding and the rapid drying of the seed layer of soil, for better contact with moist soil, the crops are rolled with heavy, preferably ribbed rollers.

After precipitation, a soil crust often forms, preventing the emergence of seedlings, which is destroyed with ring-spur rollers at a tractor speed of 4 - 8 km per hour.

After germination, eastern goat's rue grows slowly for 40-50 days and, when sown without cover, is strongly inhibited by weeds.

Cover crops, while suppressing the growth of weeds, also suppress goat's rue plants, so they should be harvested as early as possible.

Weed control is carried out using mechanical and chemical methods. On wide-row crops, as soon as the rows are clearly defined, inter-row cultivation is carried out, and then it is repeated as weeds appear or a soil crust forms.

In the absence of herbicides on conventional row and even wide-row coverless crops, after the goat's rue emerges from the cover, the weeds are mowed with KSK-100, E-280 and other machines without damaging the goat's rue plants. The cut mass must be immediately removed from the field.

In the presence of herbicides, weed control is carried out using chemical means. The use of a soil herbicide with chemical weeding on goat's rue seedlings in the 3-5 leaf phase ensures the destruction of 80-90% of the weeds.

Herbicides are applied before sowing with boom sprayers and immediately incorporated into the soil by cultivation or harrowing with simultaneous rolling with rollers.

You should pay attention to the organization of spraying work.

It is carried out on a windless hike or at a wind speed of no more than 4 m/s.

The sprayer boom should be in a horizontal position, 50 cm from the soil surface, and the spray tips should be clean and have normal holes.

The application rate of eradican is 4 kg/ha of active substance, treflan is 1 kg/ha of active substance, eptam is 2 kg/ha of active substance, working solution consumption is 400 l/ha.

The effect of the above herbicides decreases after 40-45 days. Therefore, in the phase of the beginning of stemming of the eastern goat's rue in the first year of life, chemical weeding is carried out: a mixture of 2.4 DM and basagran at a dose of 1 + 0.5 kg/ha a.i. in this case, 94% of the weeds die.

To destroy creeping wheatgrass, goat's rue crops are selectively treated with fusilate (0.5 - 1.0 kg/ha a.i.). Chernobyl and wormwood must be promptly mowed near the forest belts where they grow, and goat's rue crops infested with these weeds should be used only for the production of feed.

In wide-row crops, early in the spring the row spacing is loosened and, if necessary, fed with phosphorus-potassium fertilizers.

When the soil matures in the spring, to enhance its aeration and preserve moisture, harrowing is carried out with heavy toothed harrows, and then scoring with BIG-3. After mowing, in order to loosen the loss of green mass, harrowing with heavy toothed harrows should be carried out no later than 2-3 days.

Great damage to goat's rue crops is caused by moles and mice, which gnaw at the root system, as a result of which some of the plants die.

In addition, moles form heaps of soil, which leads to contamination of the forage mass during harvesting, increases yield losses due to higher cutting of goat's rue, and also reduces the productivity of forage harvesting machines.

Mice must be destroyed by placing grain treated or treated with zoocoumarin into burrows; moles are destroyed manually or mole traps are used.

Using oriental goat's rue for food

The herbage of the eastern goat's rue significantly influences the subsequent growth and development of plants, their safety and level of productivity over the years of use.

Frequent mowing depletes the root system, as it shortens the period of accumulation of nutrients in underground organs, as a result of which new underground shoots do not form and wintering buds do not form.

The first mowing of oriental goat's rue can be carried out in the phase of stemming, budding or the beginning of flowering.

When harvested in the stemming or budding phase, the green mass is used for feeding or preparing high-quality grass meal, grass cuttings, and granules.

Harvesting at the beginning of flowering allows you to prepare high-quality hay, haylage or silage with the addition of plants containing the amount of sugar or preservatives necessary for ensiling.

The mowing height of goat's rue plants in the first mowing should be 10 cm from the soil surface. At the last mowing in autumn -12-15 cm, which contributes to a large accumulation of snow in winter.

It is unacceptable to mow eastern goat's rue below 10 cm, as this leads to loss of plants.

It should be remembered that frequent mowing of goat's rue during the stemming phase leads to a significant thinning of the grass stands the following year, and such crops were often plowed over on farms in the region.

Severely thinned goat's rue grass stands due to their irrational use (frequent mowing during the stemming phase or for other reasons) should not be plowed, and in order to restore them, it is better to leave them for 1-2 years for seed purposes or, in extreme cases, the first mowing should be carried out for food in the full flowering phase, and remove the aftergrowth no earlier than October 15-20 after the end of the growing season so that the plants accumulate enough nutrients for regrowth next year.

You should not mow the remnant in August, when goat's rue growth is often depressed, as well as in the period from September 15 to October 15-20.

In the conditions of the Region, until the completion of the study of mowing regimes in the Belgorod State Agricultural Academy, in order to ensure the long-term use of goat's rue grass stands and a more uniform supply of feed mass over the years, a double-cut regime of its use should be practiced.

Oriental goat's rue is a good and nutritious green fodder, makes good hay, and is also a good component for making silage.

Oriental goat's rue is an extremely valuable legume crop. At the Grodno Zonal Institute of Agriculture for 12 years, its yield was at the level of 500-700 c/ha of green mass. Productive longevity of goat's rue, high quality feed, the possibility of versatile use (green feed, haylage, silage, hay, grass meal), not complicated seed production are attractive to producers. However, goat's rue spreads very slowly. The first failure to grow it reduces interest in it, and failures most often occur due to ignorance of the biology of the goat's rue and non-compliance with scientific recommendations. Any deviations from recommended agricultural practices, such as placement on poor, highly acidic soils, sowing with unscarified or uninoculated seeds, or suppression of crops by weeds in the first year of life, may be the reason for the low productivity of eastern goat's rue.
Oriental goat's rue (oriental galega) is a perennial plant of the legume family. The proportion of leaves in the green mass is 60-75%. 100 kg of green mass contains 20-28 feed. units, 3-3.5 kg of digestible protein, in the same amount of silage and hay - 20-22 and 56-60 feed, respectively. units Due to the lack of sugar in plants, this crop in its pure form does not ensile well, so 20-25% of the green mass of cereal grasses should be added to the silage.
The highest digestibility of nutrients is in the phase of stemming and the beginning of flowering. In addition to silage, the green mass of goat's rue is a good raw material for the preparation of silage, hay, grass meal, protein and vitamin concentrate for all types of farm animals and poultry.

Unlike clover, the leaves of the oriental goat's rue do not fall off when dried, which makes it possible to prepare high-quality hay. But to obtain high-quality silage, it is necessary to use preservatives.
The yield of green mass of eastern goat's rue is 300-750, hay - 70-170 c/ha.

The root system is taproot, well developed, penetrates the soil to a depth of 60-70 cm. The plants grow in the form of a bush, consisting of a large number of stems 100-140 cm high. The inflorescence is a raceme, the fruit is a bean 2-4 cm long. Weight is 1000 seeds - 5-9 g. Seed yield - 150-200 kg/ha, and when favorable conditions are created it reaches 5-6 c/ha. Spring frosts do little damage to plants; in the fall they vegetate until the temperature reaches +4-5°C.
At the Belarusian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, studies were conducted (A.S. Kurak, M.V. Baranovsky, I.K. Slesarev) on the effect of oriental goat's rue on the physiological state and productivity of cows. In the experiment there were three groups of lactating cows of 10 heads each. The duration of the experiment was 88 days. The control group was kept on the basic diet adopted on the farm. In the 1st experimental group, in the structure of the main diet, 8.9% in terms of nutritional value was made up of herbal meal from oriental goat's rue; in the 2nd group, its share accounted for 13.3%. The introduction of oriental goat's rue into the diet of cows had a positive effect on the metabolic processes of the body. Protein metabolism was better. The content of hemoglobin and erythrocytes in cows increased. The introduction of grass meal from oriental goat's rue into the diet instead of part of the feed had a positive effect on the milk productivity of cows. The fat content in milk in the 1st experimental group was higher than in the control group by 0.20%, and in the 2nd experimental group by 0.32%. It was concluded that the introduction of grass meal from the oriental goat's rue into the diet of experimental cows in an amount of 2-3 kg per head per day not only allows replacing part of the grain feed in compound feeds, but also has a positive effect on the physiological state, chemical and vitamin composition of milk, milk productivity.
The same institute studied (T.N. Skoblya, I.K. Slesarev) the feed value of grass meal from. goat's rue in experiments with bulls. The experiment used young cattle aged 1-2 months. The duration of fattening is 153 days. The control and two experimental groups consisted of 10 animals each. It has been established that replacing 15 and 30% of the feed in terms of nutritional value with grass meal from oriental goat's rue also gives encouraging results. At the same time, the indicators of rumen digestion and digestibility of dietary nutrients improve. The increase in live weight of bull calves increases by 14-21 /about.
High advantages of the feed have been established when using goat's rue for hay and haylage.
Agricultural technology. Oriental goat's rue is demanding on soil fertility. When plowing this crop, 50-70 tons of manure and 90-150 kg of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are applied. The soil must be well-calmed. Immediately before sowing, 60-90 kg/ha are applied. nitrogen. The soil is rolled before and after sowing.
Goat's rue has up to 45-50% hard seeds, which do not sprout in the year of sowing. If the testes are harvested manually, then the number of such seeds can be up to 95%. Therefore, a mandatory method of pre-sowing seed treatment is their scarification, which is carried out using scarifiers SKS-1, SKS-2, SKS-30. For these. For this purpose, you can also use a clover grater. Scarification is carried out 2 months before sowing. About a month before sowing, the seeds are treated with one of the following preparations: TMTD p. n. - 2.4-3.2 kg a.v., TMTD + heptachlor - 1.8-2.4 kg, fentiuram-mobdat - 1.9-2.5 kg. tigam - 2.1-2.8 kg l. V. per 1 ton of seeds. In addition, inoculation of seeds with rhizotorphin is a very effective and mandatory technique. Without infection with nodule bacteria, which ensure the supply of nitrogen to plants from the air, the yield of goat's rue can be 2-2.5 times lower than with seed inoculation. Goat's rue plants that lack nodules are stunted in growth and development and have a light green color.

When inoculating, you need to use rhizotorphin, designed specifically for goat's rue. Bacteria intended for other legumes do not work on goat's rue and their use is useless. On the day of sowing, rhizotorfin is poured onto the seeds, previously moistened with water, and mixed thoroughly. For better flowability, the seeds are slightly dried before sowing. If they are not sown on the day of treatment with rizotorphin, then it is repeated on the day when sowing is carried out. In the case where rizotorphin is absent, it is recommended to inoculate as follows: 1) from old-growth sowing of goat's rue, take small roots with nodules at the rate of 150-200 g per hectare seed sowing rate, grind in a mortar, dilute with water and the seeds are moistened with this solution before sowing, 2) 4 kg of soil with small roots to nodules are taken from the same plantations and thoroughly mixed with the seeds.
Seeds are sown in the spring at the same time as early spring grains. If sowed later, the plants do not have time to form wintering buds and overwinter poorly. In the experiments of the Estonian Research Institute of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, plants sown in May overwintered by 95-100%, when sown at the end of July - by 52.5%, in August - 12.8%. Therefore, it is recommended to sow goat's rue at the end of April - the first ten days of May. The best sowing method is coverless. When reseeding under spring grains and other crops, the goat's rue is suppressed, as a result of which the overwintering of plants sharply worsens.

The yield of coverless crops in the first year of life is low - 100-130 c/ha of green mass, but thanks to the good development of plants, they overwinter normally and provide consistently high yields in subsequent years. It should be borne in mind that early mowing of plants in their first year of life can cause their death in winter. Therefore, it should be carried out no earlier than October.
The row spacing when sowing is 15-30 cm, the seed sowing rate in pure form is 30-40 kg per hectare, when mixed with perennial cereal grasses it is 14-16 kg/ha. It is recommended to sow the cereal component in mixtures at the rate of: timothy and canary grass - 5-6 kg/ha, meadow fescue - 8-10 kg/ha, awnless brome - 6 kg/ha. However, pure crops of goat's rue are more productive in terms of dry matter and protein collection. Seed placement depth is 1-2 cm on cohesive soils and up to 3 cm on light soils.
Among the measures for caring for crops in the first year of life, the main one is to protect them from weeds that choke out the goat's rue in the first 2-3 months of the growing season. To destroy weeds, it is recommended to use eradican 6E, 72% e.e. before sowing at a dose of 5 kg/ha, alirox, 80% ae. — 5 kg or niptan 80% e.e. - 5 kg per hectare. with immediate sealing with a cultivator. Considering that the effect of eradican is 1-1.5 months. after application, it falls and new weeds appear, the goat's rue is re-treated with a mixture of herbicides 2,4-DM and bazagran (1.0+0.5 kg/ha a.i.). This set of herbicides in combination with inter-row treatments makes it possible to keep eastern goat's rue crops in a pure form. In the absence of herbicides. It is necessary to carry out work to clear the field of weeds before sowing, semi-steam processing of plowed land, and spring cultivation. In addition, mowing of weeds that have outgrown the goat's rue plants is used. In wide-row crops, row spacing is treated.
With normal plant development and sufficient density, the oriental goat's rue itself suppresses weeds well. In the second and subsequent years, in the spring and after the first mowing, fertilizing with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is carried out at the rate of 60 kg/ha a.i.
Oriental goat's rue reacts negatively to frequent mowing. Even with three mowings in one growing season, the grass stand thins out and its durability decreases. In the experiments with triple mowing in the first two years, the yield was slightly higher than with double mowing, but in the third year the dry matter collection decreased by 27.6% and amounted to 76 c/ha versus 105 n/ha with two mowings. Cutting height during the first mowing about 10 cm, with the second - 10-12 cm. The last mowing is best done at the end of the growing season.
Growing for seeds. When growing for seeds, it is better to apply organic fertilizers under the previous crop to avoid excessive accumulation of green mass. The seeding rate is set at the rate of 7-10 kg of seeds per hectare, the sowing method is wide-row (45-60 cm). If necessary, forage crops can also be used for seeds. Care of crops comes down to inter-row loosening to destroy weeds. The length of the growing season from spring regrowth to seed ripening ranges from 85 to 110 days. The first cutting is usually used for seeds and removed when 90-100% of the beans are browned, although the vegetative mass may be green at this time. When seeds ripen quickly and in dry weather, harvesting with combines is carried out at a high cut (40-60 cm), which reduces the load on the combine thresher. If the weather is unfavorable, it is advisable to desiccate the crops at a rate of 3-4 l/ha. Already a week after spraying with Reglon, the humidity of the vegetative mass is reduced to 45-47%.
Areas with unfriendly seed ripening can also be harvested separately. During the first pass of the combine, the ripest seeds are threshed and the mass is placed in windrows. After it dries and the seeds ripen, they are threshed by the second pass of the combine with a pick-up. During the first pass of the combine, the drum of the threshing apparatus should operate at reduced speed - 700-800 minutes, during the second - 1300 minutes. The threshed seeds are immediately pre-cleaned, then dried by active ventilation to a moisture content of 13-14%.

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Goat's rue grass is a perennial wild plant that belongs to the legume family. The culture has several names, such as galega officinalis, rue, goat grass and rutovka. According to the description, it is a branched and powerful plant that reaches 1 m in height. The leaves of the grass are odd-pinnate. The flowers are collected in racemes and have a bluish or grayish-violet color. They look like bells in shape. Medicinal herbs grow throughout Russia, Ukraine and Moldova. It can be found in holes, shady and damp places, steppe zones, as well as along the banks of rivers and lakes. The fruits of galega are beans with seeds from 3 to 7 pieces. The flowering period is from early summer to September. Also, goat's rue grass is considered a good honey plant.

Chemical composition and benefits of the plant

Due to its rich composition, the herb is used to treat and prevent various ailments:

1. 1. Galegin. The medicinal properties of this compound actively reduce cholesterol levels in the blood and also improve the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates.
2. 2. Tannins. Destroy viruses and bacteria, eliminate inflammation and stop bleeding.
3. 3. Sucrose. The component is a source of energy, improves the functioning of the spinal cord and brain. Cleanses the liver of harmful substances and reduces the risk of arthritis.
4. 4. Nitrogen-free saponins. The bitter-tasting component speeds up metabolism, increases appetite and has a beneficial effect on the gastrointestinal tract.
5. 5. Vitamins A, B1, C, P. Substances strengthen the cardiovascular system, support the functions of the visual organs, strengthen immune defense and remove toxins from the body.

In addition to these elements, the herb contains alkaloids, fatty oils, and organic acids (coumaric, synapic, caffeic). All these substances also have beneficial properties: anti-inflammatory action, are an antioxidant, help with arthritis, thrombosis and diabetes.

Application of medicinal raw materials

In folk medicine, there are several ways to use this beneficial plant:

1. 1. Juice. Effective in the treatment of runny nose and helps rapid healing of wounds, scratches, burns and eczema. To prepare it, you need to wash the fresh herb, grind it in a blender, squeeze the juice out of it and mix it with water (1:1).
2. 2. Tea. The main advantage of the drink is increased lactation. To prepare a healing remedy, use 1 tbsp. l. processed herbs, brew 1 liter of boiling water. After the drink has infused (30 minutes), it must be strained.
3. 3. Infusion. This remedy significantly lowers the percentage of blood sugar. It can also be used as a gargle for sore throat or tonsillitis. To prepare medicinal raw materials, you will need plant seeds. Goat's rue fruits (0.5 tsp) should be poured with boiling water (0.5 l). The product must be placed in a warm place and allowed to brew for about 6 hours. It must be strained before use.
4. 4. Decoction. This method of treatment is based on the diuretic properties of the plant. Therefore, it is often prescribed for the treatment of kidney diseases. For the drink you will need 1 tbsp. l. dry herbs, which is poured with ½ liter of boiling water. Then the product is boiled in a water bath for about 10 minutes. At the end of preparing the medicinal raw material, it must be strained and added ½ chilled boiled water.
5. 5. Decoction for diabetes. 1 tsp. Ruttica seeds need to be poured with 1 glass of hot water. Then you should boil the raw material for about 5 minutes, let it stand for 2 hours and strain.

If it is not possible to prepare the herb yourself, then its collection can be purchased at any pharmacy. According to the instructions for using galega officinalis, it should be consumed 3 times a day, 1 tbsp. l. But when taking tea (1/2 cup) or decoction (1/3 cup), the dose of raw materials is different.

One of the main indicators of the usefulness of animal feeding is the level of protein in diets, the lack of which significantly reduces their productivity. However, the problem of protein nutrition for cattle still remains completely unresolved.

A deficiency of protein in feed leads to a large overconsumption of feed, a shortage of livestock products and, accordingly, a sharp increase in its cost. At the same time, thanks to the legume-cereal grass mixture, direct annual savings of an average of 90 kg of nitrogen and mineral fertilizers per hectare are ensured. This amount of nitrogen would need to be applied in the form of mineral fertilizers to the cereal grass stand to obtain the same yield as the legume-cereal grass mixture. Taking into account the increased accumulation of nitrogen in the above-ground part of the legume-cereal grass stand and ensuring an equivalent collection of this important element (and therefore protein) per unit area, an equivalent amount of nitrogen fertilizer must be applied under the grain grass stand at a dose of 184 kg/ha. At the same time, the coefficient of use of nitrogen from mineral fertilizers by cereal grass reaches 51%.

In many countries around the world, mixed crops of field forage crops are being successfully developed. Cultivation of feed crops in mixtures, without high energy costs, increases the collection of feed from 1 hectare of arable land by 10-20% and, which is very important, dramatically improves the quality of the produced feed. Of particular interest is the joint cultivation of cereals with high-protein legumes, which makes it possible to obtain protein-balanced feed in any case.

To eliminate protein deficiency in livestock farming, along with the cultivation of traditional legume grasses, oriental goat's rue can be successfully used. In terms of feed advantages, this crop is not inferior to traditionally cultivated clover and alfalfa, but significantly exceeds them in productive longevity, speed of spring regrowth and green mass yield. The high forage qualities of the oriental goat's rue make it one of the most promising forage plants, and therefore it should become an additional fodder crop in feed production for pig farming (9).

Eastern Gale goat's rue has been included in the state register of breeding achievements for use in production in Russia since 1988. The variety is early ripening. It is characterized by stable yield of seeds and green mass. It is characterized by winter hardiness, drought resistance, and longevity. It has high biological plasticity, thanks to which it can be cultivated in almost all zones of the republic. In recent years, the acreage of this crop has increased sharply. Eastern goat's rue grows in all zones of the republic, but the most favorable conditions for the formation of high yields are created when cultivated in the northern, northeastern forest-steppe and mountain forest zones. Under these conditions, maximum yields of vegetative mass reach 500 c/ha or more.

The widespread introduction of highly productive legume-grass grass mixtures in the fields of grassland crop rotations makes it possible to significantly reduce the dose of mineral nitrogen fertilizers, which reduces the cost of feed products obtained from these crop rotations compared to single-species cereal grass stands. Many researchers report the high efficiency of cultivating legume-cereal mixtures of perennial grasses. According to scientists from the All-Russian Research Institute of Feed, legume-cereal grass mixtures against the background of phosphorus-potassium fertilizer form higher yields compared to cereal grass stands cultivated using nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer (Kutuzova A.A. et al. 1998). Kh.G. Gubaidullin and M.I. Mineev (1989) based on field experiments conducted in the floodplain of the river. Belaya, came to the conclusion that with a high content of legumes (40-50% or more), nitrogen fertilizers should not be applied to the legume-cereal grass stand in the first two years of use.

Growing eastern goat's rue helps solve the following problems:

• reduce the need for the purchase of expensive nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides, and the removal of organic fertilizers to the fields will be reduced;
• soil fertility will constantly increase;
• winter crops will receive the best predecessor and, in turn, will require less mineral fertilizers;
• by growing oriental goat's rue, within 10-12 years you can get two harvests per year from one field without additional use of mineral fertilizers, the green mass can be used for livestock feed from early spring to late autumn;
• the problem of protein on the farm will be solved, since the oriental goat's rue crops provide feed balanced in protein, which will significantly increase animal productivity, save up to 30-40% of all feed, including concentrated feed, and reduce the cost of livestock products;
• The biological nitrogen of the oriental goat's rue is environmentally friendly, which will help obtain environmentally friendly products and preserve the environment.

F.S. Khaziakhmetov and Kh.Kh. Galin in his studies found that the use of oriental goat's rue green mass in the diets of dairy cows contributed to an increase in daily milk yield by 7.4% and an increase in the fat content in milk by 0.06% in absolute terms. The inclusion of 2-4 kg of oriental goat's rue hay in diets contributed to an increase in milk yield by 15.8-16.4%, and the fat content in milk by 0.2-0.23% in absolute terms. At the same time, feed costs per 1 kg of milk decreased by 11.2-13.2% compared to groups of cows that received 4 kg of alfalfa-rump hay and 2 kg of rump hay. The use of eastern goat's rue haylage in the diets of dairy cows in quantities of 6, 10 and 15 kg had a beneficial effect on increasing daily milk yield by 9.8, respectively; 11.1 and 19.5%, fat content in milk by 0.10% in absolute terms, with a reduction in feed costs per 1 kg of milk from 5.2 to 8.7% compared to groups of cows receiving 8 kg of vetch and 10 -15 kg of alfalfa haylage. B.G. Sharifyanov, through experiments, established that goat's rump-rump green mass was not only not inferior, but superior to green mass from a mixture of traditional perennial forage crops - alfalfa and awnless rump in terms of the content of crude and digestible protein, fat, sugars, calcium, phosphorus , manganese, cobalt and iodine. In order to effectively use green conveyor feed and concentrates in the summer, he recommends using a mixture of goat's rump and rump green mass in the diets of dairy cows in an amount of 30-37% of the energy nutritional value of the diet.

Legumes also play an important role in environmental protection. Symbiotic and non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation, allowing a reduction in nitrogen fertilizer rates, reduces the risk of contamination of soil, plants and feed with excess amounts of nitrates. Crops of leguminous grasses and their mixtures with cereals are the most powerful means of combating soil erosion, nitrogen losses from surface and internal runoff and infiltration into deep soil layers. Under conditions of intensive chemicalization, this role of biological nitrogen has not yet been properly assessed. To eliminate protein deficiency in feed production and livestock production, along with the cultivation of traditional leguminous grasses (alfalfa, clover), oriental goat's rue can be successfully used.

The legume family is one of the most numerous in the plant world and in culture it is represented by a large number of species that vary greatly both in the amount of protein and in biological characteristics and adaptability to habitats. In addition, legume protein is more complete in amino acid composition. The solubility and digestibility of legume protein is 1.5-3 times greater than that of cereals. Legume protein is not only well absorbed by animals, but also increases the absorption of protein in other crops. In addition, legumes provide more protein per unit area than cereals.

In the field of cattle feeding, the priority direction should be the hay and haylage type of feeding. This is due to the fact that the nutritional value of haylage more fully corresponds to the physiological needs of ruminants. Haylage is significantly superior to silage in energy nutrition, protein and sugar content. The transition to hay and haylage feeding will eliminate nutritional deficiencies in diets and significantly reduce the consumption of grain fodder.

The main part of the haylage (70-75%) in most farms is harvested by sowing perennial grasses, the first cutting of which is harvested in June, and the second in August. At the same time, a significant part of the haylage (25-30%) is harvested by sowing annual feed mixtures. Feed mixtures produce high quality haylage. In the milky-waxy ripeness phase, they contain 120-130 grams of digestible protein per feed unit, favorable sugar-protein ratio - 0.8:1.0, high energy nutrition - 0.35-0.4 feed units per kilogram, or more 10 MJ in one kg of dry matter. Harvesting of feed mixtures occurs in July - between the first and second mowing of perennial grasses. Therefore, the presence of feed mixtures in the structure of feed crops makes it possible to organize a stable raw material conveyor during feed procurement.

Solving the problems of further increasing the production of livestock products requires, first of all, providing farm animals with a sufficient amount of high-quality feed. However, the state of feed production in many farms in Bashkortostan does not yet meet modern requirements. Many farms have taken a course towards the hay and haylage type of feeding cattle in the winter. To switch to the hay-silage type of feeding, it is necessary to make some changes in the structure of the sown areas of forage crops. Their essence boils down mainly to halving the sown area of ​​annual grasses, which are quite expensive, and the harvest significantly depends on the vagaries of the weather. It is recommended to increase the sown area of ​​perennial grasses at the expense of annual grasses.

Perennial grasses are distinguished by the highest yield stability, feed quality, low cost and unique ability to restore soil fertility. This is a large group of significantly different species. Leguminous grasses are of greatest interest as a source of complete protein in feed and nitrogen in the soil. In this case, special attention should be paid to the eastern goat's rue, as an excellent addition to the first link of the green conveyor (7). The organization of a green conveyor from the green mass of Oriental goat's rue allows cows to quickly gain weight and sharply increase milk yield. The second cutting of eastern goat's rue can and even should be harvested (so that the plants overwinter better) in October. Its vegetative shoots can safely withstand autumn frosts down to -5°C. The advantages of this 21st century forage crop are such that we allow ourselves to recall the 5 main elements of its technology:

• seeding rate: 45-50 kg per hectare;
• scarification of seeds;
• inoculation of seeds with rhizotorphin for goat's rue;
• the earliest sowing under cover of barley or spring wheat;
• reducing the seeding rate of the cover crop by 25-30%.

Oriental goat's rue provides high-quality feed in early spring, when many farms experience an acute shortage of feed. In terms of growth rates, it can be compared with winter rye, but in terms of yield, eastern goat's rue is significantly superior to it; moreover, the dry matter of goat's rue contains more nutrients. The height of goat's rue plants by May 20 in our conditions exceeds 30 cm, this allows us to start mowing it for feeding 15-20 days earlier than clover and alfalfa. The green mass of oriental goat's rue is especially valued in the early phases of plant growth, when its protein content is equal to protein concentrates. Chemical analysis showed that in the stemming phase, oriental goat's rue contains 26.10% crude protein, in the budding phase - 24.05%, at the beginning of flowering - 19.68%, and at the end of flowering - 16.36% crude protein. Such protein collection does not occur in many forage crops. The high protein content is due to the fact that in the green mass of goat's rue the specific gravity of leaves reaches from 60 to 75%.

The work of many scientists also notes that the protein nutrition of the eastern goat's rue remains high throughout the growing season due to the leaves and stems remaining green even after the seeds ripen. The large proportion of leaves in the green mass of goat's rue (up to 62%) provides a high content of carotene (up to 260 mg per 1 kg of dry weight versus 117 mg/kg for alfalfa). The yield of eastern goat's rue when grown in its pure form was 755 c/ha of green mass. The dry matter of the grass of the first cutting contained 27.8% protein, and the second - 27.4%. For two cuttings, the collection of feed units amounted to 272 quintals, and digestible protein 31 quintals. Even young pigs are recommended to use green supplements from this crop. Eastern goat's rue is superior to alfalfa in terms of forage yield. In the first mowing, the yield is quite stable - 250-300 c/ha, and in the second - 120-180 c/ha. Once dried, goat hay retains its green color throughout the winter. Thanks to the property of preserving leaves, it turns out to be of very high quality, rich in protein and vitamins.

List of used literature:

1. Recommendations for resource-saving technology for cultivating forage crops. V.M.Shiriev, A.A.Sakhibgareev, G.K.Zaripova. Ufa.2009.
2. Directions for the development of feed production in Bashkortostan. Safin Kh.M., Zaripova G.K., Nadezhkin S.N. Ufa. 2000.
3. Highly productive forage crop rotations for the steppe zone of Bashkortostan (recommendations). Ya.Z.Kaipov, G.K.Zaripova, Kh.M.Safin. Ufa. BNIISKH, 2006.
4. Gubaidullin Kh.G., Mineev M.I. Experience in the creation and rational use of cultivated pastures. - Ufa, Bashknigoizdat, 1989.
5. Kutuzova A.A. et al., Leguminous grasses under various systems of seeded hayfields. //Feed production, No. 6. - M., 1998.
6. Advanced technologies in animal husbandry / Materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference within the framework of the 70th anniversary of the department of feeding farm animals. November 6-7, 2008. Ufa. Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Bashkir State Agrarian University". 2008.
7. Components of effective agribusiness: generalization of experience and recommendations. Part II. Feed production and livestock farming. - Kazan: Foliant, 2006.
8. Sharifyanov et al. Diet is the link between animal husbandry and the environment. BNIISKH. Ufa. 2007.
9. Increasing the efficiency and sustainability of the development of the agro-industrial complex / Materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference within the framework of the 15th International specialized exhibition "Agrocomplex-2005". Part 3. BSAU. Ufa. 2005.
10. Integration of science and practice as a mechanism for the effective development of the agro-industrial complex / materials of the international scientific and practical conference within the framework of the 23rd international specialized exhibition “Agrocomplex-2013”. Part 1. BSAU. Ufa. 2013.
11. Khaziakhmetov F.S., Gadiev R.R. Oriental goat's rue in pig diets: monograph. Ufa, BSAU.2008. P.192.

Kiraev R.S., Doctor of Agricultural Sciences sciences, professor, head of the branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" in the Republic of Belarus;
Shagaliev F.M., Ph.D. agricultural Sciences, Head of the Laboratory of Farm Animal Feeding and Feed Technology, Federal State Budgetary Institution BNIISKH.
Photo materials provided by the author.

Goat's rue is one of the most popular crops, which is used to feed various animals. Can be used as a stand-alone feed or as part of mixtures with solid feed. So that you can also use it to feed your pets, let’s look at what kind of crop it is, what pros and cons it has, what animals it is suitable for, and also how to properly grow and harvest it.

Description

Goat's rue is a perennial herbaceous plant that belongs to the legume family. It can reach a height of a meter, and on particularly fertile soils it can grow up to one and a half meters. It has a well-developed root system up to 80 cm long. Over time, this root system produces shoots that form new stems. Thanks to this, the plantings of this crop only become denser over the years.

In the period from September to October, the goat's rue bears fruit. The plant produces small beans that are orange or dark brown in color. Each such fruit contains several seeds.

Up to 5 inflorescences are formed on each stem in summer. The flowers of this crop are small, collected in dense inflorescences, their shape resembles bells. Their petals are usually soft blue or light purple.

The seeds of this crop do not have to be used in the first year after collection. When properly stored, they remain viable for up to 8 years.

Plants of this type are extremely unpretentious in care. They can grow on various types of soil, which is why they are so popular in livestock farming.

Advantages and disadvantages

Growing goat's rue for animal feed has many advantages. These include:

It should be remembered that this crop does not produce a high yield in the first year of growth. During this period, it cannot be mowed: the volume of green mass obtained will still be too scarce, and the nutritional qualities will be low. It is for this reason that in the first year of its cultivation it is recommended to sow other crops suitable for feeding domestic animals.

If we talk about the disadvantages of this plant, then they include poor eating of food from goat's rue by animals. This happens due to the fact that this culture contains a lot of proteins, but few carbohydrates. To compensate for this deficiency of the crop, it is recommended to mix it with other feed plants.

What animals is it suitable for?

Goat's rue can be fed to various domestic animals, including dairy animals. It is suitable for:

• sheep;
• rabbits;
• pigs;
• cows

The presented crop can be given to these animals both in the form of fresh green mass, and in the form of hay or silage, as part of compressed feed. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the diet of these animals and general recommendations for feeding certain species.

Growing technology

To grow this crop, seeds are taken. Immediately before planting them on the ground, the seeds are treated with preparations of nodule bacteria and also treated with sandpaper. Sowing of seeds is usually carried out in early spring. They are sown directly into the soil, deepened by 1.5 cm. Sowing is done in rows at intervals of 45 centimeters. After this, the sowing is rolled up.

After 12 days, seeds normally sprout. Subsequently, the crop is fed with nitrogen fertilizer, for example. In the first weeks, the root system of this crop develops very actively, so it is important for the farmer to constantly weed the planting rows so that the goat's rue is not destroyed by weeds. Already in the fall, the plants are cut off, leaving 20 cm of the stem.

In the second year of plant development, it is provided with regular watering and fertilizing. The latter is carried out after each cut of the green mass. For these purposes, the following types of fertilizer can be used:

1. Mullein solution prepared in proportions of 1:10.
2. A solution of bird droppings in proportions of 1:20.
3. Microfertilizers. Used to increase productivity, applied only at the beginning of flowering.
4. Wood ash.
5. Phosphorus-potassium mixture prepared in a concentration of 1 tablespoon per bucket of water.

Goat's rue older than one year is no longer weeded. During this period, the plant itself produces additional stems due to the characteristics of the root system. These stems will kill the weeds on their own.

Heading Features

Goat's rue is harvested for animal feed before the crop begins to flower. The optimal time for this is the first days of June. Grass mowing is carried out in the morning, maintaining a cutting height of 5-7 cm. This avoids the formation of clods of earth and dirt on the green mass of the plant.

For more efficient mowing of this crop, roller mower-conditioners are usually used.

After mowing, the resulting green mass is laid out for drying. It is left in this state for 24 hours. If the green mass was initially collected for hay, it is then raked into a windrow and then transported to a long-term storage site. If, as a result of harvesting the feed, it was necessary to obtain haylage, the mowed goat's rue is crushed, placed in trenches, compacted, and then covered with film.

For further storage of such food, preservatives do not need to be used. If the haylage was prepared technologically correctly, it will be stored well even without such additives.

If this crop is harvested, then the mowed mass is withered to 70%, after which it is crushed, placed in trenches, compacted, and covered with a protective film. If silage harvesting occurs during the rainy season, preservatives (benzoic acid) are used to harvest the product. Also in such cases, before pouring the crushed mass into the trench, it must be covered with hay. If these conditions are not met, the silage will not be produced correctly and may quickly deteriorate.

Video

For more details regarding planting and growing fodder goat's rue, watch the video

Conclusion

As you can see, goat's rue is a highly nutritious food that is suitable for various types of pets. It is very easy to grow and further harvest. All you need to do to use it on your farm is to carefully study the agricultural techniques for growing this crop and strictly follow it. And then, already in the second year after planting, a good harvest of goat’s rue will not be long in coming.

Introduction

1. Characteristics of the farm and analysis of feed production

2. Technology for cultivating oriental goat's rue

2.1 Place of goat's rue in crop rotation

2.2 Soil preparation

2.3 Fertilizers

2.4 Preparing seeds for sowing

2.5 Dates, methods of sowing and seeding rates

2.6 Crop care

3. Use of oriental goat's rue for food

4. Economic efficiency of cultivating eastern goat's rue

Conclusions and offers

Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

Feed production is usually called a complex of organizational, economic and agrotechnical measures used to create a strong feed base for livestock production based on the cultivation of fodder plants on arable land and pasture and hayfields. Forage production as a scientific discipline studies the peculiarities of the biology of development and formation of yields of forage crops on field lands and grasses on natural hayfields and pastures. Based on this, scientists are developing technologies for cultivating forage crops, methods for improving natural forage lands and using them to increase the production of high-quality feed.

Feed production is closely related to crop and livestock production. As a scientific discipline, feed production widely uses the achievements of other sciences.

The main task facing feed production is the intensification of feed production. 70% of feed is produced on arable land, and 30% on natural hayfields and pastures. The productivity of natural forage lands is extremely low. The use of surface improvement makes it possible to increase feed collection by 2 - 3 times. Radical improvement increases the productivity of these lands by 4 - 6 times, the creation of cultivated irrigated pastures in the arid conditions of the southeast - by 8 - 10 times. (2)

The possibilities for further expansion of the area of ​​forage crops on arable land are very limited, therefore the main task of the course work on forage production is to increase the yield of feed from each hectare of arable land. A special role in the course work is given to the technology of cultivating oriental goat's rue, its feed value and conditions for preparing feed.

Oriental goat's rue is a perennial plant from the legume family. This crop is highly flexible, with great potential for lump and varietal productivity. The value of this crop is that with strict adherence to cultivation technology, it can provide a good harvest of green mass for 8 - 15 or more years without reseeding. Its green mass is highly nutritious: 100 kg contains from 22 to 25, and in the second cutting - up to 32 feed units. (6)

The introduction of this crop will make it possible to more successfully solve the problem of protein deficiency for livestock production and, on this basis, increase the production of cheap, high-quality livestock products.

The creation of a strong forage base in each farm largely depends on agronomists and animal engineers, who need to know all the techniques for increasing the productivity of forage crops on field lands and grass stands on natural forage lands.

1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FARM AND ANALYSIS OF FEED PRODUCTION

1.1 Location and specialization of the farm

The Krasnoyaruzhsky state breeding plant is located in the western part of the Rakityansky district, which is part of the western natural and agricultural zone of the region. The central estate of the Krasnaya Yaruga farm is located 15 km from the regional center of the village of Rakitnoye, and 75 km from the regional center. Gotnya railway station is located at a distance of 10 km.

The farm territory is located in the northwestern agroclimatic region of the region and is characterized by a temperate continental climate. According to the Gotnyany weather station: the average annual air temperature is +7.9°C, the absolute minimum (January) is -37°C, the absolute maximum (July) is +40°C. The average temperature of the warmest month (July) is +19.7°, and the coldest month (January) is -8.5°. The duration of the frost-free period is 160 days. The total growing season is 180 days. Northwestern dry winds and southeastern winds predominate.

The amount of annual precipitation is 540 mm, and the amount of precipitation during the period with a temperature of +10 °C is 291 mm. The hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) is 1.16. The sum of the average annual values ​​of air humidity deficit is 1307 millibars.

Having studied the climatic characteristics of the farm, we can say that favorable conditions have developed for growing crops such as winter wheat, spring barley, corn, and root crops.

The land use of the economy is largely dissected by valleys, gullies and ravines. Over 53% of the arable land area is located on slopes with a slope of over 3°. This impairs the production of row crops on these lands.

The soil cover of the state farm lands is represented mainly by typical and leached chernozems of predominantly heavy soil. composition. In the floodplain of the Ilek River, floodplain meadow-swamp soils were formed, along the banks of the gullies - soils of gulley slopes of varying degrees of erosion, and along the bottoms of the gullies, sod-washed soils are common. Erosion processes are intensively developed on farm lands.

The farm specializes in raising young cattle.

1. Composition of land (ha).

The total area of ​​the farm was 8540 hectares, a significant part of the land belongs to arable land of 7240 hectares.

1.2 Crop area and feed production, characteristics and structure of livestock production

2. Structure of sown areas.

The table shows that the first place in cultivation is occupied by legumes and grain crops, they occupy 3950 hectares, that is, 55%. Since the farm specializes in raising young cattle, the second place in cultivation is occupied by fodder crops, their cultivation area is 2190 hectares or 30%. The crop yield of this farm is at a fairly high level.

3. Livestock of the State Breeding Plant "Krasnoyaruzhsky".

Table 3 shows the number of livestock over the past 5 years.

Judging by the data in the table, the number of livestock decreased: if in 2002 it was 4114 heads, then in 2006 it was only 2625 heads, which is 1489 heads less. Accordingly, the food supply also decreased, as shown in Table 4.

4. Procurement of feed of own production, i.e.

Using the data in Table 2, I calculate the productivity and feed value of forage crops and natural forage lands.

The yield of feed protein units (FPU) per 1 ha of forage crop area, t is calculated using the formula:

KPI = Y x (K + 10 x P) / 2, t/ha,

Y - yield, t/ha,

Yield of winter wheat CPI = 37.6 x (0.20 + 10 x 0.025) / 2 = 8.5 t/ha.

5. Productivity and feed value of forage crops and natural forage lands, i.e.