Typology of educational organizations according to the Federal Law on Education. Organizations carrying out educational activities

1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

The prestige of education in our country is steadily increasing every year. Most employers prefer to see qualified specialists with at least secondary vocational education in their workplaces. However, actually obtaining a quality education today is, one might say, a very problematic matter, and concerns almost all levels of education: from preschool to higher professional. The abundance of educational institutions and organizations, as well as the variety of educational programs they implement, often confront the potential consumer of educational services with a difficult choice. As statistics show, consumers are primarily concerned with two main questions: which educational institution to choose and what to pay attention to when choosing an educational institution. Getting answers to these questions on your own can be difficult. The purpose of this manual is to provide consumers of educational services with qualified assistance in solving problems related to education and training.

This manual examines the concepts of “consumer” and “educational services” both in the context of civil legislation and in the context of legislation on education, and in their direct relationship. The main criterion for differentiation here is the rule of law as a special regulator of social relations. From the point of view of legislation on education, the concept of “educational” is emphasized in “educational services”, and from the point of view of civil law norms, the concept of “services” is emphasized.

For the consumer market, the participants of which are connected by civil legal relations, the service provided, first of all, implies a paid basis, and consumers of services acquire a special status established by the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Protection of Consumer Rights”. Limiting factors are important here: firstly, the identity of the consumer (he can only be a citizen); secondly, the goal that consumers pursue when purchasing (ordering) services (it should not be related to business activities); thirdly, the conditions under which these services are provided to consumers (only under a paid agreement, i.e. for a fee).

In the field of education, the circle of consumers of educational services is not limited by the Law of the Russian Federation of February 7, 1992 No. 2300-1 “On the Protection of Consumer Rights” (hereinafter referred to as the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Protection of Consumer Rights”). These can be both individuals and legal entities. There are also no restrictive requirements for the purposes of purchasing educational services. Goals may be related to citizens meeting their personal needs, or they may be focused on the needs of legal entities in connection with their business or other activities. Educational services are purchased on different terms - on a paid or budget basis, therefore it is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of free and paid education.

In everyday life for the consumer, words such as “school”, “lyceum”, “gymnasium”, “institute”, “university” are sometimes combined under the general name “educational institution”, while the consumer usually does not think about the specific organizational and legal form of educational structure. In fact, this is a completely correct idea if we consider it from the point of view of the common goals of the listed educational institutions. However, not every educational institution occupies the same legal position in the current education system. In the names of educational organizations, in addition to the name itself (for example , secondary school No. 12; gymnasium No. 58; “College of Management”, “Saratov State Academy of Law”), reflecting the specific individualization and nature of the activity, there are such abbreviations as GOU, MOU, NOU, etc. It is these abbreviations that are the basis for the name of any educational organizations, since they indicate their organizational legal form, on which the conditions of further education partly depend. In this regard, before approaching a specific choice of a particular educational institution, it is necessary to learn how to determine the essence (meaning) of its name. Let’s try to figure out what the concept of “organizational and legal form” includes.

Under legal form is understood:

The method of securing and using property by an economic entity;

The legal status of an economic entity and the goals of its activities.

Economic entities are any legal entities, as well as organizations operating without forming a legal entity, and individual entrepreneurs.

The methods of securing and using the property of an economic entity are determined either by the entity itself (if it is an individual entrepreneur) or by its founder (if the entity is a legal entity or an organization without the rights of a legal entity) in accordance with established legal norms. According to civil law, property can be assigned to an economic entity on the right of ownership, economic management, operational management or on another legal basis (for example, on a lease basis).

Legal status (legal status) of an economic entity – This is a legally established position of a subject in society, characterized and determined by a set of rights and obligations, responsibilities and powers arising from legislative and other regulations.

Based on the goals of the activities carried out, business entities that are legal entities are divided:

For commercial organizations - organizations for which making profit and the ability to distribute it among participants is the main goal of their activity;

Non-profit organizations are organizations whose main purpose is not to generate profit and distribute it among participants, but to satisfy the non-material needs of citizens.

Legal entities that are commercial organizations, can be created in the form of economic partnerships and societies, production cooperatives, state and municipal unitary enterprises.

Legal entities that are non-profit organizations, can be created in the form of consumer cooperatives, public or religious organizations (associations), institutions, charitable and other funds, as well as in other forms provided by law (non-profit partnerships, autonomous non-profit organizations, etc.). Non-profit organizations can carry out entrepreneurial activities only insofar as this serves the achievement of the goals and objectives for which they were created.

To the above it should be added that under legal entity is understood as an institution, enterprise or organization that has independent civil rights and obligations and is characterized by the following distinctive features:

Organizational unity;

Availability of separate property in ownership, economic management or operational management;

Independent property liability for its obligations;

Participation in civil transactions on one’s own behalf;

Availability of a current or other financial account in a bank, independent balance sheet and estimate;

Participation in litigation as a plaintiff and defendant.

Individual entrepreneurs recognized individuals (citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons) registered in the prescribed manner and carrying out entrepreneurial activities without forming a legal entity. Individual entrepreneurs also include private notaries, private security guards, and private detectives.

When it comes to an educational institution of one type or another, you need to know the following. The main goal of any educational organization is to satisfy the non-material needs of citizens, expressed in two main functions: education and training. In this regard, educational institutions can operate only as non-profit organizations. In most cases, educational organizations are created in the form of an institution .

The Federal Law on Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education of November 3, 2006 No. 175-FZ amended the Law of the Russian Federation of July 10, 1992 No. 3266-1 “On Education” (hereinafter referred to as the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”), Federal Law of December 8, 1995 “On Non-Profit Organizations”, Civil Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) and a number of other legal acts. In particular, in accordance with paragraph I, 2 Art. 120 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, institutions are now divided into the following types:

Private (created by citizens or legal entities);

State (created by the Russian Federation and (or) subjects of the Russian Federation);

Municipal (created by municipalities).

Under private institution is understood as a non-profit organization created by the owner (citizen or legal entity) to carry out managerial, socio-cultural or other functions of a non-commercial nature (Clause 1, Article 9 of the Federal Law “On Non-Profit Organizations”). State And municipal institutions in turn, they can be budgetary or autonomous. The concept of a budgetary institution is not new; it was previously enshrined in paragraph 1 of Art. 161 of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation, however, Federal Law No. 175-FZ of November 3, 2006 specified the content of this concept: state-owned enterprises and autonomous institutions endowed with state or municipal property with the right of operational management cannot be recognized as budgetary institutions. An autonomous institution is recognized as a non-profit organization created by the Russian Federation, a constituent entity of the Russian Federation or a municipal entity to perform work, provide services in order to exercise the powers of state authorities and the powers of local governments provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation in the fields of science, education, healthcare, culture, social protection, employment population, physical culture and sports (clause 1, article 2 of the Federal Law “On Autonomous Institutions”).

To carry out their activities, educational institutions have the right to choose any other organizational and legal form that is provided for by civil law for non-profit organizations.

Educational institution is a non-profit organization created for the purpose of implementing the educational process aimed at educating and training citizens through the implementation of established educational programs. The official definition of an educational institution is formulated in Art. 12 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education".

A particular or other educational institution is determined depending on who is its founder. The founders of educational institutions can be:

State authorities of the Russian Federation (subjects of the Russian Federation), local government bodies;

Domestic and foreign organizations of any form of ownership, their associations (associations and unions);

Domestic and foreign public and private foundations;

Public and religious organizations (associations) registered on the territory of the Russian Federation;

Citizens of the Russian Federation and foreign citizens.

The composition of the founders of an educational institution may be limited in two cases. Firstly, institutions implementing military professional programs can only be created by the Government of the Russian Federation. Secondly, special closed educational institutions for children and adolescents with deviant (socially dangerous) behavior can only be created by the federal executive authorities of the Russian Federation and (or) constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Currently, there are three main types of educational institutions:

State (federal or under the jurisdiction of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation);

Municipal;

Non-state (private; institutions of public and religious organizations (associations)).

State authorities of the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, or local government bodies can act as founders of state and municipal educational institutions. The property of state and municipal educational institutions (both budgetary and autonomous) is the property of the government body of the Russian Federation (subject of the Russian Federation, local government body). The activities of budgetary educational institutions are financed in whole or in part from the relevant budget or state extra-budgetary fund based on estimates of income and expenses. The amount of allocated funds is determined according to funding standards, based on the calculation of costs per pupil or student, as well as on another basis. The owner of a budgetary educational institution exercises direct control over the use of funds in accordance with the established budget. The names of budgetary educational institutions contain the abbreviations GOU (state educational institution) or MOU (municipal educational institution).

The property that the owner allocates to a state or municipal educational institution is assigned to him with the right of operational management. Under operational management is understood as the right to own, use and dispose of property for its intended purpose, within the limits established by law, in accordance with the goals of the activity and the tasks determined by the owner. Budgetary educational institutions do not have the right to alienate or otherwise dispose of (sell, lease, provide as collateral, etc.) the property assigned to it, as well as property acquired from funds allocated to it by the owner according to the estimate. However, if a budgetary educational institution is granted the right to carry out income-generating activities, then the income received from such activity, as well as the property acquired from these incomes, comes to the independent disposal of the institution and is accounted for on a separate balance sheet.

The activities of budgetary state and municipal educational institutions are regulated by standard regulations that are approved by the Government of the Russian Federation. In accordance with these provisions, budgetary educational institutions develop their charters. Charter– this is one of the types of constituent documents on the basis of which a legal entity operates. The requirements for the charters of educational institutions are listed in Art. 13 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”.

Since Federal Law No. 175-FZ of November 3, 2006 has been in force relatively recently, it is still too early to talk about the existence of autonomous educational institutions (as one of the possible types of state and municipal educational institutions). However, it is worth noting that autonomous institutions, despite certain similarities with budget ones, have a number of differences. Thus, in particular, the founder sets tasks for the autonomous institution in accordance with the main activities provided for by its charter. The autonomous institution carries out activities in accordance with these tasks and obligations to the insurer for compulsory social insurance, partly for a fee or free of charge. Financial support for the activities of autonomous institutions is carried out in the form of subventions and subsidies from the relevant budget of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation and other sources not prohibited by federal laws. The income of an autonomous institution comes at its independent disposal and is used by it to achieve the goals for which it was created, unless otherwise provided by law. Every year, an autonomous institution is obliged to publish reports on its activities and the use of property assigned to it in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation and in the media determined by the founder of the autonomous institution. It is likely that autonomous educational institutions will appear in Russia in the near future.

Non-state educational institutions (NOU), like budgetary ones, they are non-profit organizations and can be created in the organizational and legal forms that are provided for them by the civil legislation of the Russian Federation. The founders of non-state educational organizations, as a rule, are state higher education institutions (for example, universities and academies), as well as institutions of public and religious organizations (associations) and private individuals. In most cases, non-state educational organizations are created in the form of private institutions (NOU), however, in recent years, such an organizational form as an autonomous non-profit organization (ANO) has become widespread. Training at non-state educational institutions and autonomous non-profit organizations is usually carried out on a paid basis. The right of non-state educational institutions to charge fees from students and pupils for educational services (including for training within the limits of state educational standards) is enshrined in paragraph 1 of Art. 46 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”. Paid educational activities of a non-state educational institution are not considered entrepreneurial if the income received from it is entirely used to reimburse the costs of providing the educational process (including wages), its development and improvement in a given educational institution.

Like budgetary educational institutions, NEIs and ANOs carry out their activities on the basis of charters. Standard provisions, which are mandatory for public educational institutions and MOUs, serve as exemplary ones for non-state educational institutions. Unlike budgetary institutions, non-state educational organizations can be owners of property in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation (clause 5, article 39 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education"). However, the issue of ownership of the NOU property causes conflicting opinions that arise in connection with the application of the norms of paragraph 2 of Art. 48 Civil Code of the Russian Federation. This part of the Code states that the founders have the right of ownership to the property of the institution, therefore, a non-state educational organization established in the form of an institution cannot own this property on the basis of the right of ownership. It seems that the norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation in this case take precedence over the norms of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education", since in paragraph 5 of Art. 39 of this Law contains a reference to compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. The property transferred to the ANO by its founders (founder), unlike the institution, is the property of an autonomous non-profit organization. The founders of an autonomous non-profit organization do not retain the rights to the property that they transfer into ownership (clause 1, article 10 of the Federal Law "On Non-Profit Organizations").

Educational institutions, being non-profit organizations, have the right to carry out entrepreneurial and other income-generating activities, but only in cases provided for by applicable law. At the same time, all types of activities carried out by educational institutions must be reflected in their charters. Thus, in particular, educational institutions have the right:

Trade in purchased goods, equipment;

Provision of intermediary services;

Equity participation in the activities of other institutions (including educational ones) and organizations;

Acquisition of shares, bonds, other securities and receipt of income (dividends, interest) on them;

Conducting income-generating other non-sales operations that are not directly related to own production of products, works, services provided for by the charter and with their implementation;

Renting out property.

Educational institutions have the right to open branches (divisions or other structural units), which can exercise fully or partially the powers of a legal entity, i.e. also conduct the educational process. Branches act on behalf of the institution that created them (since they are not legal entities), act on the basis of the charter of the educational institution and the regulations on the branch, and their heads - on the basis of a power of attorney issued by the head educational institution. A specific list of branches, departments, and other structural units must be indicated in the charter of the educational institution.

The type of educational institution is determined in accordance with the level and focus of the educational programs it implements. Today we can talk about the existence of the following types of educational institutions:

Preschool;

General education (primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general education);

Primary vocational education;

Secondary vocational education;

Higher professional education;

Postgraduate professional education;

Additional adult education;

For orphans and children left without parental care (legal representatives);

Special (correctional) (for students, pupils with developmental disabilities);

Other institutions carrying out the educational process.

The first five types of educational institutions are the main and most common; in this regard, we will briefly consider some of their features.

Preschool educational institutions (DOU) – This is a type of educational institution that implements general education programs for preschool education in various areas. The main objectives of preschool educational institutions are: ensuring the upbringing and early education of children; ensuring the protection and strengthening of the physical and mental health of children; ensuring the development of children's individual abilities; implementation of the necessary correction of deviations in the development of children; interaction with the family to ensure the full development of the child.

Traditionally, preschool educational institutions meet the needs of children aged 3–7 years. The nursery-kindergarten is intended for children aged 1 – 3 years, and in some cases – from 2 months to a year. Preschool educational institutions, in accordance with their focus, are divided into five main types

General developmental kindergarten– with priority implementation of one or several areas of development of pupils (intellectual, artistic-aesthetic, physical, etc.).

Kindergartens and general developmental kindergartens are traditional preschool educational institutions that implement basic preschool education programs in accordance with established state standards. The main goal of implementing these educational programs is the intellectual, artistic, aesthetic, moral and physical development of young children. Depending on the capabilities of a particular preschool institution (material and technical equipment, educational and teaching staff, etc.), they can carry out not only traditional educational programs of upbringing and training, but also some other priority educational areas (drawing training) , music, choreography, language skills, foreign languages).

Compensatory kindergarten– with priority implementation of qualified correction of deviations in the physical and mental development of pupils.

Kindergartens of this type are specialized and are created for children with various disabilities in physical and (or) mental development (including deaf, hard of hearing and late-deafened children, blind, visually impaired and late-blind children, children with severe speech impairments, with musculoskeletal disorders apparatus, with mental retardation, for the mentally retarded and other children with developmental disabilities). Children with developmental disabilities can also be admitted to preschool educational institutions of any other type if conditions for correctional work are available. In this case, admission is carried out only with the consent of parents (legal representatives) based on the conclusion of the psychological-pedagogical and medical-pedagogical commissions. Educational programs, methods (technologies) of education, correction and treatment in preschool educational institutions of this type are developed taking into account the specific specifics of the deviations that children have. The material and technical equipment of such kindergartens is somewhat different from ordinary ones, since these children need special care. Physiotherapeutic, massage, speech therapy and other rooms are created for children; swimming pools; herbal bars and dietary canteens; special devices and equipment in groups, etc. The number of correctional groups and their occupancy in kindergartens, both compensatory and regular, are determined by the charter of the preschool educational institution, depending on the sanitary standards and conditions necessary for the implementation of the process of education, training and correction. As a rule, the maximum group size (depending on the specific type) should not exceed 6-15 people.

Kindergarten care and health improvement– with priority implementation of sanitary and hygienic, preventive and health measures and procedures.

Such kindergartens are mainly designed for children under three years of age. The main attention is paid to sanitary and hygienic conditions, prevention and prevention of diseases in children. Health-improving and basic educational and training activities are carried out.

Combined kindergarten. Children's educational institutions of this type may include general education, compensatory and recreational groups in various combinations.

Child Development Center– a kindergarten with the implementation of physical and mental development, correction and improvement of all pupils.

Child development centers focus on an individual approach to each child. The priority areas are the intellectual, artistic and aesthetic development of children: the development of individual motivation for knowledge and creativity; promoting health and meeting children’s needs for physical education and sports. To implement the educational process and promote health, gaming, sports and health complexes are created in real educational institutions; swimming pools; computer classes. Art studios, children's theaters, various clubs, sections can be organized - and all this within the framework of one child development center. In addition to educators, psychologists, speech therapists, and other specialists work with children. A child can stay in such an institution either all day or for a certain number of hours (attend any separate classes) - at the discretion of the parents.

Most kindergartens are municipal and (or) state educational institutions. However, in recent years, many private (non-state) preschool educational institutions have appeared.

If parents believe that the standard set of educational services offered is sufficient for the child, as well as in the case of financial difficulties for the family or for other reasons (for example, the choice of preschool educational institution is limited), then it makes sense to enroll the child in a state or municipal preschool institution. The procedure for staffing a preschool educational institution is determined by the founder. Budgetary preschool educational institutions primarily admit children of working single parents, student mothers, disabled people of groups I and II; children from large families; children in care; children whose parents (one of the parents) are in military service; children of the unemployed and forced migrants, students. The number of groups in such preschool educational institutions is determined by the founder based on their maximum occupancy rate, adopted when calculating the budget funding standard. As a rule, groups (depending on the type of group) should not contain more than 8-20 children.

In the case where parents have money and have increased demands on the organization of the educational, educational and health process in kindergarten and an individual approach to the child, it is worth choosing a non-state (private) preschool institution. Such preschool educational institutions have at their disposal swimming pools, sometimes saunas, large game rooms, expensive educational and gaming material, superior bedrooms, the highest quality and extremely varied diet, as well as other benefits, the provision of which, of course, requires significant material costs . The group size usually does not exceed 10 people, and the educational programs implemented are focused on more in-depth and varied education for children.

However, all of the amenities listed above, as well as additional educational and educational programs, can currently be offered on a paid basis by state and municipal preschool institutions, which have the right to provide additional paid educational and other services, subject to their licensing. As for the process of education and training, in almost any preschool institution the basic comprehensive educational program established by law is taken as a basis. There are currently many preschool educational programs and technologies, these are the programs: “Origins”, “Rainbow”, “Childhood”, “Development”, “Kindergarten-House of Joy”, “Golden Key” and others. All of them are focused on properly ensuring the upbringing and early education of children and the development of their individual characteristics. Thus, it is not at all necessary to look for a private kindergarten, but you can use the services provided by a state or municipal preschool educational institution for an additional fee. In any case, when choosing a preschool institution, you should take care of the interests of the child, taking into account his desires, and not about satisfying his own ambitions in the prestige of the educational level provided to him. teachers), it is worth seriously thinking about how correctly they are doing when making such a decision. After all, it is in a preschool institution that a child gains communication skills with peers, learns to navigate in a group, and compare collective interests with his own. All this happens under the direct control of educators and teachers. No matter how high-quality home education is, it cannot fully provide everything that a child could receive by attending kindergarten.

In addition to preschool educational institutions themselves, there are also educational institutions for children of preschool and primary school age. In such institutions, both general education programs of preschool education and programs of primary general education are implemented. Such educational institutions are created for children aged 3–10 years, and in exceptional cases - from an earlier age. It can be:

Kindergarten – primary school;

Kindergarten of a compensatory type (with the implementation of qualified correction of deviations in the physical and mental development of pupils and students) – primary school;

Pro-gymnasium (with priority implementation of one or several areas of development of pupils and students (intellectual, artistic-aesthetic, physical, etc.)). In pro-gymnasiums, children are prepared for entering the gymnasium.

General educational institutions Depending on the levels of educational programs being implemented, they are divided into the following types.

Primary school– R implements the general education program of primary general education (normative period of development is 4 years). Primary school is the first (primary) stage of school education, at which children acquire basic (fundamental) knowledge for further education - receiving basic general education. The main tasks of institutions of primary general education are the education and development of students, their mastery of reading, writing, counting, basic skills of educational activities, elements of theoretical thinking, simple self-control skills, culture of behavior and speech, the basics of personal hygiene and a healthy lifestyle.

Currently, primary secondary schools are represented by three main state education systems: traditional, the system of developmental education by L.V. Zankov and the system of developmental education by D.B. Elkonin - V.V. Davydov. In elementary-level educational institutions, such experimental programs as “Harmony”, “Primary School of the 21st Century”, “Perspective”, “Russian School”, etc. are also being implemented. All of them are aimed at in-depth study of academic subjects and expanded intellectual and moral development of students.

Basic secondary school– implements general educational programs of basic general education (normative period of development is 5 years - the second (basic) stage of general education). The objectives of basic general education are to create conditions for the education, formation and formation of the student’s personality, for the development of his inclinations, interests and ability for social self-determination. Basic general education is the basis for obtaining secondary (complete) general education, primary and secondary vocational education. Primary general education programs can be implemented in a basic general education school.

middle School of General education . – implements general education programs of secondary (complete) general education (normative period of development is 2 years - third (senior) level of general education). The objectives of secondary (complete) general education are the development of interest in knowledge and the creative abilities of the student, the formation of skills in independent learning activities based on the differentiation of learning. Secondary (complete) general education is the basis for obtaining primary vocational, secondary vocational (under shortened accelerated programs) and higher vocational education.

In accordance with the Concept of modernization of Russian education for the period until 2010, approved by Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2001 No. 1756-r, specialized training is provided for at the third level of secondary school, implemented through the creation of specialized schools. Profile training is a means of differentiation and individualization of learning, which allows, through changes in the structure, content and organization of the educational process, to most fully take into account the interests, inclinations and abilities of students, to create conditions for the training of high school students in accordance with their professional interests and intentions regarding continued education. Profile training is aimed at implementing a person-oriented educational process and socialization of students, including taking into account the real needs of the labor market. Profile school– this is the main institutional form of realizing the goal of specialized training. In the future, other forms of organizing specialized training are envisaged, including those that will extend the implementation of relevant educational standards and programs beyond the walls of a separate educational institution. For the most effective implementation of the process of specialized training, direct contact of the specialized school with institutions of primary, secondary and higher vocational education is provided.

The preliminary stage of introducing specialized education is the beginning of the transition to pre-profile education in the last (9th) grade of the main stage of general education.

Educational programs of primary general and basic general education can also be implemented in secondary schools.

Secondary school with in-depth study of individual subjects– implements general education programs of secondary (complete) general education, providing additional (in-depth) training for students in one or more subjects. Can implement educational programs of primary general and basic general education. The main task of such schools (sometimes called special schools) is to teach (in addition to basic educational subjects) within the framework of a narrow specialization in a separate subject (subjects). This significantly distinguishes special schools from gymnasiums and lyceums, which implement a wide range of additional academic disciplines. For the most part, these are special sports schools, schools with in-depth study of foreign languages, and physics and mathematics schools.

Gymnasium– general education programs of basic general and secondary (complete) general education are implemented, providing additional (in-depth) training for students, as a rule, in humanities subjects. Significant attention is paid to the study of foreign languages, cultural, and philosophical disciplines. Gymnasiums can implement general education programs of primary general education. In most cases, children with increased motivation to learn study in gymnasiums. Gymnasium classes can also be organized in regular secondary schools.

Lyceum– an educational institution that implements general educational programs of basic general and secondary (complete) general education. Lyceums organize in-depth study of a group of academic subjects in a specific profile (technical, natural science, aesthetic, physical and mathematical, etc.). Lyceums, like gymnasiums, can implement general education programs of primary general education. Lyceums are designed to create optimal conditions for the moral, aesthetic, and physical development of students with established interests in choosing a profession and further education. Individualized curricula and plans are widely practiced in lyceums. Lyceums can be created as independent educational institutions, or they can function as lyceum classes in regular secondary schools, collaborating with higher educational institutions and manufacturing enterprises. Currently, some lyceums have the status of experimental educational institutions with proprietary models and teaching technologies.

Institutions of primary vocational education. Just recently, in our country, careless students were frightened: “If you study poorly, if you don’t come to your senses, you’ll go to a vocational school!” Moreover, this “horror story” was more than real. After graduating from basic school, teenagers from disadvantaged families (underachievers and others like them) went straight to vocational technical schools (vocational schools), where they were instilled with work skills and tried to raise “pedagogically neglected” children as worthy citizens of our society. Since school graduates often received a “ticket” to vocational schools not of their own free will, they studied carelessly - only a small part of vocational school students found employment in their specialty after graduation. Because of this, these educational institutions did not have the best reputation, and the percentage of vocational school graduates retaining jobs barely exceeded 50%. However, time does not stand still, and, as statistics show, currently the percentage of employment in blue-collar jobs for this group of young people is close to 80%. And given that unemployment in Russia is still very high, then it is worth considering what is better: higher education from scratch (immediately after high school) and the possible status of the unemployed upon completion of studies at the university or a diploma of a vocational school graduate, guaranteed salary, work experience and opportunities for further training? Working specialties have always been needed, and today, when a significant part of the younger generation dreams of becoming businessmen and managers, looking for easy ways to earn money, the need for qualified workers is only increasing.

The main goal of primary vocational education institutions is to train skilled workers (workers and employees) in all main areas of socially useful activity on the basis of basic general and secondary (complete) general education. It should be noted that such a formulation of the main goal of primary vocational education is somewhat outdated. At present, it can be formulated in a new way - the maximum satisfaction of the needs of all sectors of the domestic economy by qualified professional workers and specialists.

Initial vocational education is a good start for continuing education in the chosen specialty or obtaining a new one with the already existing baggage of professional knowledge and practical labor skills.

Primary vocational education institutions include:

Professional institute;

Professional Lyceum;

Training and course center (point);

Training and production center;

Technical school;

Evening (shift) school.

Vocational schools(construction, sewing, electrical engineering, communications, etc.) - the main type of institution of primary vocational education, in which the most widespread training of qualified professional workers and specialists is carried out. The standard duration of training is 2-3 years (depending on the level of education upon admission, the chosen specialty, profession). On the basis of vocational schools, innovative methods can be developed and implemented in the field of primary vocational education in the appropriate profile of training qualified personnel, ensuring a high level of vocational education and training, satisfying the needs of the individual and production.

Vocational lyceums(technical, construction, commercial, etc.) - a center for continuous professional education, which, as a rule, carries out intersectoral and interregional training of qualified specialists and workers in complex, knowledge-intensive professions. In vocational lyceums you can obtain not only a specific profession with an advanced level of qualifications and complete secondary (complete) general education, but also, in some cases, acquire secondary vocational education. This type of institution is a kind of support center for the development of primary vocational education, on the basis of which scientific research can be carried out to improve the content of the educational process, educational program documentation, ensuring the training of competitive personnel in market conditions.

Training center (point), training and production center, technical school(mining and mechanical, maritime, forestry, etc.), evening (shift) school carry out educational programs for retraining, advanced training of workers and specialists, as well as training of workers and specialists of the appropriate skill level in an accelerated form of training.

In addition to the fact that training in budgetary (state and municipal) institutions of primary vocational education is free, their students are guaranteed scholarships, places in dormitories, reduced or free meals, as well as other types of benefits and material assistance in accordance with the competence of the educational institution and current standards .

Educational institutions of secondary vocational education (secondary specialized educational institutions). The main goals and objectives of the activities of educational institutions of secondary vocational education are:

Training of mid-level specialists on the basis of basic general, secondary (complete) general or primary vocational education;

Satisfying the needs of the labor market (taking into account industry demands of the economic sector) for specialists with secondary vocational education;

If they have the appropriate license, educational institutions of secondary vocational education can implement educational programs of primary vocational education and additional professional educational programs of secondary vocational and initial vocational education.

Secondary specialized educational institutions include technical schools and colleges.

Technical school (school)(agricultural, irrigation and drainage technical school; river, pedagogical school, etc.) - implements basic professional educational programs of basic level secondary vocational education.

College(medical, economic, etc.) – implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic and advanced levels.

Technical schools and colleges provide professional training at a more complex level than in institutions of primary vocational education, and, accordingly, it is much more difficult to enter them. Basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education can be mastered in various forms of training, differing in the volume of classroom lessons and the organization of the educational process: full-time, part-time (evening), correspondence forms or in the form of external studies. A combination of different forms of training is allowed. Standard terms of study for educational programs of secondary vocational education are established by the state educational standard of secondary vocational education. As a rule, training lasts 3–4 years. If necessary, the duration of training for specific educational programs of secondary vocational education can be increased compared to the standard duration of study. The decision to increase the duration of training is made by the state authority or local government body in charge of the secondary specialized educational institution. For persons who have primary vocational education in the relevant profile, secondary vocational or higher vocational education or another sufficient level of previous training and (or) abilities, training in abbreviated or accelerated educational programs of secondary vocational education is allowed, the procedure for the implementation of which is established by the federal education authority.

A large number of graduates of educational institutions of secondary vocational education receive a fairly high theoretical level of knowledge, skills and abilities, which allows them to work in their specialty for several years without receiving higher professional education. In some cases, a diploma of secondary specialized education gives the right to receive higher professional education (usually in the same specialty, but at a higher level) in a shortened period of time (up to three years). Students of secondary vocational institutions can combine work with study, and, if education of this level is acquired for the first time, and the educational institution has state accreditation, enjoy the benefits established by the labor legislation of the Russian Federation (study leave, free travel to the place of study, etc.).

By the way, this rule also applies to students of educational institutions of primary vocational education. Full-time students receiving secondary vocational education at the expense of budget funds are provided with scholarships in the prescribed manner. A secondary specialized educational institution, within the limits of available budgetary and extra-budgetary funds, independently, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, develops and implements measures of social support for students, including establishing scholarships and other social benefits and benefits depending on their financial situation and academic success. For success in mastering educational programs, in experimental design and other work, various forms of moral and material incentives are established for students. Students in need of living space are provided with places in a dormitory if the appropriate housing stock of the secondary specialized educational institution is available.

Educational institutions of higher professional education (higher education institutions). It makes no sense to talk specifically about the priority of higher education, since it was, is and always will be. The development of a market economy, scientific and technological progress dictate new requirements, which are impossible to meet without a high level of education. In recent years, it has become the norm to have two or more higher education degrees.

The problem of obtaining higher education is solvable; the only question remains is its quality. Of course, you can buy a diploma from one or another university; such services, unfortunately, exist now, but it is impossible to acquire true knowledge for a fee without the proper desire of the student himself and the corresponding efforts of a higher educational institution.

The goals and objectives of educational institutions of higher professional education are:

Training and retraining of specialists at the appropriate level on the basis of secondary (complete) general and secondary vocational education;

Satisfying the state's needs for qualified specialists with higher education and highly qualified scientific and pedagogical personnel;

Training, retraining and advanced training of specialists and managers;

Organization and conduct of fundamental and applied scientific research and other scientific, technical, development work, including on educational issues;

Satisfying the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education.

In accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on education, the following types of higher educational institutions are established: institute, university, academy . These higher educational institutions (each in accordance with its specifics) implement educational programs of higher professional education; educational programs of postgraduate professional education; carry out training, retraining and (or) advanced training of workers for a certain area of ​​professional, scientific and scientific-pedagogical activity. On the base universities And academies University and academic complexes can be created that unite educational institutions that implement educational programs at various levels, other institutions and non-profit organizations or structural divisions separated from them. Higher educational institutions of any type (including their branches) can implement educational programs of primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general, primary and secondary vocational education, as well as additional vocational education if they have the appropriate license.

State registration and licensing. In order to begin its activities, any educational organization must first of all obtain the status of a legal entity. This status arises from the moment of state registration and is confirmed by a certificate of state registration as a legal entity. State registration of legal entities – This is an act of the authorized federal executive body, carried out by entering into the Unified State Register of Legal Entities information on the creation, reorganization and liquidation of legal entities, as well as other necessary information about legal entities.

The procedure for registering legal entities is established by Federal Law No. 129-FZ of August 8, 2001 “On State Registration of Legal Entities and Individual Entrepreneurs.” The authorized body, within the time limits established by this law, registers the educational institution, and notifies the applicant, financial authorities and the relevant state education management body in writing. The state registration certificate indicates:

Full and abbreviated name of the legal entity (indicating the organizational and legal form);

Main state registration number;

Registration date;

Name of the registering authority.

From the moment of state registration as a legal entity, an educational institution has the right to carry out financial and economic activities provided for by its charter and aimed at preparing the educational process.

State registration is only the first step on the path of an educational institution to the implementation of its main goal of activity - the implementation of the educational and educational process. The right to educational activities arises only from the moment of obtaining the appropriate license.

Licensing of an educational institution carried out in accordance with the Regulations on licensing of educational activities, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 18, 2000 No. 796). According to clause 1 of this Regulation, the activities of educational institutions implementing programs are subject to licensing:

Preschool education;

General (primary, basic, secondary (complete) education);

Additional education for children;

professional training;

Professional (primary, secondary, higher, postgraduate, additional) education (including military professional education).

A license is also required for scientific organizations and educational departments of organizations engaged in professional training.

Without a license, educational institutions have the right to provide educational services that are not accompanied by final certification and issuance of documents on education and (or) qualifications. Such services include: one-time lectures; internships; seminars and some other types of training. Individual labor teaching activities, including in the field of vocational training, are not subject to licensing.

A license for the right to carry out educational activities is issued by an authorized executive body, based on the conclusion of an expert commission. Licenses for the right to conduct educational activities to educational institutions of religious organizations (associations) are issued upon the recommendation of the leadership of the relevant denomination. The expert commission is created by the authorized executive body, at the request of the founder, and carries out its work within a month. The examination is necessary to determine the compliance of the conditions for the implementation of the educational process with established state and local requirements and standards (for example, sanitary and hygienic standards; conditions for protecting the health of students, pupils and workers and other requirements). The subject of the licensing examination is not: the content, organization and methods of the educational process.

The license issued to an educational institution must indicate:

Name of the authority that issued the license;

Registration number of the license and the date of the decision to issue it;

Name (indicating the organizational and legal form) and location of the licensee;

Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN);

License validity period.

The license must necessarily contain an application that records data such as:

List of educational programs, directions and specialties of training for which the right to conduct educational activities is granted, their level (stages) and focus, standard periods of development;

A qualification that will be assigned upon completion of education to graduates by an educational institution that has a certificate of state accreditation;

Control standards and maximum number of students, pupils, calculated in relation to the standards of full-time education.

It should be remembered that in the absence of such an application, the license is invalid.

Certification and state accreditation. With the receipt of a license, the second stage of legislative registration of educational activities is completed. The next stages are certification and state accreditation of the educational institution. Under certification is understood as a form of state-public control over the quality of education in educational institutions. Certification is carried out to establish compliance of the content, level and quality of graduates’ training with the requirements of state educational standards. The unified procedure for certification and state accreditation of educational institutions (all types and types) is determined by the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”, as well as the Regulations on the procedure for certification and state accreditation of educational institutions, approved by order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation dated May 22, 1998 No. 1327. Certification is carried out according to application of an educational institution by the state certification commission, as a rule, once every five years. The first certification of a newly created educational institution is carried out after the first graduation of students, but not earlier than three years from the date the educational institution receives the appropriate license. The condition for certification of an educational institution issuing a document of education is the positive results of the final certification of at least half of the graduates of the educational institution for three consecutive years. Certification of preschool educational institutions, educational institutions for orphans and children left without parental care (legal representatives), special (correctional) educational institutions for students, pupils with developmental disabilities, additional education institutions, as well as newly created experimental educational institutions is carried out the relevant state education management body in the manner prescribed by the standard regulations on these educational institutions. The form and procedure for certification, as well as certification technologies and certification criteria are determined by the body carrying out certification. A positive conclusion on attestation is a condition for an educational institution to receive state accreditation.

In order for an educational institution to have the right to issue state-recognized documents on the appropriate level of education to its graduates, as well as to use a seal depicting the State Emblem of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to go through the state accreditation procedure and obtain an appropriate certificate. State accreditation of an educational institution- this is a procedure for recognition by the state in the person of its state educational authorities state status of an educational institution(type, type, category of educational institution, determined in accordance with the level and focus of educational programs being implemented). State accreditation of educational institutions is carried out by authorized executive bodies on the basis of an application from an educational institution and a conclusion on its certification.

State accreditation of an educational institution is the final, most important stage on the way to official consolidation and recognition of educational activities. The certificate of state accreditation of an educational institution confirms its state status, the level of educational programs being implemented, the compliance of the content and quality of training of graduates with the requirements of state educational standards, the right to issue state documents to graduates on the appropriate level of education. The certificate of state accreditation issued to preschool educational institutions and institutions of additional education for children confirms the state status of the relevant educational institution, the level of educational programs it implements, and the category of this educational institution. Educational institutions can receive public accreditation in various Russian, foreign and international public educational, scientific and industrial structures. Such accreditation does not entail additional financial obligations on the part of the state.

The certificate of state accreditation shall indicate:

Name of the authority that issued the certificate;

Registration number of the certificate;

Date of issue of the certificate;

Full name (indicating the organizational and legal form);

Type and type of educational institution;

Location (legal address) of the educational institution;

The validity period of the certificate itself.

The certificate of state accreditation must have an annex (without which it is invalid), which indicates:

Accredited educational programs (basic and additional) of all levels of education implemented by an educational institution;

Validity period of state accreditation for each implemented educational program;

Qualifications (degrees) that will be awarded to graduates of an educational institution;

Names and location of branches (departments) (if any);

List of accredited programs implemented in each branch (department).

Branches (departments) of educational institutions must also undergo licensing, certification and state accreditation procedures in the general manner established for educational institutions by the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”. Branches (departments) undergo certification and licensing independently (with the receipt of a separate license). State accreditation of branches (departments) is carried out as part of a basic educational institution. Branches of an educational institution that implements an educational program (educational programs) in full through distance educational technologies (with the exception of some classes) in these branches have the right to undergo certification and state accreditation as part of the educational institution of which they are separate structural divisions.

Familiarization of the consumer with the charter (regulations) of an educational institution, a license for the right to conduct educational activities, a certificate of state accreditation and other documents confirming the status of the institution and regulating the organization of the educational process is legal consumer right.

In practice, the question often arises whether licensing, certification and state accreditation procedures are mandatory for organizations engaged in educational activities.

Obtaining a license to carry out educational activities, as discussed above, is mandatory if the educational institution provides services accompanied by final certification and issuance of documents on education and (or) qualifications. An organization carrying out educational activities without a license may be brought to administrative liability under Part 1 of Art. 19.20 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses (hereinafter referred to as the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation) “Carrying out activities not related to making a profit without a special permit (license), if such a permit (such a license) is mandatory (mandatory)”). This offense entails the imposition of an administrative fine on the educational institution in the amount of 100 to 200 times the minimum wage (minimum wage).

State accreditation and certification are not mandatory, but their absence deprives the educational institution and persons intending to receive (receiving) education in a non-accredited institution of a number of very significant opportunities:

The right to issue state-issued educational documents to its graduates;

The right to use a seal depicting the State Emblem of the Russian Federation;

The right to admission (transfer) to study at accredited universities without undergoing preliminary certification in the form of an external study at an accredited university;

The rights of citizens combining work with study (applicants or students) and receiving secondary and (or) higher vocational education for the first time in non-accredited educational institutions to guarantees and compensation provided for them by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation (this condition also applies to citizens studying in evening (replacement) general educational institutions that have not passed state accreditation);

Grounds for granting a deferment for conscription for military service in accordance with paragraph. 1 sub. “a” clause 2 of Art. 24 of the Federal Law of March 28, 1998 No. 53-FZ “On Military Duty and Military Service.”

State accreditation and certification of an educational institution is not only an assigned state status, it is confirmation of the level, content and quality of educational programs to the requirements of state educational standards. Do you want to receive high-quality education, benefits, guarantees and compensation established by the legislation of the Russian Federation? Please note that the educational institution has documents confirming that it has passed state accreditation and certification. At the same time, familiarize yourself not only with the certificate of state accreditation, but also with its appendix, because it determines the list of accredited educational programs and qualifications (degrees) that will be awarded upon graduation from the educational institution. And under no circumstances fall for the trick of non-state educational organizations that justify their lack of state accreditation and certification by citing their organizational and legal form.

When choosing an educational institution, you need to consider a number of factors.

Firstly, remember that the relationship between a preschool educational institution (regardless of its type) and parents (legal representatives) is governed by an agreement between them, which cannot limit the rights of the parties established by law.

Secondly When choosing a kindergarten or school for your child, as well as a vocational education institution, know that the prestige of education and its quality are not identical concepts. The high cost of educational services does not guarantee high quality, and the prestige of an educational organization can only be a well-planned advertising campaign that is successfully carried out year after year.

Third When deciding on choosing an elementary school for your child, it is useful to ask which teacher will carry out the process of education and training, as well as find out about his professional level, teaching experience, personal qualities, age (this also matters!). There is no need to think that the desire to be informed will be considered immodesty and (or) excessive curiosity - this is a normal phenomenon, because the success of a child’s education and his adaptation to school largely depends on the personality of the teacher, his professionalism, and the ability to find an individual approach.

Fourth, sources of information about educational institutions can be:

Printed media – specialized reference books, manuals, newspapers and magazines, advertising brochures, booklets;

Internet;

Television, radio;

Specialized exhibitions and educational fairs;

Territorial education authorities (consumers sometimes simply do not know that relevant information can also be obtained from this source);

Acquaintances or other persons who studied (are studying) at the educational institution about which you need to obtain information;

Other sources.

Fifthly It is advisable not only to perceive information by ear and assimilate what is read, but also to have your own idea of ​​the educational institution through direct visual acquaintance with it. Any details matter: in which microdistrict the educational institution is located; what is the transport accessibility to it; what is located in the adjacent territory and what condition it is in (this is especially important when choosing kindergartens and schools); what classrooms (auditoriums), playrooms and sleeping areas (if it is a preschool educational institution), library, gym, dining room look like; what kind of material and technical equipment is this institution equipped with; what is the state of the educational and gaming (for preschool educational institutions) and educational and methodological base. In addition, if an applicant needs housing during his studies, he should clarify whether the educational organization has a dormitory and what the living conditions are.

At sixth , it is necessary to pay attention to the duration (term) of the activity of the educational institution and the status of its founder (this is of particular importance for private educational organizations).

Chapter 3. Organizations carrying out educational activities

Article 21. Educational activities

1. Educational activities are carried out by educational organizations, and in cases established by this Federal Law, by scientific organizations and other legal entities (hereinafter referred to as educational organizations). Educational activities are subject to licensing, unless otherwise provided by this Federal Law.

2. The right to carry out educational activities for the implementation of basic and additional general educational programs, vocational training programs, as well as activities for supervision and care, education is granted to an individual entrepreneur without forming a legal entity, including within the framework of individual pedagogical activities, subject to the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation Federation, presented for the implementation of educational activities in the specified educational programs.

Article 22. Creation, reorganization and liquidation of educational organizations

1. An educational organization is created in the form of an institution or an autonomous non-profit organization in the manner established by the civil legislation of the Russian Federation for a non-profit organization of the corresponding organizational and legal form. The authorized federal executive body carrying out state registration of legal entities, in the manner and within the time limits established by the legislation on state registration of legal entities, notifies the federal executive body exercising control and supervision functions in the field of education, or the executive body of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, exercising the delegated powers of the Russian Federation to license educational activities, on the state registration of an educational organization.

2. An educational organization, depending on who created it, is state, municipal or private. A state educational organization is one created by the Russian Federation on the basis of property owned by the federal government, or by a subject of the Russian Federation on the basis of property owned by that subject of the Russian Federation. A municipal is an educational organization created by a municipal entity (municipal district or city district) on the basis of property owned by the corresponding municipal entity. A private educational organization is an educational organization created in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation by the owner (citizen (citizens) and (or) legal entity (legal entities, their associations)), with the exception of the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation and municipalities.

3. Educational organizations implementing educational programs in areas of training (specialties) in the field of defense and state security, ensuring law and order, can only be created by the Russian Federation.

4. Educational organizations implementing educational programs for children and adolescents with deviant (socially dangerous) behavior (educational institutions) are created by the Russian Federation or a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.

5. An educational organization is reorganized and liquidated in the manner prescribed by the civil legislation of the Russian Federation, taking into account the specifics established by this Federal Law, unless this entails a violation of the constitutional rights of citizens in the field of education, including the rights of citizens to receive free education. The adoption by a federal executive body, an executive body of a subject of the Russian Federation or a local government body of a decision on the reorganization or liquidation of a state and (or) municipal educational organization is not allowed without a preliminary expert assessment by this body of the consequences of the decision taken to ensure the rights of citizens to education, in the manner established by Article 95 of this Federal Law. Reorganization and liquidation of municipal educational organizations that implement basic general education programs and are located in rural areas is allowed only with the consent of the population of rural settlements served by this institution, expressed by the representative bodies of the relevant rural settlements, or by a gathering of citizens.

6. The creation, reorganization and liquidation of international (interstate) educational organizations is carried out in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation.

Article 23. Types of educational organizations

1. Educational organizations, in accordance with the educational programs they implement, are divided into types. 2. In the Russian Federation, the following types of educational organizations are established that implement the main educational programs:
1) preschool educational organization– a type of educational organization that carries out educational activities for the implementation of educational programs for preschool education and supervision and care of children as the main (statutory) type of activity;
2) educational organization– the type of educational organization that carries out educational activities as the main (statutory) type of activity for the implementation of educational programs of primary general, basic general and (or) secondary general education;
3) professional educational organization– type of educational organization that carries out educational activities for the implementation of educational programs of secondary vocational education as the main (statutory) type of activity;
4) educational organization of higher education- the type of educational organization that carries out educational activities for the implementation of educational programs of higher education as the main (statutory) type of activity.

3. In the Russian Federation, the following types of educational organizations are established that implement additional educational programs:
1) organization of additional education- the type of educational organization that, as the main (statutory) type of activity, carries out educational activities for the implementation of additional general educational programs;
2) organization of additional professional education- the type of educational organization that carries out educational activities for the implementation of additional professional programs as the main (statutory) type of activity.

4. Educational organizations specified in parts 2 and 3 of this article have the right to carry out educational activities to implement the following educational programs that are not related to the main educational activities:
1) preschool educational organizations– additional general developmental programs for children;
2) general education organizations– educational programs of preschool education, additional general education programs, vocational training programs;
3) professional educational organizations– basic and additional educational programs, with the exception of educational programs of higher education;
4) educational organizations of higher education– basic and additional educational programs;
5) organizations of additional education– educational programs of preschool education;
6) organizations of additional professional education– training programs for scientific and pedagogical personnel, residency programs.

5. The type of educational organization is determined upon its creation (reorganization) or renaming in accordance with the legislation on education and is enshrined in the charter. The name of the educational organization must be determined in accordance with the requirements established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and contain an indication of the nature of its activities and the type of educational organization, taking into account its organizational and legal form.

6. Educational organizations within the same type may use special names in their names in accordance with the characteristics of the educational activities carried out (levels and focus of educational programs, integration of various types of educational programs, special conditions for their implementation and (or) special needs of students), as well as additionally functions performed related to the provision of education (content, treatment, rehabilitation, correction, psychological and pedagogical support, boarding school, research, technological activities and others provided for by the legislation on education).

1. In the Russian Federation, in relation to educational organizations of higher education, the Government of the Russian Federation may establish the following categories: “federal university” and “national research university”. When establishing an educational organization of higher education in the category “federal university” or “national research university,” an indication of the established category is included in the name of such organization.

2. Federal universities are created by decision of the President of the Russian Federation by the Government of the Russian Federation in the form of an autonomous institution, including on the basis of educational organizations of higher education under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation, and scientific organizations under the jurisdiction of federal executive authorities, state academies of sciences, their regional branches. When creating federal universities, the Government of the Russian Federation takes into account proposals from the legislative and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, prepared on the basis of programs for the socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

3. The development of federal universities is carried out within the framework of programs approved by the Government of the Russian Federation and providing for the conditions for implementation and criteria for assessing the effectiveness of the educational process, integration of educational and research activities, modernization and improvement of the material and technical base and socio-cultural infrastructure, integration into the world educational space. The list of indicators and criteria for assessing the effectiveness of the activities of federal universities in terms of ensuring a high level of the educational process, research and technological work are established by the federal executive body that carries out the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of education.

4. The category “national research university” is established by the Government of the Russian Federation of an educational organization of higher education for 10 years based on the results of a competitive selection of development programs for educational organizations of higher education, aimed at staffing priority areas for the development of science, technology, engineering, economic sectors, social sphere, development and introduction of high technologies into production. The regulations on the competitive selection of development programs for educational organizations of higher education (including the procedure and conditions for their financing) are approved by the Government of the Russian Federation. The list of indicators, criteria and frequency of assessing the effectiveness of the implementation of development programs for national research universities are established by the federal executive body responsible for developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of education. An educational organization of higher education, based on the results of assessing the effectiveness of the implementation of development programs, may be deprived by the Government of the Russian Federation of the category “national research university”.

Article 25. Charter of an educational organization

1. An educational organization operates on the basis of a charter approved in accordance with this Federal Law and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.

2. The charter of a civil educational institution in the part not regulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation is approved by its founder.

3. The charter of an educational organization must contain, in addition to those provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, the following information:
1) founder (founders) of an educational organization;
2) types of educational programs being implemented, indicating the level of education and focus;
3) the structure and competence of the governing bodies of the educational organization, the procedure for their formation and terms of office.

4. An educational organization must create conditions for familiarizing all employees and students with its charter.

Article 26. Management of an educational organization

1. Management of an educational organization is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, taking into account the specifics established by this Federal Law and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.

2. Management of an educational organization is based on a combination of the principles of unity of command and collegiality.

3. The sole executive body of an educational organization is the head of the educational organization (rector, director, head, chief or other manager (administrator)), who directly manages the educational organization.

4. In educational organizations, in cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, this Federal Law and the charter of the educational organization, collegial management bodies are also formed to carry out certain functions in managing the educational organization.

5. The collegial governing bodies of an educational organization include the general meeting (conference) of employees of the educational organization, the council of the educational organization (academic council, pedagogical council, parent committee and (or) student council), board of trustees, management council, supervisory board, and other bodies provided for charter of the educational organization. These bodies carry out their activities in accordance with the legislation on education, the charter of the educational organization and the regulations on them, approved in the manner established by the charter of the educational organization.

Article 27. Structure of an educational organization

1. Educational organizations are independent in forming their structure, unless otherwise established by this Federal Law.

2. An educational organization may have in its structure various structural units that ensure the implementation of educational activities, taking into account the level, type and focus of the educational programs being implemented, the form of education and the mode of stay of students, including branches, representative offices, departments, faculties, institutes, centers, departments, preparatory departments and courses, research, methodological and educational departments, laboratories, design bureaus, doctoral studies, educational and educational production workshops, clinical bases, educational and experimental farms, training grounds, training practice bases, educational theatres, educational concert halls, artistic and creative workshops, libraries, physical education and sports clubs, industrial and social infrastructure facilities, dormitories, boarding schools, psychological and socio-pedagogical services that provide social rehabilitation to students in need.

3. Structural units of an educational organization, including branches and representative offices, are not legal entities and act on the basis of the charter of the educational organization and the regulations on the corresponding structural unit, approved in the manner prescribed by the charter of the educational organization. A branch of an educational organization may not be assigned the functions of carrying out educational activities. Carrying out educational activities in the representative office of an educational organization is prohibited.

4. Branches of federal state educational organizations are created and liquidated by the founder in agreement with the federal executive body exercising the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of education.

5. The creation of branches of state educational organizations under the jurisdiction of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, or municipal educational organizations on the territory of another constituent entity of the Russian Federation or municipal entity is carried out in agreement, respectively, with the executive body of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation and the local government body at the location of the branch.

6. A representative office of an educational organization is opened and closed by an educational organization.

7. The creation and liquidation of a branch (representative office) of an educational organization on the territory of a foreign state is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the foreign state at the location of the branch (representative office), unless otherwise established by international treaties of the Russian Federation. The financial and economic activities of the educational organization at the location of the branch (representative office) are carried out in accordance with the legislation of the foreign state in whose territory it is located.

Article 28. Competence, rights, duties and responsibilities of an educational organization

1. An educational organization is independent in carrying out educational, scientific, administrative, financial and economic activities, developing and adopting local regulations within the limits established by this Federal Law, other regulations and the charter of the educational organization. Educational organizations are free to determine the content of education, choose educational and methodological support, teaching methods and educational technologies for the main educational programs they implement within the framework of federal state educational standards.

2. The competence of an educational organization in the established field of activity includes:

1) development of the charter of an educational organization;
2) establishing a structure for managing the activities of an educational organization, staffing;
3) development and adoption of internal regulations for students of an educational organization, and other local regulations;
4) logistics and equipment for the educational process, equipment of premises in accordance with state and local standards and requirements, including federal state educational standards and federal state requirements;
5) providing the founder and the public with an annual report on the receipt and expenditure of financial and material resources, as well as a report on the results of self-examination;
6) selection, hiring of employees, conclusion of employment contracts with them, unless otherwise established by this Federal Law; placement of personnel, distribution of job responsibilities; creating conditions and organizing advanced training for teaching staff;
7) development and approval of educational programs of an educational organization;
8) formation of a contingent of students, unless otherwise provided by legislation on education;
9) determination of a list of textbooks in accordance with the approved federal lists of textbooks recommended or approved for use in the educational process in educational organizations that have state accreditation and implement educational programs of general education, as well as teaching aids approved for use in the educational process in such educational organizations;
10) carrying out ongoing monitoring of academic performance and intermediate certification of students, establishing their forms, frequency and procedure;
11) individual recording of the results of students’ mastery of educational programs, as well as storage in archives of data on these results on paper and (or) electronic media in the manner approved by the federal executive body exercising the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of education ;
12) use and improvement of methods of the educational process and educational technologies, including distance educational technologies and (or) e-learning;
13) ensuring the functioning of the internal system for assessing the quality of education in an educational organization;
14) providing in an educational organization with a boarding school the necessary conditions for keeping students;
15) creation in the educational organization of the necessary conditions for the work of divisions of public catering organizations and medical organizations, control of their work in order to ensure the protection and promotion of the health of students and employees of the educational organization;
16) creating conditions for students to engage in physical education and sports;
17) development and implementation of measures of social support for students of an educational organization; 18) assistance in the activities of public (including children's and youth) organizations (associations) of students, parents (legal representatives of minor students) in educational organizations, not prohibited by the legislation of the Russian Federation;
19) organization of scientific and methodological work, including organization and holding of scientific and methodological conferences, seminars, other public events, promotion of the activities of teachers (pedagogical) and methodological associations;
20) ensuring the creation and maintenance of the official website of the educational organization on the Internet.

3. An educational organization has the right to conduct, in the established manner, scientific and other activities related to the provision of education and training, including opening camps during vacation time in the prescribed manner (with round-the-clock or daytime stay).

4. Educational organizations of higher education carry out fundamental and applied scientific research, as well as carry out scientific and technical activities and training of scientific personnel.

5. An educational organization has the right to entrust, on a contractual basis, to third parties the organization of management, scientific, methodological, resource, production, information and technological support of educational activities, logistics and equipment of the educational process, equipment of educational premises, meeting the needs of students, including in food, medical care, provision of clothing, shoes, soft equipment, other necessities, transportation, accounting and reporting, and other activities.

6. An educational organization is obliged to carry out its activities in accordance with the legislation on education, including:
1) ensure the full implementation of educational programs, compliance of the quality of training of students with established requirements, compliance of the forms, methods and means of organizing the educational process used with the age, psychophysiological characteristics, inclinations, abilities, interests and needs of students;
2) create safe conditions for learning and keeping students in accordance with established standards, including ensuring the life and health of students and employees of the educational organization during the educational process;
3) respect the rights and freedoms of students and employees of the educational organization.

7. An educational organization is responsible in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation for failure to perform or improper performance of functions within its competence, for the provision of education of inadequate quality. An educational organization is obliged to compensate for damage caused to a student by poor quality education. For violation or illegal restriction of the right to education and the rights and freedoms of students provided for by the legislation on education, violation of the requirements for the implementation of educational activities and the organization of the educational process, the educational organization and its officials bear administrative responsibility in accordance with the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses.

8. Direct control over the compliance of the activities of an educational organization with the goals provided for by its charter, its implementation of the legislation of the Russian Federation, the charter, as well as its educational and financial and economic activities is carried out by the founder or the highest management body of the educational organization within its competence.

Article 29. Information openness of an educational organization

1. Educational organizations create open and publicly accessible information resources containing information about their activities, and provide access to such resources by posting them in information and telecommunication networks, including on the official website of the educational organization.

2. Educational organizations ensure openness and accessibility:
1) information about:
a) the date of creation of the educational organization;
b) the structure of the educational organization;
c) educational programs being implemented, indicating the number of students at the expense of the corresponding budget of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation and under agreements with individuals and (or) legal entities with their payment of the cost of training;
d) the language in which training and (or) education are conducted;
e) educational standards established by universities (if any);
f) the personal composition of teaching staff, indicating educational qualifications, qualifications and work experience;
g) material and technical support and equipment of the educational process (including the availability of a library, sports facilities, educational facilities, food and medical conditions, access to information systems and information and telecommunication networks);
h) electronic educational resources, access to which is provided to students;
i) directions of research activities and the basis for its implementation (for educational organizations of higher education);
j) the results of enrollment in each area of ​​training (specialty) of secondary vocational education (if there are entrance tests) and higher education under various conditions of admission (for places financed from the corresponding budget of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation, under agreements with individuals and (or) legal entities with their payment of tuition fees) indicating the average amount of points scored for all entrance examinations;
k) the number of vacant places for admission to each educational program (direction of training (specialty)) (for places financed from the relevant budget of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation, under agreements with individuals and (or) legal entities with payment of the cost of training by them);
l) the availability and conditions for providing students with scholarships and other types of social support;
m) the availability of a dormitory (boarding school) and the number of places in the dormitory (boarding school) for nonresident students;
o) receipt and expenditure of financial and material resources based on the results of the financial year;

2) copies (photocopies):
a) the charter of the educational organization;
b) a document confirming the availability of a license to carry out educational activities (with attachments);
c) certificates of state accreditation (with attachments);
d) a plan of financial and economic activities or a budget estimate of an educational organization approved in the prescribed manner;
e) local regulations provided for in Part 2 of Article 30 of this Federal Law;

3) a report on the results of the latest self-examination conducted in the manner established by the federal executive body exercising the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of education;

4) the procedure for the provision of paid educational services, including a sample agreement on the provision of paid educational services, indicating the cost of paid educational services;
5) other information posted (published) by decision of the educational organization and (or) placement (publication) of which is mandatory in accordance with federal laws.

3. The information and documents specified in Part 2 of this Article, if they are not classified as state secrets in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, shall be posted on the official website of the educational organization on the Internet and updated within thirty days from the date of the relevant changes. The procedure for posting on the Internet and updating information about an educational organization, including the content and form of its presentation, is established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Article 30

1. Educational organizations adopt local regulations containing the rules governing educational relations, within their competence in accordance with the legislation on education in the manner prescribed by its charter.

2. An educational organization adopts local regulations on all the main characteristics of the organization of the educational process, including establishing:
a) rules for admitting students;
b) students’ training schedule;
c) the forms, frequency and procedure for monitoring progress and intermediate certification of students;
d) the procedure and grounds for transfer, expulsion and reinstatement of students;
e) the procedure for regulating and formalizing the emergence of relations between the educational organization and students and (or) their parents (legal representatives).

3. When adopting local regulations affecting the rights of students and employees of an educational organization, the opinion of the collegial management body of the educational organization, representing the interests of employees studying this organization, is taken into account.

4. The norms of local regulations that worsen the situation of students or employees in comparison with the established legislation on education, or adopted in violation of the established procedure, are not subject to application.

Article 31. Organizations providing training

1. Organizations providing training are legal entities that carry out educational activities as an additional to their main activities. Organizations providing training include scientific organizations, organizations for orphans and children left without parental care, organizations providing treatment and (or) rehabilitation of children, and in the cases established by this article, also other legal entities, regardless of their organizational and legal form.

2. Scientific organizations have the right to carry out educational activities to implement training programs for scientific and pedagogical personnel, residency programs, vocational training programs and additional professional programs.

3. Organizations for orphans and children left without parental care, organizations providing treatment and (or) rehabilitation of children have the right to carry out educational activities to implement basic and additional general education programs and vocational training programs.

4. Other legal entities, regardless of their organizational and legal form and form of ownership, have the right to carry out educational activities to implement vocational training programs and additional educational programs.

5. To carry out educational activities by organizations providing training, a specialized structural educational unit is created within its structure. The activities of such a unit are regulated by regulations developed and approved by the organization providing training in accordance with the legislation on education and the charter.

6. When carrying out educational activities, organizations providing training are guided by the legislation on education. They are subject to the rights, duties and responsibilities of educational organizations implementing relevant educational programs.

Article 32. Persons carrying out individual teaching activities

1. Individual pedagogical activity is an activity for the training, education and development of students, carried out by an individual who has the appropriate educational qualifications and qualifications, outside of organizations carrying out educational activities.

2. Individual teaching activities are carried out in basic and additional general education programs, vocational training programs by individuals registered as an individual entrepreneur in accordance with the Federal Law “On State Registration of Legal Entities and Individual Entrepreneurs”. Individuals who, in accordance with the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, are not allowed to engage in teaching activities, do not have the right to engage in individual teaching activities.

3. Individual teaching activities are carried out without a license.

4. A person carrying out individual teaching activities provides, before the start of providing educational services to a student, the parents (legal representatives) of a minor student information about state registration as an individual entrepreneur, the level of his professional education, the total experience of teaching work and the experience of engaging in individual teaching activities.

5. Individuals engaged in individual teaching activities in violation of the legislation of the Russian Federation bear responsibility in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Educational organizations are divided into types in accordance with educational programs, the implementation of which is the main goal of their activities.

In the Russian Federation, legislation establishes the following types of educational organizations that implement basic educational programs:

• 1. Preschool educational organization- an educational organization that carries out educational activities in educational programs of preschool education, supervision and care of children as the main goal of its activities.
• 2. General educational organization - an educational organization that carries out educational activities according to educational programs of primary general, basic general and (or) secondary general education as the main goal of its activities.
• 3. Professional educational organization - an educational organization that carries out educational activities under educational programs of secondary vocational education and (or) vocational training programs as the main goal of its activities.
• 4. Educational organization of higher education - an educational organization that carries out educational activities according to educational programs of higher education and scientific activities as the main goal of its activities.

Also, the legislation of the Russian Federation establishes the following types of educational organizations that implement additional educational programs.

• 1. Organization of additional education- an educational organization that carries out educational activities in additional general education programs as the main goal of its activities.
• 2. Organization of additional professional education - an educational organization that carries out educational activities in additional professional programs as the main goal of its activities.

Educational organizations have the right to carry out educational activities according to the following educational programs, the implementation of which is not the main goal of their activities:

• 1. Preschool educational organizations - additional general developmental programs.
• 2. General educational organizations - educational programs of preschool education, additional general education programs, vocational training programs.
• 3. Professional educational organizations - basic general education programs, additional general education programs, additional professional programs.
• 4. Educational organizations of higher education - basic general education programs, educational programs of secondary vocational education, vocational training programs, additional general education programs, additional professional programs.
• 5. Organizations of additional education - educational programs of preschool education, vocational training programs.
• 6. Organizations of additional professional education - training programs for scientific and pedagogical personnel, residency programs, additional general education programs, vocational training programs.

The name of the educational organization must contain an indication of its organizational and legal form and the type of educational organization.

Two higher educational institutions have a special status in Russia - Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov (MSU named after M.V. Lomonosov) and St. Petersburg State University (SPbSU).

The activities of these educational organizations are regulated by a special Federal Law dated November 10, 2009 No. 259-FZ (as amended on March 8, 2015) “On Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov and St. Petersburg State University."

Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov and St. Petersburg State University are federal state budgetary institutions.

The founder of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov and St. Petersburg State University on behalf of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation acts.

The Government of the Russian Federation approves the charter of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov and the charter of St. Petersburg State University, as well as the changes made to them.

Rectors of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov and the rector of St. Petersburg State University are appointed and dismissed by the President of the Russian Federation. Upon appointment to the position of rector of Moscow State University named after

M.V. Lomonosov and the position of rector of St. Petersburg State University, the President of the Russian Federation determines their term of office, which cannot exceed five years. At the same time, the rector of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov and the rector of St. Petersburg State University can be reappointed for a new term. The rectors of these universities may be dismissed early from their positions by the President of the Russian Federation.

Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov and St. Petersburg State University implement educational programs of higher education on the basis of independently established educational standards.

In relation to educational organizations of higher education, the Government of the Russian Federation may establish the categories “federal university” and “national research university”.

Federal universities are created by the Government of the Russian Federation in order to ensure training for the comprehensive socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The development of federal universities is carried out within the framework of programs developed by federal universities, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation and providing for the conditions for implementation and criteria for assessing the effectiveness of educational activities, integration of educational and research activities, modernization and improvement of the material and technical base and socio-cultural infrastructure, integration into the world educational space.

The category “national research university” is established by an educational organization of higher education based on the results of a competitive selection of development programs for educational organizations of higher education aimed at staffing priority areas of development of science, technology, engineering, economic sectors, social sphere, and the development and implementation of high technologies in production.

The procedure for competitive selection of development programs for educational organizations of higher education (including the conditions for their financial support) is established by the Government of the Russian Federation. The list of indicators, criteria and frequency of assessing the effectiveness of the implementation of development programs for national research universities are established by the federal executive body responsible for developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of education.

Each educational organization operates on the basis of its charter.

The charter of an educational organization should contain the following information:

• 1) type of educational organization;
• 2) the founder or founders of the educational organization;
• 3) types of educational programs being implemented, indicating the level of education and (or) focus;
• 4) the structure and competence of the governing bodies of the educational organization, the procedure for their formation and terms of office.

Citizens of the Russian Federation have a constitutional right to receive education. This area is recognized as a priority in the country, and the government pays special attention to it.

The legislation contains normative legal acts that specify the types of educational institutions, their structure, and functional responsibilities.

Specifics of education policy

In this area, state policy is based on the following principles:

• Humanization of education. The priority is universal human values, the health and life of a modern individual, the free formation of personal qualities, the development of hard work, civic responsibility, respect for other people, family, homeland, and the environment.
• The relationship between the educational and cultural federal space. Preference is given to preserving national culture and traditions, taking into account the multinationality of the Russian state.
• Adaptation of the educational process to the level and specifics of training and development of students.
• Lack of religion in education for municipal and state educational institutions.
• Pluralism and freedom in educational institutions.
• State-public management option educational process.

Characteristics of modern educational institutions

Article 12 of the Federal Law “On Education” states that educational institutions of various types carry out the learning process with the implementation of one or several types of educational processes, full education and development. An OS is a legal entity that can have different organizational and legal forms: state, municipal, non-state (private, religious, public).

All municipal and state types of educational institutions operate on the basis of basic provisions on educational institutions, which are approved by the Government of the Russian Federation. Non-state institutions are not subject to such Resolutions; they can only become models (recommendations) for them.

The establishment of the state status of an educational institution (type, type, category of educational institution) is carried out taking into account the direction of its activities during official state accreditation. Structural divisions, departments, branches of an educational institution, by proxy, may have full or partial powers of a legal entity. It is also permissible for the division to use its own accounts and independent balance sheets in credit and banking organizations.

Similar types of educational institutions in Russia are created in order to improve and develop the educational and extracurricular process. The law fully regulates the procedure for the creation, as well as the activities of such management organizations.

Classification

Types of preschool educational institutions operating on the territory of the Russian Federation:

• Kindergarten for health improvement and care.
• An institution with a national (ethnocultural) educational component.
• Preschool groups of educational state institutions of the “kindergarten-school” type.
• Child development centers.
• Pro-gymnasium at the educational institution.
• Education centers for schoolchildren.

Let's take a closer look at all types of preschool educational institutions.

Specifics of kindergartens

They are the most common institutions providing preschool public education. It involves full-fledged care, supervision, health improvement, education, and training of children. These are the most widespread and accessible types of educational institutions. The types of educational programs may vary depending on the activity chosen in the kindergarten.

In such a combined type institution there are several different groups:

• compensating;
• general developmental;
• health

These types of educational institutions exist in every regional center of the Russian Federation; they are designed to educate children from three to seven years old.

Characteristics of different types of preschool educational institutions

In the preschool sphere, there are also certain types of special educational institutions of a compensatory (corrective) nature. Such institutions are visited by children with various pathologies: mental retardation, problems with the musculoskeletal system, tuberculosis intoxication, impaired hearing and vision, intellectual development disorders, and speech defects.

These types of educational institutions generally function around the clock and are located outside cities. Here special conditions are created for children: swimming pools, dietary meals, massage rooms. Highly qualified educators, medical workers, and psychologists work in the gardens. To make it easy for a child to adapt among his peers, the group size does not exceed 15 people.

In addition to the treatment of children, in such preschool institutions of a compensatory type, a training and educational process is carried out, and special programs are developed for classes. Special consultation centers created at preschool educational institutions help parents cope with difficult situations and solve problems that arise in a timely manner. In order to get into such an institution, you need to have a referral from a pediatrician, as well as certificates of the established form that correspond to the profile of the kindergarten.

General developmental preschool institutions choose the intellectual, physical, aesthetic, and artistic as a priority area of ​​their activities. These types of public educational institutions are attended by children from three to seven years old.

Wellness and care gardens operate with an emphasis on health-improving, preventive, sanitary and hygienic procedures and activities.

If we consider educational institutions of a new type in a preschool environment, we need to highlight kindergartens with an ethnocultural component. Their main task is to develop in pupils respect for different cultures, tolerance towards representatives of other nationalities, and respect for family values.

Teachers help children master cultural traditions, reveal the origins of folk rituals, beliefs, etc. During classes, special attention is paid to respect for the older generation.

In the preschool education system, there are also such types of educational institutions as child development centers. They have special physical education, health and gaming complexes, art studios, computer classes, swimming pools, and children's theaters. The use of an integrated approach when organizing work with preschoolers in such centers allows for the comprehensive development of the child’s personality. Particular attention is paid to the artistic, aesthetic and intellectual development of children.

There are new types and types of preschool educational institutions, for example, gymnasiums.

The main population of such institutions are children of primary school and preschool age. The difference is that certain subjects are systematically studied here: Russian language, mathematics, oral reading, basic English. Also in the pre-gymnasium education program there are special aesthetic subjects that allow you to fully develop the child’s personality: rhetoric and rhythm, swimming and outdoor games, drawing and modeling, choreography and music.

Parents choosing a gymnasium for their children should first familiarize themselves with the list of subjects offered. There classes are conducted mainly in the form of games, project, and research activities. Between the ages of three and seven, children become familiar with the world around them through play. Such preschool institutions allow children to get used to learning and gradually immerse them in an educational environment. Such “little high school students” do not have problems with discipline, homework, or attending classes at school.

The earliest option for preschool education is a nursery school. This institution provides care for babies aged two months and older. In the nursery there is a special daily routine, and there are also developmental activities. A child who attends a nursery must have basic skills appropriate to his age.

School educational institutions

In modern Russia there are different forms and types of educational institutions:

• primary comprehensive school;
• basic school;
• complete (secondary) school;
• institutions with in-depth study of individual subjects;
• shift (evening) school;
• gymnasium;
• education Center;
• cadet schools;
• ITU (institutions at correctional labor institutions).

Educational institutions for children of primary school age operate on the basis of a specially developed program. The goal of such institutions is to create optimal conditions for the development of a harmonious personality of students.

Schools are the main types of educational institutions in Russia that strengthen the physical and mental health of children. Primary ones are intended for children from three to ten years old. Such an educational institution involves teaching staff, parents (or legal representatives) and the students themselves.

Between preschool institutions and the primary stage of education there is continuity in the physical, artistic, aesthetic, and intellectual directions. It is at the very beginning of education that it is important to develop curiosity, communication, and cognitive ability in children. For similar purposes, federal state standards of the second generation have been introduced. According to them, a graduate of the 4th grade (primary stage of education) must have his own civic position, be a patriot of his country, and take care of traditions, nature, and family values. Junior schoolchildren are required to acquire independent thinking skills and to imagine the integrity of the picture of the world.

There is also a second level of education in schools – general nine-year education. There are already other types and types of educational institutions: gymnasiums, lyceums. The first involve in-depth training in one or more subjects. In the Russian Federation, gymnasiums are often interconnected with higher professional education; teachers from academies and universities work in such educational institutions.

Children from the fifth grade are involved in project and research activities, conduct experiments in research laboratories. In addition to classical educational programs approved by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, lyceums provide additional specialized training. Gymnasium students develop hard work, respect for the older generation, love for their native language, personal rights and freedoms. Graduates of these elite institutions easily adapt to modern society, enter prestigious universities, and quickly find their professional and life path.

The goal of any state educational institution is the formation of a full-fledged personality based on mastering the minimum according to the Federal State Educational Standard of the second generation. All main types of educational institutions operating in Russia are free and available to citizens of our country aged 7 to 17 years.

If there is a request from parents, schools open special extended day groups. Under the supervision of experienced mentors, schoolchildren do homework, visit exhibitions in museums, and have lunch in the cafeteria. In addition, with appropriate approval, special compensatory training classes can be opened at the educational institution.

Levels of general education

Depending on the level of educational programs chosen at the educational institution, three stages of training are expected:

• general primary education (primary level), designed for 4 years;
• general basic education (second stage) - 5-6 years;
• complete (secondary) education - 2 years of study

General primary education is aimed at students mastering numeracy, the basics of reading, writing, mastering theoretical thinking, elements of self-control, the basics of hygiene, design and research skills.

It is this stage that is the base, the foundation for the formation and development of personality and social self-determination.

Secondary (complete) education involves the development of the creative abilities of schoolchildren on the basis of an individual and differentiated approach to each child. In addition to the compulsory subjects, students themselves have the right to choose elective and optional courses in order to correctly determine their future profession.

Taking into account the requests of parents, specialized and basic classes can be introduced at the senior level of education. The programs used at this stage are created and implemented on the basis of educational state standards of the second generation. Elective and optional courses are also taught according to special programs approved in accordance with the established procedure.

In all types of state educational institutions, students use library and information resources free of charge, freely participate in the work of educational institutions, attend sports sections, and study in a computer class.

Replaceable (evening) op amps

In such educational institutions, Russian citizens, regardless of age, have the right to receive secondary (general) and basic general education. It is here that the basis for further self-development is created, a conscious choice of a future profession is made, and a cultural personality is formed. Such op-amps have two stages:

5 years for general basic education;

3 years for general (secondary) education

Boarding school

This type of educational institution is created primarily to help educate talented and gifted children. Among the principles used in the educational process, the following are distinguished: humanism, democracy, universal human values, autonomy, secular education. Such schools can be of several types: lyceum-gymnasiums, boarding schools. To enroll a child in such an institution, parents (legal representatives) write an application for admission. In exceptional cases, a child becomes a student at a boarding school by decision of municipal authorities or guardianship authorities. In boarding schools created for the development of talented Russian schoolchildren, a certain direction of activity is chosen: physical, musical, intellectual.

Orphanages

For orphans in the Russian Federation, there are such types of educational institutions as orphanages and boarding schools. The main task of such institutions is to create favorable conditions for the mental, physical, and emotional development of the child’s personality. The state bears all material costs associated with food, accommodation, education of orphans and children left without parental care.

Conclusion

In the Russian Federation at the moment there are educational institutions of various types. Despite the serious differences in the educational programs used and areas of work, they are all aimed at the formation of a harmonious personality of the child.

Chapter 3. Organizations carrying out educational activities

Article 25. Educational organizations

1. An educational organization is a non-profit organization whose main activity, aimed at achieving the goals for which such an organization was created, is educational activity.

2. Within the scope of the main activity specified in the charter of an educational organization, an educational organization has the right to implement educational programs of various levels and directions and provide educational services, both free of charge and for a fee, as well as conduct scientific and other activities related to the provision of education in the prescribed manner in accordance with the requirements established by this Federal Law for educational organizations of a certain type, type, category.

3. The right to carry out educational activities and benefits established by the legislation of the Russian Federation arises for an educational organization from the moment it is granted a license.

4. An educational organization has the right to engage in educational activities that generate income, within the limits established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and the charter of the educational organization, subject to the use of the income received in accordance with this Federal Law.

Educational activities that generate income cannot be carried out in exchange for and (or) within the framework of educational activities financed from the budgets of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation.

5. An educational organization has the right to carry out, along with educational activities, other income-generating activities only insofar as it serves the achievement of the goals for which it was created and corresponds to these goals.

An educational organization is not allowed to carry out income-generating activities if it is conducted solely for the purpose of generating profit and transferring it to the founder.

Article 26. Creation, reorganization and liquidation of educational organizations

1. An educational organization is a legal entity. It can be created in the form of an institution or in another organizational and legal form provided for by the civil legislation of the Russian Federation for non-profit organizations.

2. The founders of an educational organization (hereinafter referred to as the founder) in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation for a non-profit organization of the corresponding organizational and legal form may be:

1) Russian Federation, subjects of the Russian Federation, municipalities;

In the event of reorganization of public authorities, local governments, the rights of the founder of an educational institution are transferred to the respective legal successors.

9. An educational organization is created and registered in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Institutions of professional religious education (spiritual educational institutions) for the training of ministers and religious personnel are created and registered in accordance with the Federal Law "On Freedom of Conscience and on Religious Associations".

10. To register an educational organization, the founder(s) shall submit documents in accordance with the federal law on state registration of legal entities.

11. The authorized body, within the time limits established by the federal law on state registration of legal entities, registers an educational organization, of which it notifies the applicant, financial authorities, as well as bodies that carry out licensing of educational activities of the corresponding type of educational organizations - the federal executive body, exercising the functions of control and supervision in the field of education, or an executive authority of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation exercising the delegated powers of the Russian Federation for licensing educational activities.

12. From the moment of registration, an educational organization acquires the rights of a legal entity in terms of conducting financial and economic activities, provided for by its charter and aimed at preparing for the implementation of educational activities.

13. An educational organization may be reorganized in the form of a merger, accession, division, separation, transformation by decision of its founder(s) in accordance with the civil legislation of the Russian Federation.

14. A state or municipal educational institution may be reorganized if this does not entail a violation of the constitutional rights of citizens in the field of education, including the rights of citizens to receive free education. The reorganization of municipal rural preschool educational and general educational institutions is carried out taking into account the opinion of the population, expressed by the representative bodies of the relevant municipal districts and settlements.

15. An educational organization may be liquidated by a court decision in the event of carrying out educational activities without a proper license, or activities prohibited by law, or activities that do not comply with its statutory goals, as well as on other grounds and in the manner provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation and this Federal law.

16. The liquidation of municipal rural preschool educational and general educational institutions is allowed only with the consent of the population of the settlements served by this institution, expressed by the representative bodies of the relevant municipal districts and settlements, or by a gathering of citizens (in a settlement with the number of residents with the right to vote, not more than 100 people).

17. The procedure for the creation, reorganization and liquidation of federal state educational institutions is established by the Government of the Russian Federation, unless otherwise provided by federal law, state educational institutions under the jurisdiction of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation - by the highest executive body of state power of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, municipal educational institutions - by the local administration of the municipality.

18. The creation, reorganization and liquidation of international (interstate) educational institutions is carried out in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation.

Article 27. Types of educational organizations

1. Educational organizations, in accordance with the goals of their main activities and the types of educational programs implemented within its framework, are divided into types.

2. In the Russian Federation, the following types of educational organizations are established that implement the main educational programs:

1) preschool educational organization;

2) general education organization;

3) professional educational organization;

4) educational organization of higher education.

3. Educational organizations implementing various types of additional educational programs belong to one of the following types :

2) organization of additional professional education.

4. Educational organizations within the same type can be divided into types and categories, and also use special names in accordance with the characteristics of the educational activities carried out (levels and focus of educational programs, integration of various types of educational programs, special conditions for their implementation and (or) special needs students), as well as additionally performed functions related to the provision of education (content, treatment, rehabilitation, correction, psychological and pedagogical support, boarding school, research, technological activities and others provided for by the legislation on education).

The main types and categories of educational organizations of the same type and the procedure for their activities are established by this Federal Law. In order to ensure the development of the education system, other types and categories of educational organizations of the corresponding type may be additionally established in accordance with federal laws, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation by the Government of the Russian Federation, and also - in relation to educational organizations implementing basic and (or) additional general education programs - in accordance with the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in agreement with the federal executive body exercising the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of education.

6. The federal executive body, which carries out the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of education, forms a nomenclature (lists) of types, categories and special names of educational organizations used to designate them, and also, if necessary, establishes the features of the organization of the educational process and implementation of educational activities by certain types and categories of educational organizations.

A subject of the Russian Federation, if it establishes an additional type or category of an educational organization, determines the features of organizing the activities of an educational organization of this type (category) in accordance with the legislation on education.

7. Features of the activities of federal state educational institutions implementing educational programs in areas of training (specialties) in the field of defense and state security (military educational institutions) are established by the Government of the Russian Federation; federal state educational institutions, the training in which is related to entry into the civil service and (or) citizens having access to information constituting state secrets, are determined by the federal executive body entrusted with the functions of the founder, in agreement with the federal executive body carrying out functions for the development of state policy and legal regulation in the field of education.

9. The type, type, category (if any) of an educational organization is determined during its creation or reorganization by the founder in accordance with the legislation on education and is enshrined in the charter. The educational status of an educational organization established by the founder is confirmed (established) during its state accreditation, unless otherwise provided by federal laws.

10. The list of performance indicators of an educational organization necessary to determine its type and type (with the exception of a preschool educational organization, educational organization of additional education for children) is approved by the federal executive body exercising the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of education.

The criteria for the indicators necessary to determine the type and type of educational organization are established by the federal executive body exercising control and supervision functions in the field of education, or by the executive body of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation exercising the delegated powers of the Russian Federation in the field of education, in accordance with their competence in the manner determined by the Government of the Russian Federation, based on the requirements of legislation on education and taking into account the information contained in information systems of state accreditation

when a different educational status is established as a result of state accreditation;

at the initiative of the founder;

during reorganization in the manner prescribed by the charter of the educational organization.

12. The name of an educational organization, along with its form of ownership, organizational and legal form, must contain an indication of the nature of its activities through the use of the word “educational” or words derived from it, and also include the name of its type, unless otherwise established by federal laws, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation Federation or acts of the Government of the Russian Federation. If necessary, the name of the educational organization shall indicate its special name.

13. An educational organization that has not been licensed within three months from the date of making an entry about it in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities or has been refused a license does not have the right to use in its name words indicating that it carries out educational activities.

14. The use of the words and phrases "Russia", "Russian Federation", "federal", as well as words and phrases derived from them in the name of an educational organization is allowed in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

15. When changing the educational status of an educational organization, appropriate changes are made to its name without fail .

Article 28. Charter of an educational organization

1. An educational organization operates on the basis of a charter developed and approved in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, this Federal Law and other regulatory legal acts regulating relations in the field of education.

2. The procedure for approving the charter of a federal state educational institution is established by the Government of the Russian Federation, a state educational institution under the jurisdiction of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation - by an executive authority of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, a municipal educational institution - by a local self-government body.

3. The charter of an educational organization must contain the following information:

1) name of the educational organization;

2) organizational and legal form, type, category (if any) of the educational organization; its founder(s);

3) location of the educational organization;

4) the subject and goals of the educational organization’s activities;

5) branches and representative offices of an educational organization;

6) structure, competence of the bodies of the educational organization, the procedure for their formation, terms of office and procedure for the activities of these bodies;

7) types of main activities (educational and other activities related to the provision of education) of the educational organization;

8) an exhaustive list of types of income-generating activities of an educational organization (for state and municipal institutions - within the limits established by this Federal Law);

9) the procedure for financial and logistical support of the educational organization by its founder;

10) the procedure for disposing of property acquired by an educational organization from income received from income-generating activities.

4. In addition to the information specified in Part 3 of this article, the charter of an educational organization must contain the following information:

1) goals of the educational process, types and types of educational programs being implemented;

2) the language or languages ​​in which training and education are conducted;

3) main characteristics of the organization of the educational process, including:

a) rules for admitting students;

b) duration of study in basic and (or) additional educational programs;

c) the mode of study of students;

10. An educational organization, in accordance with the procedure established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, is responsible for:

1) failure to perform or improper performance of functions within its competence;

2) implementation of educational programs not in full in accordance with the approved curricula; the quality of education provided in accordance with established requirements;

3) compliance of the applied forms, methods and means of organizing the educational process with the age, psycho-physiological characteristics, inclinations, abilities, interests and needs of students;

4) life and health of students and employees of an educational organization during the educational process;

5) violation of the rights and freedoms of students and employees of an educational organization;

6) other actions provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

11. Direct control over the compliance of the activities of an educational organization with the goals provided for by its charter, its compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, the charter, licensing requirements and conditions, as well as its educational and financial and economic activities is carried out by the founder (founders) within their competence.

12. Supervision over the educational organization’s compliance with the legislation on education, control of licensing requirements and conditions and the quality of the education it provides is carried out, within its competence, by the state executive body that carries out the functions of control and supervision in the field of education and has issued it a license to conduct educational activities.

13. Control over the implementation of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of budgetary and financial discipline in educational organizations is carried out by authorized government bodies within the limits of their powers.

14. For violation of the right to education and the rights and freedoms of students provided for by the legislation on education, the requirements for the implementation of educational activities and the organization of the educational process, the educational organization and its officials bear administrative responsibility in accordance with the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses.

15. Officials of an educational organization bear disciplinary, administrative and criminal liability established by the legislation of the Russian Federation for distortion of state reporting.

Article 33. Organizations providing training

1. In the Russian Federation, scientific organizations and other organizations, including those created in the form of commercial organizations, may carry out educational activities as additional to their main activities under educational programs established by this Federal Law. Such organizations belong to organizations providing training and are not educational.

2. The organizations specified in Part 1 of this article carry out educational activities on the basis of a license for professional training programs and additional professional educational programs, except for cases established by this Federal Law. Scientific organizations are given the right to implement, in addition to the above, basic educational programs of higher education - master's program and a program for training scientific and pedagogical personnel, as well as a program for training scientific personnel .

2. Organizations providing training do not have the right to implement professional educational programs in areas of training and specialties in the field of defense and state security.

3. Organizations providing training acquire the right to conduct educational activities from the moment they receive the appropriate license.

4. To conduct educational activities by organizations providing training, a specialized structural educational unit is created within the structure of the organization. The activities of such a unit are regulated by regulations developed and approved by the organization providing training in accordance with the legislation on education and the charter.

5. Organizations providing training, in terms of educational activities, are subject to the rights and obligations of educational organizations implementing relevant educational programs and (or) professional training programs provided for by the legislation on education, with the exception of cases established by this Federal Law.

6. Features of the implementation of educational programs that do not contradict the legislation on education can be regulated by a local act of the organization providing training.

7. The rights of employees of specialized structural educational units of organizations providing training cannot be less than the rights of employees of educational organizations that implement relevant educational programs and (or) professional training programs provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.