Nervous ganglia. Ganglia of the nervous system. Other types of ganglia

What is this lump near your wrist? This is how most people first learn what a tendon ganglion is. This lump forms near the joints. It is inactive and does not cause pain when pressed. The formation is soft and elastic to the touch. In medicine, it is designated as a benign tumor, which contains joint fluid.

A ganglion is a cyst that grows near the tendons due to uncomfortable working conditions.

Reasons why a ganglion is formed

It is difficult for doctors to name the exact reasons why a ganglion cyst forms. It more often appears in people with monotonous work and pressure on a certain area - typing and driving with a mouse (pressure on the wrists), in athletes with injuries and overload of muscles and joints. May appear from wearing very compressive shoes. Forms on the leg near the knees in overweight people. There are a number of educational hypotheses:

• constant pressure on a certain area;
• joint wear;
• tendency to develop nodes;
• old injuries.

How does it manifest itself?

The tumor is usually not particularly worrying. Doctors do not consider this disease dangerous. The ganglion does not hurt and never degenerates into a malignant tumor. It grows slowly, and there are times when it disappears completely. It is easily diagnosed in both adults and children, because it has characteristic differences from other neoplasms. It feels like a soft ball under the skin. In cases where it grows to a large size, it can cause inconvenience by pinching blood vessels. Then the patient experiences aching pain, and the skin on this formation becomes rough. Pain may occur during physical work and stress on the joint.

Types of disease

A single-chamber ganglion is easier to treat and less dangerous than a multi-chamber ganglion.

Ganglion cyst or tendon ganglion is divided into types depending on the location of formation. A tendon ganglion of the foot and a hygroma under the knees form on the leg, and a tumor of the hand occurs both on the joint of the hand and on the finger. In structure it can be single-chambered or may have several chambers. Divided into types according to the connection with the joint from which it arose. There are formations with a valve, when a valve forms from the joint to the cavity containing the fluid, preventing the passage of synovial fluid back into the joint. There are cysts with anastomosis, when this fluid overflows from the hygroma and back. There are cysts with a completely isolated cavity, but connected to the joint.

Diagnosis of tendon ganglion

If an unknown swelling forms near the tendon, you should consult a doctor. At the first examination, a competent doctor will be able to palpate and determine the nature of the occurrence. Ganglioma is defined by touch as a soft swelling that slides under the fingers and is visible with a flashlight in the dark. If it cannot be determined by touch and the diagnosis remains unclear, an analysis is prescribed in which a sample of the fluid inside the cyst is taken. There are methods to see it on MRI and ultrasound to rule out the possibility of another disease, if necessary.

Differences from hygroma

Ganglion (hygroma) are two different names for the same disease. There is no difference between one and the other. Identity and symptoms and treatment confirm this. They form in the same places and for the same reasons. If a patient is diagnosed with hygroma, and a ganglion is written in brackets, one must understand that there is no difference between them. Doctors do not share these concepts.

Treatment of the disease

Ganglioma is a disease that is not life-threatening. There are no cases where the neoplasm turned into a malignant tumor. If the disease does not interfere with the free functioning of the limb and does not cause pain, you should not resort to removal. Patients request removal if there is an obvious cosmetic defect, when the cyst looks unaesthetic and attracts attention.

If the load on the tendons, due to which the hygroma appeared, has stopped, it may disappear on its own over time.

But if the patient is bothered by dull pain in the area of ​​the formation, or joint mobility has decreased, he should consult a doctor. After tests and examination, the doctor will prescribe therapy that will be effective. In the case of hygroma, it is necessary to choose treatment that excludes the possibility of relapses, to which formations of this type are prone. You can choose conservative or surgical intervention.

Treatment for ganglia involves physically removing the fluid forming the lump.

Conservative treatment

A method that involves three types of intervention. They are performed on an outpatient basis and do not require any preparatory measures. Less effective, and with this treatment there is a high probability of cavity re-formation. They are used if the cavity with liquid is still small and is in an easily accessible place. They can also be used if surgery is not possible. We are talking about the following techniques:

• Crush method. It is ineffective and has not been used for a long time due to the large number of relapses and severe pain.
• Puncture. A method of suctioning fluid from a cavity as it is removed for analysis. Afterwards, the medicinal composition is pumped into the cavity and the limb is fixed.
• Immobilization. After pumping out the fluid from the hygroma, a special cast is applied to fix the limb. This allows you to reduce the synthesis of synovial substrate.

GANGLIA GANGLIA

(from grsch. ganglion - node), a nerve ganglion, a cluster of bodies and processes of neurons, surrounded by a connective tissue capsule and glial cells; carries out processing and integration of nerve impulses. In invertebrates, through mutual connections, they form a single nervous system; Bilaterally symmetrical people usually have a well-developed pair of head (cerebral) muscles associated with the sense organs. They serve as coordinating centers and perform the function of the central nervous system. In vertebrates, a distinction is made between autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and somatosensory (spinal and cranial) muscles, located along the peripheral system. nerves and in the internal walls. organs. Basal G. are called. also the nuclei of the brain.

.(Source: “Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary.” Editor-in-chief M. S. Gilyarov; Editorial Board: A. A. Babaev, G. G. Vinberg, G. A. Zavarzin and others - 2nd ed., corrected - M.: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1986.)

See what "GANGLIA" is in other dictionaries:

NERVE NODES, GANGLIA - accumulations of nerve fibers and nerves, or so-called. ganglion cells; form centers in various parts of the body that serve for involuntary functions; connected by peripheral nerves to different sensory organs and... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

ganglia- g England, ev, units. ch. g english, I... Russian spelling dictionary

ganglia- (gr. ganglion dead mow) pl. anat. nerves are the composition of nerve cells and nerve cells and muscles in the central nervous system and in the lower internal organs (srceto, zheludnikot, tsrvata, etc.) ... Macedonian dictionary

Ganglia- (from the Greek ganglion node) nerve ganglion, a limited accumulation of neurons located along the nerve and surrounded by a connective tissue capsule; G. also contains nerve fibers, nerve endings and blood vessels... Corrective pedagogy and special psychology. Dictionary

Several large accumulations of gray matter located in the thickness of the white matter of the cerebrum (see figure). They include the caudate (caudate) and lenticular nuclei (they form the striatum (corpus striatum)), and... ... Medical terms

BASAL GANGLIA, BASAL NUCLEI- (basal ganglia) several large accumulations of gray matter located in the thickness of the white matter of the cerebrum (see figure). They include the caudate (caudate) and lenticular nuclei (they form the striatum (corpus... Explanatory dictionary of medicine

BASAL GANGLIA- [from Greek. ganglion tubercle, node, subcutaneous tumor and basis] subcortical accumulations of nerve cells taking part in various reflex acts (see also Ganglion (in 1) meaning), Subcortical nuclei) ...

- ... Wikipedia

BASAL GANGLIA- [cm. basal] the same as the basal ganglia, subcortical ganglia (see Basal ganglia) ... Psychomotorics: dictionary-reference book

BASAL GANGLIA- see Ganglion, Brain. Large psychological dictionary. M.: Prime EUROZNAK. Ed. B.G. Meshcheryakova, acad. V.P. Zinchenko. 2003 ... Great psychological encyclopedia

Books

• Adrenergic neurons. Their organization, function and development in the peripheral nervous system, Bairnstock J., Costa M.. The book is an extensive summary of the world literature on the structure, function, biochemistry and pharmacology of peripheral adrenergic neurons and chromaffin tissue cells of the sympathetic...

A tendon ganglion (hygroma) is a benign, tumorous, cyst-like neoplasm that occurs in the area of ​​tendon sheaths or joints. Most often, a tendon ganglion forms on the back of the hand, but cases of hygroma of the knee joint are also quite common, less often on the back of the foot. Not a single case of degeneration of a ganglion into a malignant tumor has been recorded.

In most cases, the occurrence and development of tendon ganglion is caused by constant exposure (for example, friction or pressure) to a certain area, which is why this disease is often called an occupational disease.

In essence, a hygroma is a degenerative synovial cyst. So, tendon ganglion symptoms, treatment and everything you need to know about this disease.

Ganglion symptoms

Symptoms, treatment and diagnosis of hygroma are quite important, although the tendon ganglion itself is not considered dangerous, but it can cause pain when the tendon works and often becomes quite noticeable visually, and in advanced stages, compression of the vessels begins, which leads to stagnation of blood in the veins and pain. On palpation, the ganglion is defined as a tumor-like, round and inactive formation with clear boundaries. It occurs in the joint area and has a hard-elastic consistency.

When the tendon ganglion is still small, the patient usually does not experience any discomfort. But with increasing size, pain appears, usually characterized as dull and aching, which is more disturbing during physical activity.

The skin over the site of formation of the tendon gaglia may become rough and dense, but it is also not uncommon for the skin to remain unchanged.

Types of tendon ganglion

The ganglion has a connective tissue capsule, often multilayered. Inside the capsule consists of cavities, of which there may be several or just one. These cavities contain thickened synovial fluid.

There are several types of ganglion:

• Valve- a valve is formed at the junction of the hygroma capsule and the maternal membrane. When the pressure in the parent cavity increases due to stress or injury, synovial fluid begins to flow into the ganglion cavity, but does not flow back because it is blocked by the valve.
• Anastomosis- the cavities of the tendon ganglion have an anastomosis together with a connection with the tendon sheath or joint. In such cases, fluid from the hygroma, from time to time, pours out and fills the maternal cavity.
• Isolated- in this case, the ganglion cavity is completely isolated and separated from the maternal membrane. But it still has a place of fusion with it.

Ganglion treatment

There are non-operative methods for treating tendon ganglion, but usually they are used only while the hygroma is still small. One of these methods is massage and special medications. Usually, thanks to professional massage, the hygroma is significantly reduced or even completely destroyed. Sometimes medications are injected directly into the body of the hygroma.

Tendon ganglion, conservative and surgical treatment:

• Conservative treatment. When the hygroma is still small, the method of mechanical crushing can be used. This is a very painful procedure, which is also prone to relapses. The fact is that when crushed, the liquid located in the cavities of the ganglion can pour out into the surrounding tissues. Sometimes inflammatory reactions or even suppuration may begin. And the damaged membrane can recover after a certain period of time, and then a new hygroma will most likely arise. In official medicine, this method has hardly been used since the 80s of the last century due to its cruelty, pain and ineffectiveness. Another method of conservative treatment is puncture of the hygroma; this method is used not only for therapeutic purposes (when for some reason it is not possible to perform surgery), but also for diagnostics (the contents of the ganglion are taken for research). For treatment, fluid is pumped out of the ganglion, then the cavity is filled with specialized drugs that promote sclerosis of the ganglion capsule. After this, a bandage and plaster are applied to the place where the hygroma is located to immobilize the limb for a week. Immobilization is important to reduce synovial fluid production.
• Surgery. When conservative methods are ineffective, and the hygroma causes pain, grows or is too prominent, then the only option left is surgical intervention - bursectomy. During this operation, the synovial bursa is completely cut, then the tendon ganglion and all its membranes are removed. The operation can be performed under local anesthesia on an outpatient basis. An anesthetic is injected around the site of ganglion formation and the entire operation takes no more than half an hour. However, unfortunately, it is impossible to carry out complete and adequate removal of hygroma during outpatient surgery, since pain sensitivity will remain inside the tissues. It is best if the operation is performed under general anesthesia, then the tissue sensitivity will be completely switched off. After surgery, the area where the hygroma was is stitched together and, in most cases, heals in just 10 or 12 days.

It is very important that after surgery to remove the tendon ganglion, the operated area of ​​the limb is firmly fixed using a plaster splint, which is removed after 2-3 weeks. While the scar is forming, movement of the limb in the area where the ganglion was should not be allowed, otherwise there will be a risk of relapse.

A tendon ganglion is a benign neoplasm that occurs in the articular area or tendon sheaths. In medical language, this disease is called hygroma or degenerative synovial cyst. The tendon ganglion is mainly located on the back of the hand, on the knee joint or near the finger joint. The good news is that such a pathology never develops into a malignant tumor.

The cause of hygroma is similar to the formation of tumors in general. The tendon sheath is a kind of isolated cavity filled with fluid. In normal condition, this one presses on the walls with some force. But with a significant load on the joint, the size of the joint cavity decreases significantly, while the fluid remains in the same amount. As a result of such a destructive process, the wall of the tendon sheath is damaged and fluid flows out. As a result, a small bubble filled with liquid is formed.

A similar pathology can occur due to strong sudden movement; athletes are often susceptible to this. However, tendon ganglion also occurs as a result of constant monotonous load on the joint. For example, pianists, laundresses, seamstresses will be at risk. Constant use of a computer mouse leads to the formation of a ganglion of the wrist joint. The occurrence of hygroma near other joints is facilitated by wearing tight, uncomfortable shoes and hereditary connective tissue diseases. Quite often, patients self-medicate pathologies such as arthrosis or arthritis. These actions can lead to the formation of a ganglion.

Symptoms

This disease usually does not cause obvious pain. But still, patients can easily diagnose tendon ganglion on their own based on a number of characteristic signs:

• to the touch the ganglion feels like a round soft formation with clear boundaries;
• the skin at the site of ganglion formation may peel off;
• with active load on the joint, aching pain may occur;
• As the lump grows, the vessels become pinched, which leads to pain.

Although tendon ganglion itself is not dangerous, it can cause more serious health problems. For example, in advanced forms of the disease, compression of blood vessels occurs, leading to stagnation of venous blood. Therefore, it is extremely important to diagnose the disease in time and begin treatment.

Types of disease

The tendon ganglion always contains a multilayer capsule consisting of connective tissue. The capsule cavity is filled with synovial fluid.

Based on their structure, the following types of tendon ganglion are distinguished:

• Isolated hygroma. The neoplasm is located in a confined space, separate from the maternal shell, connected by the base of the capsule.
• Anastomosis. The fluid has the ability to overflow from the hygroma into the joint or tendon sheath.
• Valve. A valve is formed from the joint to the cavity with fluid, which prevents.

Depending on the location of the tumor, there are:

• hygroma of the wrist joint;
• tendon ganglion of the foot;
• popliteal hygroma;
• tumor on the finger.

According to the structure of the ganglion:

• single-chamber;
• multi-chamber.

Sometimes a ganglion appears on the sole of the foot due to wearing tight shoes or even being overweight. In such situations, patients quite often confuse the ganglion with another disease called bursitis. But it should be borne in mind that bursitis does not form under the influence of external signs, it is a serious pathology of the joint capsule that occurs due to inflammation inside it; there is an infection in the body. Therefore, before starting any treatment, it is necessary to diagnose the disease.

Diagnostics

If you notice a lump or swelling near a joint, you should consult your doctor. If upon examination and palpation of the formation the diagnosis remains unspecified, then additional tests and studies are prescribed. During the analysis, fluid is taken from the cyst for a sample. Also, the tendon ganglion is successfully detected by diagnostic methods: MRI and ultrasound.

Treatment methods

In some cases, when the patient stops loading the joint, the hygroma may disappear on its own. But if a person is bothered by pain in the area of ​​the lump, or there is limited movement of the joint, he needs to consult a specialist to prescribe effective therapy. Also, the tendon ganglion often looks unaesthetic, which also motivates patients to seek help from a doctor.

Treatment involves removing the fluid that caused the tumor to form.

Conservative

This type of treatment is carried out on an outpatient basis, without special preparation on the part of the patient. It should be noted that with such treatment there is a high probability of a relapse of the disease.

Types of conservative treatment:

• By crushing. An extremely painful and ineffective procedure. It involves pressing on the lump, while the contents remain under the skin. This technique is considered outdated and is practically not used.
• Puncture. The liquid is pumped out from the tendon ganglion, then the cleaned cavity is filled with a drug to glue the walls of the ganglion capsule. Next, the diseased area is fixed with a bandage and plaster to immobilize the limb for a period of 1 week.

Surgical

If conservative methods of therapy are ineffective, doctors resort to surgical interventions, which boil down to removing the tendon ganglion.

Surgical treatment is performed under general or local anesthesia. After the procedure is completed, the limb is firmly fixed to limit movement in the joint. The patient is advised to remain absolutely at rest to reduce the formation of synovial fluid.

Surgical treatment methods:

• Bursectomy is a surgical operation to remove the tendon ganglion with a scalpel;
• laser excision of the ganglion.

Folk remedies

If you do not want to undergo surgery, you can use traditional medicine, which is also represented by a huge selection of treatment methods at home.

Treatment of tendon ganglion with folk remedies will look like this:

• Using a cabbage leaf. Attach 2-3 clean cabbage leaves to the affected area for several hours.
• With the help of celandine. Squeeze the juice from the celandine herb, strain, and apply a bandage moistened with the juice to the seal. Wrap the top with a plastic bag and a warm towel.
• Using hot baths with sea salt solution. Immerse your hands or feet in the bath for half an hour. Then lubricate the swollen area with honey and wrap it with a warm towel. Repeat the procedure every day before bed until the hygroma resolves.
• Alcohol compress. The cotton wool is moistened with medical alcohol and applied to the sore area, wrapped in a plastic bag on top. The procedure lasts several hours.
• Compress made of honey and aloe. Prepare a paste of honey, aloe pulp and rye flour. Apply the resulting mixture to the site of the tumor overnight, wrap it in a plastic bag and insulate it.
• Blue clay compress. Mix blue clay with water, form a cake and apply to the sore spot for 3 hours. Wrap the top with plastic wrap.
• Wormwood juice. Crush fresh wormwood until juice forms. Apply the resulting juice to the sore spot and leave overnight.

It is important to remember that when self-medicating, you should never puncture a hygroma yourself. This is fraught with infection in the blood and subsequent sepsis.

Ganglia, or nerve ganglia, are the simplest elements of the macrostructure of the nervous system. It is from them that the “double” is built, and it is they, when merging, that form the head of the insect. In addition, ganglia that are not part of the nerve chain form the sympathetic one, which controls the functioning of many internal organs, primarily the endocrine system.

The brain (or suprapharyngeal ganglion) contains three pairs of nerve ganglia; they are fused into a single mass, so it is impossible to “recognize” them separately - at least visually. The subpharyngeal ganglion, located just behind the brain, is also usually fused together.

The number of ganglia in the nervous system of different insects is not the same; their number may be reduced, because the nerve ganglia often merge with each other. When nodes unite, the newly formed mass is called synganglium. At the same time, as a result of unification, the “posterior” nodes are shifted anteriorly and become part of the anterior nodes, which shortens the nerve chain.

In exceptional cases it turns out to be very short. For example, in some flies the entire central nervous system is represented by two synanglia: the brain and the nerve “lump” located in the department. They do not have elements of the nerve chain; they only have peripheral nerves.

Structure of the ganglion. Innervation

If we understand the structure of the ganglion in more detail, we can say that it consists of different types of nerve cells and their processes. Using the example of a typical abdominal ganglion, the relationships between the structural elements of the nerve ganglion can be represented as follows.

The ganglion includes processes of sensory nerve cells (their axons) that carry information from receptors. Inside the node they come into contact with the fibers of the motor and interneurons located there. Motor neurons transmit impulses to muscles or glands and provide a motor response to a stimulus. At the same time, intercalary ones are carried to neighboring ganglia and the head