What does the appearance of red blood cells in the urine signal? Increased level of red blood cells in a urine test Against which background red blood cells may be elevated in women

Red blood cells are the main blood cells. Naturally, it is in the blood that there are much more of them than all other formed elements. These blood cells have a disc-shaped shape that is slightly thicker at the edges. Sometimes the results of a urine test reveal an increased amount of them. What could this mean?

What does the presence of red blood cells in urine mean and what is their norm?

This structure facilitates their passage through the human blood system and helps enrich organs and cells with oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Red blood cells are formed in the bone marrow under the influence of erythropoietin, or the kidney hormone. These cells are two-thirds hemoglobin. It is the color of hemoglobin that determines the main color of blood. On average, red blood cells can function for one hundred and twenty days. At the same time, cells whose life has expired do not affect the total number of cells in the blood, since the bone marrow is responsible for their production.

As is known, these cells carry out the transfer of oxygen into cells and tissues, and vice versa, the transfer of carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs. Of course, red blood cells can be found not only in the blood, but also in the urine, since they are transported throughout the body and enter all organs.

The level of red blood cells in the urine is normal if the analysis showed from zero to three units in the urine sediment in women and from zero to one in men. If the number of cells increases, one can judge the phenomenon of hematuria (erythrocyturia). With a normal amount, about two million pieces are excreted from the body per day.

During a urine test, unchanged red blood cells that contain hemoglobin, or changed ones that do not contain it, can be detected.

The length of time an erythrocyte remains in the urine can be determined by the ratio of changed and unchanged cells. The longer a red blood cell remains in the urine, the duller its color becomes. The speed of this process depends quite strongly on the concentration and acidity of urine. Hemoglobin is leached much more quickly in more acidic and dense urine.

The causes of the appearance of unchanged red blood cells are primarily diseases of the urinary tract and organs. This often happens due to a prostate tumor, the passage of a stone, etc.

But the reasons for the appearance of altered red blood cells are a variety of kidney diseases.

In order to clarify the reasons for the appearance of bodies, it should be sampled in three vessels in turn. If the source is the urethra, then the majority of blood cells will be in the first portion, and if it is the bladder, then there will be more blood cells in the third portion. In any case, an experienced doctor will be able to determine the exact cause using such an analysis.

Increase in a child

An increased number of people is always dangerous, but it is even more dangerous and scary when this indicator goes off scale in children. After the analysis shows elevated red blood cells, repeat the test. If a repeated test shows the same high level of red blood cells, then this may be an indication of various diseases. Therefore, without delay, send your child for a serious diagnosis of organs such as the lungs, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract and genitourinary system.

Of course, you don’t need to go through all these diagnostics yourself. It is best to consult a doctor first. There is hope that a specialist will be able to determine the cause of the phenomenon in a child without additional research. These studies are prescribed for the reason that red blood cells can appear in the urine due to inflamed kidneys, swollen intestines, and problems with the prostate gland.

In addition, the cause of the appearance of blood cells may be the use of drugs that were prescribed to the child. In general, there are about a hundred diseases that can cause an increase in the number of these cells, but here you should be extremely persistent, since one analysis that shows an amount higher than normal may be temporary. Therefore, you should do two or even three urine tests to make sure there is a problem.

Elevated red blood cells in a woman during pregnancy

During pregnancy, a woman undergoes a huge number of different tests in order to be confident in her health and the health of her unborn baby. One of the most important tests is a urine test for the number of red blood cells. This analysis is mandatory for the expectant mother, since as the fetus grows and develops, the organs of the genitourinary system become constrained and, as a result, this can lead to an exacerbation of diseases that are in a chronic form. The presence of such diseases is indicated by an increased number. This indicator may be a signal of problems of the genitourinary and urinary tract. Therefore, if an increased number of red blood cells is detected in the urine, an ultrasound examination of the bladder and kidneys is performed, as well as an analysis for bacteriological urine culture.

The expectant mother simply must treat her health with special responsibility and attention. Therefore, during pregnancy, she needs to systematically undergo the necessary tests that can determine the state of the body of the fetus and mother. And if any changes are nevertheless detected, they should not be neglected, since even a slight increase in indicators can prevent the development of the disease, which often turns out to be dangerous for the unborn baby.

A kidney cyst is a benign neoplasm, which is a spherical cavity filled with liquid contents. This disease occurs quite often in the practice of urologists and nephrologists. According to statistics, approximately 25% of adults over the age of 45 have cystic changes of varying severity. Men get sick several times more often than women. In children, kidney cysts are usually congenital.

Why do cysts appear in the kidneys?

The basis of the pathological mechanism of the occurrence of space-occupying formations in renal tissue is a violation of the growth and development of interstitial (connective) and epithelial tissue caused by an inflammatory process or damage. The main causes of kidney cysts are:

Injuries, sclerotic or inflammatory processes lead to the separation of part of the tubule from its main part. If the isolated area is not sclerosed, then a small bubble with a diameter of 1–4 mm is formed in its place. It is filled with a liquid whose composition is similar to blood plasma or primary urine. Further division of epithelial and connective tissue cells leads to the gradual growth of the cyst, the maximum size of which can reach 12-15 cm.

Over time, the mass formation begins to compress the surrounding tissue. In some cases, this process is accompanied by the formation of secondary cavities. With a significant size of the tumor, nerve bundles and blood vessels are compressed, and the outflow of urine worsens. This causes the appearance of a number of general and local signs of a kidney cyst, which include:

• pain in the lumbar region;
• increased body temperature;
• nausea;
• headache;
• fluctuations in blood pressure.

In some cases, malignancy of the epithelial cells lining the inside of the capsule of the formation may be observed.

Classification

Taking into account the characteristics of the morphological structure, several types of kidney cysts are distinguished:

Kidney cysts can be located:

• in the thickness of the tissue (intraparenchymal);
• under the capsule (subcapsular);
• in the area of ​​the pelvis;
• in the gate area.

The most important characteristics of the disease that influence the choice of treatment method and its prognosis are the location, size and nature of the tumor.

Symptoms of a kidney cyst

The disease is asymptomatic for a long time. This is explained by the slow growth of the tumor, which allows the kidneys to adapt to its existence and maintain its functionality. But after the neoplasm becomes significant in size, it begins to affect the juxtaglomerular apparatus. As a result, the patient's blood pressure increases, headaches, cardialgia, and tachycardia appear.

When the tumor compresses the nerve trunks, the patient experiences pain in the lumbar region.

A large tumor compresses the ureter and/or reduces the volume of the renal pelvis. This causes urodynamic disturbances, which are clinically manifested:

• decreased diuresis;
• the appearance of blood in the urine (hematuria);
• increased urge to urinate;
• pain in the lumbar region, radiating to the external genital area.

With long-term urodynamic disturbances, intoxication develops. It is characterized by the following symptoms:

• increased fatigue;
• general weakness;
• nausea;
• decreased appetite;
• swelling.

With bilateral damage or damage to a single kidney, chronic renal failure (CRF) can develop.

Complications and consequences

Most often, the disease is complicated by the development of suppuration, which occurs as severe pyelonephritis or an abscess. In this case, the patient develops the following symptoms:

• a sharp increase in body temperature to 39-40 ° C;
• tremendous chills;
• severe headache and pain in the lumbar region;
• nausea, vomiting;
• lack of appetite;
• severe weakness.

When the capsule ruptures, the liquid contents of the formation are poured into the retroperitoneal space or the collecting system. This condition is quite dangerous, as it threatens to develop:

• urinary tract infections;
• bleeding;
• hemorrhagic or infectious-toxic shock.

In the long term, cavity formations can transform into a malignant tumor or cause chronic renal failure.

Diagnostics

The presence of a tumor in the kidneys can be assumed on the basis of an otherwise unexplained rise in blood pressure and the presence of some changes in the general urine test. To confirm the diagnosis, the patient is referred for a consultation to a urologist, who, after an examination, prescribes the necessary examination, which includes the following instrumental diagnostic methods:

• computed tomography with contrast;
• excretory urography;
• dynamic scintigraphy.

The examination plan also includes laboratory research methods:

• general urine analysis;
• Nechiporenko's test;
• Zimnitsky's test;
• general blood analysis;
• biochemical blood test (urea, creatinine);
• Rehberg's test.

Treatment

With a single subcapsular or intraparenchymal renal cyst, the diameter of which does not exceed 5 cm, the patient only needs dynamic observation by a urologist. The need to treat this form of the disease arises only in the following cases:

• increase in tumor size;
• appearance of clinical symptoms (urodynamic disturbances, lower back pain).

Multi-chamber cavitary neoplasms are subject to mandatory treatment, since there is a high risk of their malignancy, as well as formations located in the area of ​​the pelvis or renal hilum (due to their obstruction of the outflow of urine).

Surgery to remove a kidney cyst is performed using one of the following methods:

1. Percutaneous puncture aspiration. Under ultrasound guidance, the doctor punctures the capsule, passing the needle through the skin and soft tissue. After this, its contents are sucked out. This method of treatment is indicated for single-chamber tapeworm cysts, the size of which does not exceed 6 cm. Its disadvantage is the frequent recurrence of the disease.
2. Sclerotherapy. This type of treatment is a type of puncture aspiration. After removing the liquid contents, special drugs are injected into the cyst cavity, which cause sclerosis (sticking together) of its walls. This can significantly reduce the risk of relapse.
3. Excision. Allows you to completely remove the tumor along with its capsule. It is performed either by the open method or using endoscopic techniques. Indications for surgery are: multi-chamber and large cavity formations, severe suppuration, bleeding, capsule rupture.
4. Nephrectomy. It is performed for large tumors or significant damage to the kidney tissue. The operation can only be performed if there is a normally functioning second kidney.

In order to eliminate certain symptoms of the disease, drug therapy is carried out. Patients may be prescribed various groups of medications:

• non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs – reduce the activity of inflammation, relieve pain, and have an antipyretic effect;
• antibiotics – to prevent or treat infectious complications;
• antihypertensive drugs – to normalize blood pressure levels.

Traditional methods of treating kidney cysts

On the Internet you can find many different folk methods for treating kidney cysts. However, all of them are completely ineffective, since they cannot influence the pathogenetic mechanism of tumor formation. In addition, the lack of proper timely treatment increases the risk of developing complications of the disease (suppuration, capsule rupture, renal failure) and transformation of a benign cyst into a malignant tumor.

In no case should you use recipes based on the ingestion of infusions, decoctions or tinctures of poisonous plants, for example, hemlock or celandine. Not only will they not cure a kidney cyst, but they can also cause quite serious, and in severe cases, fatal poisoning.

Forecast

The prognosis of the disease is determined by the nature of the tumor, its location, and size. For single-chamber small formations with slow growth, it is favorable. With polycystic and multilocular cysts it worsens, as there is a risk of developing chronic renal failure and malignancy. However, with timely surgical treatment, the likelihood of such complications is minimal.

Prevention

Specific prevention of kidney cysts has not been developed. General recommendations are as follows:

• annual examinations by a urologist for all people over 40 years of age;
• blood pressure control;
• timely detection and treatment of diseases of the urinary system.

Video

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Red blood cells are the main parameters of urine analysis, along with leukocytes, which show the general condition of the urogenital tract. Any doctor pays special attention to them, since increased values ​​of this indicator have diagnostic value.

An increase in red blood cells (erythrocyturia) in women is a pathological and alarming sign that requires further examination and observation, since it is undesirable to start such a process.

Let's take a closer look at what is the normal rate of red blood cells in a urine test in women, and what are the reasons for an increase in their level?

What are blood cells responsible for and how to find out their level

Red blood cells are specific blood cells, which respond to foci of inflammation and infection. From a biological point of view, their role in the body is invaluable.

They provide oxygen delivery to organs, tissues, muscles, as a reverse function, transport carbon dioxide to the lungs. This is how the body breathes and nourishes itself.

Red blood cells, like other blood cells, are formed in the bone marrow, and then they begin to actively participate in the hematopoietic system. Their average period of activity is 4 months, and then cell breakdown occurs in the liver and spleen.

Red blood cells cleanse the body of toxins and other harmful substances that cause intoxication, so they cleanse the blood in a specific way.

During inflammation and disease, the concentration of cells begins to increase sharply. This can be observed in urine tests, blood tests, swabs from the throat, nose, urogenital tract, etc.

Erythrocyturia is detected there where inflammation or infection is located.

An increased level of red blood cells in a woman’s urine indicates a pathology of the urogenital tract, which requires treatment.

Check the presence and number of red blood cells in the urine It's not difficult for a woman.

To do this, you need to do the following laboratory tests:

• analysis according to Nechiporenko.

If the patient needs to find out the general level of data, then a clinical blood test is best suited for this, which accurately calculates their concentration together with erythrocyte indices.

However, there is no direct connection between the level of red blood cells in the blood and urine, therefore, it is necessary to conduct a complete examination of the organs of the urogenital tract.

According to the reference values ​​of many laboratories, red blood cells should be absent in a woman’s urine or their level should be no more than 3 in the field of view (p/zr), everything else is not the norm.

Risk factors, why the disease occurs

Erythrocyturia does not always mean pathology which needs to be treated immediately. Often the reason is a normal physiological process, but with severe symptoms this will not be the norm.

The doctor first needs to listen to the patient and ask questions to distinguish between physiology and pathology.

Why are there increased red blood cells in a woman’s urine, what is the reason? Physiological increase in indicators is possible under the following conditions:

• menstruation;
• alcohol intoxication;
• severe stress;
• uncontrolled use of anticoagulant drugs;
• increased physical activity;
• abuse of hot and spicy foods.

A significant increase in these cells is possible if a woman donates biomaterial during menstruation.

Despite douching and following the rules for collecting the analysis, cells still end up in the urine and can be detected in large numbers.

This is a physiological norm, but when interpreting the results, the doctor may not know about this.

In this case, it is most informative to conduct laboratory tests after the end of menstruation.

In other cases, physiological erythrocyturia may be quite insignificant.

More often, various pathologies become the cause of increased red blood cells in a woman’s urine. The doctor evaluates all the indicators of the analysis, and only then makes diagnostic conclusions.

These cells rarely increase in isolation from other parameters, but still they make it possible to identify urological abnormalities.

Pathological erythrocyturia is possible for the following diseases:

• genitourinary tract infection (,);
• traumatic injuries to the bladder or kidneys;
• neoplasms of the urogenital tract;
• kidney diseases (glomerulonephritis, nephritis, nephrotic syndrome);
• arterial increase in pressure of renal origin;
• pathological bleeding from the uterus;
• gynecological diseases (cervical erosion);
• decrease in platelets in the bloodstream (thrombocytopenia);
• blood clotting diseases (hemophilia).

The final cause of the increased content of red blood cells in a woman’s urine must be determined by a doctor, and for this purpose additional examinations are often prescribed.

Complaints and symptoms can help in diagnosing the disease and speed up the process of describing the clinical picture.

Our body's SOS signals:

Erythrocyturia in pregnant women and after childbirth

An increased number of red blood cells in the urine in pregnant women also is not the norm.

The reasons for this condition lie in the pathologies described above, but do not forget that while carrying a child, the body begins to function differently.

What do red blood cells in urine mean in pregnant women? The growing fetus puts pressure on the bladder, uterus, and ureters, therefore congestion and vascular disorders in the genitourinary area begin.

This is a favorable environment for the development of bacteria, but for a healthy body without chronic pathologies this will not be a problem.

Possible slight increase in indicators (microhematuria) which does not cause discomfort. However, severe erythrocyturia requires treatment and emergency medical measures.

Chronic diseases of the genitourinary system during pregnancy in a woman can worsen, as indicated by high rates. More often these are kidney diseases (pyelonephritis) that require treatment.

The pregnant woman is sent to the hospital, where, if possible, she undergoes the following procedures:

• “positional treatment” to restore urine outflow;
• ureteral catheterization;
• puncture nephrostomy in severe cases (drainage of urine using a catheter);
• kidney decapsulation (removal of the affected area of ​​the kidney);
• removal of the kidney in the most severe cases.

In case of advanced renal pathologies, pregnancy must be terminated, so you need to immediately consult a doctor and not start the inflammatory process.

During gestation, urolithiasis (sand, stones) also occurs, but in this case the treatment will be simply therapeutic, which includes increased water consumption.

After childbirth, high levels of red blood cells in the urine of women are a pathology, as this indicates inflammatory changes in the urogenital tract.

Changing hormonal levels have no effect on red blood cells, so ideally they should not be increased under any circumstances.

Symptoms

Typically, erythrocyturia is rarely asymptomatic, and women immediately notice pathological changes in themselves. Symptoms vary depending on where the inflammatory process is localized and in which organ.

The color of the urine begins to change. If with slight erythrocyturia (microhematuria) this may not be noticed, then with a pronounced increase blood appears.

In some cases urine becomes very dark in color, which should be alarming.

All this requires finding out the reasons, but usually everything is accompanied by the following symptoms:

• pain during or after urination;
• fever, general malaise;
• weakness, ;
• pain in the back or sides;
• renal colic;
• lack of appetite or nausea;
• increased blood pressure;
• blood in the urine (gross hematuria);
• bloody discharge from the vagina.

Minor erythrocyturia may be asymptomatic. But usually this is due to improper collection of biomaterial, so this issue needs to be given special attention.

Such nuances can greatly distort the results of the study, since tests must be taken in a sterile container and only after a thorough toilet of the genitals. Only a doctor can determine the final cause of the disease. by ordering additional examinations.

These indicators increase together with protein and leukocytes, which accurately indicates the infectious nature of the disease. Therefore, in no case should symptoms that appear be ignored.

Why is this condition dangerous?

The danger is not the increased indicators, but the pathology that caused their increase. We need to find out what caused erythrocyturia. Without treatment, various complications and more serious pathologies are possible.

For example, kidney diseases (pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, nephritis) can transform into chronic diseases or kidney failure.

Urolithiasis tends to recur and further development, since sand without proper removal begins to transform into large stones, causing consequences.

Untreated cystitis, in turn, can constantly recur, reducing the quality of life, so you need to start medication measures faster.

The most terrible complication is a malignant tumor in the genitourinary organs, which begins to progress.

Blood in the urine appears constantly, as well as other symptoms, which are not helped by various antibiotics and painkillers. In this case, surgery and chemotherapy are required.

ABOUTdanger of erythrocyturia in the development of the following diseases:

• chronic pathologies of the urinary tract (cystitis, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, etc.);
• renal failure;
• increase in stones in the urinary tract;
• malignant/benign tumor, cyst of the urinary tract or pelvic organs;
• persistent arterial hypertension;
• nephrotic syndrome;
• functional pathologies of the bladder and kidneys.

A full examination and consultation with a doctor is necessary, who will prescribe treatment and prevent the development of complications. That's why You can’t delay going to the doctor.

Which doctor should I contact, diagnostic methods

The cause of erythrocyturia can be eliminated using modern medicine, but clinical manifestations must be noticed in time.

Urinary tract diseases The following specialists are involved:

• urologist;
• nephrologist;
• gynecologist.

These doctors can be contacted both in public and private medical organizations.

A urologist deals with genitourinary pathologies, and a nephrologist specializes only in kidney diseases and dysfunctions.

A gynecologist treats diseases of the pelvic and genitourinary organs, since in women everything is interconnected.

Often gynecological diseases and sexually transmitted infections cause inflammation of the urinary tract, but then treatment becomes more difficult. The patient has to be observed by several specialists who use different approaches to treatment.

Private clinics have a urogynecologist who deals with such problems. Therefore, it is best to find such a specialist to avoid progression of the disease and improper therapy.

If erythrocyturia is detected in the analysis, the doctor pays attention to other indicators and symptoms. Increased protein and red blood cells often indicates the renal origin of the pathology, and the usual increase in cells and the presence of salts means urolithiasis.

In most cases further examination, which includes diagnostic measures:

• Urinalysis according to Nechiporenko, where leukocytes, red blood cells and casts are counted as accurately as possible.
• Urine culture for microflora with sensitivity to antibiotics.
• Ultrasound of the bladder, ureters and kidneys, where you can visually see stones, tumors and foci of inflammation.
• Repeated OAM.
• (urea, creatinine, free nitrogen, uric acid) for the diagnosis of renal failure.
• Cystoscopy and biopsy in severe cases (instrumental examination of the urethra and bladder walls).
• Ultrasound of the pelvic organs and colposcopy.
• X-ray of the kidneys.
• MRI or CT scan of the urinary tract.

This is the research that is needed to determine the cause of erythrocyturia. Initially, it all depends on the patient’s condition and symptoms. Therefore, the doctor will not always prescribe a long list of diagnostic procedures.

Features of therapy

Treatment depends on the underlying disease which caused the increase. It is necessary to establish a diagnosis and then prescribe treatment, which includes the following methods:

• combination drug therapy;
• diet;
• local procedures (bladder installation with medicinal solutions, catheterization, etc.);
• physiotherapy (laser, ultrasound therapy);
• immunomodulation;
• surgical intervention.

For infectious erythrocyturia of any origin Antibacterial therapy is mainly used in conjunction with urological antimicrobial drugs (Palin, 5-NOK, Nevigramon, Urotractin, Canephron, Negram, Uroflux, Phytosilin, etc.).

These are herbal and synthetic medicines that, together with antibiotics, eliminate foci of infection.

The type of antibiotic is selected according to laboratory tests: culture of microflora of urine, urethra, vagina, PCR scraping from the urogenital tract, etc.

Herbs are used as additional treatment: bearberry, calendula, knotweed herbs, madder, etc.

Infectious diseases can often recur, so immunomodulatory therapy is used, which restores the mucous membrane of the walls of the bladder and urethra. These can be either special preparations or ordinary installations.

Antibiotics are ineffective for urolithiasis, so treatment doctors prescribe a strict diet.

As well as medications that remove stones and sand (Cyston, Fitosilin, Canephron, Urolesan), antispasmodics (No-shpa, Baralgin, Arpenal).

If significant erythrocyturia appears in the analysis, it means that the stones have injured the walls of the bladder and urethra. In this case prescribe antimicrobial drugs to restore the mucous layer.

Large stones are removed using a procedure called lithotripsy, which is performed instrumentally through the bladder.

Sometimes this is done using conventional ultrasound, which destroys medium-sized stones.

If the cause of erythrocyturia lies in gynecological diseases(colpitis, cervical erosion), then local treatment is carried out (vaginal suppositories, douching, ointments) and instrumental techniques (laser therapy, cryotherapy, radio wave surgery).

With malignant tumors of the urinary tract, a very significant increase is observed. This pathology is best treated in the initial stages. The tumor is removed surgically.

If the tumor is located in the bladder, then transurethral electroresection of the bladder is performed, where malignant or benign tumor cells are removed.

In the later stages of the disease, the bladder and tumor are completely removed (cystectomy).

Renal tumors are operated on laparoscopically and are often cut out along with the kidney (nephrectomy).

For minor tumors, partial preservation of the kidney (resection) is possible.

Diet

Diet plays an important role in the treatment of urological and nephrotic diseases. The patient is not recommended to abuse hot, spicy, fried foods, or drink alcoholic beverages.

Drink plenty of fluids (at least 2-2.5 liters per day) necessary for any inflammatory process of the urinary tract.

You will also have to give up smoking, as it increases the risk of developing cancer and other urological pathologies.

A special diet is necessary for urolithiasis. The correct diet is selected based on what types of salt crystals are detected in the TAM. These can be phosphates, oxalates and urates.

If phosphates are present (phosphaturia), you should avoid fried foods (fish), dairy products, eggs, and liver.

Identification of oxalate salts (oxalaturia, ammonium salts) requires avoidance of foods rich in vitamin C.

The following products should not be consumed:

• citrus fruits, apples;
• broths;
• cocoa, chocolate;
• greens, salads, sorrel;
• ascorbic acid;
• tomatoes;
• beet;
• nuts;
• berries;
• beans and beans.

Detection of urate salts(uraturia) requires a complete restriction of deli meats, broths, coffee, chocolate, hot and spicy foods.

For any urolithiasis, it is necessary to drink fluids intensively, as this helps remove crystals and stones.

In this case herbal remedies are also useful(rose hips, moraine, birch buds, calendula), which dissolve sand and calculi of the urinary tract.

With a proper and balanced diet, erythrocyturia should disappear, as well as accompanying symptoms and diseases.

What not to do

First of all, it is necessary to understand that self-medication is unacceptable, and you should consult a doctor at the first symptoms of pathology.

During pregnancy, you should not hesitate and start the disease, as this can lead to fetal death and even organ loss.

1. Take antibiotics and other medications on your own, especially during pregnancy.
2. Deliberately start the disease and not consult a doctor.
3. Abuse alcohol, smoking, spicy and fatty foods.
4. Donate biomaterial for research during menstruation.
5. Do not adhere to the prescribed diet.
6. Limit fluid intake.
7. Resist the urge to urinate for a long time.

Any patient should follow the doctor's instructions, as this will quickly restore the health of the genitourinary area.

In many cases, it is necessary to retake the analysis in compliance with the rules for collecting biomaterial. Because in other cases this significantly distorts the results and misleads the doctor.

Herbal infusions and herbal preparations can be taken independently. But they also have contraindications and side effects, so a visit to the doctor will be an urgent need.

It must be said that significant erythrocyturia is a very dangerous condition that requires careful diagnosis.

The cause of its appearance may be a range of diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to correctly diagnose and prescribe treatment.

Red blood cells are immediately activated in case of pathology in the genitourinary area. Most often, this is an alarming diagnostic sign that cannot be ignored.

In order to remove waste unnecessary cells and substances from the body, there is an excretory system. Red blood cells are also present in urine because these blood cells have a short lifespan and are renewed from time to time. However, there is a certain norm for the content of red blood cells in urine. If their number suddenly increases, this signals a disruption in metabolic processes in the body, and can serve as a symptom of a serious disease.

Indicator norm

Red blood cells are red blood cells that carry hemoglobin. Within 1 day, the adult body gets rid of approximately 2 million red blood cells through urine. This seems like a huge amount, but in fact, through the microscope lens, only a couple of red blood cells can be counted at a time. The norm for red blood cells in urine in women is 1-3 cells per field of view, in men 1-2 units.

If their number is higher, then this may indicate hematuria - a symptom that is expressed by an increased content of red blood cells in urine.

The condition of hematuria is conditionally classified into 2 types:

1. 1. Microhematuria, when an increased content of red blood cells in the urine can only be seen under a microscope.
2. 2. Macrohematuria, when the presence of blood (the number of red blood cells) in urine is so high that its pinkish tint is visible to the naked eye.

During pregnancy, women regularly submit their urine to the laboratory for analysis. This is very important, because any pathological process in the body of the expectant mother can directly affect the development and health of the fetus. One of the reasons for regular urine testing during pregnancy is the pressure of the growing uterus on the abdominal and pelvic organs. This creates additional stress for them when performing their usual functions. If a woman did not have diseases of these organs before conception, then the development of pathology during pregnancy is unlikely. But in expectant mothers who have a chronic form of any disease of the excretory system, an exacerbation is possible due to increased load. Therefore, there is a need for systematic urine tests to check whether red blood cells are elevated. In pregnant women, the norm of red blood cells in the urinary fluid is from 0 to 3 per field of view.

In this regard, a child’s body is somewhat different from an adult’s. For him, a normal indicator of red blood cells is considered to be up to 4 units in the urine under microscopy. However, exceeding this norm may also indicate the development of a pathological process in the body.

Types of red blood cells in urine

A urine test can detect 2 types of red blood cells:

1. 1. Unmodified (fresh) red blood cells that contain hemoglobin. They have the standard shape for such cells of a disk concave on 2 sides and yellow-green in color. In this case, the pH of urine ranges from slightly acidic to alkaline.
2. 2. Altered (leached) red blood cells, which are characterized by the shape of a colorless ring, sometimes wrinkled or increased in size. They do not have hemoglobin in their composition. Urine with altered blood cells has a pronounced acidic reaction.

The characteristics of the morphology of red blood cells are almost independent of any particular pathology, however, the detection of altered cells in fresh urine may signal problems with the kidneys. In such a case, protein will be detected when analyzing urine. Urine is formed in the glomeruli, where the blood is filtered. During normal functioning of the excretory system, the glomerular membrane does not allow red blood cells, leukocytes and proteins to pass through (at least in large quantities). An increased content of blood cells in urine is a disruption of the excretory system.

Reasons for the increased content

There are 3 types of reasons that can provoke an increased content of red blood cells in the urine:

• somatic reasons;
• renal reasons;
• postrenal causes.

The causes of somatic origin are the inadequate response of the kidneys to pathological processes. The organ ceases to normally perceive disturbances in processes in other body systems. This group of causes includes the following diseases:

1. 1. Thrombocytopenia is a pathology that leads to a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood. This provokes a blood clotting disorder, as a result of which it penetrates into the urine.
2. 2. Hemophilia is a hereditary disease that is characterized by a violation of the process of blood clotting (coagulation).
3. 3. Poisoning with toxins of a chemical or biological nature due to infectious diseases. When intoxicated, the functioning of the glomerular membrane is disrupted and it becomes more permeable to red blood cells.
4. 4. In men, prostatitis and oncological processes in the prostate gland can provoke an increased amount of blood in the urine.
5. 5. Erosion of the cervix, which causes damage to the blood vessels and, as a result, blood entering the urine.
6. 6. Damage and malignant formations in the bladder and urethra.

The renal causes of the appearance of red blood cells are directly related to impaired renal activity. This condition is provoked by the following diseases:

1. 1. Glomerulonephritis with acute or chronic course. This is an autoimmune pathological process that affects the renal glomeruli and tubules. Therefore, their activity is disrupted, and a large number of blood cells enter the urine.
2. 2. Malignant formation in the kidney. As the tumor grows, it destroys the vascular walls, which leads to an increased content of red blood cells in the urine.
3. 3. Urolithiasis, characterized by the formation of calculi (stones) in the organs of the excretory system, in particular in the kidneys. Stones injure the mucous membrane of organs, destroying blood vessels from which blood enters the urine.
4. 4. Pyelonephritis is an inflammatory process in the kidneys, leading to increased permeability of blood vessels. In most cases, 1 kidney is affected, but even this leads to an increase in the number of red blood cells in the urine.
5. 5. Hydronephrosis is a disease that blocks the normal outflow of urine, which leads to stretching of the kidney and injury to the blood vessels.
6. 6. Mechanical injuries that lead to kidney rupture: knife wound, severe bruise. For this reason, gross hematuria is observed.

Postrenal causes of an increase in the number of blood cells in the urine include the consequences of diseases of the bladder and urinary tract:

• cystitis is an inflammatory process in the lining of the bladder, which leads to increased permeability of the walls of blood vessels;
• the presence of a calculus in the urethra or bladder cavity, which injures the walls of organs;
• mechanical injuries of the bladder or urinary canal.

In addition to developed pathological processes, the presence of blood in urine may be due to the following unfavorable factors:

• emotional stress;
• alcohol abuse;
• very high ambient temperature, for example, after visiting a sauna;
• excessive physical activity;
• frequent use of large quantities of spices.

Etiology of hematuria

A general analysis of urine can reveal the presence or absence of blood cells in it, but will not say anything about the cause of hematuria. To find out what led to the increased blood content in the urine, it is necessary to use the three-glass test method.

To carry out this analysis, it is necessary to prepare 3 containers. The patient must collect urine during 1 act of urination, filling each container in turn. It is very important to urinate sequentially into each of the 3 glasses, and not to collect urine and pour it into 3 containers.

After urine collection, the number of red blood cells in each glass is analyzed:

1. 1. If the most blood cells are noted in 1 container, this means that the cause of hematuria lies in the urethra. This is easy to find out, since from the very beginning of the act of urination, the urethra is washed out of red blood cells, so there will be much less of them in the following vessels.
2. 2. When most of the blood cells are in the 3rd glass, this indicates a disease or injury in the bladder, since during urination it is the last to be released.
3. 3. If all 3 glasses contain a lot of red blood cells in the urine, approximately the same number, then the problem should be looked for in the ureters or kidneys, excluding bladder pathology.

We always need to be attentive to the alarm signals given by our body. At the first symptoms of the disease, you should contact a specialist as soon as possible to undergo an examination and identify the problem.

Kidneys are unique components of the human body. In a few minutes, the entire volume of blood passes through them, and directly here those complex processes are carried out that ensure the maintenance of a constant mineral-water balance in the body.

The kidneys take part in metabolism, in regulating blood pressure and remove harmful proteins and unnecessary substances from the human body.

Kidney cysts are a common disease. The incidence of this disorder increases with age. At an early age, acquired kidney cysts almost never occur. According to statistics, cysts are found in 25% of adults after 40 years of age, and by the age of 80 in approximately 60% of the population. The disease develops twice as often in representatives of the stronger sex.

Many people, having discovered this disorder, doubt what measures to take and how to treat it. In addition, they often have no idea what the disease is. Meanwhile, this is a benign formation that appears in the organ.

What is a kidney cyst

Renal cyst- benign formation of the kidney, separated from the organ cavity.

There are:

• Congenital;
• Hereditary;
• Acquired;
• Cysts caused by other systemic disorders;
• Kidney formations as a consequence of organ cancer.

Why does this disease occur?

The cause of kidney cysts is the increased growth of kidney tissue cells lining the kidney tubules from the inside and preventing the normal excretion of urine.

In the case when a patient simply has an organ cyst, the causes of this disorder often remain a mystery. According to doctors, this disease is acquired.

The most common causes of cysts are:

• Consequences of injuries;
• Kidney and urinary tract infections;
• Congenital anomaly;
• Heredity;
• Past illnesses;
• Chronic diseases.
• Signs of a cyst on the kidney.

Signs of a kidney cyst

The symptoms of a cyst in both the right kidney and a cyst in the left kidney are almost the same. The most common signs are:

• Dull pain in the lower back or hypochondrium, especially after physical activity;
• Symptoms of hypertension;
• Increased upon palpation;
• Various inflammations;
• Pain in the lower back, aggravated by tapping;
• Red blood cells in urine;
• General weakness;
• Temperature rise;
• Frequent and painful urination;
• Pain in muscles and joints;
• Kidney failure;
• Blood in urine.

Diagnosis and treatment

Kidney cysts rarely grow to large sizes, allowing them to be detected upon examination or palpation. If you have the first symptoms of a kidney cyst, then it is necessary to carry out a diagnosis, and then immediately begin treatment.

The following basic examination methods are available:

1. Kidney ultrasound- the main diagnostic method, the simplest, but not the most informative;
2. Urography- makes it possible to identify existing disturbances in the flow of urine;
3. CT scan- the most accurate method, but also the most expensive. It is the method of choice for making a decision about a possible cancer process, assessing the blood supply to the formation, determining the dimensions, contours, distribution of the formation inside and outside the organ;
4. Analysis of urine– reveals a large number of leukocytes, microbes and red blood cells, which indicates inflammation inside the organ.
5. Blood analysis– can reveal the presence of inflammation.
6. Blood biochemistry– shows changes in the level of creatinine and urea, characteristic of the site of inflammation.

Currently, the main principles in the treatment of kidney cysts are treatment with medications and surgery.

No special drugs have been developed for the treatment of renal cysts in the world today.

Medicines are used for complicated kidney problems, such as high blood pressure, inflammation in the kidney, and pain.

The choice of surgical treatment depends on the size and location of the formation. The reasons for surgical treatment are complications of the disease that cannot be reduced by drugs - impaired urinary outflow, infection, pain.

TO operational methods treatments belong to:

• Cyst puncture through the skin with removal of contents under ultrasound control - the leading method for neutralizing large cysts of the organ located on the periphery of the kidney, which do not interfere with the outflow from the organ.
• Removal of a kidney cyst- used when the cyst is located near the vessels supplying the organ, significantly interfering with the outflow of urine from the kidney, when complete control over nearby structures is necessary.
• Laparoscopic or lumboscopic cyst removal- methods are used in the same cases as conventional removal. The advantage of these methods is the short recovery period after surgery.

In cases where the cyst becomes infected, a combination of medication and surgery is necessary.

Prevention measures

Prevention and treatment of uncomplicated forms consists of following a diet.

From the diet for a renal cyst you need exclude:

• Salty, spicy and spicy foods;
• Coffee;
• Alcohol;
• Chocolate;
• Extractive compositions (broths);
• Pickles;
• Preservatives;
• Sparkling water and drinks.

The amount of liquid you drink should be discussed with your doctor. It depends on the type of disease. In the case of a flow without manifestations or complications, the volume of water is not reduced. If you have problems emptying your pelvis, you should drink no more than 1.5 liters of liquid.

You should also find out from your doctor how much protein you can eat.

There is no other way to prevent kidney cysts. But doctors advise to exercise, eat well, not gain weight and have an adequate sex life.

If you notice any symptoms related to pain in the kidney area, you should immediately visit a doctor. This will help to identify the disease in time and cure it.