What does estrogen affect? Estrogens in women. What you need to know about the general background

Hormonal imbalance in women can occur at different ages, and most often patients complain of symptoms indicating increased levels of estrogen in the body. But women also come to us because their condition is worsening due to low estrogen levels, and most often the patients are already in menopause or immediately after the birth of a child.

In principle, doctors cannot name any one specific cause of the condition in question, but during the course of research, several provoking factors were identified. These include:

• hormonal imbalances during pregnancy and the postpartum period;
• irregular sexual relations;
• diseases, pathologies of internal organs of a chronic form;
• – a condition in which a woman leads a sedentary lifestyle;
• regular violation of the diet;
• long-term use of GnRH antagonists;
• constant ;
• , despondency;
• independent choice and use of hormonal drugs - in this case they are taken according to the wrong scheme and only harm the body;
• natural changes with;
• chemotherapy courses carried out in the treatment of severe diseases of the reproductive system.

Most often, a decrease in estrogen levels in a woman’s body is caused not by one of the listed factors, but by a combination of several at once. Therefore, when a doctor detects the condition in question in a patient, he must conduct a full examination - only by accurately identifying the cause of the decrease in estrogen will it be possible to undergo effective treatment.

Symptoms of estrogen deficiency in the body

In general, the symptoms of the condition in question cannot be called characteristic - they are rather general and may indicate the development of other pathologies. But still, doctors identify a number of signs of decreased estrogen levels in women:

1. There is no lubrication in the vagina at all, which is necessary for normal sexual intercourse. That is, a woman experiences sexual desire, gets excited, but lubrication does not appear.
2. Frequently occurring colpitis, vaginitis and other inflammatory diseases of the reproductive system. Moreover, every time a woman undergoes a full course of treatment, adheres to the recommended rules of prevention, but the disease still returns, becoming chronic.
3. Menstrual irregularities. This symptom is very conditional, because if we are talking about a decrease in estrogen levels in women over 40 years of age, then it can be perceived as a natural state during the onset of menopause.
4. Changes in the condition of the skin. A woman may notice that the skin of her face, arms and neck has become drier, often peels, and red spots periodically appear on it.
5. Psycho-emotional disorders. We are talking about sudden changes in mood, unmotivated irritability, and periodic insomnia. This, of course, can be attributed to the menopause, but an experienced doctor will definitely pay attention to this point.

Often, a decrease in estrogen levels in a woman is accompanied by memory loss, hot flashes and pain in the lower abdomen during menstrual bleeding.

If the condition in question develops in a young teenage girl, the following symptoms will be noted:

• lack of breast growth;
• breast reduction if breast growth has already occurred;
• absence of menstruation.

When examining a young girl, the doctor can determine a decrease in the size of the uterus, and this fact will certainly affect the woman’s future ability to become a mother.

Note:Just based on these symptoms, it is impossible to accurately say about a decrease in estrogen levels in a woman, so the doctor will definitely prescribe a laboratory blood test to determine hormone levels as part of the diagnosis.

Ways to increase estrogen levels

As a rule, for the condition in question, the doctor prescribes complex treatment to the patient - both medicinal and corrective. Everything is selected on a strictly individual basis, but there are general recommendations:

1. Normalization of motor activity. A woman with low estrogen levels must definitely engage in physical activity, and it is not at all necessary to set Olympic records for this - swimming in the pool, visiting the gym, morning exercises and running will be quite enough. A physical therapy doctor or a trainer at a sports complex will help you choose a competent and effective set of exercises.
2. Taking vitamin complexes. Most often, the condition in question involves a lack of vitamins in the body, so the doctor will prescribe a course of medications with vitamins C, group B and E.
3. Nutrition correction. The woman will definitely have to follow a diet - the menu is selected by the attending physician, and consultation with a nutritionist may be necessary. It is necessary to include legumes, sesame oil, flax seeds, red grapes, coffee, tomatoes, dairy products, carrots and fish oil in your diet. These products create a rational, balanced menu that will help naturally increase estrogen levels in the body.
4. Stabilization of sexual life. To normalize estrogen levels, a woman must have regular sexual relations, otherwise depression may develop, and estrogen levels will not increase.

As for drug therapy, it is selected on a strictly individual basis - for the condition in question, the woman is prescribed hormone replacement therapy. Most often, specialists make the following appointments:

• drugs based on synthetic estrogen - Hormoplex, Ovepol, Estrogel, Hormoplex, Ovestin and Proginova;
• products containing progesterone and estriol - Ovidon, Novinet, Tri-Regol, Janet, Mercilon and others.

Passionate desire, attraction, excitement - this is how the word oistros sounds in translation from Greek, giving its name to the female hormones estrogens. But despite such an intriguing name, estrogen in the body is responsible not only for sexual behavior. It controls a woman’s entire life – from puberty to childbirth and gradual aging. Estrogen in men is also an important indicator of health – mental, physical, and sexual.

Types of estrogens

When answering the question - estrogen, what is it in women, it is not entirely correct to call the hormone in the singular. Estrogens are a group of female sex hormones, including three types:

1. estradiol
2. estrone
3. estriol

In the scientific literature you can find a lot of theories regarding how these substances share estrogenic functions in the body. In fact, their role is almost the same, the difference is in the content in the blood and biological activity.

The most powerful in strength and feminizing effect is estradiol. It ensures the development of secondary sexual characteristics and reproductive function; it is included in hormonal preparations based on estrogen. Estrone has a weaker effect (10 times!), but is produced in the largest volume in the female body.

Estriol is a metabolic product of the other two estrogens; very little of it circulates in the blood. The time for this hormone comes during pregnancy - the placenta, ovaries and the baby’s body begin to intensively produce it. The level of estriol during pregnancy continuously increases until childbirth.

Male and female estrogens are not the only representatives of estrogenic substances. In nature, there are also phytoestrogens - plant hormones, which are rich in cereals, root vegetables, vegetables and fruits. Oil contains xenoestrogens; they are similar in composition to female hormones and are very toxic.

Another group is synthetic estrogens. This is a chemical product, and although it is impossible to compare their danger with petroleum molecules, such hormones are much more toxic than natural ones.

Structure and synthesis

All estrogenic hormones are steroids, that is, the starting product for their synthesis is cholesterol. The common element between the three female hormones, phyto- and xenoestrogens, is the phenolic ring in the structure.

Estrogen production occurs mainly in the gonads. In women, these are the ovaries; in the male body, the testes produce their modest share of estrogen; a small percentage of hormones are also produced in the adrenal cortex - in both sexes. A separate question is how estrogen is produced in women during pregnancy. For 9 months, the source of estradiol, estrone and estriol is the corpus luteum (temporary endocrine gland) and the placenta.

The main “raw material” for the appearance of estrogens is. The powerful estradiol is synthesized from testosterone, the weaker estrone is synthesized from androstenedione. The whole process occurs under the influence of the enzyme aromatase; this substance is found in special cells of the ovaries and testicles, in adipose and bone tissue, in different parts of the brain, etc. Aromatase activators are pituitary tropic hormones - follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

The effects of estrogen are largely due to the variety of receptors with which female hormones then connect. Estrogen receptors are concentrated in:

• uterus and vagina;
• mammary glands;
• urethra;
• liver;
• bone cells osteoclasts;
• various parts of the brain.

If in men sex hormones begin to be produced even before birth, then in girls the ovaries wake up much later. Follicular cells begin to produce androgens and synthesize estrogens from them in the prepubertal period - at 7-8 years, from this time the amount of female hormones continuously increases. During menopause, estrogen levels drop sharply; hormones are produced in the adrenal glands and adipose tissue cells.

Functions of estrogen in women

Any reference book to the question “estrogens – what hormones are they?” will answer clearly and clearly - female genitalia. But the functions of estrogens are not limited to the control of sexual development and reproductive health.

In the female body, the hormonal complex “estradiol, estrone and estriol” performs the following tasks:

• ensures the growth and development of the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes;
• responsible for the formation of the female figure and special fat deposition (thin waist, lush pelvis);
• lush breasts are the result of estrogen, including hormones that stimulate the growth of mammary glands during puberty;
• causes female-type hair growth, specific pigmentation of the nipples and genitals;
• ensures the maturation of the vaginal mucosa (secretion of mucus, growth and renewal of cells);
• regulates the menstrual cycle and fertility;
• increases the tone of the uterus and fallopian tubes (so that sperm can quickly reach the egg);
• regulates lipid metabolism (actively removes bad cholesterol and retains good cholesterol);
• prevents the development of atherosclerosis (prevents the formation of cholesterol plaques);
• increases the concentration of copper and iron in the blood;
• strengthens bone tissue due to its effect on osteoclasts – building cells;
• improves short-term memory and enhances learning abilities.

Female hormones also directly affect beauty. So, during pregnancy, the level of estrogen increases sharply - hair becomes thicker, shinier, and stops falling out. Thanks to estrogens, women's skin remains velvety and soft - a lack of estradiol should also be blamed for a dull complexion and wrinkles during menopause.

Functions of estrogen in men

The importance of the triad “estradiol, estrone and estriol” in the male body is incredibly important. How estrogen affects men can be guessed from an interesting fact - in some prisons around the world, estrogen drugs are given to prisoners to reduce the level of aggression and prevent fights and conflicts.

The main estrogenic properties for men are:

• provide growth (paired with testosterone) and muscle recovery;
• support the health of the heart and blood vessels (prevent atherosclerosis);
• maintain bone strength;
• regulate the functioning of the nervous system, calm and even out mood;
• activate sexual desire.

What are the dangers of increasing and decreasing estrogen levels?

Estrogens and age are in direct correlation - the level of the estrogen troika begins to increase after 7 years and gradually decreases after 45-50 years. But due to hormonal imbalance, a lack of estrogen can also be observed during reproductive age. This disorder in women can provoke:

• delayed sexual development, slow growth;
• headaches and depression;
• irregular cycle, lack of ovulation and even menstruation;
• dry skin and early wrinkles, hair loss;
• decreased libido;
• dryness in the vagina, resulting in pain during sexual intercourse;
• joint pain, early osteoporosis;
• memory problems, low performance;
• insomnia and sudden mood swings, etc.;

Elevated estrogens cause depression, gallstones, varicose veins (due to increased blood clotting), edema, hypothyroidism and even increase the risk of breast cancer.

In men with low estrogen, symptoms are similar to some in women: osteoporosis, cardiovascular problems, low sex drive, memory impairment and decreased mental activity. But much more often, representatives of the stronger half suffer from estrogen excess. This is due to excess weight (fat cells produce estrogens), abuse of beer (and it is saturated with phytoestrogens), stress, lack of sleep, etc. The main symptoms are female obesity, gynecomastia (when the mammary glands enlarge), spider veins, problems with potency, low libido and depression.

The trio “estradiol, estrone and estriol” works in close conjunction with other sex hormones. For the normal functioning of the female body, the tandem of estrogen and. Progesterone inhibits the dangerous effects of estrogens (balances blood sugar, works as a diuretic, has antidepressant properties, etc.). And also, together with estrogens, it is responsible for the normal monthly cycle, making it possible to bear and give birth to a healthy baby.

Testosterone and estrogen are also tightly linked. The main male hormone not only serves as the basis for the synthesis of the main estrogen (estradiol). It also helps maintain muscle tone and is responsible for their growth and development, physical endurance and slimness of a woman.

An increased content of estrogen in the female body refers to hormonal disorders accompanied by increased body weight, menstrual disorders, endocrine diseases, and disruptions in the functioning of the heart and blood vessels. Hormonal imbalance provokes the growth of benign tumors of the uterus (fibroids) and ovaries (cysts). In some cases, an excess of estrogen causes the appearance of benign tumors in the mammary glands.

The emergence of various diseases associated with excess growth of the hormone makes us look for an answer to the question of how to reduce estrogen levels? Correcting hormonal imbalances includes reviewing dietary rules, playing sports, and taking vitamins. The hormone level can be normalized by taking medications, and in some cases surgery is indicated.

Diagnosis and drug treatment

Women who have pronounced symptoms of excess estrogen, such as excess weight, acne, hardening of the mammary glands, migraines, should regularly have their blood tested to determine their hormone levels. It is carried out on days 5-7 or 21-24 of the cycle on an empty stomach. For an accurate diagnosis, it is necessary to visit a gynecologist at least once every three months and perform an ultrasound once every six months.

If a hormonal imbalance is detected, drug treatment is performed, the goal of which is to reduce the amount of estrogen and improve overall health. For this, the following drugs are prescribed.

• Tamoxifen

Belongs to long-term use drugs. Primarily indicated for diagnosis during menopause. Taking Tamoxifen can reduce the level of estrogen in a woman’s body and prevent further tumor growth in the mammary gland.

Side effects include the risk of thrombosis and stroke, thinning hair and nails. In women of childbearing age, the ability to conceive is reduced during therapy.

• Indinol

An antiestrogenic drug that normalizes the production of estrogen and blocks the development of diseases associated with hormonal imbalance. The product is used in complex treatment for fibroids, ovarian cysts, malignant tumors of the cervix and mammary glands.

Duration of therapy is 3-6 months. The exact dosage is determined by the doctor. The drug is well tolerated and does not cause side effects. Contraindications include individual sensitivity to the active substance, pregnancy and breastfeeding.

• Mastodinon

Used to eliminate symptoms (breast tenderness, headaches), in the presence of irregularities in the regularity of the menstrual cycle, low fertility. Release form: tablets or drops. Many women use Mastodinon as it promotes conception. However, the remedy is not effective in all cases, so only a doctor has the right to prescribe it. When pregnancy occurs, use is stopped.

In case of overdose, nausea, slight weight gain, itchy skin, and headaches are possible. Contraindications are the presence of malignant tumors in the mammary glands, the patient’s age is under 12 years.

• Yarina

Belongs to contraceptives, but can be used to reduce the production of estrogen. Taking the pills regulates the menstrual cycle, eliminates pain during menstruation, and improves the condition of the skin, hair and nails. The drug has a preventive effect, reducing the risk of ovarian cancer and the development of hormonally dependent tumors.

Yarina has a number of contraindications. It is not prescribed for:

• various types of thrombosis;
• cerebral circulatory disorders;
• renal and liver failure;
• inflammation of the pancreas;
• diabetes mellitus;
• frequent headaches, dizziness;
• pregnancy and lactation.

Sometimes patients report adverse reactions, such as hardening of the mammary glands, nausea, vomiting, digestive disorders, and itchy skin. In rare cases, decreased sexual desire and mood swings occur.

In some cases, an excessive increase in estrogen levels is noted with. In addition to drug therapy, radiation therapy or surgery involving removal of the ovaries can help reduce ovarian activity. Treatment is carried out strictly individually, taking into account the age and health status of the patient.

Treatment with folk remedies

Many women attempt to lower estrogen using folk remedies. Decoctions and teas from some medicinal herbs are traditionally used to normalize hormonal balance.

The following plants have such medicinal properties:

• Icelandic moss - a decoction prepared in a water bath helps improve metabolism and prevents the growth of fibrocystic formations;
• cuff - used in eliminating, improves the functioning of the endocrine system, tinctures based on crushed dry herbs of the plant are used to treat fibroids, increase fertility;
• boron uterus - decoctions or tinctures with alcohol are prepared from the plant, the use of which normalizes hormonal levels, stimulates ovulation and conception;
• red brush - decoctions and alcohol infusions of the plant are recommended for normalizing hormonal levels, eliminating painful sensations during menstruation, and smoothing out the menstrual cycle.

The combined use of red brush and hog uterus significantly enhances the therapeutic effect for fibroids, mastopathy, uterine bleeding, and infertility. It should be borne in mind that the use of a red brush is prohibited during pregnancy and breastfeeding, with high blood pressure, during infectious diseases, and with severe depression.

The simultaneous use of red brush decoctions and other drugs that lower estrogen levels is highly undesirable. The exception is the hog queen.

Before deciding on treatment with folk remedies, you should consult your doctor.

An effective analogue of hormone replacement therapy for elevated estrogen is maca root. This unique plant from South America is rich in vitamins B and C, calcium, iodine, manganese and zinc. Eating the root fresh is not always possible, so it can be replaced with a dietary supplement containing plant powder. Eating maca root helps saturate cells with antioxidants, eliminate pain, and normalize the psycho-emotional background.

Nutrition to reduce estrogen levels

Nutrition should prevent excess weight gain and provide the body with sufficient vitamins. The menu includes fresh fruits, vegetables, citrus fruits, and natural juices daily. Fast food and various semi-finished products are consumed only in extreme cases.

The best foods to reduce estrogen levels include:

• foods high in sulfur (onions, garlic, green salad, citrus fruits);
• cruciferous vegetables (cabbage, broccoli, turnips, rutabaga);
• mushrooms (ceps, champignons);
• red grapes;
• pomegranates and pomegranate juice, which block the production of the enzyme that produces the hormone;
• red fish and fatty fish (mackerel, trout);
• phytoestrogens (flax, sesame, legumes, licorice root);
• Fiber-rich foods (brown rice, whole grains, dried fruits, corn, barley, figs, nuts);
• probiotics (artichokes, oatmeal, Jerusalem artichoke);
• olive or linseed oil;
• seaweed (kelp);
• fruits (apples, pears, peaches, oranges, apricots);
• green tea is a source of anti-cancer antioxidants.

The use of vitamin complexes containing zinc, magnesium, vitamin B6, and folic acid will help increase the effectiveness of the diet. All products consumed must be environmentally friendly; the presence of pesticides and other toxins can cause a sharp increase in estrogen that cannot be controlled.

Proper nutrition must take into account the need to introduce certain restrictions on food. Alcohol consumption should be kept to a minimum, or even better, completely eliminated (red wine is allowed). Limiting the amount of dairy products also reduces estrogen levels.

It is especially undesirable to consume milk from pregnant cows, since during this period the level of estrogen in the animal increases sharply. Milk can be replaced with natural yogurt because it contains beneficial probiotics. Almond or coconut milk is allowed. You need to completely exclude coffee, sweets, red meat, and soy from the menu.

Lifestyle

Following simple rules will help improve your health:

1. Exercise. Doing physical exercises, jogging, race walking, aerobics, cycling will help you lose extra pounds, burn fat deposits and form a slim figure. Physical education must be performed at least three hours a week.
2. Eliminate stressful situations, devote your free time to relaxing activities: reading, yoga, taking aromatic baths.
3. Visit an infrared sauna to remove harmful substances and improve skin condition.
4. Eliminate chronic lack of sleep (duration of night sleep should be at least 7-8 hours).
5. Avoid exposure to materials with high levels of toxic substances (cleaning products, bleaches, construction adhesives, metal cans).
6. Do not take medications without prior approval from your doctor.

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, proper nutrition, and getting rid of bad habits helps maintain hormonal balance at an optimal level, which, in turn, will have a positive effect on a woman’s health and appearance.

Update: October 2018

Most women do not know that estrogens or female sex hormones affect not only their reproductive function, but also their mental state and appearance. These hormones play an important role in the female body. The condition of the skin, nails and hair, balance of character and libido - everything is subject to the actions of these hormones. But not only low estrogens, but also their excess can cause harm to health.

About estrogens and their types

The name of the hormone estrogen comes from two Greek words and translates as liveliness/brightness and gender. In fact, there are three types of estrogens, and although they are considered female hormones, they are also produced in small quantities by males. Conversely, androgens, which are generally recognized as masculine, occur in small quantities in the fair sex.

Estrogens, like androgens, are steroid hormones that are synthesized from cholesterol. In women, they are produced by follicles located in the ovaries in the first half of the menstrual cycle. In men, estrogen production occurs in the testicles. In people of both sexes, these hormones are produced by the adrenal glands and tissues not related to the reproductive system (bones and brain, fatty tissue and skin, hair follicles). In addition, their production increases significantly in women during pregnancy (due to the corpus luteum first, and then the placenta).

Specifically, estrogens are synthesized from androgens with the participation of a special enzyme, aromatase, which is present in the cells of both the ovaries and testicles, as well as in other tissues. The varied action of these hormones is due to the presence in a number of organs (they are called target organs) of special receptors with which they bind. Special estrogen-sensitive receptors are located in:

• endometrium of the uterus;
• vaginal mucosa;
• mammary glands;
• urethra;
• brain;
• in hair and nails;
• heart and blood vessels;
• liver;
• hypothalamus;
• pituitary gland;
• bones.

In men, steroids (androgens and estrogens) begin to be produced in utero, and in women (girls), the ovaries begin to work much later. Androgens, from which estrogens are formed, are produced by follicles in girls starting from 7 to 8 years of age, peak production occurs at puberty and continues until menopause. In postmenopause, estrogens are produced in small quantities by the adrenal cortex and fatty tissue.

Types of estrogens

There are three types of female sex hormones:

• Estradiol is rightfully the most important of estrogens. It is what is included in hormonal birth control pills. Thanks to estradiol, a woman develops female sexual characteristics (hair, mammary glands, female body type), it is also responsible for a high-pitched voice and the smoothness and elasticity of the skin.
• Estrone - stimulates the development of the uterus and the growth of the endometrium in it.
• Estriol - it is formed due to the first two estrogens and plays a role during pregnancy - fetal growth and placental function.

The role of estrogen in the body

Estrogens are equally necessary for both female and male bodies. Estrogen levels differ between men and women.

The norm of estrogen in the female body:

• estrone
  • in the first phase 5 – 9 ng%,
  • in the second 3 – 25 ng%,
  • during pregnancy 1500 – 3000 ng%;
• estradiol
  • in the first phase 15 – 160 ng/l,
  • mid-cycle 34 – 400 ng/l,
  • in the second phase 27 – 246 ng/l,
  • during pregnancy it increases to 17,000 – 18,000,
  • during menopause and postmenopause 5 – 30 ng/l;
• Estriol is determined mainly during pregnancy (or during planning), the indicators depend on the week of gestation.

Estrogen levels in the male body:

• estrone 3 – 6 ng%;
• estradiol 5 – 53 ng/l.

Why do women need estrogens?

The functions of female sex hormones are varied and include:

• ensuring the growth and development of the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries;
• formation of a female-type figure due to special fat deposition: wide pelvis and hips, thin waist;
• formation and growth of mammary glands during puberty;
• the appearance of female-type hair growth, special pigmentation of the nipples and external genitalia;
• regulation of the cycle, ensuring conception;
• increasing the tone of the uterus and peristalsis of the tubes (for the rapid movement of sperm to the egg);
• regulation of lipid metabolism (removal of “bad” cholesterol and retention of “good”);
• prevention of atherosclerosis (inhibits the formation of cholesterol plaques);
• increased levels of copper and ferrates (iron) in the blood;
• strengthening bones (preventing osteoporosis);
• improvement of short-term memory;
• strengthening the ability to concentrate;
• effect on skin, hair, nails (skin is smooth and thin, nails are strong, hair is thick and shiny);
• normal course of pregnancy.

Why do men need estrogens?

Female sex hormones play an equally important role in the body of men. They perform the following functions:

• maintaining bone strength;
• support muscle growth and recovery (along with testosterone);
• protection of the cardiovascular system (in men, heart attacks are diagnosed more often);
• prevention of atherosclerosis;
• regulation of the central nervous system (relieves aggression, improves mood);
• activation of sexual desire.

Causes of estrogen disorders

There are some reasons for an excess of estrogen, as well as for a lack of these hormones, therefore, before trying to cope with the problem, you should determine the factor, and perhaps more than one, that caused the increased or decreased level of female sex hormones.

Causes of estrogen deficiency

Hypoestrogenism is caused by the following factors:

• hypofunction of the ovaries (menopause or sexual infantility);
• dysfunction of the pituitary gland;
• playing sports (professional, usually strength sports);
• significant and sudden loss of body weight (lack of adipose tissue, which also produces estrogens);
• eating disorders (irrational and irregular);
• lack of vitamins (vitamin C and group B);
• delay in physical development;
• surgical interventions on the ovaries;
• pathology of the adrenal glands;
• infectious lesion of the pituitary gland;
• ovarian tumors/cysts that produce large amounts of androgens;
• stress;
• taking psychotropic drugs;
• alcohol, smoking;
• chromosomal abnormalities (Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome);
• ovarian wasting syndrome (early menopause);
• polycystic ovary syndrome.

Causes of increased estrogen

Hyperestrogenism is observed in the following diseases:

• liver diseases (cirrhosis, liver failure);
• estrogen-producing tumors and ovarian cysts;
• hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex;
• taking hormonal contraceptives;
• chorionepithelioma;
• pituitary adenoma;
• premature sexual development;
• eating disorders;
• obesity;
• psycho-emotional stress;
• pathology of the thyroid gland;
• bad habits;
• pregnancy;
• lack of vitamins;
• constant contact with chemicals (folates, insecticides);
• taking barbiturates, anti-tuberculosis and hypoglycemic drugs.

Clinical picture

Symptoms in women depend on the level of estrogen in the body. As already mentioned, the level of estrogen in the female body depends on age. That is, their number begins to increase from the age of 7, and then gradually decreases (about 45 - 50).

With normal levels of these hormones (and the absence of other pathologies):

• a woman is almost always balanced and has an even mood
• she has no problems with the menstrual cycle, there are no signs of premenstrual syndrome, she does not experience difficulties conceiving
• Outwardly, such a woman looks “excellent”:
  • hair is normal thickness and shiny,
  • skin is smooth and elastic,
  • nails will not peel off.

But as soon as a hormonal imbalance occurs - a lack or increase in estrogen, external and internal metamorphoses immediately occur.

Estrogen deficiency

In teenage girls

In girls who have not reached puberty, the symptoms of a lack of female sex hormones are as follows:

• Slowing growth and formation of the skeleton - that is, delaying physical development;
• Delayed development of the external genitalia. Secondary sexual characteristics (pubic hair, armpit hair, breast growth) begin to appear much later or do not appear at all until appropriate treatment is prescribed.
• Primary amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) occurs, which without further treatment will develop into infertility.
• The deficiency of these hormones in teenage girls also affects the formation of their figure. Instead of a “female” type, with all the inherent roundness, a figure is formed according to the androgenic (male) body type: broad shoulders and a narrow pelvis.
• Decreased mental activity and sudden mood swings are also possible.

In mature women

• Appearance . In women, estrogen deficiency primarily affects appearance. Dryness and slight trauma to the skin appear, it becomes thin, loses elasticity, and new wrinkles appear. Another characteristic sign is the appearance of new skin formations: papillomas, moles and age spots. Hair becomes thin and brittle, splits and begins to actively fall out, and nails peel.
• Mental condition. Relatives and even the woman herself note causeless mood swings, depression and irritability, constant fatigue and decreased performance. Such patients often suffer from headaches and insomnia.
• Sexuality. Women lose interest in sex, and sexual intercourse itself does not bring pleasure (frigidity). In addition, vaginal dryness occurs, since estrogens affect the production of “lubrication”, and therefore the woman experiences discomfort and even pain during coitus.
• Gynecological problems. With a lack of these hormones, menstrual cycle disorders occur, periods disappear or intermenstrual bleeding appears, which leads to anovulation and, as a consequence, infertility. It is possible to reduce the size of the mammary glands and change their shape.
• Lack of estrogen also causes internal changes. Problems arise with blood pressure (vegetative-vascular dystonia), thermoregulation (either hot or cold), later heart pain occurs, the ability to concentrate decreases and memory deteriorates.
• Calcium metabolism disorder(accelerates the removal of this microelement from the body), which affects the condition of bones and joints. Joint pain appears, and bones lose density, which leads to mild and sometimes causeless (spontaneous) fractures (osteoporosis).

In general, estrogen deficiency is a high risk of developing:

• myocardial infarction;
• diabetes mellitus;
• osteoporosis;
• prolapse of the genital organs (complete prolapse of the uterus);
• chronic genitourinary infections;
• fungal infections of the skin and nails;
• breast tumors;
• infertility.

Excess estrogen

An increased content of estrogen in the body is also considered a pathology and is accompanied by the appearance of the following symptoms:

• Excess weight

On the one hand, estrogens retain fluid in the body, which leads to hidden swelling and weight gain. On the other hand, excess estrogen increases appetite, a woman begins to eat more than usual, excess calories turn into fat, which is located on the waist and hips. And adipose tissue synthesizes estrogens, thus forming a vicious circle.

• Cycle disorders

Any hormonal disorder, including increased estrogen, leads to cycle disorders. In this case, this manifests itself in the form of irregular periods, they become prolonged, and blood loss is large, even uterine bleeding.

• Occurrence of tumors

Hormonal imbalance, in particular hyperestrogenism, contributes to the development of tumor-like formations of the uterus (fibroids, cancer) and ovaries (hormone-producing cysts and tumors). Breast cancer also often develops.

• Pathology of the thyroid gland

Thyroid hormones and estrogens are interrelated. With thyroid diseases, an imbalance of sex hormones occurs and vice versa. An increase in estrogen provokes the development of hypothyroidism, which is accompanied by coldness of the extremities and unsteadiness, nausea and vomiting, weakness, lethargy and bloating.

• Cardiovascular pathology

Estrogens cause blood thickening, which in turn leads to the formation of blood clots in blood vessels, varicose veins and other pathologies, including myocardial infarction. Arterial hypertension also develops.

• Headaches, dizziness
• Mastodynia - pain in the mammary glands occurs due to fluid retention and swelling.
• Chloasma - yellow spots appear on the skin.
• Emotional disorders - excess estrogen leads to irritability, sudden mood swings and depression. Insomnia also develops, work ability decreases and memory deteriorates.

Estrogen analysis

If you suspect an increased or decreased level of female sex hormones, the doctor will definitely prescribe an estrogen test.

For this purpose, venous blood is taken. Blood is drawn in the morning on an empty stomach. Last meal at least 8 hours before blood donation. The day before, it is recommended to avoid heavy physical activity and stress, not drink alcohol or smoke. Also, the day before donating blood, you should not have sex and follow a diet (exclude fatty and spicy foods).

Cycle day

You should donate blood for estrogen on a certain day of your cycle:

• with a 28-day cycle – on days 2–5;
• with a cycle longer than 28 days – on days 5–7;
• with a cycle less than 28 - on days 2-3.

Indications

The analysis is prescribed for the following indications:

• menstrual disorders;
• infertility;
• the presence of hormone-producing tumors;
• osteoporosis;
• sexual infantilism;
• acne;
• obesity or underweight;
• feminization (applies to men);
• polycystic ovary syndrome.

Correction of estrogen levels

Treatment for estrogen imbalance varies, and of course depends on the levels of these hormones (high numbers or low). Before starting treatment for estrogen deficiency or excess, the cause that led to this or that disorder should be established. General recommendations for women, regardless of estrogen levels:

• normalization of the daily routine and sleep (sleep should be complete, and the daily routine should be orderly and constant);
• normalization of nutrition (food should be varied, regular and rich in vitamins, if possible, adhere to a healthy diet);
• rejection of bad habits;
• taking medications only when necessary and after consulting a doctor;
• maintaining regular sex life;
• correction of common chronic diseases;
• aromatherapy (cypress oil, rose geranium, basil, sage);
• normalization of the emotional state (avoid stress, do yoga and auto-training).

Increasing estrogens

Before starting treatment with estrogen drugs, you need to reconsider your lifestyle, give up heavy physical work and weight loss diets, and introduce certain foods into your diet.

What foods contain estrogens:

1. Fruits:
   • melon;
   • grapes (any);
   • tangerines;
   • apricots.
2. Vegetables:
   • cabbage (especially cauliflower and broccoli);
   • eggplant;
   • pumpkin;
   • tomatoes;
   • carrots (preferably fresh).

What other foods contain estrogens? The list is extensive:

• coffee;
• chocolate (but only black);
• high-fat milk and all fermented milk products;
• nuts and seeds (flaxseed, pumpkin, sunflower) are rich in vitamin E, which is necessary for the formation of estrogens;
• soybeans and products made from it;
• fish, fatty meats;
• seafood;
• beer;
• red wine;
• dried fruits;
• cereal crops (wheat, oats, barley, rye);
• legumes (peas, beans, beans, lentils).

In addition, they contain estrogens and a number of medicinal plants, teas and decoctions of which must be consumed with a reduced content of these hormones:

• Linden;
• raspberry leaves;
• sage;
• arnica;
• pharmaceutical camomile;
• shepherd's purse;
• hop cones;
• sagebrush;
• mint;
• ginseng root.

Recently, the popularity of treating hormonal disorders with herbs such as hogweed and red brush has become popular. Undoubtedly, these herbs are rich in phytoestrogens, but they should be used only on the recommendation of a doctor in compliance with a specific regimen (the regimen is different for each disease).

How else to increase estrogen in women? In addition to consuming the listed products and medicinal plants, the doctor will prescribe medication if necessary. As a rule, this is estrogen in tablets. These include:

• oral contraceptives (Regulon, Silest, Lindinet and others) - contain not only an estrogen component, but also progestins;
• pure estrogens (microfollin, estradiol, tefestrol, menopur, presomen);
• hormone replacement therapy (estrogens prescribed for menopause): proginova, premarin, klimen, ovestin - vaginal tablets, klimonorm).

Reducing estrogens

If there is a high content of “female hormones” in the body, treatment is also necessary. To normalize estrogen levels, you must follow the following recommendations:

• normalization of the digestive tract (fighting constipation, consuming large amounts of plant fiber);
• weight loss (fat fiber is involved in the synthesis of estrogen);
• the use of phytoestrogens (they replace their own estrogens and reduce their synthesis): flax and sesame seeds, greens;
• refusal of canned food, fatty meats, sausages, coffee, beer;
• consumption of pomegranates and mushrooms (prevent the formation of estrogens from androgens);
• consumption of green tea (reduces the production of “female hormones”);
• giving up alcohol;
• eating foods high in sulfur, which normalizes liver function and removes toxins from the body: citrus fruits, garlic, onions and egg yolk;
• taking folic acid and B vitamins helps remove “female hormones” from the body;
• refusal of cow's milk and dairy products (replace with rice or coconut), since cow's milk contains a large amount of natural estrogens due to its collection from pregnant cows;
• playing sports.

Of course, when correcting elevated levels of female sex hormones, drug treatment with estrogens is contraindicated. The doctor will select and prescribe a specific drug with an anti-estrogenic effect:

• tamoxifen - the drug binds to estrogen receptors in target organs, thereby blocking the action of its own estrogens (prescribed for uterine or ovarian cancer, in case of anovulatory infertility);
• letrozole - suppresses the action of aromatase, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of estrogen (prescribed for breast cancer);
• Arimidex – aromatase inhibitor (antitumor drug);
• Femara – also inhibits the action of aromatase (an antitumor drug);
• clomed - binds to estrogen receptors, preventing their connection with their own estrogens.

Question answer

Question:
I am 5 – 6 weeks pregnant. The doctor ordered me to test for estriol, it turned out to be below normal. Why is it dangerous and does it need to be treated?

Estriol is an important hormone during pregnancy; its low content can lead to the threat of miscarriage, premature birth, fetoplacental insufficiency and the development of Down syndrome in the baby. Of course, treatment is necessary, but only your attending physician will select the appropriate hormonal drug and its dosage.

Question:
My husband has gynecomastia (so the doctor said). What does this mean, why is it dangerous and is treatment necessary?

Gynecomastia is the growth of mammary glands in men due to glandular tissue and is one of the signs of increased estrogen. In men of childbearing age, it can be observed when taking certain medications and with a number of diseases (thyrotoxicosis, hyperprolactinemia, and others). High levels of estrogen threaten the development of impotence and infertility. If necessary, the doctor will select treatment. If the high level of estrogen is caused by taking medications, it is enough to stop treatment with them.

Question:
I am 40 years old, six months ago I had my breasts removed due to breast cancer. The doctor prescribed tamoxifen. For what purpose and for how long should it be taken?

Breast cancer is an estrogen-producing tumor, which is why the doctor prescribed you tamoxifen (anti-estrogenic effect). The drug should be taken for a long time, at least 5 years.

Question:
My daughter is 14 years old. Not only does she not have periods, but her breasts do not grow, and she does not have hair in her armpits or pubic area. What should we do?

Most likely, your daughter has delayed sexual development. You need to contact a gynecologist - endocrinologist as soon as possible, who will prescribe an examination (hormone tests), pelvic ultrasound, etc. Based on the results of the examination, the doctor will prescribe hormonal treatment. Don’t delay, otherwise your daughter will not be able to have children in the future.

Question:
I am 17 years old. I am unhappy with the size of my breasts (too small). Menstruation occurs regularly. Should I take some hormonal pills like estrogen to make my breasts grow?

What for? Not all women have large breasts. But taking hormonal pills without specific indications can not only lead to disruption of the menstrual cycle, but also be complicated by infertility in the future.

One type of sex hormone in women is estrogen. It is an important steroid hormone for the woman's body. Estrogen performs various vital and necessary functions for the normal functioning of the entire reproductive system and more.

Fluctuations in the level of the female hormone estrogen (deficiency or surplus) can cause serious disruptions in the stable functioning of organs. It is extremely important to know why it is needed and how to keep it normal. All information on this matter will be presented in detail below.

The role of estrogens

Concept and functions of estrogen

This type of hormone is present in both humans and animals. Moreover, it is predominantly a female hormone, although it is also found in the body of males. The only difference is the quantity. Under normal conditions, a woman’s body should have a lot of estrogen, but little testosterone; in men it’s the opposite. It is not difficult to imagine what consequences an abnormal level can lead to.

Estrogens are created in a woman's ovaries and in men's testicular cells. For the latter, it is useful in that it helps prevent the rapid death of sperm (apoptosis).

This process is quite natural, but when the level of estrogen in a man’s body increases, the programmed death of other cells can be prevented, which can lead to a serious disease - prostate cancer.

Experts divide estrogen into three types found in nature:

• estrone;
• estradiol;
• estriol.

Each of these species was divided according to the method of formation. In the first case, the hormone is created during menopause. The second case characterizes the state of the body of adult, mature women. It is formed before menopause and is the main and fundamental of all types of the hormone estrogen. This type is responsible for more than 400 functions! But the third type is formed during pregnancy directly in the placenta.

The main functions of estrogen in a woman’s body include reproductive and hormonal.

Such steroid hormones allow a woman to prepare for pregnancy and endure it normally, and in addition they build an ideal figure and affect the softness and overall appearance of the skin.

This is interesting! Estrogen is the key to ideal feminine curves!

A sufficient amount of it contributes to the normal development of female secondary sexual characteristics, which include the appearance of additional hair, the formation of an appropriate pelvic shape, and breast enlargement. During puberty until the first menopause, ideal conditions are created for an acidic vaginal environment. Estrogen also promotes proper fat distribution. The ideal proportions of fat cell distribution are the area of ​​the knees, buttocks, chest, outer and inner thighs.

It promotes the normal development of external and internal genital organs. Reducing cholesterol levels and maintaining normal calcium levels helps to avoid diseases such as atherosclerosis and osteoporosis. Estrogen affects hormonal levels and allows cortisol, when creating fat cells, to distribute them according to a person’s gender. And a single hormone is responsible for all this!

Estrogen - the hormone of femininity

Analysis for estrogen levels

From all of the above, it becomes clear that the female hormone estrogen must be contained in sufficient quantities to ensure the normal functioning of the reproductive system. Therefore, it is extremely important to monitor its level by periodically taking tests and undergoing examinations by specialists.

Note! An estrogen test should be done on certain days of the menstrual phase. A blood test is performed to determine its content and quantity.

It is worth noting that normal estrogen levels cannot be established once and for all. This indicator depends on various factors that manifest themselves over time. Age, phases of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy are fundamental factors in determining the level of female sex hormone.

The approximate content during normal functioning can be distributed as follows: in children from 5 to 22 pg/ml. But a sexually mature woman should have a content in the range from 11 to 191 pg/ml. This wide range depends on the menstrual cycle and its phase, as well as the period of pregnancy and the accompanying hormonal surges. During menopause, the normal level is considered to be 5-90 pg/ml. The amount during the menstrual cycle can fluctuate greatly, which is cyclical in nature.

Increased estrogen in men - female breasts and obesity

Features of increased and decreased estrogen levels

After taking the tests and receiving the results, three scenarios are possible. Estrogen may be present in normal amounts, in which case you won’t have to do anything. But the other two options are not so optimistic: increased or decreased estrogen levels. Each of them is dangerous in its own way and carries certain risks for the normal development of a woman’s health. Let's consider each of them separately.

With increased estrogen levels, the following symptoms are observed:

• the formation of a large number of fat cells in the abdomen, thighs, buttocks;
• pain symptoms and sudden mood swings, especially during premenstrual syndrome (PMS);
• low level of sexual desire;
• persistent mild headaches or severe short-term migraines;
• general neurological symptoms, especially susceptibility to depression and immediate fatigue;
• disorders in the metabolic system;
• unusual breast pain, swelling of the mammary glands, painful symptoms;
• high risk of cancer in the reproductive system.

You should not think that an increased level is not dangerous or less dangerous than a decreased one - this is completely wrong! A surplus of this hormone can cause serious disorders in the body. Most often it affects women who are overweight - 7 kg or more from the normal level. An excess of estrogen will not help maintain youth; it will only lead to the risk of pathologies.

Low estrogen in women

The cause of an increase in steroid hormones can be smoking, unreasonable drinking, excessive exercise and the use of contraceptives.

With low estrogen levels, the following symptoms are observed:

• poor general condition of the woman;
• lifeless hair;
• abnormal complexion, usually very pale;
• weakness of bone tissue due to lack of calcium in the body;
• deterioration of skin condition, appearance of premature wrinkles, stretch marks, sagging;
• the appearance of unwanted hair in various areas of the body that are not characteristic of gender;
• susceptibility to infections of the urinary system;
• disturbance or complete absence of the menstrual cycle, its irregularity;
• There may also be problems with memory, sleep, and conceiving a child.

An important factor in determining the level of female hormone is seasonal hair loss.

A decrease in estrogen levels can occur for various reasons. But the main factor remains genetic predisposition. As a rule, hormonal imbalances can be detected already in childhood and low estrogen levels are no exception. Congenital diseases that affect the reproductive system play a key role in shaping the natural sexual environment.

Important! Poor nutrition, lack of various vitamins, sudden loss of excess weight, severe stress - all this can lead to a decrease in estrogen levels!

Methods to Boost Low Estrogen Levels

It is not worth increasing estrogen levels with hormonal drugs. This method may seem quick and effective, but think about the consequences! The action of such drugs is aimed at inhibiting the production of natural hormones. The result may be an even greater hormone deficiency if the use of drugs is discontinued. They give only a short-term effect, without caring about the woman’s health!

Phytoestrogens

It is best to increase low levels of female hormones using natural remedies. These include various foods containing a lot of estrogen, as well as taking herbal decoctions and special physical activity. One of the effective ways to gain estrogen is to gain weight when there is insufficient amount of it. In addition, modern beer is a rich source of estrogens. But you should not abuse it, because its frequent use in large quantities can negatively affect the entire body as a whole.

To summarize, we can say that estrogen levels must be kept normal. It should not be allowed to increase or decrease, because this can lead to serious consequences and violations. Remember! Femininity, beauty and youth can be preserved only with normal levels of female sex hormones.