Phraseologisms, features of their use in speech. Stylistic coloring of phraseological units. Synonymy, antonymy, polysemy, homonymy of phraseological units. Stylistic use of phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, “winged words” in fiction and

Vocabulary with a neutral style. coloring

Vocabulary from book style. coloring

Functions of phraseological units in different styles of speech

The rich phraseology of the Russian language contains great synonymic possibilities, which serve as the basis for its stylistic use.

1. Many phraseological units are synonymous with individual words: nap- nod off; to be offended - to pout; set fire - let loose a red rooster etc. (against the background of neutral words, these phraseological units stand out due to their colloquial character). Most often, phraseological units and adverbs are synonymous, and in some cases phraseological units have a bookish character (cf.: forever and ever- forever; with visor raised- open), in others - colloquial (cf.: to the fullest extent- fast; swear words- loud).

2. Phraseological units form a number of ideographic synonyms, differing in shades of meaning. So, phraseological units (work) roll up your sleeves- by the sweat of his brow- tirelessly with the general meaning of "diligently" differ in that rolling up my sleeves conveys the value of intensity in work, by the sweat of his brow is associated with the meaning of “earning with difficulty” (i.e. “working to live”), and tirelessly- with the meaning “tirelessly, diligently, enthusiastically.”

3. Phraseological phrases form a number of stylistic synonyms; Wed book order to live long and simple, stretch your legs(with the general meaning "to die").

Phraseological units are widely used in all speech styles, but in different functions. If in scientific and official business speech, as a rule, general literary, inter-style stable phrases are used, acting in a nominative function, then in fiction, in journalistic works, in colloquial speech, the expressive and stylistic side of bookish and colloquial phraseological units often comes to the fore. everyday character with their great expressive capabilities.

The methods of using phraseological units in fiction and journalism are especially diverse. Writers not only use phraseology in the form in which it exists in the language, but also change it, updating the semantics, structure and expressive-stylistic properties of phraseological units. As a result of a creative approach to the riches of language, phraseological units acquire new semantic shades, and word connections are enriched. Often, individual phrases are created by analogy with existing idioms in the language. Wed: I love the zemshchina, but with a strange love(S.-Sch.); Your pronoun[appeal by type Your Honor](Ch.); Be healthy, Happy New Year, new happiness, new great successes, new trousers and boots(Ch.); With all his puppy strength the beggar puppy began to cry(M.); Comb your hair? Why? It's not worth the trouble for a while, but it's impossible to be combed forever(M.); The matches were ready to burn out of shame for the factory that produced them, but they could not light up.(E.K.)

Stylistic use of proverbs, sayings, “winged words”

In stylistic terms, not only stable phrases in their varieties are used (phraseological adhesions, phraseological unities, phraseological combinations), but also other phraseological means, to which proverbs, sayings, and “winged words” belong. Just like the phraseological expressions discussed above, they are used in fiction, journalism, and colloquial speech.

The figurative power of proverbs was noted by N.V. Gogol: “In our proverbs... one can see the extraordinary completeness of the people’s mind, which knew how to make everything its weapon: irony, mockery, clarity, accuracy of pictorial representation...” M. Gorky

Phraseologisms, like vocabulary, also have one or another stylistic coloring at. The largest layer represents colloquial phraseology: without a year, a week, in all Ivanovo, you can’t spill water etc. It is used primarily in oral conversation. Close to colloquial colloquial phraseology, more reduced, often violating the literary and linguistic norm: straighten your brains, scratch your tongue, in the middle of nowhere, tear your throat, turn up your nose, hang noodles on your ears and others.

Another stylistic layer - book phraseology, which is used in book styles and mainly in written speech. As part of book phraseology, we can distinguish scientific: center of gravity, thyroid gland, periodic system; journalistic: people of goodwill, law of the jungle, on the brink of war; official business: put into operation, give evidence, effective demand etc.

You can also highlight a layer of commonly used phraseological units, equally used in book and colloquial speech: from time to time, matter, play a role, keep in mind, keep your word, New Year and others. There are few such phraseological units. In emotionally expressive terms, they can be divided into two groups:

1) with a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring;

2) phraseological units devoid of emotional-expressive coloring, used only in a strictly nominative function.

Phraseologisms of the first group are characterized by imagery and the use of expressive means. The first group also includes phraseological units of a colloquial nature. They are painted in familiar, playful, ironic, contemptuous tones: neither fish nor fowl, sit in a puddle, only your heels sparkle like snow on your head, out of the frying pan and into the fire. On the contrary, book phraseological units are characterized by a sublime sound: united front, stain your hands with blood, die, dot thei and others.

Phraseologisms of the second group are not characterized by imagery; they do not contain evaluation: punch ticket, railroad, open meeting, agenda. Among them there are many compound terms: specific gravity, magnetic needle, punctuation marks, viral flu. They are characterized by unambiguity and appear in direct meanings.

Synonymy of phraseological units

The same idea can be expressed by phraseological units acting as synonyms. For example: Anointed with the same world, two boots a pair, berries from the same field; without number, without counting, darkness, darkness, countless, even a dime a dozen, like the sand of the sea, like uncut dogs. Phraseologisms often create synonymous series with which individual words are synonymized. For example, phraseological synonyms: leave in the cold, leave with a nose, fool around, take to the gun; lexical synonyms: deceive, fool, deceive, bypass, deceive, deceive, mystify. The wealth of lexical and phraseological synonyms provides enormous expressive capabilities of the Russian language.

Phraseologisms in which individual components are repeated should be considered synonyms: the game is not worth the candle - the game is not worth the candle. Synonyms are phraseological units with the same composition, for example, verb + noun, but based on different images: give a bath - give pepper, chase a lazy person - chase dogs, hang your head - hang your nose. However, it is necessary to distinguish between variants of the same phraseological unit: don’t hit your face in the dirt - don’t hit your face in the dirt, clenched in a fist - clenched in a fist, cast a fishing rod - cast a fishing rod. Phraseological units that are similar in meaning, but different in compatibility and used in different contexts will not be synonymous: with three boxes And chickens don't peck.

Phraseological synonyms may differ from each other in stylistic coloring. For example, leave no stone unturned And inflict reprisals– book; A cut like a nut And set some pepper- conversational. May have slight stylistic differences: far away lands- very far away, but Where didn’t Makar drive his calves?- the most remote wilderness places. Sometimes synonymous phraseological units differ in the degree of intensity of action: shed tears, shed tears, drown in tears, cry your eyes out.

Synonymous phraseology is actively used by writers. For example, A.P. Chekhov in the story “Burbot” used the following synonyms: disappeared, fell through somewhere, remember what his name was, and there was no trace, only he was seen, without a word he gave traction, as if he sank into the water, as if he fell through the earth. It is possible to simultaneously use lexical and phraseological synonyms, as in A.P. Chekhov: “Venice enchanted me, drove me crazy.”

Antonymy of phraseological units

Antonymic relations in phraseology are much less developed. The antonymy of phraseological units is supported by the antonymic relations of their lexical synonyms. Compare: smart - brilliant And stupid - he won’t invent gunpowder; ruddy - blood with milk And pale - not a trace of blood in his face.

A special group is represented by antonymic phraseological units, partially coinciding in composition, but opposed in meaning: with a light heart - with a heavy heart; not from the cowardly dozen - not from the brave dozen; turn your face - turn your back.

For writers and publicists, phraseological units that have the same components are especially interesting, because they make speech lively and give it a punning sound: “ Such a tight budget is necessary to get England back on its feet, Jenkis argued. We don’t know about England, but he knocks us Englishmen off our feet,” the man on the street bitterly sneers"(M. Sturua. "Greenwich Time and Essentially").

Related information.

An analysis of the stylistic features of phraseological units as components of synonymous series compiled from the poetic works of G. Matyukovsky in the Mountain Mari language was carried out. Stylistic coloring is formed under the influence of two components: functional and expressive-emotional coloring. When determining functional coloring, belonging to one of the functional styles is taken into account. Based on this criterion, phraseological units in the poetry of G. Matyukovsky can be divided into two main groups: interstyle, or commonly used, and functionally fixed. Interstyle phraseological synonyms in the works of G. Matyukovsky constitute a small part of the total number of all phraseological units. Functionally fixed components of synonymous series consist of colloquial, colloquial and book words and stable phrases. From the point of view of expressive-emotional coloring, affectionate, approving, playful, ironic and disapproving phraseological synonyms, characteristic mainly of colloquial and artistic styles, stand out in the works of G. Matyukovsky.

expressive-emotional coloring

functional coloring

stylistic coloring

phraseological synonym

Mountain Mari language

1. Bertagaev T.A. On the synonymy of phraseological phrases in the modern Russian language // Russian language at school. – M.: Uchpedgiz, 1960. – No. 3. – P. 4-9.

2. Buzakova R.N. Synonymy of Mordovian languages. – Saransk: Mordovian book. publishing house, 1977. – 248 p.

3. Gracheva, F.T. Synonymous relations between phraseological units and words // Questions of the Mari language. – Yoshkar-Ola, 1975. – P. 148-164.

4. Zhukov, A.V. Lexical and phraseological dictionary of the Russian language: more than 1400 phraseological units. – M.: Astrel Publishing House LLC: AST Publishing House LLC, 2003. – 603 p.

5. Matyukovsky, G.I. Far East // Aiyren n³lm¿ lydyshvl³ d³ poem³ / I.I. Mountain Don E.Ya. Queen Pogent. – Yoshkar-Ola, 1996. – P. 57-59.

6. Matyukovsky, G.I. Kym erg¿. Poem / G.I. Matyukovsky // Aiyren n³lm¿ lydyshvl³ d³ poem³ / I.I. Mountain Don E.Ya. Queen Pogent. – Yoshkar-Ola, 1996. – P. 212-248.

7. Matyukovsky, G.I. Petya. Poem / G.I. Matyukovsky // Aiyren n³lm¿ lydyshvl³ d³ poem³ / I.I. Mountain Don E.Ya. Queen Pogent. – Yoshkar-Ola, 1996. – P. 270-283.

8. Matyukovsky, G.I. S¿ng¿m³sh¿n corny don. – Yoshkar-Ola: Mary books³ publishing house, 1986. – 180 p.

9. Molotkov, A.I. Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language / A.I. Molotkov, V.P. Zhukov. – M.: Rus. lang., 1986. – 543 p.

10. Tolikina, E.N. On the nature and character of synonymous connections between a phraseological unit and a word // Essays on the synonymy of the modern Russian literary language. – M.-L.: Nauka, 1966. – P. 96-117.

Introduction

When describing the work of G. Matyukovsky, they most often analyze it from the point of view of literary criticism: they consider the idea and themes of his works. Stylistic characteristics of the linguistic means used by the poet are rarely given.

G. Matyukovsky uses expressive means with different stylistic colors in accordance with the nature of the entire work. In his poetry there are means of expression that have a functional and expressive coloring; words or figures of speech used in figurative meanings in order to achieve greater expressiveness: metaphors, personification, synecdoche, euphemisms and cacophemisms, periphrases, epithets, phraseological units, etc. One of the main ways to diversify speech, allowing you to vary the use of words with different colors and figurative meanings are synonyms, of which a sufficient number is found in the poetry of G. Matyukovsky.

Components of synonymous series can be both individual words and stable phrases, to denote which the terms are used phraseological unit, phraseological unit, phraseme, phraseological phrase, idiom, idiomatic expression.

Phraseological synonyms, as defined by V.P. Zhukov, are phraseological units with a similar meaning, denoting the same concept, usually correlative with the same part of speech, having partially coinciding or (less often) the same lexical and phraseological compatibility, but differing from each other in shades of meaning, stylistic coloring, and sometimes both at the same time.

The purpose of the study is to describe the stylistic coloring of phraseological synonyms in the Mountain Mari language. The material for the study was the poetic works of G. Matyukovsky. The work used hypothetico-deductive, component methods, the method of equipollent opposition and the method of gradual opposition.

According to the observations of T.A. Bertagaev and V.I. Zimin, “phraseological units most readily enter into stylistic rather than ideographic synonymy with individual words,” since they “mostly express concepts not in a neutral-logical form, but in an emotionally expressive one.” E.N. Tolikina believes that “none of the phraseological units of the synonymous series is a neutral carrier of the corresponding conceptual content.” F.T. Gracheva, using the example of the Meadow Mari language, shows that compared to words, phraseological units have greater expression, consisting in the transmission of emotionality, imagery and intensity. In Mordovian languages, according to R.N. Buzakova, the vast majority of phraseological units that are semantically equivalent to a word act as figurative synonyms, having either a reduced or increased expressive-emotional coloring.

A significant part of phraseological units are stylistically marked, i.e. has certain stylistic characteristics. To describe the stylistic features of phraseological synonyms, let us consider their functional and expressive-emotional colors.

The functional (or functional-style, functional-stylistic) coloring of a lexical unit indicates its use in a particular functional style. From this point of view, two main groups of phraseological units are distinguished: interstyle, or commonly used, and functionally fixed, including colloquial, colloquial and bookish.

Interstyle phraseological synonyms in the Mountain Mari literary language, judging by the examples from the poetry of G. Matyukovsky, as in other languages, constitute an insignificant part of the total number of all phraseological units. They can be used in all styles of language, therefore, in synonymous series they appear as stylistically neutral. However, neutral phraseological units act as such in functional and stylistic terms, but are not necessarily neutral in emotional and expressive terms. The selection of neutral phraseological units is very conditional, since the connotative meanings manifested in them also participate in giving them a stylistic coloring. The lexico-stylistic feature of neutral phraseological units are the neutral words used as part of these phraseological units.

In the Mountain Mari language, inter-style phraseological units include the phrase shamakim poash, which is a component of the synonymous series:

Sºr³sh, shamakim poash, sworn poash(book., auction.).

Give some promise, undertake to do something, do something. Sºр³ш- the main word for expressing the meaning of ‘promise someone.’; shamakim poash‘give your word’; sworn poash‘to swear, to swear’.

M¿n¿ t¿sht¿ ylym, snake, / Yogysh pish s¿nzav¿d³t, / D³ shamakim eche pushym / Shaiyshtash t³l³nd³³t. ‘I was there, I saw how bitter tears flowed, and I gave my word to tell you too.”

A number of commonly used synonyms and phraseological units complement stable phrases corny l³kt³sh‘grow up, become an adult, independent’ , y³ng vasht And sh¢m vasht‘from the bottom of my heart’, which are components of synonymous series with corresponding meanings.

If the main part of the vocabulary consists of stylistically neutral units, then phraseological units are dominated by colloquial phrases. A.I. Molotkov considers phraseological units to be a phenomenon of colloquial speech, therefore he sees no point in accompanying colloquial phraseological units in the dictionary with the mark . However, colloquial phraseological units stand out against the background of commonly used reduced expressive-stylistic coloring (affection, abuse, irony, contempt, jokes, familiarity, etc.). Colloquial phraseological units are used mainly in oral form, and commonly used ones - in written form.

In the poetry of G. Matyukovsky, phraseological units have a bright coloring of conversational style the wind began to blow in the air- component of the synonymous series:

Tyrlash, ladnangash, sh¿pl³n³sh, sh¿p li³sh, the wind blew sh¿nd³sh, tyng lin koltash.

Become calm, stop moving, stop making noise. Tyrlash‘to subside, subside, calm down, calm down, stop"; ladnangash‘calm down, calm down, come, come back to normal’; sh¿pl³n³sh‘to fall silent, to subside, to subside; freeze; calm down"; sh¿p li³sh‘become quieter, shut up’; the wind began to blow in the air‘take water into your mouth’; tyng lin koltash ‘ quiet down" .

Vujta The air was blowing in the air, / Shalga halyk - ik yukat. ‘It’s as if you’ve filled your mouth with water, / People are standing there - not a sound’.

In the works of G. Matyukovsky, phraseological units of everyday colloquial style include k¢s¿m pºr¿kt³sh‘to take revenge, to punish someone.", moch g¿ts ken‘exhausted’ ik sh¿rt¿ d³ng¿n‘to the skin (get wet)’, uten ke³sh‘very, until I drop’, y¿lm¿m nel¿n koltet‘you’ll swallow your tongue’ vuyim s³k³sh‘hang your head’ and others, which are components of synonymous series with corresponding meanings.

The signs of colloquial phraseological units are the everyday colloquial and colloquial words that are part of these phraseological units.

Colloquial phraseology is characterized by greater reduction. For example, in the poetry of G. Matyukovsky, synonyms-phraseological units have a colloquial tone of speech loger k¿r³sh, loger tsits, p¿l¿sh shel³sh - components of the synonymous series:

Ch¿n, sir¿p¿n, uly yukyn, uly yuk don, kytse kerdm¿n, sh¿rg¿ kuzash(decomposition.),loger k¿r³sh(simple, unapproved),logger tzits(simple, unapproved.), p¿l¿sh shel³sh(simple.).

About voice volume: strong sounding. Ch¿n loud"; sir¿p¿n‘loudly, boomingly’; uly yukyn, uly yuk don‘loudly, at the top of my voice’; Kytse-Kerdman‘with all your might’; sh¿rg¿ kuzash(lit.: so loud that the forest is about to rise) ‘that there are forces’; loger k¿r³sh, logger tzits‘at the top of my lungs’; p¿l¿sh shel³sh(lit.: so that the ears can crack) ‘very loud’.

Anzylvl³zh¿ ylyt y¢ksh¿ / D³ lypshaltylyt pishok, / Ik¿zh³k-ikt¿n kech³lt sh¢shk¿, / ¢rl³t loger k¿r³shock --- . ‘Those in front are drunk and swaying violently, hanging on each other’s necks, screaming at the top of their lungs ---". Vara, logger tzits ongyreshenen, / S¿g¿r³l sh¿nd³ lit¿m³sh. ‘Then, laughing at the top of his lungs, he shouted at the top of his lungs. Sasnaig¿ tagyshtaken / P¿l¿sh shel³sh torgyzhesh. ‘Somewhere a pig is squealing very loudly.’

There is no clear boundary between phraseological units of colloquial and vernacular substyles, so determining their functional coloring is often difficult.

Book phraseology includes scientific, journalistic and official business phraseological units related to scientific, terminological and professional layers of vocabulary. Special phraseological units (scientific, official business) are devoid of additional connotative meanings. Book phraseological units make up an extremely small part of the total number of all phraseological units. In the “Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language”, edited by A.I. Molotkov only 1% (one percent) (40 out of 4000) of phraseological units have the “book” mark. Phraseological units of book style capable of entering into synonymous relationships are even fewer.

In the poetry of G. Matyukovsky there are isolated examples of phraseological units of book style. Phraseological units of scientific style include cyl³ parallel‘on all parallels’, cil³ meridian mochan‘along all meridians’, which are components of the synonymous series:

Kymdykesh, y¿r, y¿rv³sh, y¿r¿mv³sh, y¿r-y¿rv³sh(vernacular-simple.), at least-kyshty, tsil³ parallelesh(book.),cil³ meridian mochan(book.).

Everywhere, in all places, wherever. Kymdykesh‘everywhere, all around’; y¿r, y¿rv³sh, y¿r¿mv³sh‘all around, around’; y¿r-y¿rv³sh used in folk poetic speech; cil³ vel³n ‘ in all corners, everywhere"; at least‘anywhere, anywhere’; cyl³ parallel‘on all parallels’; cil³ meridian mochan‘along all meridians’.

Lizh ok cylinder parallel, / Cyl³ meridian moo --- . ‘Let there be peace on all parallels, along all meridians ---".

We did not find phraseological synonyms of journalistic and official business styles in the poetry of G. Matyukovsky.

Artistic style occupies a special place in the system of other styles. It uses the means of all other styles, varied in semantic and expressive characteristics, but they act in a modified function - aesthetic, pursuing the artistic goals of creating imagery, speech characteristics of heroes, etc. According to its specific stylistic characteristics, the artistic style as a type of book style is opposed not only to conversational style, but also to all other book styles. In artistic speech, phraseological units of colloquial, colloquial, scientific and journalistic styles are used to stylize the statement. Phraseologisms of the artistic style themselves are distinguished by an upbeat, solemn, poetic, pathetic tone. Phraseologisms of artistic style include the expression sworn poash‘to swear, to swear’.

The functional and stylistic consolidation of phraseological units, as well as words, in synonymous rows is complemented by an expressive-emotional coloring, which is associated with the ability of speech to influence the emotions of the speaker, evoke certain feelings in him and convey the emotions of the speaker, as well as enhance expressiveness, i.e. . expressiveness of speech.

When determining the types of expressive-emotional coloring of synonyms, various components of expressiveness are considered, such as emotionality, evaluativeness, imagery and intensity. Moreover, they are closely interconnected, overlap each other, define each other and can appear in various combinations with each other, so sometimes distinguishing shades of meaning is difficult and leads to the parallel use of terms: emotional, evaluative, expressive, emotional-expressive vocabulary; expressive-emotional, expressive-evaluative, expressive-stylistic meanings of words, etc.

The phraseological units of colloquial and artistic styles in the works of G. Matyukovsky are characterized by the following types of expressive and emotional coloring:

1. affectionate, for example, mamik vui(lit.: dandelion; head covered with down) ‘child, child’, synonym for the word aunt‘child, child’ - used mainly in dealing with children and in children’s speech;

2. approving, for example, y³ng semesh li³sh, y³ngesh pizh³sh(lit. to be to one’s liking, to catch the soul) ‘to like’;

3. humorous, for example, scientific tsatkydyn pyryshtash(lit. to gnaw hard at science) ‘persistently acquire knowledge’ - a synonym for the word you're changing'study";

4. ironic, for example, pachim kiyirtash(lit. wag tail) ‘hide’ - a synonym for the word sh¿l³sh‘to hide, hide’;

5. disapproving, for example, rear shiralash(lit. throw fire) ‘set fire’ - a synonym for the word oltash (rear)‘to kindle, make a fire’; etc.

The types of expressive colors of phraseological synonyms differ in positive or negative, elevated or reduced emotional assessments. Affectionate, approving and humorous phraseological units receive a positive emotional assessment. Ironic and disapproving have a negative assessment.

The distinction between elevated and reduced vocabulary correlates with the belonging of words to functional styles. The elevated style is often identified with the bookish style, and the reduced style with colloquial and vernacular style. Elevated and decreased emotional connotations are the result of the fastening of words in the minds of native speakers to texts of high or low styles.

The considered examples confirm that phraseological units, which are components of synonymous series, are distinguished by a bright stylistic coloring, indicating their belonging to one of the functional styles and their additional expressive-emotional meaning. Among the phraseological synonyms that have a functional and stylistic affiliation, commonly used and functionally fixed set expressions were identified, the latter of which consist of colloquial, colloquial and book phraseological units. In the works of G. Matyukovsky, the predominance of phraseological synonyms of the colloquial style is noted. Phraseologisms of book styles are extremely rare; thus, we did not find any official business or journalistic stable phrases. Expressive-emotional coloring is formed under the influence of affectionate, approving, playful shades of meaning, which have a positive emotional assessment, as well as ironic and disapproving shades of meaning, characterized by a negative assessment.

Reviewers:

Zorina Z.G., Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Department of Intercultural Communication of the Mari State University, Yoshkar-Ola.

Kuklin A.N., Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Department of the Mari Language of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Mari State University", Yoshkar-Ola.

Bibliographic link

Phraseology- the totality of all stable combinations in a language, the science that studies phraseological units (PU)

FE- a stable combination, characterized by fixed meaning and composition, reproducibility, metaphoricality (figurativeness), relative untranslatability (translation often destroys phraseological units) and indivisibility.

Vary :

1) by number of values

a) unambiguous ( blue blood, tight wallet)

b) polysemantic ( play a role - 1. have a meaning, 2. influence something, 3. perform a function, 4. pretend to be someone)

2) by the degree of semantic unity (by the motivation/unmotivation of the meaning of the FU by the meanings of its constituent words)

a) fusion (idiom) - the meaning is not motivated ( out of my mind). The composition will often include outdated words ( goof) and shapes. Either: a) one of the components is not used anywhere except in this phraseological unit. b) the meaning of each is clear, but in total it does not give the meaning of the phraseological unit ( eat the dog)

b) unity - the meaning is partially motivated ( sit in a puddle). The phraseological unit is homonymous to the free phrase ( flow with the flow, go with the flow)

c) combination - a word with limited compatibility will be included (crying out loud, a sensitive question, absolute hell)

d) expression (aphorism, proverb) - the meaning is motivated and generalized (Live and learn)

3) according to the ratio of values

a) synonyms ( rolling up my sleeves, sweating)

b) antonyms ( just a stone's throw away - distant lands)

c) homonyms ( let the rooster fly - start a fire and sing out of tune)

4) by origin

a) original - not translated into other languages, the basis of modern phraseology, replenished from various sources: professional (until the court and the case), jargon (at peak interest), dialect (written on water with a pitchfork)

b) borrowed - from Old Church Slavonic (a proverb), from Greek, Latin (Gordian knot). Western European languages ​​(to be or not to be)

5) by activity/passivity

a) active ( was not)

b) passive ( hit with one's forehead)

c) neologisms ( deep purple)

6) by stylistic coloring

a) colloquial - used in the sphere of everyday communication, pronounced imagery, reduced ratings ( dog in the hay, no kick in the tooth)

b) bookish - used in written speech ( the stones are crying out), highly evaluative, rhetorical

Functional characteristics of phraseological units:

Phraseology- that part of the language in which aesthetic, religious, emotive and evaluative ideas about the world are focused. This is an integral part of the Russian mentality. The main environment of functions performed by phraseological units is expressive. Often used in colloquial speech to add imagery to what is being said.

The variety of style and stylistic characteristics allows the use of phraseological units for various purposes (creating a comic effect, creating expressive-emotional structures, etc.).

Consumption is subject to certain regulations:

1) normative usage- compliance of the semantics of phraseological units with lexical and grammatical characteristics, compatibility. In modern speech, strict normativity is cut off in use neophraseologisms(white collar workers, shadow economy, consumer basket, find your niche), who have not yet lost their living connection with the reality that gave birth to them.

2)inappropriate use(if it is not erroneous) is determined either by historical changes in language or by the communicative attitude of the author. Usually changes concern the semantics or structure of phraseological units.

a) historically determined deviations from the norm - In modern Russian, “good obscenities” with the verbs shout, scream, and in the 18th-19th centuries - with the verbs run, rush (I decided to go with good obscenities). Don't lose face - in the 19th century he will definitely include the pronoun himself.

b) individual author's deviations from the norm. Component replacement: the cat cried - the dog cried, the seal cried, instead of blood with milk - blood with cognac. There is a truncation of the form: instead of take the bull by the horns - bull by the horns. These "one-off changes" characterize the writer's style.

c) contamination - mixing two or more phraseological units in one expression, which can be a mistake and a technique (if there is a deliberate deviation from the norm): wait for the wind in the field = wait by the sea for weather + look for the wind in the field. This technique does not lead to the formation of a new phraseological unit.

Errors associated with the use of phraseological units

1) change in the component composition of phraseological units

2) replacing a component of a phraseological unit with a synonym (play the main violin), an antonym, a paronym, a thematically related word, or an unrelated word at all

3) unmotivated expansion or narrowing of the component composition of a phraseological unit

4) use of phraseological units without taking into account its meaning

5) use of phraseological units without taking into account its stylistic coloring

6) simultaneous use of the combination of owls in a free meaning and in a phraseologically related one

7) contamination (overlapping/mixing phraseological units)

13. Difficult cases of using a noun: fluctuations in gender; kind of indeclinable words; gender of names of female persons by profession, position, etc.; declension of compound nouns; declination of toponyms; variants of case endings of units. and plural

Gender of foreign unchangeable words:

a) I. (under the influence of most words)

If: foreign language + unchangeable + inanimate, That neuter gender

II. Gender depends on the thematic group to which the word belongs

1) names of languages ​​- masculine gender ( argot, Esperanto- and m.r. and sr.r)

2) predominantly male activities and characteristics - m.r.

3) according to the real gender of the person (emancipe, lady, miss)

M./F.B. for words vis-a-vis, protégé, hippie

Incognito (m.+sr.+f.r) (a mysterious incognito has arrived. Maintain a long incognito (sr.r.))

4) animals in the broad sense - m.r.

Zh.r. if there is a context, an indication of a female

5) drinks m.r. and w.r.

6) name of the winds - m.r. (unexpected tornado/sirocco)

7) geographical names - the gender is determined by the gender of the common noun, acting as a generic concept (sunny Tbilisi (city), wide Mississippi (river), etc.)

8) substantivized words (loud “hurray”, sharp “I don’t want”, the ever-present “yes”) - neuter.

III. Words to remember

1) ivasi - female

2) tsetse - f.r.

3) drying - m.r.

4) penalty m.r.

5) avenue - zh.r.

6) salami - f.r.

7) kohlrabi - l.r.

b) Gender of abbreviations

If the abbreviation is high-frequency and ends with:

a) with -o or -e, then cf. genus

b) to a hard consonant - there is a high probability of transition to the category of words m.r. (MFA, Housing Office, NEP)

c) gender of proper names

d) the gender of compound words depends on the nature of these words:

1) compound names: museum-apartment, raincoat-tent. They are characterized by relative dismemberment of perception, both parts are inclined, and the gender is determined by the first.

2) fused names: characterized by *some incomprehensible words*. Only the second part is declined, and the gender is determined by it.

e) names of women by profession

standard - direct motivation: m.r. gives female (student - female student). Reverse motivation is rare (midwife)

Carellat (correspondence) does not exist if:

a) there is a correspondence with another meaning

b) there is no correspondence, i.e. persons of the other sex do not perform specific types of activities or do not possess the characteristics inherent in the other sex (dowrylessness)

Correspondences may differ in meaning: heroine

Gender of names of female persons by profession, position, etc.

1. Many nouns are m.r. denoting a person by profession, retain their form even in cases where they refer to female persons (teacher, physicist, operator, ...). In colloquial speech, predicates are often put in zh.r. (the pediatrician held an appointment..., the master of sports set a new record)

2. Paired formations in cases where the activity is related to women and men equally (pilot - pilot, weaver - weaver, teacher - teacher). But in an official business style it is better to keep the m.r.

3. Paired formations in colloquial speech (doctor - doctor, accountant - accountant) - colloquial, used to a limited extent.

Ending options:

14. Difficult cases of using adjectives: features of the formation and use of full and short forms of qualitative adjectives; features of the formation and use of degrees of comparison of adjectives; synonymous and pseudosynonymous use of adjectives and indirect cases of nouns.

Adjective - an independent part of speech, denotes a feature of an object and answers the questions “which one?, whose?” There are quality(question "which one?"), relative(the question “what?”, indicate the material from which the object is made or temporary signs), possessive(question "whose?")

Features of the formation of short forms :

In short form, adjectives do not change according to cases, but change according to gender and number, and take the corresponding endings m, zh, sr. kind.

When forming short forms of adjectives m.r. a fluent vowel o or e may appear in them (strong - strong, warm - warm, smart - smart, BUT worthy - worthy)

From adjectives in -nny the short form m.r. is formed. in -en: essential - essential, related - related, limited - limited. In some cases, the old form in -enen is retained: sincere - sincere, frank - frank. Some adjectives do not have a short form m.r., less often zh.r.

Some adjectives do not have a short form:

a) adjectives with suffixes: friendly, efficient, advanced

b) superlative: the strongest, the smallest

c) included in the terminological names: deep rear, fast train.

Some adjectives are used only in a short form: glad, much, must, necessary.

Degrees of comparison:

Degrees of comparison are the general name for three forms of an adjective that express different degrees of quality inherent in the object whose name is determined by this adjective or adverb. Degrees - positive, comparative, superlative.

Synonymy of adj+noun and noun+noun

Adjectives, which always contain a qualitative characteristic of an object, indicate a stable attribute, and the indirect case of a noun - only the relationship between two objects, which can also be temporary in nature: exam tickets - tickets for exams, annual plan - plan for the year, mountain village - village in the mountains.

Constructions with nouns in oblique cases have significant potential for expression (because they evoke a clear idea of ​​two objects, which creates the conditions for greater depiction). They also have the advantage that they allow for a more complete and accurate description of the subject using defining adjectives ( fox habits - habits of a sly fox). Writers especially appreciate this thing.

However, with metaphorization, the weight of the adjective increases significantly, and then its use can give speech greater figurativeness than the case form of the noun: golden word, golden hands, golden days.