Types of essays. Subordinating, coordinating, non-conjunctive connections in a complex sentence

Non-union and allied coordinating connections are one of the ways of constructing. Without them, speech is poor, because they provide more information and are capable of containing two or more sentences telling about different events.

Complex sentences and their types

Depending on the number of parts, complex structures are divided into two- and polynomial. In any of the options, the elements are connected either by a conjunction (which, in turn, is provided by the corresponding part of speech) or by a non-conjunction.

Depending on what types of relationships are present, complex formations create the following groups:

• Complex sentence with non-union and allied coordinating connection: The sky suddenly darkened, a distant rumble was heard, and a wall of rain covered the ground, driving down dust and washing away the city smog.
• Constructions that combine elements with a subordinating relationship, for example: The house we entered was depressing, but in this situation we had no choice.
• Complex sentences with subordinating and non-conjunctive types of connections: No matter how he hurried, his help was late: another car took the wounded.
• In polynomial constructions, subordinating, non-union and allied coordinating connections can be used simultaneously. The next time the phone rang, my mother answered it, but heard only the voice of a robot informing her that her loan was overdue.

It is important to be able to distinguish between complex sentences and constructions complicated, for example, by homogeneous predicates. As a rule, in the first case, the syntactic lexical unit contains several grammatical stems, while in the second there will be one subject and several predicates.

Non-union designs

In this type of lexical constructions, 2 simple sentences or more can be combined, which are connected by intonation and meaning. They can communicate with each other in the following ways:

• Sentences are linked by enumeration. The evening gradually faded, night fell on the earth, the moon began to rule the world.
• Constructions in which elements are divided into several parts, two of which are opposite fragments. The weather was as if to order: the sky cleared of clouds, the sun was shining brightly, a light breeze blew across the face, creating a slight coolness. In this non-union construction, the second fragment, consisting of 3 simple sentences connected by enumerative intonation, explains its first part.
• A binary combination of simple elements into a polynomial complex structure, in which the parts are combined into semantic groups: The moon rose above the ridge, we did not immediately notice it: the haze hid its radiance.

A non-conjunctive, like a conjunctive coordinating connection, in a complete connection separates individual sentences from each other with punctuation marks.

Commas in non-union polynomial constructions

In complex compounds, their parts are separated by commas, semicolons, dashes and colons. Commas and semicolons are used in enumerative relations:

1. The parts are small in size and connected to each other in meaning. After the storm there was silence, followed by a light whisper of rain.
2. When parts are too common and not connected by a single meaning, a semicolon is used. Chamomiles and poppies covered the entire clearing; Grasshoppers were chirping somewhere below.

Non-union constructions are most often used to convey a large amount of information that is not always connected in meaning.

Dividing marks in non-union formations

These signs are used for the following types of relationships between elements of a syntactic structure:

• Dash - when the second part is sharply opposed to the first, for example: We knew about his fears - no one knew about his readiness to die.(In such a construction with a non-union, as well as a union, coordinating connection between parts, I would like to put the conjunction “but”).
• When the first part talks about a condition or time, then a dash is also placed between it and the second fragment. The rooster crowed - it's time to get up. In such sentences, the meaning of the conjunctions “if” or “when” is appropriate.
• The same sign is placed if the second part contains a conclusion about what was discussed in the first. There was no strength to object - he silently agreed. In such conjunction constructions, “therefore” is usually inserted.
• When the second part of the sentence is compared and determined by what is narrated in the first. He makes a speech - he breathes hope into people. In these constructions you can add “as if” or “as if”.
• In sentences with an explanatory connection and justification of the reason, a colon is used. I’ll tell you to the point: you can’t let your friends down.

Sentences with a non-union, as well as a union, coordinating connection between parts are separated by signs depending on their semantic relationship.

Complex constructions

In sentences of this type, a coordinating connection is used, carried out using coordinating conjunctions. In this case, between their parts there may be:

• Connective relationships interconnected by unions and, yes or, particles also, also and neither...nor. No birds chirp, no mosquito squeaks, no cicadas chirp.
• In separating relationships, conjunctions are used what and, or, particles either... or, not that... not that and others. Either the wind brings an incomprehensible sound, or it itself approaches us.
• Sentences with both non-union and allied coordinating connections with comparative relations indicate the identity of events, but in the second case with the use of conjunctions namely And that is. Everyone was happy to see him, that is, that’s what he read on their faces.
• Explanatory relationships tend to use conjunctions yes, but, ah, particles but, and therefore and others. A blizzard was raging outside the window, but it was warm near the fireplace in the living room.

Often it is conjunctions and particles that explain what connects simple sentences into a single complex structure.

Complex sentences with mixed types of communication

Constructions where a non-union and a union coordinating connection are present at the same time occur quite often. They can contain separate blocks, each of which contains several simple sentences. Within blocks, some elements are connected to others in meaning and are separated by punctuation marks with or without conjunctions. In a complex sentence with a non-conjunctive and a conjunctive coordinating connection, the boundary between them is the dividing marks, although the individual blocks may not be connected in meaning.

Teacher's comments on the material being studied

Difficult sentence. Types of Complex Sentences

In addition to simple sentences, complex sentences are often used in speech, with the help of which we express thoughts in more detail, connecting them with each other.

Complex sentences are sentences consisting of two or more simple clauses. Simple sentences as part of a complex sentence do not have intonation completeness, do not have their own purpose of utterance and are combined in meaning and pronunciation into one whole.

The storm has already subsided, the wind has weakened.

As it comes back, so will it respond.

The frost was terrible, but the apple trees survived.

Simple sentences are combined into complex ones in two main ways. In allied complex sentences, parts are combined using intonation and conjunctions (or allied words - relative pronouns and adverbs). In non-union complex sentences, parts are combined only with the help of intonation (without conjunctions or allied words).

The sun is shining over the lake, and the glare is blinding your eyes(union).

Sentences with conjunctions and allied words are divided into two groups: compound sentences, complex sentences.

Compound sentences are those in which simple sentences can be equal in meaning and are connected by coordinating conjunctions.

June turned out to be hot, and the windows in the houses were opened wide at night.

The fur coat was moth-eaten, but the mittens were like new.

Complex sentences are those in which one of the sentences is subordinate in meaning to another and is connected with it by a subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word. An independent sentence as part of a complex sentence is called the main one, and a dependent sentence, subordinate to the main one in meaning and grammatically, is called a subordinate clause.

If you're in Myshkin(adverbial clause), go to the Efimkins(The main thing).

I want to find a pebble(The main thing), which you don't have(adverbial clause).

Complex sentences with various types of allied and non-union connections

If a complex sentence consists of three or more parts, then some of them can be connected using coordinating conjunctions, others - using subordinating conjunctions, and others - without conjunctions. Such a sentence is called a complex sentence with different types of conjunction and non-conjunction connections.

There was no one too strong vice in me that would have stood out more clearly than all my other vices, there was no picture-perfect virtue in me that could have given me some kind of picture-perfect appearance, but instead, in me there was a collection of all possible nasty things, a little bit of each, and in such a multitude that I have never seen before in any person. (N.V. Gogol).

(This is a complex sentence consisting of six simple ones, the parts of which are connected by subordinating, coordinating and non-conjunctive connections.)

In which there is a subordinating or coordinating connection, they differ significantly from similar phrases and simple sentences. Further in the article we will consider the main differences between the mentioned structures.

General information

If we talk about phrases and simple sentences, then it is fair to note that the subordinating relationship can only appear in the first version, while the coordinating type is more often used in the second. In the latter case, the task of transformation into a common construction is performed, creating series of homogeneous terms. In complex structures, coordinating and subordinating connections do not have such sharp differences. This is due to the fact that the same statement can be formulated using conjunctions of both types.

First difference

The use of composition and subordination helps to identify the semantic relationships that exist in simple and complex formulations. At the same time, there is a difference in the very structure of the utterance. Thus, the coordinating connection does not create such clear boundaries. When using the second type of connection, parts of the utterance are highlighted, indicating the need to pay more attention to a certain fragment of the message.

Thus, we can say that the conjunctions used in different versions differ in how they reveal connections in expressions. In the case of a subordinate relationship, such types of relationships as concessional, conditional-effect and cause-and-effect take on an unambiguous form. Moreover, they are expressed by conjunctions “although”, “because”, “if”. A coordinating connection in a sentence allows you to use the same conjunction. It is represented by the connecting element “and”. But there are situations when the coordinating conjunctions “a” and “but,” which are usually considered contrastive, can give the statement a connotation of concession, condition, consequence, comparison and contrast. In expressions that have the form of an incentive, conjunctions can create a condition in the message, which in a subordinating clause is expressed by the elements “if (the particle “not” is allowed instead)... then.” Some interaction is found between composition and submission due to the fact that they cannot be considered absolutely opposite concepts.

Second difference

In complex constructions, coordinating connection is an important independent element. But in simple structures its task is to determine the relationships between members of a homogeneous sequence. In addition, a coordinating connection is included in a simple construction in order to enrich the statement with additional members. This is how it is transformed into a widespread one. In multi-part structures, coordinating communication is more important.

Third difference

If we compare subordination and composition with non-union, then the last two types of connection have much in common. This is explained by the semantic relationship within the structure. Thus, the coordinating connection reveals them in expression to a lesser extent. However, let's compare them in more detail. Coordinating communication is not only a syntactic, but also a lexical way of interaction. Thus, the relationships that arise between phrases do not have a specific meaning, but only receive a certain characteristic. Coordinating conjunctions can also be combined with subordinating and various lexical elements. In this case, various syntactic structures are created. As examples of a conjunction, we can cite various combinations of auxiliary parts of speech “and”, “here”, “a”, “well”, “therefore”, “therefore”, “means”. Subordinating conjunctions do not need additions, since they themselves can create clear boundaries for semantic segments.

Special cases

If a coordinating or non-union connection does not allow one to fully study the relationships that exist in these sentences, then it is necessary to turn to additional factors. They can be the general structure of the statement, as well as the introductory words, particles, various pronouns, and phrases present in it. In addition, moods and tense forms can highlight individual parts and indicate their features. In allied constructions, the meaning of condition and consequence manifests itself more noticeably when there is an interaction between the imperative mood in the first sentence (in the case of a complex formulation, this means its main part) and other moods or other forms of tense found in the second element (in the subordinate clause).

Fourth difference

In complex sentences, the subordinating relationship is less multifaceted than in phrases and simple phrases. There are cases when part of the meaning of a complex structure formed from a set of simple ones is not realized. This may be due to the fact that there is likely to be a contradiction in the meaning of the subordinating conjunction, as well as its complete change. An example would be the connector "when". It is used in subordinating clauses. Its main value is the time indicator. However, if the main part of the sentence describes any feelings, emotions or someone’s state, then this union can turn from temporary into investigative. When something is evaluated in a subordinate clause, trying to determine importance or significance, the “when” element acquires the target meaning. In addition, this union may have a comparative meaning and carry an indication of inconsistency.

Under coordinating connection a connection is understood in which there is no grammatical dependence of one component of a syntactic structure on another component. The coordinative connection takes place between the word forms of a simple sentence and predicative units as part of a complex sentence. So, using the example of the poem by A.S. Pushkin’s “Echo” can be distinguished by more than one series of creative connections; in the first part of the poem Is the beast roaring in the deep forest, Is the horn blowing, is the thunder roaring, Is the maiden singing behind the hill - To every sound You suddenly give birth to your response in the empty air a coordinating connection is established between four predicative units (simple sentences as part of a complex sentence): 1) p the beast howls in the deep forest, 2) the horn blows, 3) Thunder, 4)the maiden over the hill sings, which in turn are connected by a subordinating relationship with the fifth predicative unit: To every sound Your response in the empty air You will suddenly give birth. In the second part You listen to the roar of thunder, And the voice of the storm and waves, And the cry of rural shepherds - And you send an answer... (A. Pushkin) word forms are formed by coordinating connections listen And send; roar, voice And scream. In a sentence Every day, getting out of bed at eleven o’clock, Olga Ivanovna played the piano or, if it was sunny, painted something with oil paints(A. Chekhov) a coordinating connection is established between word forms played, wrote.

An essay is a special type of syntactic connection, which has its own content and formal characteristics.

The formal indicator of a coordinating connection is coordinating conjunctions. A certain type of conjunction is assigned to the expression of a certain type of syntactic relationship. Yes, in a sentence On a quiet moonlit night, Olga Ivanovna stood on the deck of a Volga steamer and looked That to the water, That to the beautiful shores(A. Chekhov) creative connection between word forms stood And watched; then on the water, then on the shores. Union And expresses enumerative relations of actions coinciding in time; repeating conjunction then... then expresses the relationship of alternation: the subject’s attention is alternately captured by one object and then another. Wed: (L. Sobolev). Repeating connecting conjunction no no in a sentence Neither longing, neither love, neither grievances, Everything has faded, passed, moved away(A. Blok) informs about the absence of listed denotations (referents). Wed: Neither in the cellars, neither in the towers, neither there were no incidents in the cars(L. Sobolev). Contrasting the conditions for the manifestation of different signs of the subject in a sentence According to his years, he should have been with the young, But by wealth and connections he was a member of circles of old, respectable people(L. Tolstoy) conveyed by the adversative union But. Repeating conjunction not that... not that makes a difference uncertainty. For example: And again not that dreaming not that Chang thinks of that distant morning when, after a painful, restless ocean, the steamer sailing from China with the captain and Chang entered the Red Sea(I. Bunin). Union or expresses semantic relations of mutual exclusion. For example: Then, with Mimi's permission, I or Volodya let's go to the carriage(L. Tolstoy).

In non-union situations, the decisive grammatical indicator of composition is intonation. Intonation is also a differentiator of semantic relations of a composed series. An example of enumerative intonation in a simple sentence: Everything is sleeping all around; only lamps in the darkness of the temple gild the granite pillars communities And them banners impending row (A. Pushkin); the same semantic relationships in a complex sentence are also conveyed by enumerative intonation: Outside the window, the birches are white, the fir trees are stretching their prickly paws, on the pine bark, like tears, the resinous drops are glowing.(L. Oshin).

The components of a sentence connected by a coordinating connection form a composed (or coordinating) series. An essential feature of a composed series is such a property of its structure as the absence of a main and dependent component. This is due to the fact that none of the words included in the composed series serves to explain another word; in the composed series there is no relationship between the defined and the defining. The components of the composed series are thus formally independent of each other. However, in terms of meaning, they may not have the same significance; one of the components, usually postpositive, may carry information that is more significant compared to the information presented by the first component; a postpositive component can act as a concretizer of another, prepositive member of the series. For example: The watchmen not only did not get up from their seats when he passed, but they didn't even look on him(N. Gogol); All, and especially officials, remained stunned for some time(N. Gogol); At their crossing, in the round meadows, there were old, different broken, in lichens, large sandstone statues(L. Tolstoy); The crowd was buzzing all around, discussing the unprecedented incident; the word was disgusting, vile, seductive, swinish a scandal that ended only when the truck carried away the unfortunate Ivan Nikolaevich, the policeman, Pantelei and Ryukhin from the Griboyedov gate(M. Bulgakov).

Another essential feature of an essay is the subordination of the components of a series (in the structure of simple and complex sentences) to one word (word form) and the ability to express a certain type of syntactic relationships in this subordination. For example, a composed series fountains, lines, gold, sea in a sentence I remember fountains that have long since died out, White marble with strict lines, Gold that sparkled dimly in the sun, The sea behind the park is cold and blue.(L. Oshin) distributes, explains the word I remember(remember what?), all components of the series express explanatory relations. In a multi-component complex sentence I came to you with greetings to tell you that the sun has risen, that it fluttered with hot light across the sheets(A. Fet) subordinate clauses are subordinate, they, answering the question “about what?”, extend, explain, and specify the lexical meaning of the word tell in the main part (tell us about what?: that the sun has risen; what else? that it fluttered with hot light across the sheets), and express explanatory relationships.

Correlating with one core word, the components of a composed series can express one type of semantic relations, thereby occupying one syntactic place and performing the function of one member of the sentence, and different semantic relations, thus occupying different syntactic places and performing the function of different members of the sentence.

Components of a composed series that occupy one syntactic place and perform the function of one member of a sentence are homogeneous and form series of homogeneous members. For example: Neither the Acropolis, nor Baalbek, nor Thebes, nor Paestum, nor Hagia Sophia, nor the old churches in Russian Kremlins are to this day incomparable for me with Gothic cathedrals(I. Bunina) – the composed series is represented by nouns Acropolis, Baalbek, Thebes, Paestum, Hagia Sophia, churches, naming different objects of speech, but occupying the position of the subject, represented by the nominative case, and being subjects. They form a number of homogeneous members. In a sentence The admiral saw red and orange flashes(L. Sobolev) a homogeneous series is represented by adjectives – red, orange, naming the attribute of an object by color, in the function of definition.

The components of a composed series, which occupy different syntactic places and are therefore different parts of the sentence, are not homogeneous. For example, the components of a composed series in a sentence are not homogeneous On the sands, in heavenly nakedness, the coffee bodies of black-haired teenagers lie(A. Fadeev). The composed series is represented here by word forms on the sands And in heavenly nakedness, the first word form takes the position of adverbial place, the second - adverbial manner of action (or accompanying circumstance): the bodies are lying where? - on the sand; lying around in what condition? - in nakedness. Similarly also in the statement Scientists were confused: they expected to see our ancestor in a completely different place and in a different way(V. Shcheulin) word forms not there and not like that are components of a composed series, as evidenced by the coordinating conjunction “and”, however, they are not homogeneous members, since the adverb “there” takes the position of an adverbial adverbial place: did you expect to see where? - not there; whereas the pronoun “such” expresses attributive relations: did you expect to see the ancestor as what? - not like that. This suggests that the syntactic positions of the selected word forms are different, so they cannot be considered homogeneous.

Components of a composed series that occupy one syntactic place and perform the function of one member of a sentence are homogeneous if they are correlated with one member of the sentence common to them or are subordinate to it. All members of a sentence can be homogeneous. Example of homogeneous subjects: From century to century poetry And prose they fight each other to the death(E. Vinokur); That story was put together mountains, towers, stars, clouds, snow And herbs spring heap, people, songs And river (N. Tikhonov);

homogeneous predicates: My life - fate of my state, every being day her and hour (M. Aliger); No, it's time unfortunate, painfully sensitive, pathetic (I. Bunin); Even in his childhood he became known as an eccentric And was different on comrades(F. Dostoevsky); First there was me cheerful And sharp, And sometimes too much careless (M. Lermontov).

Homogeneous minor members of the sentence:

homogeneous definitions: The work must have clear, definite thought(A. Chekhov); Gloomy, vague rain clouds hung over the garden in clouds(I. Bunin);

additions: Take care of old people from grievances, cold, fire (L. Tatyanicheva); Every noble person is deeply aware of his blood kinship, your own money communications with the fatherland(V. Belinsky);

circumstances: Attentive, tireless, stubborn learn the language(M. Gorky); Ripe bread dim, gloomy whitened ahead(I. Bunin); You V summer hot And snow bright and good(E. Dolmatovsky).

However, it should be remembered that the performance of the same syntactic function by adjacent word forms does not guarantee homogeneity. For the homogeneity of such sentence members, a necessary condition is the presence of a coordinating connection. For example, in the sentence Dubov had no idea about Morozka’s complex experiences(A. Fadeev) definitions complex And Morozkins, characterizing the subject (Morozka’s experiences) from different sides (in terms of quality and belonging), are not homogeneous, since they are not connected by a coordinating connection, which is signaled by the coordinating conjunction, which is absent here, and enumerative intonation, as evidenced by the absence of a comma between definitions. Likewise: It was wearing new blue satin shirt(N. Ostrovsky). The absence of a comma and a conjunction - signs of a coordinating connection - indicates the heterogeneity of the selected definitions for the word shirt.

If the same word is repeated in the same form in a sentence, it is impossible to talk about the homogeneity of the member of the sentence designated by them even in the presence of a coordinating connection, because here we are talking about one action, one attribute. For example: Friend of my harsh days, my decrepit dove! Alone in the wilderness of pine forests Long, long time ago Are you waiting for me(A. Pushkin); I'm going, I'm going in an open field, Bell ding-ding-ding. The repetition of the lexeme performs a stylistic device, informing about the duration of actions.

The components of a homogeneous series can be represented either by one morphological form, or by different forms of one part of speech, as well as by different parts of speech. For example: And someone's tender fleshy face, shaved and well-fed, wearing horn-rimmed glasses, appeared in front of Ivan(M. Bulgakov); And this is very well known not only in Russia, but also in Europe (M. Bulgakov); It’s not the air that draws him to the garden, he sees something on this spring full moon on the moon And in the garden, in height (M. Bulgakov); In his eyes alone, blue, bulging And several stationary, one could notice either thoughtfulness or fatigue, and his voice sounded evenly(I. Turgenev); Humped nose, proud lips, forehead white And clean, without any special signs (M. Bulgakov).

The components of a heterogeneous composed series can also have either one or different methods of morphological expression. For example: She looked at him for a long time And attentively (A. Fadeev); She looked at him for a long time, V deep almost thoughtfully.

Thus, composition and homogeneity are not identical concepts. The concept of a composed series is broader than the concept of homogeneity: homogeneous members of a sentence form a composed series and are its components, but not all components of a composed series are homogeneous.

The composed series can be open or closed. Under open refers to a series capable of potential distribution. It is typical for constructions with enumerative relations, as well as with relations of mutual exclusion and alternation. They can be multicomponent. For example: Nai-Tours on a grand scale thrust Colt in a holster, jumped up to the machine gun on the sidewalk, crouched, crouched down, and with his left hand corrected tape(M. Bulgakov); She never(Marie) never tired of listening to these naive stories from the sea - even if they were repeated more than once - O sea ​​and fishing life, O small meager joys, O simple, unartificial love, O distant voyages, about storms And crashes, O submissive, stern acceptance always close of death, O rough fun on the land(A. Kuprin); Me or I'll burst into tears, or I'll scream, or I'll faint (A. Chekhov); Sliding like a cat, he's not that crawled, not that slipped through, not that flew over across the beaten path...(A. Fadeev).

Under closed two-component series are understood, which cannot be supplemented with new members with the same semantic relationships. These are, as a rule, comparative, gradational, adversative constructions. For example: The guest did not go out of town, A in town (M. Bulgakov); Levin obediently put some sauce for yourself, but did not give there is for Stepan Arkadyich(L. Tolstoy); Not only Volodya , but also other children enjoyed going to the theater.

The connection between the components of a composed series can be mandatory or optional. In the presence of mandatory connection, one of the components of the series cannot be omitted. The obligatory nature of this connection is determined, for example, by the lexical meaning of the verb as a general word. These are verbs with the meaning of connection, separation, comparison: add up, compare, divide, marry, delimit, compare. The peculiarity of these verbs is that they name actions aimed simultaneously not at one object, but at several objects that are in the same relation to this action. All components of the composed series in this case are among the obligatory verb distributors: combine work and leisure; separate sugar and salt, compare the properties and states of an object, add things and books, marry a brother and girlfriend, compare structural and semantic approaches to a sentence and under. The obligatory nature of a connection in a composed series can be dictated by the nature of the conjunction, as well as the presence of other function words (particles Not), determining the presence of homogeneous members. For example: But the proposal to send Kant to Solovki not only was it not amazing foreigner but even delighted (M. Bulgakov); Levin put on big boots and for the first time not a fur coat, A cloth undercoat, and went to do some housework(L. Tolstoy).

In the absence of the above conditions, the connection between the components of the composed series is optional. For example: There were dogs, horses, sheep, cows, workers, there was a coachman, a headman, cooks, cowgirls, nannies, mother and father, schoolchildren - brothers, sister Olya, still rocking in the cradle(I. Bunin).

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Introduction to syntax. Syntax Aspects

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To correctly formulate and present their own thoughts, schoolchildren and adults need to learn how to correctly place semantic accents in written speech. If in life we ​​often use simple constructions, then in writing we use complex sentences with different types of connections. Therefore, it is important to know the features of their construction.

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Classification

What are the types of connection between sentences? used in Russian :

• coordinating with and without conjunctions, when the components of the syntactic structure are independent and equal in relation to each other;
• subordinate connection, non-union and allied, when one part of the structure is main and the second is dependent;
• conjunction, coordinating and subordinating, expressed using coordinating or subordinating conjunctions and allied words;

Complex sentences consist of several simple ones, therefore they have more than two grammatical stems. When you meet them, don’t be surprised and remember that there can be not only 2 or 3 parts, but on average up to 10-15. They constantly combine different types of communication.

Main types of complex sentences with examples:

1. Non-union.
2. Complex.
3. Complex sentences.
4. Designs with different types of connections.

An example of a non-union connection: The wind drives the clouds to the edge of heaven, the broken spruce groans, the winter forest whispers something.

It is necessary to note the main feature of constructions with coordinating connection. The function of a coordinating connection is to show the equality of parts within a complex sentence, which is done using intonation and the use of coordinating conjunctions. Non-union communication can also be used.

How are complex sentences constructed? examples with diagrams :

The sky cleared of hanging clouds - and the bright sun came out.

The fields were empty, the autumn forest became dark and transparent.

Sentences of the fourth type usually consist of three or more parts, which are connected to each other in different ways. To better understand the meaning of such constructions, how to learn how complex sentences with different types of connections are constructed and grouped. Often sentences are divided into several blocks, connected without a union or using a coordinating connection, with each part representing a simple or complex sentence.

Dependent parts may have different semantic meanings, based on this Complex sentences are divided into several groups.

Definitive

They serve to characterize and reveal the attribute of the noun being defined from the main sentence. They are joined using and: where, where, where, which, what. They are found only inside the main one or after it. You can ask questions about them: which one?, whose?

Examples:

How oppressively hot it is in those hours when the afternoon hangs in silence and heat.

For a long time he admired, smiling, his capricious beloved daughter, who was lost in thought, not noticing anything around her.

Explanatory

Refer to words that have the meaning of thoughts (reflect), feelings (sad), speech (answered, said) in order to reveal in detail the meaning of the main word, clarify, supplement. These also include demonstrative words - that, that, then, to which the dependent clause is attached. They are connected by conjunctions that, in order, as if, as if.

Examples:

The guy quickly realized that his friend’s parents were not particularly smart, and thought through a further strategy.

This could be seen from the fact that he drove his cart around the yard several times until he discovered the hut.

Circumstantial

Relate to or to words that have adverbial meaning. Let's name their varieties and ways of joining the main word:

• time, specify the period of time when the action is performed, subordinating temporary conjunctions are used for communication: when, until what time (When talking about the war, the stranger lowered his head and thought);
• places, talking about the place, are connected to the main word by allied adverb words: where, where, from where (The leaves, wherever you looked, were yellow or golden);
• conditions that reveal under what circumstances this or that action is possible, are joined by subordinate conjunctions: if, if..., then. They can start with particles - so, then (If it rains, then the tent will need to be moved higher);
• degree, specifies the measure or degree of action I, who are in question, can be asked questions: to what extent? to what extent? (The rain stopped so quickly that the ground did not have time to get wet.);
• goals, communicate what purpose the action is pursuing and are connected by goal conjunctions: so that, so that (In order not to be late, he decided to leave early);
• reasons, conjunction is used to join - because(He did not complete the task because he was ill);
• mode of action, indicate exactly how the action was performed, are joined by subordinating conjunctions: as if, as if, exactly (The forest was covered in snow, as if someone had bewitched it);
• consequences serve to clarify the result of an action; you can ask them the question - as a consequence of what? Join the union - So(The snow shone more and more brightly in the sun, so that my eyes hurt);
• concessions, alliances are used to join them: let, although, despite. Conjunctive words (how, how many) with the particle neither (No matter how hard you try, but without knowledge and skills nothing will work) can be used.

Constructing sentence diagrams

Let's consider what a proposal scheme is. This is a graphical drawing showing the structure proposals in a compact form.

Let's try to create sentence diagrams that contain two or more subordinate clauses. To do this, let's look at examples with different inflected parts of speech.

Complex sentences can consist of several subordinate clauses, which have different relationships with each other.

There are the following types of connection between sentences:

• homogeneous or associative;
• parallel (centralized);
• sequential (chain, linear).

Homogeneous

Characterized by the following signs:

• all subordinate clauses can be attributed to the entire main word or to one of the words;
• subordinate clauses are identical in meaning and answer the same question;
• coordinating conjunctions are connected or a non-union connection is used;
• The intonation during pronunciation is enumerative.

Examples and linear sentence diagrams:

I noticed how the stars began to blur (1), how a light breeze of coolness swept by (2).

, (how how…).

Sometimes subordinate clauses are represented by a cascade of explanatory sentences, depending on one word located in the main part:

It is unknown where she lived (1), who she was (2), why the Roman artist painted her portrait (3) and what she was thinking about in the painting (4).

, (where...), (who...), (why...) and (about what...).

Parallel

Such complex sentences have subordinate clauses with different meanings, belonging to several types

Here are examples of sentences with diagrams:

When our boat sailed from the ship to the shore, we noticed that women and children began to run away from the settlement.

(When that…).

Here two subordinate clauses depend on the main sentence: tense and explanatory.

Constructions can create a chain, which can be depicted in the diagram as follows:

In some places there were crowded houses, the color of which was similar to the surrounding rocks, so that you had to be closer to distinguish them.

, (which...), (that...), (to...).

It is also possible another variant when one sentence is inside another. Sometimes constructions are combined, connecting with one subordinate clause inside another.

At first the blacksmith was terribly frightened when the devil raised him so high that nothing was visible below, and rushed under the moon itself so that he could have caught it with his hat.

, (when..., (what...), and...), (what...).

Used in sentences various punctuation marks:

• comma, example: The sister-in-law’s final remark ended on the street, where she had gone to do her urgent business;
• semicolon: Some time later, everyone in the village was fast asleep; only a month hung high in the luxurious Ukrainian sky;
• colon: It happened like this: at night the tank got stuck in a swamp and drowned;
• dash: Dense hazel bushes will block your path; if you get hurt on the thorny thorns, go forward stubbornly.

Sequential

Simple structures are connected to one another along a chain:

There is a known knot on a tree trunk on which you place your foot when you want to climb an apple tree.

, (which...), (when...).

Determination procedure

What plan is used to determine the types of connections between sentences in writing? We offer a step-by-step guide that is suitable for any occasion:

• read the proposal carefully;
• highlight all grammatical basics;
• divide the structure into parts and number them;
• find allied words and conjunctions, if they are absent, take into account the intonation;
• determine the nature of the connection.

​If available two independent parts, then this is a sentence with a coordinating connection. When one sentence states the reason for what is being discussed in another, it is a complex sentence with subordination.

Attention! Subordinate constructions can be replaced with participial phrases. Example: Silent lightning flashed here and there across the black sky, dotted with myriads of small stars.

Learning Russian - complex sentences with different types of connections

Types of communication in complex sentences

Conclusion

The types of connections between sentences depend on their classification. They use . The schemes are very diverse, there are many interesting options. Graphic drawing of proposal allows you to quickly determine construction and sequence of all components, highlight the basics, find the main thing and place punctuation marks correctly.