The role of the doctor in society. The role of medicine in human life The role and importance of medicine in modern society

Publication date 02/05/2015

The main component of the level of well-being of any state is the physical and social well-being of the people who live in it, and this is an absolute fact. By and large, all the material wealth of a state is nothing without competitive human capital, and the former is always created by the latter.

What is the role of medicine in the development of the state? What is medicine in the 21st century?

Currently, there are many discussions on this topic, but today it is clear to absolutely everyone that the attitude towards medicine as an expenditure part of the budget is a relic of the 20th century and the role of medicine in developing the potential of the state cannot be ignored.

And, based on this, we must assume that without good medicine it is hardly possible to achieve an adequate level of social well-being. This explains the selection of medicine as one of the main priorities for the development of the state in the international scale for assessing the country’s competitiveness.

Advances in the field of medicine most clearly reflect the level of development of science in any country, and therefore success in the treatment of a particular disease becomes a subject of increased interest to the world community, and people’s interest in new methods of treating cancer cannot be compared with solving some difficult mathematical formula.

The 21st century began with the rapid development of information technology, and this factor has radically changed human life, making it more comfortable.

The Internet and digital technologies have firmly entered human everyday life and it is already difficult to imagine human life without information and digital technologies.

In parallel with this, the face of the world has changed dramatically, walls that had existed for many years have collapsed, globalization has made the planet open and accessible to everyone.

Under these conditions, a completely new society began to form, free from prohibitions and total censorship. The openness of borders made it possible to see problems within the country through a simple visual comparison of our system with any system in the world.

Many types of relationships between people have been radically transformed and deeply simplified.

In medicine, the development of communication technologies is very slow, since the industry is inherently conservative.

Historically, in the relationship between doctor and patient, the doctor has always occupied a dominant position, and all public institutions worked to idealize his profession and status. Any trustworthy information on medicine was communicated only to the doctor through special literature, and only simplified information in the form of reminders or warnings was available to the population.

Current conditions force us to change this stereotype. The fundamental principles of medicine need to be adapted to new, rapidly changing circumstances. Medicine is changing its form of relationship with the patient and is increasingly focused on his needs.

This is a global trend. In a highly educated society, patients receive information from all sources via the Internet and are sometimes more informed than some specialists. Therefore, the medical profession is no longer conceivable without constant self-improvement.

Constantly increasing demands on the medical profession from the population and high moral and legal responsibility are already becoming the reason that the world is already short of more than 5 million doctors.

These features are also characteristic of the medicine of our republic, which is experiencing similar problems.

If we remember the 90s with a total shortage of everything: from basic medicines to hygiene products, when each patient went to hospital with his own bedding and bought everything that was needed for the operation, then, of course, in material terms, medicine has made a big leap. However, there was no criticism and wave of indignation that medicine is experiencing now.

So what happened now? In conditions when doctors have received modern equipment, and hospitals have become cleaner and brighter, why are there many complaints about the level of quality of medical services?

Let's try to figure this out.

First. The attitude of society and the state towards human health is the main foundation of the healthcare model.

What is a medical product, health or medical service? This is a central question that each healthcare model answers differently. If this is health, then how to determine its value? And if this is a service, then how much does it cost for the service of a cardiac surgeon who transplanted a donor heart or the services of a pediatrician who cured a viral infection in a child?

Any product can be touched, standardized, tasted, etc. How to assess a patient's condition after brain surgery? He remained alive and is able to take care of himself - is this a good indicator of his work? And if he died because the tumor was deep, then this means that the doctor did a bad job?

Also, does the fact that a smiling and polite professional is better than an aloof one? Those who are familiar with surgeons know that for the most part they are people of few words, because they know the price of a medical error and human life. Therefore, this method of determining competence, characteristic of the service sector, such as trade, is unlikely to be applicable to medicine.

What plays the main role in maintaining health and how much does it depend on the doctor?

It is well known that the main component of maintaining health is the person’s attitude towards his own health. Every person knows from childhood that smoking is harmful because it causes cancer, you should not abuse alcohol - these are the causes of alcoholism and cirrhosis, etc. But how many people follow these basic rules?

Every day, and especially on holidays, the emergency rooms of our hospitals are filled with patients with various injuries who are drunk, screaming, spitting and insulting health workers. The doctors patiently change their clothes, wash off the dirt and blood, operate, bandage them, etc.

At the same time, every patient believes that his illness is the most complex and deserves priority examination, just as every parent considers his child the most precious in the world, and each of them is absolutely sure that the doctor should pay attention only to him.

This is where one of the main problems of medicine lies - it does not fit into the standard laws of the market, since the subject of the product is too important and invaluable. When complex technologies were introduced into medicine and it became highly scientific, services naturally became more expensive. And today, hardly anyone is able to directly pay for the cost of this “good” if they have a serious illness. Therefore, this issue is always resolved through government funds or health insurance. But, having one or another model of medicine, at the same time it is necessary to accept its shortcomings. The budget model assumes free, accessible medical services for everyone, and this, in turn, means increased consumption of services by the population, the presence of queues, low quality and a chronic lack of money in the system.

If the model is insurance, then it allows access to full medical services only for a certain part of the population, depending on its income and the level of income determines the volume and types of services.

Therefore, today, in the civilized world there is no longer an absolutely budgetary or insurance model; almost all successful models are a symbiosis of these approaches with the administration of predominantly budgetary or insurance money.

Thus, we can conclude that the behavior of system participants also depends on the healthcare model and the methods of distributing these resources. If this is a budget model with strict rules for the distribution of money, guaranteeing everything and everyone for free, then it is necessary to recognize its shortcomings in the form of queues littered with papers from doctors receiving a fixed and very small salary.

The second most important reason is the lack of motivation among medical workers themselves for labor productivity. To ensure the socialist slogan of completely free medicine at the beginning of the last century, the Communist Party included medicine in the social bloc and established a residual principle of its financing.

Since then, a doctor’s salary has been set not for the result and quality of work, but for the amount of time spent in the hospital, that is, on an hourly basis.

Of course, in such a system you can work for days and days and receive a meager salary, and you can get it without burdening yourself with additional responsibility. In order to provide for his family and meet his status in such a system, the doctor has no choice but to take on additional work in the form of shifts, rates, or look for additional ways to receive rewards from patients.

There is no doubt that the engine of reform in any area is experienced and trained managers who know the basics of managing an enterprise or an entire industry. But today, with regret, it must be stated that the development of management in the regions often occurs according to subjective criteria.

Kazakhstan has emerged as a state with a dynamically developing economy. The policy of the Head of State in the shortest possible time brought the country to the number of actively developing countries in the Central Asian region. High standards corresponding to the world level have been established in all sectors of the economy; they are implemented by advanced young people, trained under the presidential program in the best universities in the world and fluent in several languages.

And in this flow of the market economy, medicine has been preserved as a separate “island” of socialism, still living by the declarative slogans of Soviet social policy, where the work of a doctor is equal to the work of unskilled personnel in other areas of service provision.

Therefore, it is extremely important that the medical remuneration system meets international standards and depends only on the doctor’s competence and the quality of his work. And this is only possible in a market model of healthcare.

Therefore, we should welcome the fact that market principles will soon be established in medicine through the introduction of compulsory health insurance. In this case, the main part of the financing will be provided by the state, and the additional part will come from the funds of the employer and the employee himself.

In this regard, it should be noted that currently budget money is distributed to hospitals for each patient treated, and the financing system is absolutely identical to the insurance model. Therefore, when creating an insurance fund and transferring budget funds and insurance payments to it, there will be no fundamental changes in the financing mechanism.

Another thing is that budget control with total reporting and subjectivity in determining the volume of financing, lack of motivation for savings and reinvestment have become a brake in the development of market relations in medicine. Therefore, the only way to establish the volume of hospital financing depending on the quality and service of the services provided is the introduction of compulsory health insurance, when every person will know for sure where it is better for him to go and what volume of medical care he is entitled to and how much it costs.

The third important factor is the image of the profession itself. The medical profession, like any other, is not immune to mistakes. It is impossible to train and educate a good specialist in any field of medicine in a short period of time. Healing has always been an art, and this profession is considered as given by God. This is how representatives of this profession were treated, and every doctor, from Hippocrates and Avicenna to current representatives, left their knowledge to their students or in scientific treatises and books. Based on personal experience and knowledge gained from their teachers, each doctor minimized mistakes and perfected his art.

A good doctor, like a good representative of any profession, is a one-off specimen and it is stupid to demand that everyone be a virtuoso. Therefore, the main principle of medicine “First of all, do no harm” is relevant in any era. Each link in medicine has its own invaluable role, and the effectiveness of the industry as a whole depends on how the relationships of these links in the system chain are built.

It is important to remember that the main actors in the system are the patient and the doctor. And any innovations in the industry that do not satisfy at least one of the parties are doomed to failure.

But, following this logic, the main link in medicine is the doctor, whose experience and professionalism is the main factor attracting patients. Therefore, the industry must create an environment for his professional growth and adequate wages.

However, significant changes have not yet occurred and only because the money received by the hospital through the activities of doctors and nurses is spent on large administrative expenses and the purchase of various equipment and medicines. As a result of this, a distorted situation was created where “top managers” of individual centers began to receive significant salaries while the professionals themselves received minimal earnings.

The development of hospitals towards independence and away from “enslaving” budgetary procedures involves a corporate management method, which is a very effective way to ensure the profitability of the organization. However, the management of a number of clinics, brought up by the old school, are, of course, still guided by outdated authoritarian methods of resource allocation.

When the question arises about the role of the doctor in society, it is probably necessary to remind everyone more often of the dry facts of statistics. Every day in the country over 2 thousand operations are performed, more than 1 thousand births are attended, over 420 thousand people are served in clinics and 18 thousand ambulance calls.

Every year, each surgeon in the country operates on about 200 emergency patients doomed to die without medical care, and thus, a surgeon with 30 years of experience brings 6,000 people back to life. There are about 60 thousand doctors in the country.

At the same time, you should always remember that any, even the smallest, manipulation in medicine has its own, albeit insignificant, percentage of complications, depending on the body’s reaction to this manipulation or injection.

Each, even small-scale operation on the abdominal cavity leaves its mark in the form of adhesions, and large-scale operations always have the risk of a more complex complication. Not a single sane surgeon will tell you that he is fluent in the technique of removing appendicitis, since there are as many options for its location and inflammation as there are individualities of the person himself.

But these complications are nothing compared to the fact that a person gets the opportunity to live, breathe and enjoy every day of his life.

Some aspects of medicine are philosophical in nature. For example, treating a cancer patient with some drugs costs several tens of millions of tenge, and it is well known that they prolong the life of a patient doomed to death by 2-5 years. A series of open-heart operations with partial replacement with an artificial one prolongs a person’s life by an average of 5 years. Some consider these expenses to be unreasonable and “thrown away.”

But, on the other hand, how much is a year of human life worth? And imagine that this patient is you or your loved one.

And, probably, we need to appreciate this happiness that we live in a country where the state provides these services and medications to its citizens free of charge.

Medicine is one of the few industries that works around the clock and 365 days a year, in any weather and time of day.

Now there is another panic with another infection called Ebola fever. Someone works in these outbreaks, treats these terminally ill patients, becomes infected and dies themselves. This someone is a medical worker. There is no doubt that the virus will be neutralized and the world will soon forget about it, like many other deadly diseases.

Therefore, before scolding a professional doctor, it’s probably worth first taking off your hat to him.

Eric Bayzhunusov

Acting General Director of the Republican State Enterprise at the Russian Exhibition Center "Republican Center for Healthcare Development"

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ABSTRACT

« The role of medicine in providing

healthy O Vya »

INTRODUCTION 3

1. ORGANIZATIONAL PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH CARE 4

1.1 Basic theoretical and organizational principles of modern healthcare 4

1.2 Social medicine and health care management as a medical specialty and the science of public health 5

1.3 Modern theories of medicine and healthcare 5

2. The role of medicine in ensuring health 7

2.1 Social and biological factors of health 7

2.2 The concept of prevention. Its basic principles and types 7

2.3 Lifestyle as a medical and social factor of health 8

2.4 The concept of medical activity and a healthy lifestyle 9

2.5 Health as an indicator of the effectiveness of medical and preventive activities 10

2.6 Definition of health. Basic methods of studying it 11

CONCLUSION 12

List of sources used 13

INTRODUCTION

The processes of socio-economic reform, which have covered all spheres of life of the population of the Republic of Belarus, are significantly changing the medical and social situation, forms of health care, criteria and performance indicators of medical institutions. New data are emerging on public health indicators, environmental risk factors and lifestyle factors. New forms of economic mechanism, economic relations, and program-target planning are included in the daily activities of medical workers. Previously published legislative and regulatory documents receive a new interpretation. Changes are taking place in the structure and forms of primary health care and ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population.

Currently, the healthcare system, indicators and standards of medical and social security are still not stable. New information about modern health and healthcare problems can only be obtained through direct communication with specialists. As a rule, the material contained in the literature is quite extensive and scattered, which complicates the consideration of mandatory provisions, methods, and indicators.

The purpose of this essay is to examine the role of medicine in ensuring health.

1. ORGANIZATIONAL PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH CARE

1.1 Basic theoretical and organizational principles of modernOhealth care

The concept of “healthcare” means activities to preserve, improve, ensure and strengthen the health of various population groups. The main legislative acts enshrine the human right to protection and promotion of health. Optimization of the healthcare system is the most important part of the state’s socio-economic policy. Healthcare is considered as a state system with unity of goals, interaction and continuity of services (therapeutic and preventive), universal availability of qualified medical care, and a real humanistic orientation.

The priority structural element of the healthcare system is the preventive activities of medical workers, the development of medical and social activity and attitudes towards a healthy lifestyle among various groups of the population.

The main direction in the development and improvement of healthcare at the present stage is the protection of motherhood and childhood, the creation of optimal socio-economic, legal and medical-social conditions for improving the health of women and children, family planning, and solving medical and demographic problems.

The public nature of health care ensures funding, training and improvement of personnel. The activities of bodies and institutions are carried out on the basis of state legislation and regulatory documents. The principle of unity of medical science and practice is implemented in the form of joint activities and the introduction of scientific developments in healthcare institutions.

The most important theoretical problems of health care include: the social conditionality of public health, disease as a biosocial phenomenon, the main categories of health care (public health, material and economic base, personnel, etc.), forms and ways of development of health care under various socio-economic conditions and etc.

The World Health Organization has defined 4 categories of generalized indicators that characterize the state of healthcare in the country Luchkevich V.S. Fundamentals of social medicine and health care management. - St. Petersburg, 1997, p. 37:

1) indicators related to health policy;

2) social and economic indicators;

3) indicators of the provision of medical and social assistance;

4) indicators of the health status of the population.

1.2 Social medicine and health management as a doctorbspecialty and public health science

The founders of domestic social medicine defined social medicine as the science of public health and healthcare. Its main task is to study the influence of medical and social factors, conditions and lifestyle on the health of various population groups, to develop scientifically based recommendations for the prevention and elimination of unfavorable social conditions and factors, as well as health measures to improve the level of public health. The main purpose of social medicine and health care management as a science and academic discipline is to evaluate the criteria of public health and the quality of medical care and their optimization.

Methods of medical and social research:

1) historical;

2) dynamic observation and description;

3) sanitary-statistical;

4) medical and sociological analysis;

5) expert assessments;

6) system analysis and modeling;

7) organizational experiment;

8) planning and normative, etc.

Social medicine is the science of health care strategy and tactics.

The objects of medical and social research are:

1) groups of persons, population of the administrative territory;

2) individual institutions (clinics, hospitals, diagnostic centers, specialized services);

3) health authorities;

4) environmental objects;

5) general and specific risk factors for various diseases, etc.

1.3 Modern theories of medicine and healthcare

Knowledge of modern theories of medicine and healthcare allows you to avoid erroneous assumptions when assessing the impact of environmental and social factors on human health. Individual theories can be conditionally divided into 2 groups.

1. Theories of population and health care (mainly sociological, naturalistic): Malthusianism, neo-Malthusianism, the theory of “optimum population”, racism, paternalism, eugenics (racial hygiene); social Darwinism, organic theory of G. Spencer, social ecology; theory of “diseases of civilization” and social disadaptation; convergence theory in healthcare; factor theory; theory of the “vicious circle”, poverty and disease.

This group includes theories of population and health care, which are associated with such concepts as the essence of demographic phenomena, especially population reproduction, health policy, and the development of public health.

2. Theories of medicine: pathologies (medico-biological, psychologizing), theory of “stress” and general adaptation syndrome by G. Selye; Freudianism, neo-Freudianism; psychoanalytic psychosomatics; neo-hippocratism; biotypology.

This group unites theories about the essence of pathological processes, medical-biological and socio-psychological conditions.

2. The role of medicine in ensuring health

2.1 Social and biological factors of health

Health and morbidity indicators are used in relation to specific groups of healthy and sick people. This obliges us to approach the assessment of a person’s lifestyle not only from biological, but also from medical and social positions. Social factors are determined by the socio-economic structure of society, the level of education, culture, industrial relations between people, traditions, customs, social attitudes in the family and personal characteristics. Most of these factors, together with the hygienic characteristics of life, are included in the general concept of “lifestyle”, the share of which influences health is more than 50% among all factors.

Biological characteristics of a person (sex, age, heredity, constitution, temperament, adaptive capabilities, etc.) account for no more than 20% of the total impact of factors on health. Both social and biological factors influence a person in certain environmental conditions, the share of influence of which ranges from 18 to 22%. Only a small part (8-10%) of health indicators is determined by the level of activity of medical institutions and the efforts of medical workers. Therefore, human health is a harmonious unity of biological and social qualities determined by innate and acquired biological and social properties, and disease is a violation of this harmony.

2.2 The concept of prevention. Its basic principles and types

Prevention is an integral part of medicine. The social and preventive direction in protecting and strengthening the health of the people includes medical, sanitary, hygienic and socio-economic measures. Creating a system for preventing diseases and eliminating risk factors is the most important socio-economic and medical task of the state. There are individual and public prevention. Depending on the state of health, the presence of risk factors for the disease or severe pathology in a person, 3 types of prevention are considered Chmilenko V.I. Valeology: Textbook. allowance. - M., 1999, p. 89.

Primary prevention is a system of measures to prevent the occurrence and impact of risk factors for the development of diseases (vaccination, rational work and rest regime, rational high-quality nutrition, physical activity, environmental health, etc.). Primary prevention includes socio-economic measures of the state to improve lifestyle, environment, education, etc. Preventive activities are mandatory for all medical workers. It is no coincidence that clinics, hospitals, dispensaries, and maternity hospitals are called medical and preventive institutions.

Secondary prevention is a set of measures to eliminate pronounced risk factors, which under certain conditions (decreased immune status, overexertion, adaptation failure) can lead to the onset, exacerbation or relapse of the disease. The most effective method of secondary prevention is medical examination as a comprehensive method of early detection of diseases, dynamic observation, targeted treatment, and rational consistent recovery.

A number of experts propose the term “tertiary prevention” as a set of measures for the rehabilitation of patients who have lost the ability to fully live. Tertiary prevention aims at social (building confidence in one’s own social suitability), labor (the possibility of restoring work skills), psychological (restoring the behavioral activity of the individual) and medical (restoring the functions of organs and systems) rehabilitation.

The most important component of all preventive measures is the formation of medical and social activity and attitudes towards a healthy lifestyle among the population.

2.3 Lifestyle as a medical and social factor of health

Lifestyle is a leading generalized factor that determines the main trends in health changes and is considered as a type of active human activity. The structure of the lifestyle with its medical and social characteristics includes:

1) labor activity and working conditions;

2) economic and household activities (type of home, living space, living conditions, time spent on household activities, etc.);

3) recreational activities aimed at restoring physical strength and interacting with the environment;

4) socialization activities in the family (care for children, elderly relatives); 5) family planning and relationships between family members;

6) formation of behavioral characteristics and socio-psychological status;

7) medical and social activity (attitude to health, medicine, attitude towards a healthy lifestyle).

Lifestyle is associated with such concepts as standard of living (structure of income per person), quality of life (measurable parameters characterizing the degree of material security of a person), lifestyle (psychological individual characteristics of behavior), way of life (national social order of life, everyday life, culture).

2.4 The concept of medical activity and a healthy lifestyle

Medical activity refers to the activities of people in the field of protecting, improving individual and public health in certain socio-economic conditions. Medical (medical and social) activity includes: the presence of hygienic skills, implementation of medical recommendations, participation in improving lifestyle and the environment, the ability to provide first aid to oneself and relatives, use folk and traditional medicine, etc.

Increasing the level of medical activity and literacy of the population is the most important task of the local general practitioner and pediatrician (especially the family doctor). An important component of medical and social activity is the attitude towards a healthy lifestyle (HLS).

A healthy lifestyle is hygienic behavior based on scientifically proven sanitary and hygienic standards aimed at strengthening and maintaining health, activating the body's defenses, ensuring a high level of working capacity, and achieving active longevity.

Thus, healthy lifestyle can be considered as the basis for disease prevention. It is aimed at eliminating risk factors (low level of labor activity, dissatisfaction with work, passivity, psycho-emotional tension, low social activity and low cultural level, environmental illiteracy, physical inactivity, irrational, unbalanced nutrition, smoking, consumption of alcohol, narcotic and toxic substances, tense family relationships, unhealthy lifestyle, genetic risk, etc.). A healthy lifestyle is an important factor in health (increases work activity, creates physical and mental comfort, activates life position, the body’s defenses, strengthens general condition, reduces the frequency of diseases and exacerbations of chronic diseases).

Formation of a healthy lifestyle is the creation of a system for overcoming risk factors in the form of active life of people aimed at maintaining and strengthening health. A healthy lifestyle includes the following components:

1) conscious creation of working conditions conducive to maintaining health and increasing performance;

2) active participation in cultural events, physical education and sports, refusal of passive forms of rest, training of mental abilities, auto-training, giving up bad habits (drinking alcohol, smoking), rational, balanced nutrition, observing the rules of personal hygiene, creating normal conditions in family;

3) the formation of interpersonal relationships in work groups, families, attitudes towards the sick and disabled;

4) respect for the environment, nature, a high culture of behavior at work, in public places and transport;

5) conscious participation in preventive measures carried out by medical institutions, compliance with medical orders, the ability to provide first aid, reading popular medical literature, etc.

2.5 Health as an indicator of the effectiveness of medical and preventive measuresItelnosti

Any type of medical activity, a complex of health-improving, hygienic and preventive measures in individual teams and on administrative territory must be assessed from the point of view of their social, medical and economic effectiveness. The leading criterion for assessing effectiveness can only be health indicators over time (decrease in morbidity, mortality, disability, increase in the duration of working life, etc.). Efficiency is assessed as the ratio of the result obtained to the costs incurred.

In healthcare, the goal cannot be to save money on human health or to save money at the expense of health. Economic justification for treatment and preventive measures, analysis of the use of funds in healthcare are necessary to select the most optimal allocation options and achieve the best results in protecting public health. The main components of economic efficiency (or damage prevented) are as follows:

Increase in production by reducing the time lost by workers due to temporary incapacity, disability, and premature death;

Reducing losses from decreased productivity of workers weakened by illness;

Reducing additional costs for health improvement and safety in areas with harmful and difficult working conditions;

Reducing the cost of additional training for workers replacing sick and disabled people;

Reducing the cost of medical care in healthcare institutions due to a decrease in the number of patients;

Reducing the cost of social insurance for temporary disability.

2.6 Definition of health. Basic methods of studying it

Health is a state that ensures an optimal relationship between the body and the environment and promotes the activation of all types of human life (labor, economic, household, recreational, socialization, family planning, medical and social, etc.). The World Health Organization defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” There are other definitions, among which the health of an individual is considered as a dynamic state of preservation and development of his biological, physiological and mental functions, optimal working capacity and social activity with the longest and most active life.

The main criteria characterizing public health are Yuryev V.K. Population health and methods of studying it: Textbook. - St. Petersburg, 1993, p. 51:

Medical and demographic (fertility, mortality, natural increase, infant mortality, frequency of premature births, life expectancy);

Morbidity (general, infectious, with temporary disability, according to medical examinations, major non-epidemic diseases, hospitalized);

Primary disability;

Indicators of physical development;

Mental health indicators.

All criteria are evaluated dynamically. An important criterion for assessing the health of the population should be considered the health index, that is, the proportion of those who were not sick at the time of the study (during the year, etc.). You can take into account the proportion of people with chronic forms of diseases, who are often and long-term ill, etc.

Information about the state of health (morbidity) can be obtained on the basis of medical examinations, the population’s seeking medical care, the results of special sample studies, data on the causes of death, etc.

When assessing health, the population is divided into health groups:

Group 1 (healthy) - these are persons who do not have complaints, a history of chronic diseases, functional abnormalities and organic changes;

Group 2 (practically healthy) - persons who have chronic diseases in the stage of stable remission, functional changes in organs and systems that do not affect their activity and ability to work;

Group 3 - patients with chronic diseases in the stage of compensation, subcompensation or decompensation.

CONCLUSION

Currently, the problem of analyzing the quality of life of the population as a whole and the state of its health is acquiring a fairly clearly defined applied emphasis. Due to the fact that modern medicine relies in its development on other branches of natural science and, in particular, on biology, physiology, biochemistry, genetics, physics, electronics and engineering, it becomes more powerful every year and gradually gains full power over the human body .

This collaboration of medicine with other branches of knowledge is the most important aspect of the current stage of its development. Medical science has grown so much, it has expanded its capabilities so much that now not a single branch of industry, agriculture, construction, transport, communications, space research, raising children and much more can do without its advice and direct participation.

List of sources used

1. Agadzhanyan N.A., Alekseev S.V. Human valueology: health - love - beauty. - St. Petersburg, 1998

2. Bilich G.L., Nazarova L.V. Fundamentals of valeology: Textbook. - St. Petersburg: Aquarius, 1998

3. Dubrovsky V.I. Valeology. Healthy lifestyle: Proc. allowance. - M.: FLINTA, 1999

4. Kuzmenko V.G., Baranov V.V. Healthcare in a market economy. - M., 1994

5. Luchkevich V.S. Fundamentals of social medicine and health care management. - St. Petersburg, 1997

6. Pimenov Yu.S., Larionov Yu.K. Health and medicine today and in the future. - M., 1999

7. Chmilenko V.I. Valeology: Textbook. allowance. - M., 1999

8. Yuriev V.K. Population health and methods of studying it: Textbook. - St. Petersburg, 1993

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In modern society, most people, to one degree or another, are exposed to medicine and various means of treating diseases. From the first attempts at treatment, people used a huge number of different means for these purposes, the search for which never stopped. Some of them disappeared from the arsenal of medicine as ineffective and were replaced by more advanced ones, others as having both positive and negative effects on the body, and others have survived to this day. Plants have been used by humans throughout the history of their development.

The use of plants for treatment is generally widespread in the animal world. Numerous cases of animals self-healing by eating various herbs and plants have been described. Some of these observations were valuable to humans. Thus, ancient Arabic manuscripts tell how Ethiopian shepherds noticed goats that began to jump and frolic animatedly after eating the leaves of the coffee bush. As a result of testing this observation, the stimulating effect of not only the leaves, but also the coffee beans was established. Currently, the coffee drink has become so widespread and popular that there is no need to dwell on the advantages (and disadvantages) of its use.

Leuzea safflower, currently used in medicine as a general strengthening and tonic, is also called maral root among the peoples of Siberia. Hunters have repeatedly observed how deer, tired of the chase, eat the stems and roots of Leuzea and then run away. In the Far Eastern taiga of Primorye, roe deer and other wild animals willingly eat the hard leaves of the Eleutherococcus bush. This unusual behavior led to speculation that the animals were being treated. Indeed, a thorough study of Eleutherococcus, carried out, in particular, by I.I. Brekhman, led to the discovery of pronounced tonic and adaptogenic properties. Buryat hunters claim that wounded deer willingly eat red carnations, as a result of which their wounds stop bleeding very quickly. As a hemostatic agent, cloves are still used in folk medicine.

Wild and domestic animals eat plants that have anthelmintic properties, such as wormwood. In Buryatia, in order to cure sheep of helminths, they are periodically driven out to pasture where the tugan-gypsy grows. In Transcaucasia they claim that Himalayan bears eat rhododendron flowers for the same purpose. Apparently, such a treatment was described by the wonderful Soviet naturalist writer N.I. Sladkov: “The bear chews flowers with disgust, protruding his lips, choking, spitting, but swallowing.” How a person discovered the healing properties of plants, we, of course, cannot accurately determine. There is no doubt that the path to knowledge of medicinal herbs was long and difficult.

The formation of man as a species began in the forest among plants that primarily attracted the attention of people. The main food for primitive man was the fruits, stems, roots and rhizomes of herbaceous plants. Along with food plants, medicinal plants were also found. Such discoveries were accidental. As a result of repeated repetition of the therapeutic effect of individual plants, a person began to understand the connection between the relief of suffering and the use of any remedy. He remembered the beneficial effects of plants and used them when necessary. “In all likelihood, all the nutritional, stimulating and healing properties of the most inconspicuous plants of each country were first discovered by savages who were driven by extreme necessity, went through countless similar experiments, and passed on the knowledge acquired through practice to each other and to posterity orally.” - wrote Charles Robert Darwin (1809 - 1882). The information obtained about the medicinal or toxic properties of plants was passed on from generation to generation and accumulated among the people over many centuries, forming the experience of traditional medicine.

There is no doubt that medicinal plants were the first medicinal agents that people began to consciously use. In primitive society, the art of healing apparently belonged to the entire adult population, and therefore it becomes clear why Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849 -1936) in his work on the history of medicine wrote about doctors: “Their activities are the same age as the first man... It would be unfair to consider the history of medicine from its written period."

Studying the history of the use of medicinal plants, a well-known specialist in this field, Nina Georgievna Kovaleva, made a surprisingly accurate conclusion that ..... that the first doctor on earth was a herbalist. And man had to be practically only a herbalist for hundreds of years, since animal food remained for a long time only an accidental addition to plant food, and therefore he could not reliably discover its healing properties. Even during the period of the advent of writing, as evidenced by discovered records, most medicines were of plant origin.

“Treatment with plants is not a far-fetched, invented method of treatment. The successful use of plants for medicinal purposes is a natural process that directly follows from the conditions of development of the human body. Therefore, not only primitive man, but also sick animals, driven by the instinct of self-preservation, were found among the surrounding nature the right plant, sometimes paying with their lives for unsuccessful searches,” writes N. G. Kovaleva.

Collecting plants, preparing medicines and treating the sick required a lot of time, knowledge and experience. Therefore, as society developed, medical information was concentrated in certain individuals. In ancient times, these were, as a rule, ministers of religious cults - shamans, priests, etc., later the profession of a doctor appeared. However, information about the beneficial properties of medicinal plants is used not only by scientific medicine; it still lives among the people, passed on from generation to generation. And the knowledge that plantain is an excellent remedy for stopping bleeding from a small cut, and that in case of “night blindness” you need to eat carrots, that plums and prunes loosen, and bird cherry strengthens and much more, we receive earlier, as a rule, not from doctor, but from your loved ones. Scientific and traditional medicine do not contradict, but complement and enrich each other.

In the life of every person, medicine plays a very important role throughout his life and it makes no sense to say otherwise. It is also impossible to deny the fact that it is better to have good health than good medicine. But it is impossible to be insured against everything. What to do if you are very seriously ill? The answer is very simple!

You must immediately consult a doctor: make an appointment with an ophthalmologist, make an appointment with an orthopedist, or a speech therapist. It is necessary to visit a doctor, even if the disease does not pose a serious threat to the body. A good specialist will always give advice and suggest all prohibited and permitted actions during your illness. He may prescribe a special diet for you. The best specialists can be found on this resource medbooking.com.

It is strictly forbidden to delay going to the doctor, especially if your illness is a type of cold and you are endangering not only yourself, but also those around you. Often, a trip to a specialist reveals new flaws in your body. A large number of people are simply afraid of this and put off going to the doctor “for later.” If you delay with your illness and do not contact a specialist in time, you can get complications that will not be so easy to cure.

Never forget this. After all, human health is priceless and at the slightest outbreak of the disease, you must immediately seek help from a specialist.

The role and importance of the doctor for the development of people

One of Elena Ivanovna’s most beloved philosophers and writers, Friedrich Nietzsche, in his work “Human, All Too Human...” noted the dominant importance of the medical profession in the culture of mankind: “At present, not a single vocation makes it possible to achieve such a high position as the vocation doctor But the higher spiritual education of a doctor is now not limited to knowledge of the best, newest methods of treatment, the skill and ability to make those quick conclusions about the causes and influences that create the glory of a diagnostician: no, the doctor must, in addition, have the ability to speak, applying it to the patient’s situation , to convince him, to touch his heart; he must have courage, the very sight of which would drive away cowardice - this worm gnawing at every patient; the skill of a diplomat in mediating between patients who need joy for recovery, and those who, in the form of their health , should and can bring joy to others; the insight of a detective and investigator to unravel the secrets of the soul without giving them away - in a word, a good doctor must be fluent in the arts of all other professions. Appearing in such full armor, the doctor is able to become a benefactor of the entire society, increasing the number of good deeds, spiritual joy and productivity of the mind, keeping from bad thoughts, evil intentions, trickery (the disgusting source of which is so often the abdominal cavity), freeing from so-called mental torment and remorse and contributing to the restoration of the spiritual and physical aristocracy (by helping or hindering marriages). Only in this way will he become a savior of society instead of a physician."

In full accordance with the ancient traditions of Eastern Medicine, the Teaching of Living Ethics assigns a very special place to the doctor among scientists and practitioners whose work is connected with people. The doctor seems to be a kind of healer of souls and bodies, and not just a “psychotherapist,” but in the most literal sense confessor, whose work helps to ennoble people: “You wrote today about physical medicines, but for crowds even barrels of the most precious substance will be useless. You can ask all the doctors in the world to begin the mission of spiritualizing the heart. Each doctor has access to different houses. He sees different generations, words he is received with attention. He can so easily add the most valuable instructions among physical advice. He has the right to find out all the details of the moral conditions of the house. He can give advice that will make you think beyond the actions of the stomach, he can order, because behind it is the fear of death. The doctor - the most sacred person in the house where the patient is. Humanity is concerned with a sufficient number of diseases - which means that the doctor can give many valuable warnings..." (Fiery World, II, 217).

The field of activity of a doctor in a patient’s home expands from the need to provide advice on rearrangement of life to changing the way of behavior and attitude towards work and relatives. Only in recent decades, due to well-known deformations in medical education and the practice of outpatient doctors in our country, the prestige of the medical profession has noticeably decreased. At all times, the doctor was considered the most important of the specialists, because his actions depended life itself patient. In this case, the importance of a doctor in a person’s life deepens even more, although, of course, knowledge and skills alone are not enough to achieve such high professionalism. It is still necessary to become a highly moral, spiritually established person: “Doctors can be true helpers of humanity in the ascension of the spirit. The mind of a doctor must be strengthened by the heart. It is impossible for a doctor to be an ignorant denier. A doctor cannot but be a psychologist and he cannot neglect the wonderful psychic energy.. "(Aum, 3).

In ancient times, a doctor was not only a highly moral specialist with deep knowledge of his subject. Doctors, through special yogic training, acquired paranormal (albeit completely natural for a highly developed person) extrasensory abilities, which helped them accurately diagnose and select the necessary treatment regimen in full accordance with the individuality of the patient.

This does not mean that in the past all doctors were like Wolf Messing or Roza Kuleshova. However, mastering psychic paranormal abilities, along with acquiring high powers of observation and developed memory, was a professional duty for every healer, and many doctors possessed these abilities to a developed degree (depending on talent and diligence in training). In the treatise "Zhud-shi", containing the main provisions of Indo-Tibetan medicine, there is a special section entirely devoted to the yogic psychoenergy training of the doctor, the purpose of which was development of higher abilities of human perception. There were corresponding sections called “Taoist Yoga” in the treatises of Chinese doctors.

Modern psychology of self-improvement knows one of the innate abilities, called “healing”. It lies in an increased natural ability to empathize with another person. This empathy occurs not only at the subjective mental level, but also at the purely physiological level of perception. A person with this ability literally feels everything that the patient he examines feels, experiences, and even thinks (“sympathizes” with him).

In past centuries, experienced mentors identified precisely such gifted people among applicants for the title of healer and purposefully (through the use of Yoga exercises and targeted programming suggestion) developed this unique ability in them. Subsequently (after development and mastery), the ability to “contact” with the body and soul of the patient successfully replaced fluoroscopy, biochemical blood tests, and other instrumental and laboratory methods of examining the patient.

The main thing for the healer of the past was perfect mastery of the science of mental properties and mental processes of a person: “Not a single medical school teaches psychology. Such a subject does not exist at all. The word “psychology” is associated with pedagogy, but not with the knowledge of the qualities of psychic energy. Impossible allow that medical education can bypass such a basic subject. Cognition of psychic energy makes it possible to show attention to medicines. How much less medicine will be needed when doctors can use psychic treatment. The conditions for assistance with psychic energy will renew all phenomena of life. Let us not separate the highest concept of being from medical assistance "How many ancient sources indicate that clergy were also doctors. Thus, it was emphasized that the doctor has authority, otherwise he will walk in the tail of diseases, unable to prevent them..." (Community, 234).

The high authority of a doctor in past centuries allowed his advice to reach the minds and hearts of patients. Only in this way was it possible to engage in true disease prevention. Otherwise, what kind of help can prevent the development of the disease if people do not accept (due to distrust of doctors and because of their own low culture) the recommendations of doctors and do not change their own addictions and harmful living conditions! Only the sacredness of the position of a doctor can explain such close attention that was paid in ancient medical treatises specifically to the prevention of diseases, issues of improving the health of everyday life and the entire lifestyle, issues of maintaining the natural order of work and rest in “following the rhythms and states of Nature.” And the authority of a highly moral and well-versed physician for the introduction of such prevention was mandatory.

Knowledge of applied psychology is extremely important and even mandatory for a doctor also because the human body, under directed psychological influence, is able to secrete entire “sets” of its own phenomenally active and targeted substances, which are the most natural for its functioning both in quality and dosage. Such “internal medicines” are capable of physiologically leading tissues and organs to healing changes in accordance with the treatment task transmitted by the physician to the patient under psychological influence. The body, it turns out, listens very carefully to the doctor’s voice, his thoughts and mood, of course, if the doctor managed to “please” the body and “get into contact with it.”

Hypnotherapist Kashpirovsky A.M. diligently promoted the idea of ​​​​the possibility of the human body, under the psychological influence of a doctor, producing such internal biologically active substances, a kind of “own medicine”, which, in particular, are capable of “dissolving” even scar tissue, which until now was considered practically unchangeable even under the influence of powerful chemotherapy and enzyme drugs. The same ideas have been successfully developing in the United States for three decades now. A new section of experimental medicine has even been identified - psychoendocrine neuroimmunology, whose adherents are searching for ways to activate the human body and stimulate the production of biologically active substances of internal origin necessary for healing through the use of various psychological methods of influence, including the use of transcendental meditation, auto-training, active programming, neurolinguistic programming or good old hypnosis.

In this regard, the work experience of the American psychological influence specialist Carl Singleton is extremely interesting. In numerous popular and scientific books coming from his pen and immediately becoming bestsellers, this healer shares his own experience of creating special groups for the psychological activation of hidden reserves of self-healing in cancer patients. The influence of psychotherapy, carried out, of course, according to a program specially developed for various types of patients, is such that the effect of all “classical” methods of treating cancer (chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy) is significantly enhanced, their effectiveness increases due to the creation of especially positive effects in groups of patients. emotional background, developing a mindset for healing and generating unshakable faith in the success of the treatment.

Along with conventional radiation, chemotherapy and surgery, Dr. Singleton also uses mental relaxation techniques and visualization techniques - the ability to see “with closed eyes” imaginary pictures of the processes occurring at this time in the body. This is how Singleton's method is described in J. Mishlav's book "The Roots of Consciousness."

"The patient is asked to meditate for 15 minutes at the same time 3 times a day - in the morning after waking up, in the afternoon around noon and at night just before going to bed. The first few minutes of meditation are used to enter a state of relaxation: only after completely relaxing , the patient can visualize a calm landscape. Next comes the main part of the mental imagery work. First of all, the patient "tunes in" to the cancerous tumor and contemplates it with the "eye of his mind." After this, he imagines a conjectural picture of the work of his own immune mechanism, eliminating dead and dying cells. The patient is asked to visualize an army of white blood cells swarming around the cancerous tumor, carrying away malignant cells weakened or killed by radiation. The patient then imagines the white blood cells destroying the malignant cells, after which the remains of the latter are “washed out" of the body. At the end of the meditation, the patient visualizes himself completely healthy and happy."

In addition to the use of visualization techniques, the patient is introduced to the general principles of the immune mechanism, and is shown photographs of other patients who have been completely healed using Dr. Singleton's method. Having studied the medical histories of 152 patients, the doctor found that almost half of them had a complete cure; conventional methods of treatment using the method of mental mobilization gave better results than without such a combination. Of course, the treatment brought the greatest benefit to those who were most optimistic and more fully and deeply involved in the holistic healing process. In patients in the same group, the negative side effects usually caused by radiation therapy were significantly reduced.

It is interesting that in the books of the Teaching of Living Ethics, similar ideas were put forward back in the 20s. of our century, and the problem itself was posed much more seriously - the problem of connecting the internal “laboratory” of the human body not only with its mental state, but even with the influence of the planetary and cosmic energy-information environment: “...People are generously endowed with powerful substances. Chemical laboratory human is phenomenal. Truly, one can say, nowhere can so many forces be concentrated as in the human body. It is no coincidence that there was a theory that a person can be cured of all diseases with his own secretions. Also, let us not forget that human chemistry is the subtlest, everything is found under the influence of psychic energy, which, in turn, can constantly be renewed in connection with spatial currents... Human poison is strong and psychic energy is healing... Psychic and chemical influences are inseparable..." (Aboveground, 338).

Since ancient times, Eastern Medicine has known about the possibility of purposefully activating the human body’s ability to secrete healing substances under the psychological influence of an experienced doctor. That is why psychology in ancient times was so vitally necessary for doctors in their daily practice. Mastering practical psychology required from the doctor himself the highest development of his mental qualities and moral virtues.

Doctors of past centuries tried to develop in themselves the so-called “touchstone” - practical intuition, through which they could directly sense the patient’s condition: this is how they “guessed” the necessary treatment regimen (which, however, does not at all exclude the need for deep knowledge of the subject, but complements ability to think with intuitive insights).

Doctors of the past used the ability to suggest, developed by yogic psychotraining methods, and thus influenced the patient, activating his hidden chemical “laboratories”, which made it possible to naturally solve many therapeutic problems, without actually resorting to the administration of drugs. Of course, suggestion was important, but far from the only method of treatment. However, it was the establishment of psychological, or more precisely, direct psychoenergetic contact between the physician and the patient that in ancient times was given paramount importance in determining the prognosis of treatment of the disease and the possibility of healing. By the way, Dr. Singleton also sought to select namely optimistic patients who have not yet lost faith in the possibility of real healing and trust in medicine and its representatives. He did this with the help of psychodiagnostic tests. Doctors of the past, with their observation and inner sensitivity, could choose “by eye.”

Regarding the development of modern pharmacology and the widespread dissemination of standard treatment regimens associated with the improvement of the pharmaceutical base of modern medicine and the deepening of knowledge about the intimate mechanisms of the biochemical “machines” of the human body, the Teaching of Living Ethics says more than definitely: “They may ask - the number of doctors will decrease with the multiplication of ready-made medicines? This would be a disaster. The appearance of doctors everywhere - if only we understand the doctor as a highly educated friend of humanity. It is conventionally prepared medicines that will cause diseases that the doctor must individually treat. A very subtle combination of suggestion with medicines will be required. We are not talking about surgery, because This area does not give rise to reasoning if it does not exceed its purpose. A surgeon who performs an unnecessary operation is often like a murderer. Therefore, in this area, true straight-knowledge is required (synonymous with consciously controlled intuition - S.K.). But the position of the doctor is even more complicated when combining several diseases, and such cases are multiplying. You can treat one disease and thereby worsen another. Many areas are still deprived of reasonable medical care. From this situation the phenomenon of decreased vitality is born. Degeneration is not a fabrication. Signs of such a disaster can be seen everywhere. Such misfortune not only affects the present generation, but it distorts the future of humanity. They will shout to us that such advice is old. But why is it not accepted until now?” (Brotherhood, 141).

The high calling of a doctor and his central, frankly speaking, role in the process of healing a patient are determined by the fact that the doctor is not just a specialist familiar with medical science, but a highly educated and highly moral assistant to a person in need of him, a specialist who has a reserve of “psychic energy” that is so necessary for any treatment, as the founders of the Teaching of Living Ethics understood it.

And therefore, the doctor cannot be replaced either by a computer, or by instruments, or by drugs synthesized in flasks of chemical plants. But what is this “psychic energy”, which is given so much attention in almost all theories and practical recommendations of both the Teaching of Living Ethics, and in the ancient treatises of Eastern Medicine and in general?

7. The importance of zemstvo medicine in Russia for the development of medical science In Russia in the middle of the 19th century. deep social and economic processes caused the emergence and development in the second half of the 19th century. zemstvo medicine. Social and economic development of the country