Low density lipoproteins (LDL): what is the norm, how to reduce the rate. high density lipoprotein cholesterol

Many people are aware of the detrimental effects of excess cholesterol on the body. But it is useful to know that the lack of a fat-like substance also leads to disruption of the normal functioning of the body. But if doctors and nutritionists constantly warn about high cholesterol and its harm to the cardiovascular system. There is little information about what low cholesterol levels threaten. What are the consequences for the body and what does it mean when LDL cholesterol is lowered?

Brief Introduction to Cholesterol

Cholesterol belongs to the group of alcohols, specifically, this substance is a polycyclic lipophilic alcohol of natural origin. It has a dense texture, endowed with the properties of fats, and the color is from white to light yellow. The term comes from two words: bile - “chole” and solid “stereos”. In view of this, the organic compound got its name in the 18th century as "cholesterol", later renamed "cholesterol" by the French. Cholesterol is part of the cell membranes of all living beings and ensures their stability in a wide range of temperatures.

Cholesterol is needed for:

• Synthesis of vitamin D.
• Protection of nerve fibers.
• Assistance in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
• Production of bile acids.
• Production of steroid and sex hormones.

Most cholesterol is produced in the body - it is about 75-85%. The internal organs capable of producing lipophilic alcohol include the liver, adrenal glands, intestines, kidneys, and sex glands. And only about 17-25% of the fat-like substance comes from food of predominantly animal origin, which has a high content of it. Plant foods contain moderate amounts of cholesterol. But animal fats abound in this hardly soluble organic compound.

Cholesterol is classified into high density lipoproteins (HDL), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL). High density lipoproteins () are complexes that combine fats (lipids) and proteins.

The activity of HDL in the body is aimed at processing and removing fats.

Low-density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol) is formed during lipolysis and acts as a transporter of this fat-like substance in the bloodstream. Low density lipoprotein is considered an atherogenic substance. But LDL also carries carotenoids, triglycerides, tocopherol, and other lipophilic constituents in the blood. The class of low molecular weight lipoproteins is considered harmful because of the tendency to settle on the walls of blood vessels with excessive intake of LDL into the body or a violation of its processing.

Risk factors for LDL formation

The reasons for lowering cholesterol levels are not fully understood. But it is reliably known what causes hypocholesterolemia. In addition to some diseases that can disrupt lipid metabolism, this process is influenced by a person's lifestyle and nutrition.

Possible causes of hypocholesterolemia:

• Insufficient intake of fats from food with the wrong diet or diet.
• Pathology of the liver, which produces high and low density cholesterol.
• Diseases of an infectious nature.
• Overuse of statins that lower cholesterol levels.
• Abuse of smoking and alcohol.
• Intoxication of the body with heavy metals.
• Insufficient mobility (hypodynamia).
• Metabolic slowdown, can be traced in old age.
• Exposure to stress.
• A disease such as anorexia can catastrophically lower the level of lipoproteins.

Obese people are also at risk for cholesterol disorders. And in addition, people who are accustomed to the daily use of desserts. Confectionery, especially with a large amount of fat (butter, margarine and the like) in the composition of pastries and cream, contribute. Processed foods and fast food are also a source of bad cholesterol. It is very important to eliminate the causes that affect hypocholesterolemia in time for people of mature age and prone to cardiovascular pathologies.

Signs of low LDL cholesterol

To learn about the lack of cholesterol at the initial stage is possible only with the help of a biochemical blood test. Because the process of lowering LDL levels is slow. But in the case of a prolonged course of hypocholesterolemia, a person may experience characteristic symptoms.

Signs of low cholesterol:

• There is a decrease in appetite or its complete absence.
• There is muscle weakness.
• Lymph nodes may be enlarged.
• Decreased reflex and reactive abilities.
• There is a tendency to aggression, irritability and depression.
• Decreased sexual activity.

When conducting a lipid profile, if cholesterol levels are less than 4.6 mmol / l, hypocholesterolemia is diagnosed. In addition to problems with internal organs and the full functioning of body systems, especially the central nervous system. A person with critically reduced cholesterol levels has a tendency to suicide, alcohol and drug addiction.

What can low LDL mean?

1. genetic predisposition.
2. Violation of the functioning of the liver, intestines, adrenal glands or kidneys.
3. Dysfunction of the sex glands.
4. Excessive synthesis of thyroid hormones (hypothyroidism).
5. Oncological process in the central organ of hematopoiesis.
6. A form of anemia characterized by vitamin B12 deficiency.
7. Respiratory pathology.
8. Inflammatory process of the joints.
9. Acute infectious process.

The procedure for conducting and deciphering the analysis for LDL

It is possible to determine indicators of low-density cholesterol by conducting a biochemical blood test by ultracentrifuging samples to isolate certain fractions. The process of ultracentrifugation of biological material is not fast, although it allows obtaining the results of analysis for LDL with a high degree of accuracy. Over time, additional calculation methods have been developed to establish the level of LDL. The calculation method according to Friedwald has gained the greatest popularity.

The method involves the calculation of readings according to a special formula:

LDL cholesterol (mmol / l) \u003d total cholesterol - HDL cholesterol - TG / 2.2.

Lipidogram allows you to obtain information about the content of LDL in the blood with great accuracy. It is recommended to undergo this study systematically after the age of 25. And people who have reached the milestone of 40 years will need to reduce the interval between lipidograms to once a year.

The procedure for preparing for the delivery of a blood test for LDL:

• Eight hours before the lipid profile, do not eat.
• For several days before taking blood for analysis, do not eat fatty foods.
• The organism must not be overworked by physical or nervous tensions.
• Avoid drinking alcohol for about a week, and before visiting the diagnostic center, it is advisable not to smoke for at least an hour.
• It will be necessary to exclude the use of medications and physiotherapy procedures.

Deciphering the lipid profile

When low-density cholesterol levels are very different from normal values ​​downwards. In this case, it will be necessary to retake a biochemical blood test in order to exclude the receipt of erroneous LDL data. When confirming the initial test results, the attending physician may prescribe an additional examination using laboratory or hardware diagnostic methods to identify the cause of low cholesterol. And only after receiving a detailed clinical picture, a diagnosis is made and appropriate treatment is prescribed, aimed at restoring cholesterol levels.

Recovery of LDL levels

In advanced cases, when low molecular weight cholesterol levels are greatly reduced, diets and physical activity alone will no longer be enough. You will need to take nicotinic acid, which can quickly increase LDL levels in the body, as well as reduce triglyceride levels. Substances that, together with bad cholesterol, provoke the development of atherosclerosis and ischemia.

However, it must be remembered that the level of LDL cholesterol must be maintained within normal limits, any deviation in one direction or another is highly undesirable. Therefore, despite the safety of drugs with nicotinic acid, which in a short time increase low molecular weight cholesterol. However, you will have to carry out a course of LDL recovery under the strict supervision of your doctor. And monitoring the results of treatment of low cholesterol is carried out using a biochemical blood test.

In contact with

Hypercholesterolemia, a condition in which the level of cholesterol in the blood is elevated, is on the list of the most important risk factors that provoke the occurrence of myocardial infarction. The human liver produces cholesterol in sufficient quantities, so it should not be consumed with food.

Lipoproteins are of high (HDL or HDL), low (LDL) and very low (VLDL) density. Each of them is considered in assessing the risk of developing diseases of the cardiovascular system. Most blood cholesterol is contained in low-density lipoprotein (LDL). It is they who deliver cholesterol to cells and tissues, including through the coronary arteries to the heart and above.

Found in LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, it plays a very important role in the formation of plaque (accumulation of fatty substances) on the inner walls of the arteries. In turn, these are the causes of sclerosis of blood vessels, coronary arteries, and the risk of myocardial infarction in this case is increased.

This is why LDL cholesterol is called "bad". The norms of LDL and VLDL are increased - this is where the causes of cardiovascular diseases lie.

HDL (high-density lipoproteins) also transport cholesterol in the blood, but being part of HDL, the substance does not participate in the formation of plaques. In fact, the activity of the proteins that make up HDL is to remove excess cholesterol from the tissues of the body. It is this quality that determines the name of this cholesterol: “good”.

If the levels of HDL (high density lipoproteins) in human blood are increased, the risk of cardiovascular disease is negligible. is another term for fats. Fats are the most important source of energy and HDL takes this into account.

Partially, triglycerides enter the body with fats along with food. If the body receives an excess amount of carbohydrates, fats and alcohol, then the calories, respectively, are much higher than normal.

In this case, the production of an additional amount of triglycerides begins, which means that it affects HDL.

Triglycerides are transported into cells by the same lipoproteins that deliver cholesterol. There is a direct relationship between the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and high triglyceride levels, especially if the HDL level is below normal.

What needs to be done

1. If possible, partially eliminate fatty foods from the diet. If the concentration of fat in dietary energy is reduced to 30%, and the proportion of saturated fat remains less than 7%, such a change will be a significant contribution to achieving the norm of cholesterol in the blood. There is no need to completely eliminate fat from the diet.
2. Oils and saturated fats should be replaced with polyunsaturated ones, such as soybean, olive, safflower, sunflower, corn oils. The consumption of foods rich in saturated fats should be reduced to a minimum. They raise LDL and VLDL levels higher than any other food component. All animal, some vegetable (palm and coconut oil) and hydrogenated fats are highly saturated fats.
3. Do not eat foods that contain trans fats. They are part of the hydrogenated and the danger with them is higher for the heart than with saturated fats. The manufacturer indicates all information about trans fats on the product packaging.

Important! You need to stop eating foods that contain cholesterol. To limit the intake of "bad" (LDL and VLDL) cholesterol in the body, it is enough to refuse fatty foods (especially saturated fats).

Otherwise, LDL will be significantly higher than normal.

Foods with high cholesterol:

• eggs;
• whole milk;
• crustaceans;
• shellfish;
• animal organs, in particular the liver.

The analysis confirms that the consumption of plant fiber contributes to lower cholesterol levels.

Sources of plant fiber:

1. carrot;
2. pears;
3. apples;
4. peas;
5. dried beans;
6. barley;
7. oats.

It is advisable to get rid of extra pounds on the body if the weight is much higher than normal. It is in people with obesity that cholesterol levels are most often elevated. If you try to lose 5-10 kg, this will have a significant impact on the cholesterol index and facilitate treatment, which will also be shown by a blood test.

Equally important is physical activity. It plays a big role in keeping the heart working well. To do this, you can start running, cycling, take a subscription to the pool for swimming. After the start of classes, any blood test will show that cholesterol is no longer elevated.

Even elementary climbing stairs (the higher the better) and gardening will have a beneficial effect on the whole body and in particular on lowering cholesterol.

Smoking should be given up once and for all. In addition to the fact that addiction harms the heart and blood vessels, it also raises cholesterol levels above normal. After 20 years and older, an analysis for cholesterol levels must be taken at least once every 5 years.

How the analysis is done

Lipoprotein profile (as the analysis is called) is an indicator of the concentration of total cholesterol, HDL (high density lipoprotein), LDL, VLDL and triglycerides.

For the indicators to be objective, the analysis should be carried out on an empty stomach. With age, the norm of cholesterol changes, the indicator will be increased in any case.

This process is especially noticeable in women during menopause. In addition, there is a hereditary tendency to hypercholesterolemia.

Therefore, it does not hurt to ask your relatives about their cholesterol indicators (if such an analysis was carried out), to find out if all the indicators are above the norm.

Treatment

If the level of cholesterol in the blood is elevated, this is a provoking factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. This means that in order to achieve a decrease in this indicator in a patient and prescribe the correct treatment, the doctor must take into account all the reasons, which include:

• high blood pressure;
• smoking;
• the presence of heart disease in close relatives;
• age of the patient (men over 45, women over 55);
• HDL index is lowered (≤ 40).

For some patients, medication will be required, that is, the appointment of drugs that reduce blood lipid levels. But even when taking medications, one should not forget about observing the right diet and physical activity.

Today, there are all kinds of drugs that help maintain the correct indicators of lipid metabolism. Adequate treatment will be selected by an endocrinologist.

There is an opinion that cholesterol in the human body is a rather harmful substance. Many information sources advise to constantly reduce this indicator in the human body. It should be noted right away that this opinion is erroneous, since it is cholesterol that is involved in many life processes of human cells.

LDL is considered atherogenic while HDL is anti-atherogenic.

Surrounding people believe that there are two types of cholesterol - "good" and "bad" and with a strong excess in the body, it is deposited on the vascular walls and leads to disastrous consequences. Let's take a closer look at what a lipid profile is and what level of cholesterol is not only safe, but also necessary for the healthy functioning of the body. And also what laboratory test determines this indicator in the blood and its interpretation.

Cholesterol - what is it?

Cholesterol is a steroid or highly biologically active substance. It is produced to a greater extent in human liver cells, up to about 50%, about 20% is synthesized by the intestines. The rest of the cholesterol is synthesized by the adrenal glands, skin and gonads. And only up to 500 mg of cholesterol per day comes from food.

Cholesterol also has a number of functions. The most basic of them are the strengthening of the cell wall, the production of bile acids and the synthesis of steroid hormones.

LDL - the so-called "bad", in fact, this concept does not exist in the medical vocabulary, it is more a common name for low-density lipoprotein. And it is bad because with its excess and oxidation, it really settles on the inner wall of the vessel, closing its lumen. Therefore, it is imperative to control this indicator, especially if total cholesterol in the blood is elevated.

HDL can be lowered for a number of reasons, such as poor diet or bad habits.

Lipoproteins vary in size, density and lipid content

HDL - in everyday life is considered "good". It differs from low-density lipoprotein in its structure and functional features. Its main function is to cleanse the vascular wall from LDL. With a sufficiently high level of HDL or its norm, people are less prone to atherosclerotic diseases. If the HDL blood test reveals a significant decrease in them, then atherosclerosis is presumably diagnosed and additional studies are prescribed to confirm the diagnosis.

Lipid profile

This is a special biochemical blood test. The study includes the layout of lipids (fats) into individual components. With the help of this analysis, you can control the indicators and promptly turn to specialized medical care for any pathological abnormalities. This biochemical analysis includes:

1. Total cholesterol or cholesterol is one of the main indicators of the state of fat balance in the human body. Produced in liver cells.
2. HDL (high density lipoproteins) - deliver cholesterol to the liver from the vascular wall when it is in excess.
3. LDL (low-density lipoprotein) - is a carrier of cholesterol from the liver to the arteries, with an excess settles on the vascular wall.
4. TG (triglycerides) - neutral lipids.

Even with this study, the atherogenic coefficient (KA) is calculated, which determines the predisposition to atherosclerosis. The so-called ratio between HDL and LDL.

Indications for analysis

In some vascular diseases, the level of LDL in the blood increases significantly, this may indicate atherosclerosis and concomitant diseases. Most likely, total cholesterol will also be elevated. And the HDL index, which is responsible for the process of converting cholesterol into bile and removing cholesterol plaques from the walls of blood vessels, drops significantly in the blood.

A lipid profile is often prescribed when a risk of developing coronary heart disease is suspected.

A blood lipid profile test is prescribed for people who are in the "risk group" and have some of the following diseases:

• cardiac ischemia;
• liver and pancreas;
• chronic pancreatitis;
• obesity, foodborne;
• hyperthyroidism;
• alcoholism;
• myeloma;
• sepsis;
• gout.

Another lipid profile is prescribed for children, but also for certain diseases, for example, with diabetes mellitus or with a hereditary predisposition to impaired fat metabolism.

Analysis interpretation

Lipidogram allows you to detect lipid metabolism disorders

In medical practice, there are certain standards by which the lipid profile is assessed. It is also worth noting that blood biochemistry standards may vary slightly in different laboratories, this is due to the use of different kits and reagents for research. When deciphering the analysis, the weight and age of the patient are taken into account.

Only a doctor should deal with the interpretation of this laboratory test, it is he who will be able to correctly assess the situation and, if necessary, prescribe adequate and timely treatment. Also, the doctor must correlate the result of the analysis with the individual characteristics of the patient and his medical history. For example, a recent heart attack or medication.

What can cause an increase in LDL levels?

LDL can rise in some diseases of the kidneys and liver, due to an imbalance of HDL. And also risk factors for increasing "bad" cholesterol include: smoking, alcohol abuse, overeating, lack of physical activity or physical inactivity, bile stasis. To reduce or maintain LDL, you need to resort to a healthy lifestyle and proper nutrition.

Preparation for analysis

Before donating blood for a lipid profile, you must refrain from eating for 12 hours

To obtain a correct and informative result of the analysis, a prerequisite on the part of the patient is preparation for it. Blood is taken from a vein and always on an empty stomach. Food must be abandoned 8 hours before delivery, and preferably for all 12. Dinner should be very light and consist mainly of fiber, exclude fatty meats, all types of sausages and smoked meats. Since this will lead to chileza in the blood serum and the analysis will be incorrect. You should also refrain from drinking coffee and alcohol the day before, do not smoke at least two hours before donating blood. If drugs are used, then it is better not to take them before taking the test. And if this is undesirable, then be sure to warn the doctor about their intake.

Why are lipids useful?

Lipid metabolism is very important for the healthy functioning of the human body. The main function of metabolism is the breakdown, assimilation and absorption of fats in the intestinal tract. A very important fact is that lipids are actively involved in the synthesis of male and female hormones. Therefore, any violation of the fat balance can lead to problems with the reproductive system. With normal lipid profile indicators, the adrenal glands produce a sufficient amount of vitamin D. Also, with violations of this indicator in the blood, human immunity is significantly reduced.

A blood test for cholesterol is one of the most important studies that helps to assess the level of cholesterol bodies in the blood, which may indicate a person’s health. A timely study helps to identify the presence of pathologies in the early stages (vascular atherosclerosis, thrombophlebitis, coronary heart disease). It is recommended to donate blood for cholesterol at least once a year, which will be enough for self-monitoring of general health. What the decoding of the results of the analysis says, and what it is by its nature, we will analyze further.

Cholesterol: enemy or friend?

Before proceeding to consider the decoding, you need to understand what cholesterol is. Cholesterol is a fat-soluble compound that is produced by the cells of the liver, kidneys and adrenal glands in order to strengthen cell membranes, normalizing their permeability. Also, these cells perform the following useful functions for the body:

• participate in the process of synthesis and absorption of vitamin D;
• involved in the synthesis of bile;
• allow red blood cells to avoid premature hemolysis (decay);
• take an active part in the production of steroid hormones.

These fairly important functions of cholesterol indicate its high importance for the body. However, if its concentration is higher than normal, health problems may develop.

Cholesterol itself does not dissolve in water, therefore, for its full transportation and utilization, special protein molecules - apoproteins - are needed. When cholesterol cells are attached to apoproteins, a stable compound is formed - lipoprotein, which dissolves easily and is transported faster through the blood vessels.

Depending on how many protein molecules are attached to a cholesterol molecule, lipoproteins can be divided into several categories:

1. Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) - one molecule accounts for a third of the protein molecule, which is catastrophically small for the full movement and removal of cholesterol. This process contributes to its accumulation in the blood, which leads to blockage of blood vessels and the development of various diseases.
2. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) - there is less than one molecule of protein per molecule. Such compounds are inactive and poorly soluble, so they are most likely to settle in the vessels.
3. High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are more stable compounds that are well transported and soluble in water.
4. Chylomicrons are the largest cholesterol particles with moderate mobility and poor solubility in water.

Cholesterol in the blood is needed, but some of its varieties can provoke the development of diseases. Therefore, low density lipoproteins are considered to be bad cholesterol, which leads to blockage of blood vessels. At the same time, high-density lipoproteins are the guarantor of the health and usefulness of all metabolic processes in the body. Biochemistry allows you to identify a predisposition to the development of diseases associated specifically with the quantitative and qualitative composition of cholesterol in the blood.

Blood test for cholesterol: main indicators and their norm

In order to identify the concentration and presence of all types of cholesterol in the blood, a special analysis is used, the results of which are included in the lipid profile. This includes indicators such as total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, atherogenic index. Cholesterol in a blood test is determined using a biochemical blood test. A detailed analysis allows you to see possible health problems that are provoked by an increase in the concentration of bad cholesterol. A general blood test shows only a superficial picture, so if its results are abnormal, then it makes sense to conduct a more detailed study.

total cholesterol

The indicator of total cholesterol in blood plasma shows its concentration in mmol / l. This indicator characterizes the general condition of blood vessels and blood, and can also indicate the quality of metabolic processes. It is this analysis that is the main one, since it is used to assess the state of health, as well as the need for an additional, narrower (HDL, LDL) study.

The normal indicator directly depends on such characteristics as age and gender. Consider the values ​​​​of the norm of total cholesterol for different age and gender groups, which the table contains.

Total cholesterol is directly related to the metabolic processes occurring in the body and dietary habits, so its values ​​​​are different throughout life. During hormonal formation, the indicators tend to the lower limit, and closer to old age, when the metabolism is significantly slowed down, its rate is several times higher.

low density lipoproteins

This category of cholesterol is the most dangerous, therefore, such maximum permissible values ​​\u200b\u200bare distinguished as 2.3-4.7 mmol / l for men and 1.9-4.2 mmol / l for women. Exceeding the norms of these indicators indicates the presence of diseases of the cardiovascular system, as well as a slowdown in metabolic processes.

high density lipoproteins

"Good" cholesterol should also be in moderation. The values ​​for men are 0.7-1.8 mmol / l and 0.8-2.1 mmol / l for women. This framework includes age variation, taking into account data at birth and in old age.

Triglycerides

In men, the upper limit reaches 3.6 mmol / l, while the norm in women is slightly less - 2.5 mmol / l. This is due to the peculiarities of nutrition, since the male body requires more carbohydrates and fats. A biochemical blood test helps to determine the level of triglycerides, relative to the total volume of blood in the body.

Atherogenic index

This indicator is one of the key in the lipid profile, allowing you to evaluate the percentage of bad and good cholesterol. The indicator obtained as a result of mathematical calculations indicates the presence of diseases that occur in a latent form, as well as a predisposition to pathologies. The atherogenic index is calculated by the formula:

Total Cholesterol - High Density Lipoprotein / Low Density Lipoprotein

The norm of cholesterol can vary depending on age. Children under 6 years of age suggest an atherogenic index of up to 2 mmol / l. At a young age, this figure reaches 2.5 mmol / l, but does not exceed it. Closer to 50 years, the indicator can reach 2.8-3.2 mmol / l. In the presence of diseases and vascular pathologies, the indicator can reach -7 mmol / l, which will determine the biochemical blood test.

Decryption

After a person's blood is taken, it is carefully examined, and all the results of the studies are recorded in a table. Deciphering a blood test for cholesterol involves the presence of a table that consists of several columns:

1. Names of the object under study - it can be total cholesterol, triglycerides or its other components.
2. Blood level - indicated in mmol / l.
3. The indicator of the norm - boundary values ​​\u200b\u200bare given so that a person can see how much his indicators differ from the generally accepted ones.
4. Conclusion - this column displays the true picture of the state of human health, where opposite each object under study is indicated, the norm, increased or critically increased level.

Visually, the decryption may look like this:

It should be understood that the results obtained may differ from the real indicators, which is influenced by factors such as:

1. Nutrition - if a person ate fatty and sweet foods before taking blood, the values ​​\u200b\u200bmay be several times higher than normal.
2. The use of alcoholic beverages.
3. Prolonged fasting.
4. Physical activity the day before.
5. The use of drugs that affect the chemical composition of the blood.

Some laboratories use the Latin designation for all analysis indicators. The designation of cholesterol in a blood test is as follows:

1. TC is total cholesterol.
2. LDL - low density lipoprotein.
3. HDL - high density lipoproteins.
4. TG is the amount of triglycerides.
5. IA - the ratio of bad and good cholesterol to its total mass in the blood (atherogenicity index).

These indicators are indicated by letters, which facilitates their identification and reduces the space in the decoding. Not everyone knows how cholesterol is indicated in the analysis, so many transcripts use more understandable letter designations next to the letters of the Latin alphabet.

How and when to take the analysis?

Experts recommend taking cholesterol tests at least once a year if there are no health complaints, and every six months, provided that there are problems with excess weight, blood vessels and heart. Self-control will reduce the risk of developing life-threatening pathologies, as well as reduce the likelihood of premature death.

Blood is taken from a vein, but before the procedure, you should undergo training:

1. Do not eat 5-6 hours before blood sampling.
2. Do not drink alcohol the night before.
3. Eat normally, limiting sugary and fatty foods.
4. Reduce physical and mental stress.
5. Good to rest and sleep.
6. Avoid stress and emotional upheaval.

The analysis helps not only to control the state of health, but also to show the dynamics of the treatment of certain diseases.

Thus, deciphering a blood test for cholesterol contains several indicators, each of which is of high importance. This analysis is mandatory for overweight people with heart and cardiovascular problems. The transcript given to patients in the laboratory is quite simple and contains a small amount of data. This allows you to assess the level of your health on your own, before consulting a specialist.

What does low blood cholesterol mean?

Many people carefully control their own diet, preventing an increase in cholesterol levels. High levels of this substance in the blood provoke the development of atherosclerosis and other problems with the cardiovascular system. However, few people know that a lack of cholesterol is no less dangerous to health than an overabundance. Why low cholesterol appears in the blood and how it threatens health, we will consider further.

What analysis is determined?

Cholesterol is an important component of lipid metabolism.

Its molecules are predominantly synthesized by liver cells, the rest can enter the body with food.

There are two types of tests to determine the level of this substance in the blood:

1. Total cholesterol - shows the level of all components (HDL, triglycerides, LDL) in the blood, allowing you to assess lipid metabolism.
2. Biochemical study of individual components - is prescribed when a person has health problems and there is a need to determine deviations from the norm of specific elements.

In most cases, preventive examinations use indicators of total cholesterol. In the event that the values ​​​​deviate from the recommended norms, it makes sense to resort to a more detailed study of the individual components that make up the total composition of cholesterol.

Moreover, not only quantitative, but also qualitative composition is taken into account, as well as the percentage of individual particles in the total volume of cholesterol.
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The most common analyzes are:

1. Express testing using a high-precision portable analyzer - helps to assess the level of cholesterol in the blood within 3-5 minutes, due to the interaction of blood with the reagent.
2. The Ilk method is based on the reaction of separation of water molecules and cholesterol molecules when exposed to a reagent in an acidic environment.
3. Fluorometric method is the most common, as it is based on obtaining a characteristic shade of blood plasma, which is formed during the reaction. Color saturation and other parameters allow you to evaluate the quantitative composition of cholesterol in the total blood mass.

For the study of low and high density lipoproteins, more detailed studies are used that require time.

Study preparation

This analysis is sensitive to various factors, therefore, preliminary preparation is required, which is as follows:

1. Exclusion of fatty, fried, smoked foods, as well as sweet foods 3-5 days before blood sampling.
2. Reducing physical activity to a minimum.
3. Refusal of alcoholic beverages and smoking.
4. Limiting the impact of stress.
5. Complete sleep.

Blood sampling is carried out in the first hours after waking up on an empty stomach. In the event that the patient takes any medication on an ongoing basis, the laboratory assistant is notified in advance about this. An appropriate error will help in calculating the final result.

What can influence the result?

Laboratory practice identifies three main factors that affect the accuracy of the result:

1. Food consumed the day before.
2. Drinking alcohol 10-12 hours before blood sampling.
3. Lack of sleep and excessive exercise.

Therefore, before donating blood, it is necessary to prepare, reducing the likelihood of incorrect results.

The laboratory itself is also of great importance in the study.

It is better to give preference to those laboratories that use modern automated blood test systems.

Reasons for false results

In the event that the results of the studies are suspicious, it is necessary to retake the analysis after a certain time.

The reasons for the appearance of false results may be:

1. Low quality laboratory and equipment.
2. Failure to comply with measures aimed at preparing for analysis.
3. Problems with parsers that can produce false values.

Decryption

After receiving the data, they are systematized in a table consisting of several columns. The patient's data is entered in the first part of the table, the result obtained in the second, and the norm indicators in the third. Some laboratories offer an additional column indicating possible causes of deviations. Such a decoding will be clear to any patient, but to fully certify the absence of problems associated with cholesterol, you still need to consult a doctor.

What values ​​are considered low?

Cholesterol values ​​depend on age and gender. For children and adolescents, the following would be low rates:

• newborns - less than 3.3 mmol / l;
• children under 5 years old - less than 3.1 mmol / l;
• children under 15 years old - less than 2.26 mmol / l;
• adolescents under 19 years of age - less than 3.5 mmol / l.

Low levels in the blood in men are the following values:

• 25-35 years - less than 3.5 mmol / l;
• 35-40 years - less than 3.63 mmol / l;
• 40-50 years - less than 4 mmol / l;
• 50-55 years - less than 4.09 mmol / l;
• 55-65 years - less than 4.1 mmol / l;
• over 65 years old - 3.9 mmol / l.

The male body is more susceptible to the harmful effects of external factors.

In addition to malnutrition, alcohol abuse, harmful working conditions that can affect liver performance should be taken into account. The lack of synthesized cholesterol does not go unnoticed for the body, so it is important to minimize the load on the organ that synthesizes this substance.

In women, especially those who constantly strive to look good and adhere to strict diets, low rates may occur due to a lack of nutrients. Low scores are:

• 20-25 years - less than 3.15 mmol / l;
• 25-30 years - less than 3.2 mmol / l;
• 35-40 years - less than 3.37 mmol / l;
• 40-45 years - less than 3.81 mmol / l;
• 45-55 years - less than 4.2 mmol / l;
• 55-60 years - less than 4.45 mmol / l;
• 60-65 years - less than 4.47 mmol / l.

The female body, starting from the age of 13-14, is subject to constant exposure to hormones.

It is they who “rule” the body, which is why there is a close relationship between cholesterol synthesis and the hormonal background, which ultimately dictates the norm.

During pregnancy, cholesterol levels can change, taking into account the woman's diet, as well as age. Low rates for pregnant women, taking into account age, are:

• 20-25 years - 6.2 mmol / l;
• 25-30 years - 6.5 mmol / l;
• 30-35 years - 6.7 mmol / l;
• 35-40 years - 7.3 mmol / l.

Cholesterol takes an active part in the construction of fetal cells, as well as lipid metabolism, therefore, during pregnancy, its indicators are somewhat overestimated.

Dangerously low values

Hypocholesterolemia has several degrees, depending on which the severity of the patient's condition varies.

Values ​​that tend to 2.3 mmol / l of blood are considered critically low. In this case, the risk of developing oncological diseases, in particular liver cancer, increases. There is a high likelihood of problems with the respiratory system (lung cancer, emphysema, asthma), the cardiovascular system (heart attack and stroke) and mental health. As statistics show, the risks of suicide that occur against the background of an unstable psyche increase.

For pregnant women, indicators below 3.9 mmol / l are considered dangerous values.

This is fraught with the appearance of intrauterine pathologies, as well as an increased risk of early miscarriage and premature birth in the later period of pregnancy.

Watch a video about the dangers of low cholesterol

Symptoms and signs of low cholesterol

It is almost impossible to determine a decrease in the synthesis of cholesterol in the blood, based on external clinical manifestations. In the case when pathologically low values ​​provoke the development of any diseases, problems with the quantitative and qualitative composition can be suspected by symptoms such as:

• weakness in the muscles, not associated with physical exertion;
• increased fatigue;
• the appearance of fatty and inconsistent stools;
• enlarged lymph nodes;
• lack of appetite;
• sudden mood swings, when apathy is replaced by aggression;
• sleep disturbance;
• sexual dysfunction.

Such manifestations may be associated with a decrease in the production of cholesterol by liver cells, but in most cases, the initial stages of hypocholesterolemia go unnoticed.

Only a biochemical blood test helps to determine the real picture of a person's health.

When low cholesterol appears in the blood, it means that the body has a problem with the liver or metabolic processes. Often low rates are a consequence, not a cause.

Dangers and Consequences

Low rates should be restored as soon as possible, as this can provoke irreversible processes in the body. Often, a lack of cholesterol is a consequence of the development of liver pathologies. In the absence of early diagnosis, a person may face such deadly dangers as:

1. An increase in the permeability of the intestinal walls, in which all the toxins that must be excreted along with the stool can easily be absorbed into the bloodstream and poison the body.
2. The development of depression and unstable mental states that may alternate.
3. Reduced elasticity of blood vessels, which leads to their fragility. The risks of developing cerebral stroke with the most unpredictable consequences, including death, are increasing.
4. Bone diseases caused by the inability to fully absorb calcium, due to impaired synthesis of vitamin D.
5. Lack of cholesterol leads to a violation of lipid metabolism, as a result of which most of the fat cells are sent to the reserve, provoking obesity.
6. Inhibition of reproductive function, since without cholesterol, sex hormones cannot be synthesized in the right amount.
7. Hyperthyroidism, which is characterized by excessive production of thyroid hormones.
8. Diabetes mellitus of the second type.
9. An acute shortage of fat-soluble vitamins, which can lead to the development of many uncharacteristic diseases.
10. Diseases of the heart and cardiovascular system.

Undoubtedly, the most dangerous consequence is a stroke of the cerebral vessels, which develops due to a decrease in the elasticity of the vessel walls.

This can lead to disability or death.

What to do?

In the event that there is a lack of cholesterol in the body, it is important to establish what exactly provoked this. To do this, a number of additional studies are carried out, evaluating the performance of the liver in the first place. Based on the data obtained, measures will be taken to improve the state of the body using complex treatment. Why the cholesterol index has dropped to a critical level is established only after a complete examination of the patient.

Only an integrated approach to treatment will help achieve positive results.

Against the background of taking medications, which is the basis of treatment, nutritional correction will also be required, as well as the rejection of bad habits, which together reduces the load on the liver.

Diet

Some foods can increase the intake of cholesterol in the body. These include:

• eggs, especially quail;
• olive oil;
• seafood and sea fish;
• butter;
• fermented milk products of natural origin;
• cheese, except for sharp and salty varieties;
• nuts;
• lean meat: rabbit, turkey, veal, chicken.

It is important to pay attention to the method of heat treatment of meat and fish dishes.

It is strictly forbidden to use frying with vegetable or animal fat. Boiling, baking in the oven and steaming food help preserve the healthy qualities of food, and also reduce the level of bad cholesterol, which can cause the development of atherosclerosis.

Prohibited products include:

• smoked meats, pickles, marinades;
• alcoholic drinks;
• yeast bread and bakery products;
• sausages of any kind;
• spicy and salty foods.

All these foods put an increased burden on the liver. What can be one of the reasons for the development of hypocholesterolemia.

Only freshly prepared meals are eaten. The serving volume should not exceed 180-200 g. Fractional nutrition allows you to reduce the load on the digestive tract and liver as well.

Bad habits will have to be abandoned, and alcohol will be forgotten forever.

The following examples of menu options can serve as a guide:

• breakfast: 2 egg omelet, tea with biscuits;
• second breakfast: apple baked with cottage cheese;
• lunch: rice soup with meatballs, boiled meat with vegetable salad, dried fruit compote;
• afternoon snack: cottage cheese casserole, herbal tea;
• dinner: steamed hake, stewed vegetables, tea.

• breakfast: buckwheat porridge with milk and butter;
• second breakfast: berry juice, pancakes;
• lunch: chicken noodle soup, vegetable salad;
• afternoon snack: natural yogurt with biscuits;
• dinner: fish baked with green peas and egg.

Before going to bed, you can drink herbal tea or half a glass of low-fat kefir, which will improve the digestion process and speed up metabolic processes.

ethnoscience

Alternative medicine prescriptions can be a good help in the treatment of many diseases, but they can only act as an addition to the main treatment. Only a doctor is able to prescribe or cancel a particular decoction or herbal collection. Self-medication is not worth doing, as this can provoke a deterioration in health.

To normalize the liver, use the following decoctions:

1. Nettle decoction - take 1 teaspoon of dry grass in a glass of boiling water. Cook for 3-5 minutes, then take 1 tablespoon before meals.
2. A decoction of lingonberry leaves - has an antibacterial effect, helps to speed up metabolic processes. Brewed and taken in the same way.

Before starting use, a mandatory consultation with a specialist is necessary.

Prevention

Based on the causes of low cholesterol levels, prevention can be:

1. Correction of nutrition and enrichment of the diet with fatty acids.
2. Refusal of bad habits and an active lifestyle.
3. Control of carbohydrate intake.
4. Correction of weight and metabolic processes.
5. Compliance with the drinking regime.
6. Refusal of strict diets and food restrictions, especially those with a high content of fatty acids: nuts, lard, milk.

Thus, low total cholesterol less than 3 mmol/l is dangerous for human health.

First of all, the vessels of the brain suffer, which is fraught with the development of a stroke.

High density lipoproteins (HDL) - what is it

Sometimes, when examining the lipid spectrum, it is found that the level of HDL is increased or decreased: what does it mean? In our review, we will analyze what differences exist between high and low density lipoproteins, what causes deviations in the analyzes of the first from the norm, and what methods exist to increase it.

Good and bad cholesterol

Cholesterol is a fat-like substance in the human body that is notorious. There are many medical studies on the dangers of this organic compound. All of them link elevated blood cholesterol levels and such a formidable disease as atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis today is one of the most common diseases in women over 50 and men over 40. In recent years, pathology occurs in young people and even in childhood.

Atherosclerosis is characterized by the formation of cholesterol deposits on the inner wall of the vessels - atherosclerotic plaques, which significantly narrow the lumen of the arteries and cause a violation of the blood supply to the internal organs. First of all, systems that perform a large amount of work every minute and need a regular supply of oxygen and nutrients - cardiovascular and nervous - suffer.

Common complications of atherosclerosis are:

• encephalopathy;
• CVA by ischemic type - cerebral stroke;
• ischemic heart disease, angina pectoris;
• acute myocardial infarction;
• circulatory disorders in the vessels of the kidneys, lower extremities.

It is known that the main role in the formation of the disease is played by elevated cholesterol levels. To understand how atherosclerosis develops, you need to learn more about the biochemistry of this organic compound in the body.

Cholesterol is a fat-like substance, chemically classified as a fatty alcohol. When mentioning its harmful effects on the body, one should not forget about the important biological functions that this substance performs:

• strengthens the cytoplasmic membrane of every cell of the human body, making it more elastic and durable;
• regulates the permeability of cell walls, prevents the penetration of certain toxic substances and lytic poisons into the cytoplasm;
• is part of the production of the adrenal glands - glucocorticosteroids, mineralocorticoids, sex hormones;
• participates in the synthesis of bile acids and vitamin D by liver cells.

Most cholesterol (about 80%) is produced in the body by hepatocytes, and only 20% comes with food.

Endogenous (own) cholesterol is synthesized in the liver cells. It is insoluble in water, therefore it is transported to target cells by special carrier proteins - apolipoproteins. The biochemical compound of cholesterol and apolipoprotein is called lipoprotein (lipoprotein, LP). Depending on the size and functions, all drugs are divided into:

1. Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL, VLDL) are the largest fraction of cholesterol, consisting mainly of triglycerides. Their diameter can reach 80 nm.
2. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL, LDL) are a protein-fat particle consisting of an apolipoprotein molecule and a large amount of cholesterol. The average diameter is 18-26 nm.
3. High-density lipoproteins (HDL, HDL) are the smallest fraction of cholesterol, the particle diameter of which does not exceed 10-11 nm. The volume of the protein part in the composition significantly exceeds the volume of fat.

Very low and low density lipoproteins (LDL - especially) are atherogenic cholesterol fractions. These voluminous and large particles move with difficulty through the peripheral vessels and can "lose" some of the fat molecules during transportation to target organs. Such lipids settle on the surface of the inner wall of the vessels, are strengthened by connective tissue, and then by calcifications, and form a mature atherosclerotic plaque. For the ability to provoke the development of atherosclerosis, LDL and VLDL are called "bad" cholesterol.

High-density lipoproteins, on the contrary, are able to clean the vessels from fatty deposits accumulating on their surface. Small and nimble, they capture lipid particles and transport them to hepatocytes for further processing into bile acids and excretion from the body through the gastrointestinal tract. For this ability, HDL cholesterol is called "good".

Thus, not all cholesterol in the body is bad. The possibility of developing atherosclerosis in each individual patient is indicated not only by the OH (total cholesterol) in the blood test, but also by the ratio between LDL and HDL. The higher the fraction of the first and lower - the second, the more likely the development of dyslipidemia and the formation of atherosclerotic plaques on the walls of blood vessels. The inverse relationship is also true: an increased HDL can be considered as a low risk of developing atherosclerosis.

How to prepare for analysis

A blood test can be carried out both as part of a lipid profile - a comprehensive examination of fat metabolism in the body, or independently. In order for the test result to be as reliable as possible, patients should follow the following recommendations:

1. High-density lipoproteins are examined strictly on an empty stomach, in the morning hours (approximately from 8.00 to 10.00).
2. The last meal should be 10-12 hours before the delivery of the biomaterial.
3. For 2-3 days before the examination, exclude all fatty fried foods from the diet.
4. If you are taking any medications (including vitamins and dietary supplements), be sure to tell your doctor. He may advise you not to take the pills for 2-3 days before the test. Taking antibiotics, hormonal agents, vitamins, omega-3, NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, etc., especially affects the test results.
5. Do not smoke at least 30 minutes before the test.
6. Before entering the blood collection room, sit for 5-10 minutes in a calm environment and try not to be nervous.

To determine the level of high-density lipoprotein, blood is usually taken from a vein. The procedure itself takes one to three minutes, and the result of the analysis will be ready the next day (sometimes after a few hours). Together with the obtained data, the reference (normal) values ​​accepted in this laboratory are usually indicated on the analysis form. This is done for the convenience of deciphering the diagnostic test.

HDL norms

And what should be the level of high density lipoproteins in a healthy person? The norm for women and men of this fraction of cholesterol may be different. Standard lipidogram values ​​are presented in the table below.

To assess the risk of atherosclerosis, as well as its acute and chronic complications, it is important to take into account the ratio of high density lipoproteins to total cholesterol.

If HDL is lowered against the background of a high level of atherogenic lipids, the patient probably already has manifestations of atherosclerosis. The more pronounced the phenomena of dyslipidemia, the more active the formation of cholesterol plaques in the body.

What does high value mean?

Raising is not diagnosed as often. The fact is that the maximum concentration of this fraction of cholesterol does not exist: the more high-density lipoproteins in the body, the lower the risk of developing atherosclerosis.

In exceptional cases, gross violations of fat metabolism are observed, and HDL become significantly increased. Possible reasons for this condition are:

• hereditary dyslipidemia;
• chronic hepatitis;
• cirrhotic changes in the liver;
• chronic intoxication;
• alcoholism.

In this case, it is important to start treatment of the underlying disease. Specific measures designed to lower the level of HDL in medicine have not been developed. It is this fraction of cholesterol that is able to clear the vessels of plaques and provides prevention of atherosclerosis.

What does low value mean?

Low levels of HDL in the body are much more common than high levels. Such a deviation of the analysis from the norm may be due to:

• diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism and other hormonal disorders;
• chronic liver diseases: hepatitis, cirrhosis, cancer;
• pathology of the kidneys;
• hereditary (genetically determined) type IV hyperlipoproteinemia;
• acute infectious processes;
• excessive intake of atherogenic cholesterol fractions with food.

At the same time, it is important to eliminate the existing causes and, if possible, raise the concentration of HDL cholesterol to the proper level. How to do this, see the section below.

How to increase HDL

Lifestyle Correction

Lifestyle is the first thing to pay attention to in patients with low HDL levels. Follow the recommendations of doctors:

1. Eliminate bad habits from your life. Cigarette nicotine has a damaging effect on the inner wall of blood vessels, and contributes to the deposition of cholesterol on its surface. Alcohol abuse negatively affects metabolism and destroys liver cells, where lipoproteins are normally formed. Quitting smoking and alcohol will increase HDL levels by 12-15% and reduce atherogenic lipoproteins by 10-20%.
2. Fight excess body weight. Obesity in medicine is usually called a pathological condition in which BMI (a relative value reflecting the ratio of the weight and height of the patient) exceeds 30. Excess weight is not only an additional burden on the heart and blood vessels, but also one of the reasons for the increase in total cholesterol due to its atherogenic fractions. The decrease in LDL and VLDL compensatory leads to the normalization of the level of high density lipoproteins. It has been proven that the loss of 3 kg of weight leads to an increase in HDL by 1 mg / dl.
3. Engage in a doctor-approved sport. It is better if it is swimming, walking, Pilates, yoga, dancing. The type of physical activity should be approached with all responsibility. It should bring positive emotions to the patient and not increase the load on the heart and blood vessels. In severe somatic pathology, the patient's activity should be expanded gradually so that the body adapts to daily increasing loads.

And, of course, visit your doctor regularly. Working together with a therapist will normalize the disturbed metabolism faster and more efficiently. He does not ignore the appearances prescribed by the therapist for medical examination, take tests for the lipid spectrum once every 3-6 months and examine the vessels of the heart and brain if there are signs of insufficient blood supply to these organs.

Therapeutic diet

Nutrition is also important in dyslipidaemias. The principles of a therapeutic diet that allows you to increase HDL levels include:

1. Food is fractional (up to 6 times a day), in small portions.
2. The daily caloric intake of food should be sufficient to replenish energy costs, but not excessive. The average value is at the level of 2300-2500 kcal.
3. The total amount of fat entering the body throughout the day should not exceed 25-30% of total calories. Of these, most of them are recommended to be allocated to unsaturated fats (low in cholesterol).
4. Exclusion of foods with the highest possible content of "bad" cholesterol: lard, beef fat; offal: brains, kidneys; aged cheeses; margarine, cooking oil.
5. Restriction of products containing LDL. So, for example, meat and poultry with a hypocholesterol diet are recommended to eat no more than 2-3 times a week. It is better to replace it with high-quality vegetable protein - soy, legumes.
6. Sufficient fiber intake. Fruits and vegetables should be the basis of patients with atherosclerosis. They have a beneficial effect on the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract and indirectly affect the increase in the production of HDL in the liver.
7. Inclusion in the daily diet of bran: oatmeal, rye, etc.
8. Inclusion in the diet of foods that increase HDL levels: fatty sea fish, nuts, natural vegetable oils - olive, sunflower, pumpkin seeds, etc.

According to statistics, about 25% of the world's population over 40 suffer from atherosclerosis. From year to year, the incidence is also growing among young people aged 25-30 years. Violation of fat metabolism in the body is a serious problem that requires an integrated approach and timely treatment. And changes in the level of HDL in the analyzes should not go unnoticed by a specialist.

Cholesterol enters the body with food, most of all with dairy products and meat. But it is also produced by the liver.

It is vital:

• From it, cell membranes are created for all, without exception, tissues and organs of the human body.
• Also, on its basis, hormones are created that are responsible for growth, development and the possibility of reproduction.
• Bile is formed from cholesterol in the liver, which helps the intestines work.

Cholesterol is a fat-like substance. And fats do not dissolve in water, which means that blood cannot transport them in its pure form. Therefore, cholesterol is “packed” into protein. The new combination of cholesterol and protein is called lipoprotein.

Several types of lipoproteins circulate in the human body, different in structure and function:

• Very low density lipoproteins. Formed in the liver. Lipids are transported in the bloodstream.
• Low density lipoproteins. Formed from very low density lipoproteins after triglycerides are released. That is, it is practically pure cholesterol.
• High density lipoproteins. With the blood flow, excess cholesterol is transported to the liver. Where bile is then formed from it.

In other words, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is the "good" cholesterol.

Cholesterol "bad" and "good"

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are the main type of "transport" of total cholesterol.

In this form it:

• Moves around the body
• It becomes the cause of plaque settling on the vessels and their possible blockage;
• It provokes the occurrence of heart attacks, coronary heart disease, stroke and atherosclerosis. Therefore, this cholesterol is conditionally called "bad".

High density lipoproteins:

• Carry fats and total cholesterol from one cell to another;
• The remaining “waste” cholesterol is collected and carried back to the liver, which processes it into bile.

That is, they collect excess cholesterol and prevent its deposition on the walls of blood vessels. Therefore, high-density lipoproteins are the norm for the body and such HDL cholesterol is also called “good” cholesterol.

HDL contains about 30% of the total cholesterol in the body. The rest of the cholesterol is LDL. Its level in the blood is constantly fluctuating and in case of an increase, high-density lipoproteins will not be able to cope with it.

It will be deposited on the walls of the vessels and narrow the lumen, making it difficult for the blood to move. In this case, the vessels will lose their elasticity, and atherosclerosis will develop. The risk of developing heart disease will increase several times.

Normal levels of "good" cholesterol in the blood:

1. For men: up to 19 years 30-65 mg / dl, from 20 years and older 30-70 mg / dl.
2. For women, the indicators are more dynamic: under the age of 14 30-65 mg/dl, aged 15 to 19 years 30-70 mg/dl, from 20 to 29 years 30-75 mg/dl, from 30 to 39 years 30-80 mg/dl, aged 40 years and over 30-85mg/dl.

Upon reaching the upper limit of age, after which the level of HDL in the blood should no longer change, it is recommended to regularly donate blood to determine the level of cholesterol.

Deviations of HDL from the norm

Since HDL removes excess cholesterol, high levels are not a risk. On the contrary, in this case, the risk of developing coronary heart disease decreases several times.

But a decrease in HDL, even with a normal level of ordinary cholesterol, increases the risk of plaque deposition several times. So even if the level is elevated, high density lipoproteins are not a bad factor for the body.

There are several reasons that cause HDL deviation from the norm, among them:

• genetic abnormalities.
• Chronic alcoholism leading to cirrhosis of the liver.
• Deviations in the work of the thyroid gland - hyperthyroidism.
• Regular use of certain medications (such as insulin).

In any case, even elevated HDL should not be significantly higher than normal. Otherwise, it already speaks of pathology.

Increasing HDL

It seems that the higher the level of HDL in the blood, the better. Because the risk of developing heart and vascular diseases decreases almost proportionally. But it is not so. A significant increase in performance is a signal of pathology.

Usually:

• The presence of hyperlipoproteinemia is a hereditary high level of high density lipoproteins.
• Cirrhosis of the liver.
• Chronic hepatitis.
• Prolonged intoxication of the body - alcohol, smoking, etc.

There are two factors that affect the increase in HDL, but are not a pathology:

• Pregnancy. Throughout the entire period of bearing a child, an increased level of HDL is the norm. Therefore, the analysis should be taken no earlier than 2 months after birth.
• Taking medication on an ongoing basis. For example, insulin.

In the case of an increase in high-density lipoproteins, it is necessary first of all to exclude risk factors. And to treat the diseases that caused it.

Research procedure

Lipidogram - an analysis of the level of cholesterol in the blood. Recommended for anyone over 20 years of age.

But there are also a number of cases when an analysis is necessary:

1. Or if the person is taking cholesterol-lowering medications.
2. If a person follows a low-fat diet as recommended by a doctor.
3. In the presence of a hereditary factor, the child must first pass this test between the ages of 2 and 10 years.
4. If at least one of the risk factors is present:

• Smoking.
• Age for men from 45 years old, for women from 55 years old.
• Heredity.
• A stroke, heart attack, or coronary heart disease.
• Diabetes.
• Obesity.
• Alcoholism.
• A large percentage of fatty foods in the regular diet.

Lipidogram is a common blood test. It is rented according to the general rules - on an empty stomach, on the eve it is necessary to avoid physical exertion, baths and fatty foods.

There are no special requirements for preparation for it. This blood test shows high density lipoproteins as well.

Risk Analysis

Long-term high cholesterol leads to the development of a variety of diseases.

Everything in the body is connected, including through the blood:

• First of all, the heart system suffers.
• Atherosclerosis- a natural consequence of liming of vessels and their loss of elasticity.
• Naturally, the liver suffers. As an organ directly involved in the processing of cholesterol. This is where obesity develops.
• The kidneys suffer, as the load on them increases significantly.
• Diabetes and pancreatitis. Possible development of pancreatic cancer. This is a "payment" for a diseased liver as well.
• The thyroid gland as an organ of the endocrine system. Fats are involved in the production of hormones, so their concentration in the blood affects all body systems.

Lowering cholesterol is no less dangerous for the body. Against its background, a variety of diseases develop - from pulmonary tuberculosis to acute infectious diseases. An increase in cholesterol levels does not occur suddenly, so it is possible to control this process, avoiding irreversible consequences.

Food is a source of cholesterol

Although cholesterol is produced by the liver, much of it comes from food.

In order to more or less control the level of your cholesterol, it is enough to navigate the products and know in which of them cholesterol is elevated:

1. Yolks of chicken eggs.
2. Sausage.
3. Margarine.
4. Caviar.
5. Offal - liver, lungs, etc.
6. Canned fish. This applies only to canned food in oil. Fish in their own juice is not a threat.
7. Fast food.
8. Processed meat - all kinds of stews, canned meat, etc.
9. Shrimps, mussels, oysters.

These products must be completely abandoned until the level of cholesterol returns to normal. In extreme cases, the number must be greatly reduced.

But it is necessary to understand that we are not talking about eating these foods in general, but about their abuse. Reception in small amounts, coupled with vegetable fiber, especially before lunch, will energize the body. And an active day will contribute to the “burning” of “bad” cholesterol.

Food is a source of fiber

Fiber helps lower cholesterol levels. With regular consumption of plant foods, cholesterol levels are reduced by 60%. Vegetable fiber is found in vegetables and fruits, as well as in non-animal fats. For example, there is no cholesterol in olive or sunflower oil.

Plant foods not only do not contain cholesterol, but also speed up the digestion process.. With high cholesterol, the introduction of fruits and vegetables into the diet will result in lower cholesterol levels.

This will also help reduce the interval between meals.. If you single out three main meals - breakfast, lunch and dinner, and snack between them exclusively with fresh fruit, your cholesterol level will drop significantly.

Prevention

Cholesterol levels love balance, any imbalance in nutrition will cause, respectively, an increase in cholesterol levels:

1. Nutritional balance. Animal fats are also needed. They, among other things, are involved in the formation of "good" cholesterol. Therefore, their intake can be limited, but should not be completely excluded from food. And during the reception - yes. Until 12 noon, at the latest - until 14.
2. Combination of animal fats and fiber. More vegetables, more fruits. A balanced diet will give not only low cholesterol levels, but also excellent health, smooth skin and long youth.
3. Movement. In the truest sense of the word, this is life. Intense physical activity will lower the level of "bad" cholesterol and increase the level of "good". In addition, a walk after a meal will speed up the transport of fats. And this means that they will not have a chance to settle on the walls of blood vessels. Athletes-athletes are able to lower the level of cholesterol in their body 79% faster than other people.
4. Rejection of bad habits.
5. Taking vitamins.
6. Drink green tea. It is scientifically proven that it significantly reduces the level of "bad" cholesterol.