Characteristics of types of communication. Types of communication and their general characteristics

Types of communication. Communication is extremely diverse in its forms and types. Several classifications of communication can be noted.

Material (exchange of objects and products of activity);

Cognitive (knowledge sharing);

Conditioning (exchange of physiological and mental states);

Motivational (exchange of motivations, goals, interests, motives, needs);

Activity (exchange of actions, operations, abilities, skills).

By purpose:

• Biological communication – necessary for the maintenance, preservation and development of the organism;

  Social communication – pursues the goals of expanding and strengthening interpersonal contacts.

Affordable:

• Direct (carried out using natural organs);

  Indirect (use of special means and tools to organize communication and exchange of information);

  Direct (personal contacts and direct perception of communicating people by each other in the very act of communication);

  Indirect communication (communication through intermediaries).

Classification.

• Business conversation - the content is what people are doing, and not the problems that affect their inner world.

  Personal communication.

  Instrumental. This is communication that serves some purpose other than obtaining satisfaction from the act of communication itself.

  Verbal communication.

  Non-verbal communication.

If we take as a basis level of interaction between individuals in the process of communication, the following will stand out:

Person-oriented (interpersonal);

Socially-oriented (the subject of this communication is, as it were, doubled: on the one hand, such communication is carried out by one person as an individual, and on the other, the subject of such communication is this or that group or society as a whole);

Subject-oriented communication (the subject is interaction).

Highlight direct and indirect communication. Direct communication is historically the first form, on the basis of which other types of communication arise in later periods of the development of civilization. This is a natural psychological contact between individuals in the presence of clear feedback (for example, conversation, game, etc.). Indirect communication is incomplete mental contact using any devices (for example, talking on the phone, correspondence, etc.).

There are also interpersonal, group and mass communication. Interpersonal communication – This is direct, more or less constant regular communication in small groups. The main condition for interpersonal communication is a certain knowledge of each other’s individual characteristics by the participants in communication, which is possible only on the basis of shared experience, empathy, and mutual understanding. Mass communication– these are multiple, usually fleeting direct contacts of people unfamiliar with each other (in a crowd, at work, etc.). Many authors identify mass communication with the concept of mass communication. Mass communication– a process close to indirect communication, when messages are addressed not to individuals, but to large social groups using the media.

E.I. Rogov identifies three main types of communication: imperative, manipulative And dialogical(Rogov E.I., 2002) . Imperative communication also called authoritarian or directive. It differs in that one of the partners seeks to subjugate the other, wants to control his behavior and thoughts, and forces him to take certain actions. At the same time, the communication partner is viewed as a machine that needs to be controlled, as a soulless object of action. The peculiarity of authoritarian influence is that the ultimate goal of communication - forcing a partner to do something - is not hidden.

Manipulative communication- similar to imperative. Its goal is to influence the communication partner, but here the achievement of one’s intentions is carried out hidden. The partner is perceived as a bearer of certain “needed” properties and qualities. Often, a person who has chosen this type of relationship with others as his main one ends up becoming its victim himself. Communicating with himself, he begins to evaluate himself as one of the chess pieces on the board, guided by false motives and goals, losing the core of his own life. As research shows, a manipulator is characterized by deceit and primitiveness of feelings, apathy towards life, a state of boredom, excessive self-control, cynicism, distrust of oneself and others. Highlight 4 main types of manipulative systems.

Active manipulator attempts to control others through active methods. As a rule, he uses his social position or rank: parent, teacher or boss. The philosophy of life is to dominate and dominate, at all costs.

Passive manipulator– the opposite of active. He pretends to be helpless and stupid, allowing those around him to think and work for him. Life philosophy is to never cause irritation.

Competitive manipulator perceives life as a constant tournament, an endless chain of wins and losses. He assigns himself the role of a vigilant fighter. For him, life is a constant battle, and people are rivals and even enemies, real or potential. Life philosophy is to win at any cost.

Indifferent manipulator plays at indifference, indifference. He tries to leave, to distance himself from contacts. His methods are either active or passive. Life philosophy is to reject caring.

The imperative and manipulative form of communication can be characterized as monologue communication. A person who views another as an object of his influence essentially communicates with himself, with his goals and objectives, without seeing the true interlocutor, ignoring him.

Dialogical communication opposes authoritarian and manipulative, as it is based on the equality of partners. Dialogical, or so-called humanistic, communication allows us to achieve deeper mutual understanding and self-disclosure of interlocutors. Dialogical communication occurs only if a number of rules of relationships are observed:

Psychological attitude towards the emotional state of the interlocutor and one’s own psychological state (following the “here and now” principle);

Complete trust in the partner’s intentions without assessing his personality (principle of trust);

Perception of the interlocutor as an equal, having the right to his own opinions and decisions (the principle of parity);

The focus of communication on common problems and unresolved issues (the principle of “problematization”);

Addressing your interlocutor on your own behalf (without reference to someone else’s opinion), expressing your true feelings and desires (the principle of personifying communication).

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Ministry of Science and Education of Ukraine

Sevastopol City Humanitarian University

Department of General Psychology

Individual work on the SPT course on the topic

“Types of communication and their general characteristics”

Completed by a 1st year student

groups P-11

Derzhavina Anastasia Alexandrovna

Checked by Kozharskaya O.N.

Sevastopol

Introduction

Chapter 1. The essence of communication

1.1 Concept of communication

1.2 Communication structure

1.3 Communication functions

Chapter 2. Types of communication

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

Without communication, neither an individual nor human society as a whole can exist. Communication for a person is his habitat. Without communication, the formation of a person’s personality, his upbringing, intellectual development, and adaptation to life are impossible. Communication is necessary for people both in the process of joint work and for maintaining interpersonal relationships, recreation, emotional relief, intellectual and artistic creativity.

The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that communication is an integral part of our lives. Its study gives us an idea of ​​human communication and interaction of people with each other, their characteristics. Accordingly, this gives us the opportunity to successfully interact with other people to achieve any goals: moral and ethical, psychological, material and others.

In my abstract research I set the following tasks:

Consider the concept of communication

Consider the structure of communication

Define the functions of communication

Highlight types of communication

Chapter 1. The essence of communication

1.1 Concept of communication

Communication is the process of interconnection and interaction of social subjects (individuals, groups), characterized by the exchange of activities, information, experience, abilities, skills, as well as the results of activities, which is one of the necessary and universal conditions for the formation and development of society and the individual.

At the social level, communication is a necessary condition for the transmission of social experience and cultural heritage from one generation to another.

In a psychological sense, communication is understood as the process and result of establishing contacts between people or the interaction of subjects through various sign systems.

As a process not aimed at changing the psychological state of the partner;

As a process aimed at changing the psychological state of a partner.

In the first case, communication is a complex, multifaceted process of establishing and developing contacts between people, generated by the needs for joint activities. It includes the exchange of information, the development of a unified interaction strategy, perception and understanding of the partner.

In the second case, communication is the interaction of subjects carried out by sign means, caused by the needs of joint activity and aimed at a significant change in the state, behavior and personal and semantic formations of the partner.

In its most general form, communication acts as a form and way of existence of society. The social meaning of communication is the transfer of forms of culture and social experience.

The specificity of communication is that in its process the subjective world of one person is revealed to another. In communication, a person self-determines and self-presents in the diversity of his
individual psychological characteristics.

Communication is considered as a form of activity carried out between people and leading or not leading to the emergence of mental contact. Mental contact ensures a mutual exchange of emotions in communication and characterizes communication as a two-way activity, a mutual connection between people.

Communication is a complex and multifaceted process that acts as:

Human interaction;

Type of independent human activity;

An attribute of other types of human activity;

Information process;

The attitude of people towards each other;

Mutual influence of people;

Mutual experience;

Mutual understanding.

Communication acts as a social and person-oriented process in which not only personal relationships are realized, but also attitudes towards social norms. At the same time, communication is also a social process through which society influences the individual. It is fair to consider communication as a condition for any human activity. Acting as the most important social need, without the implementation of which the formation of personality slows down and sometimes even stops, communication as a dialectical process represents the unity of two opposing trends:

Toward cooperation, cooperation and integration;

Towards competition, struggle and differentiation.

There is a slightly different interpretation of the concept of “communication”, which seems to be “a form of activity carried out between people as equal partners and leading to the emergence of mental contact”, “interaction of equal subjects”.

Here we can talk about some narrowing of the understanding of communication. Firstly, communication partners can be equal or unequal, free in relation to each other and dependent on one another. The boss and subordinate, friends, comrades and buddies, ill-wishers and enemies, completely unfamiliar fellow travelers on public transport, etc. communicate with each other.

Secondly, communication may or may not lead to psychic contact.

Thirdly, communication is not just a form of activity, but also an activity in itself.

1.2 Communication structure

Communication usually manifests itself in the unity of its five aspects: interpersonal, cognitive, communicative-informational, emotive and behavior.

Interpersonal side communication reflects a person’s interaction with his immediate environment: with other people and the communities with which he is connected in his life. First of all, this is a family and professional group that use established cultural, historical and professional patterns of behavior. Along with these patterns of behavior, a person learns national-ethnic, social-age, emotional-aesthetic and other standards and stereotypes of communication.

Cognitive side communication allows you to answer questions about who the interlocutor is, what kind of person he is, what can be expected from him, and many others related to the personality of the partner. It covers not only knowledge of another person, but also self-knowledge. As a result, in the process of communication, images and ideas about oneself and partners are formed that regulate this process.

Communication and information side communication is the exchange between people of various ideas, ideas, interests, moods, feelings, attitudes, etc. If all this is considered as information, then the communication process can be understood as a process of information exchange. But this approach to human communication is very simplistic.

Emotive side communication is associated with the functioning of emotions and feelings, mood in personal contacts of partners. They manifest themselves in the expressive movements of the subjects of communication, their actions, deeds, and behavior. Mutual relationships emerge through them, which become a kind of socio-psychological background of interaction, predetermining greater or lesser success of joint activities.

Behavioral side communication serves the purpose of reconciling internal and external contradictions in the positions of partners. It provides a controlling influence on the individual in all life processes, reveals a person’s desire for certain values, expresses a person’s motivational forces, and regulates the relationships of partners in joint activities.

The psychological structure of communication includes four components.

Motivational-target component is a system of motives and goals of communication. The motives for communication between members can be: a) the needs and interests of one person who takes the initiative in communication; b) the needs and interests of both communication partners, prompting them to engage in communication; c) needs arising from jointly solved problems. The ratio of motives for communication ranges from complete coincidence to conflict. In accordance with this, communication can be friendly or conflicting in nature.

The main goals of communication can be: receiving or transmitting useful information, activating partners, relieving tension and managing joint actions, providing assistance and influencing other people. The goals of communication participants may coincide or contradict, or exclude each other. The nature of communication also depends on this.

Communication component communication in the narrow sense of the word is the exchange of information between communicating individuals. In the course of joint activities, as noted above, individuals exchange different opinions, interests, feelings, etc. with each other. All this constitutes the process of information exchange, which has the following features:

* if in cybernetic devices information is only transmitted, then in the conditions of human communication it is not only transmitted, but also formed, clarified, developed;

* in contrast to the simple “exchange of information” between two devices, in human communication it is combined with an attitude towards each other;

* the nature of the exchange of information between people is determined by the fact that through the systemic signs used, partners can influence each other and influence the partner’s behavior;

* communicative influence as a result of information exchange is possible only when the person sending the information (communicator) and the person receiving it (recipient) have a single or similar system of codification or decodification. In everyday speech, this means that people “speak the same language.”

Interactive component communication consists of the exchange not only of knowledge and ideas, but also of influences, mutual motivations, and actions. Interaction can be in the form of cooperation or competition, agreement or conflict, adaptation or opposition, association or dissociation.

Perceptual component communication is manifested in the perception of each other by communication partners, mutual study and evaluation of each other. This is due to the perception of a person’s appearance, actions, actions and their interpretation. Mutual social perception during communication is very subjective, which is also manifested in the not always correct understanding of the goals of the communication partner, his motives, relationships, attitudes towards interaction, etc.

1.3 Communication functions

Communication is a multifunctional process. There are different approaches to highlighting its functions. It seems that it is possible to integrate them if we proceed from the criterion of goal setting. In this case, the following communication functions can be distinguished.

Contact function-- establishing contact as a state of mutual readiness to receive and transmit messages and to maintain relationships in the form of constant mutual orientation.

Information function- exchange of messages, reception and transmission of information in response to a request, exchange of opinions, plans, decisions, etc.

Incentive function-- stimulation of the partner’s activity to perform certain actions.

Coordination function-- mutual orientation and coordination of actions when organizing joint activities.

Understanding Function-- adequate mutual perception and understanding of the meaning of messages, as well as intentions, attitudes, experiences, mental states, etc.

Emotive function- arousing the necessary emotional experiences in the partner, as well as changing one’s experiences and states with his help.

Relationship Establishment Function- awareness and fixation of one’s place in the system of role, status, business and other connections of the society in which the individual operates.

Control function- change in the partner’s state, behavior patterns, including his intentions, attitudes, opinions, decisions, ideas, needs, actions, etc.

A classification similar to the one above highlights some other functions.

Instrumental function-- communication as a social mechanism for transmitting information and managing certain actions in connection with information.

Syndicate function- a means of uniting people.

Self-expression function- a means of revealing one’s psychological essence.

Translation function-- transfer of specific methods of activity, assessments, etc.

Expressive function- mutual understanding of experiences and emotional states.

Social control function-- regulation of behavior and activities. .

Socialization function-- formation of skills of interaction in society in accordance with accepted norms and rules.

If we consider communication in a certain system of relations , then the following groups of functions can be distinguished.

1.Psychological functions determine the development of man as an individual and personality. In conditions of communication, many mental processes proceed differently than in conditions of isolated individual activity. Communication stimulates the development of thought processes (cognitive activity), volitional processes (activity), and emotional processes (efficiency).

2.Social features determine the development of society as a social system and the development of groups as constituent units of this system. Integration of society is possible only if there is communication in all its types, types and forms.

3.Instrumental functions define numerous connections between a person and the world in the broadest sense of the word, between different social groups.

The conceptual idea of ​​such a division of functions lies in the idea of ​​the relationship between man and society and the world in accordance with a simple model of relations: man - activity - society.

Thus, we can say that communication is a complex, multifaceted process, and therefore there are several divisions of it by function.

Chapter 2. Types of communication

communication society meaning

Communication is extremely multifaceted and can be of various types. There are interpersonal and mass communication. Interpersonal communication associated with direct contacts of people in groups or pairs with a constant composition of participants. Mass communication -- This is a variety of direct contacts between strangers, as well as communication mediated by various types of media.

Also distinguished interpersonal And role communication. In the first case, the participants in communication are specific individuals who have specific individual qualities that are revealed in the course of communication and the organization of joint actions. In the case of role-based communication, its participants act as bearers of certain roles (buyer-seller, teacher-student, boss-subordinate).

In role-based communication, a person is deprived of a certain spontaneity of his behavior, since certain of his steps and actions are dictated by the role he plays. In the process of such communication, a person no longer manifests himself as an individual, but as a social unit performing certain functions.

Communication can be confidential And conflictual. The first is different in that during its course, particularly significant information is transmitted. Confidence is an essential feature of all types of communication, without which it is impossible to carry out negotiations or resolve intimate issues. Conflict communication is characterized by mutual confrontation between people, expressions of displeasure and mistrust.

Communication can be personal and business. Personal communication -- this is an exchange of unofficial information, and business -- the process of interaction between people performing joint responsibilities or involved in the same activity.

Finally, communication can be direct and indirect. Direct (direct) communication -- historically the first form of communication between people. On its basis, in later periods of the development of civilization, various types of indirect communication arose. Indirect communication -- this is interaction using additional means (writing, audio and video equipment).

Communication can also vary in its forms.

Imperative communication -- This is an authoritarian, directive form of interaction with a communication partner in order to achieve control over his behavior, attitudes and thoughts, and force him to certain actions or decisions. The communication partner in this case acts as a passive party. The ultimate unveiled goal of imperative communication is coercion of a partner. Orders, regulations and demands are used as means of exerting influence.

The following areas of activity are identified where it is quite effective

imperative communication is used: “superior-subordinate” relations, military statutory relations, work in extreme conditions, in emergency circumstances. We can also highlight those interpersonal relationships where the use of the imperative is inappropriate. These are intimate-personal and marital relationships, child-parent contacts, as well as the entire system of pedagogical relations.

Manipulative communication -- This is a form of interpersonal interaction in which influence on a communication partner in order to achieve one’s intentions is carried out covertly. At the same time, manipulation presupposes an objective perception of the communication partner, while the hidden desire is to achieve control over the behavior and thoughts of another person. In manipulative communication, the partner is perceived not as a holistic, unique personality, but as a bearer of certain properties and qualities “needed” by the manipulator. However, a person who chooses this type of communication with others as his main one often ends up becoming a victim of his own manipulations. He even begins to perceive himself in fragments, switching to stereotypical forms of behavior, guided by false motives and goals, losing the core of his own life.

Manipulation is used by dishonest people in business and other business relationships, as well as in the media when the concept of “black” and “hero” propaganda is implemented. At the same time, the possession and use of means of manipulative influence on other people in the business sphere, as a rule, ends for a person with the transfer of such skills to other areas of relationships. Relationships built on the principles of decency, love, friendship and mutual affection are the most damaged by manipulation.

Combined together on the basis of common features, imperative and manipulative forms of communication constitute different types monologue communication, since a person who considers another as an object of his influence essentially communicates with himself, without seeing the true interlocutor, ignoring him as a person.

In its turn, dialogic communication -- This is an equal object-subject interaction, with the goal of mutual knowledge, self-knowledge of communication partners. It allows you to achieve deep mutual understanding, self-disclosure of partners, and creates conditions for mutual development.

Conclusion

As a result of the study, I completed the tasks that I set at the beginning of the study, namely:

Considered the concept of communication

Considered the structure of communication

Defined the functions of communication

Highlighted types of communication

Speaking about the topic of communication, it is necessary to emphasize its relevance. Communication has always been significant in a person’s life and his personal development. Without communication, neither an individual nor human society as a whole can exist. Communication for a person is his habitat. Without communication, the formation of a person’s personality, his upbringing, intellectual development, and adaptation to life are impossible. Communication is necessary for people both in the process of joint work and for maintaining interpersonal relationships, recreation, emotional relief, intellectual and artistic creativity. The ability to communicate is both a natural quality of every person, given by nature, and a difficult art that requires constant improvement.

Literature

1. Andreeva G.M. Social psychology: Textbook - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001 - 384s

2. Belinskaya E.P., Tikhomandritskaya O.A. Social psychology: Uch Pos - M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2003 - 475s

3. Zhuravlev A.L. Social psychology: Uch pos. - M.: Smysl, St. Petersburg: Peter, 2002 - 351s

4. Krizhanskaya Yu.S., Tretyakov V.P. Grammar of communication. - 3rd ed. - M.: Smysl, St. Petersburg: Peter, 2005 - 450s

5. Krysko V.G. Social psychology: Course of lectures, 3rd ed. - Moscow, 2006 - 352s

6. Leontiev A.A. Psychology of communication - Moscow: Tartu, 2001 - 152s

7. Leontiev A.A. Communication as an object of psychological research: St. Petersburg 2001 - 250s

9. Myers D. Social psychology. Intensive course (Studying social psychology) - Moscow: 2002 - 512s

10. Maklakov A.G. General psychology - St. Petersburg: 2001 - 592s

11. Melnikova N.A. Social psychology. Lecture notes - Moscow: 2008 -160s

12. Melnikova N.A. Social psychology. Cribs - Moscow: 2008 - 32s

13. Mokshantsev R.I., Mokshantseva A.V. Social psychology: Uch pos. M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2001 - 408s

14. Semichenko V.A. Psychology of communication. - K. “Master - S”, 1997 - 152 p.

15. Schmidt R. The Art of Communication. M., 1992 - 150s

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The subject, structure and content of communication, its main goals, means and type differences. The concept of communication as a socio-psychological mechanism of interaction between people. Nonverbal elements of communication. Types of speech: narration, description and reasoning.

Types of communication by means:
1) verbal communication - carried out through speech and is the prerogative of a person. It provides a person with wide communicative opportunities and is much richer than all types and forms of non-verbal communication, although in life it cannot completely replace it;
2) non-verbal communication occurs through facial expressions, gestures and pantomimes, through direct sensory or bodily contacts (tactile, visual, auditory, olfactory and other sensations and images received from another person). Nonverbal forms and means of communication are inherent not only to humans, but also to some animals (dogs, monkeys and dolphins). In most cases, nonverbal forms and means of human communication are innate. They allow people to interact with each other, achieving mutual understanding on emotional and behavioral levels. The most important nonverbal component of the communication process is the ability to listen.

Types of communication by purpose:
1) biological communication is associated with the satisfaction of basic organic needs and is necessary for the maintenance, preservation and development of the organism;
2) social communication is aimed at expanding and strengthening interpersonal contacts, establishing and developing interpersonal relationships, and personal growth of the individual.

Types of communication by content:
1) material – exchange of objects and products of activity, which serve as a means of satisfying their current needs;
2) cognitive – transfer of information that expands horizons, improves and develops abilities;
3) conditional - exchange of mental or physiological states, influencing each other, designed to bring a person into a certain physical or mental state;
4) activity-based – exchange of actions, operations, abilities, skills;
5) motivational communication consists of transferring to each other certain motivations, attitudes or readiness to act in a certain direction.

Types of indirect communication:
1) direct communication - occurs with the help of natural organs given to a living being by nature: hands, head, torso, vocal cords, etc.;
2) mediated communication - associated with the use of special means and tools for organizing communication and exchange of information (natural (a stick, a thrown stone, a footprint on the ground, etc.) or cultural objects (sign systems, recording symbols on various media, printing, radio, television, etc.);
3) direct communication is built on the basis of personal contacts and direct perception of each other by communicating people in the very act of communication (for example, bodily contacts, conversations between people, etc.);
4) indirect communication occurs through intermediaries, which can be other people (for example, negotiations between conflicting parties at the interstate, interethnic, group, family levels).

Other types of communication:
1) business communication – communication, the purpose of which is to achieve any clear agreement or agreement;
2) educational communication – involves the purposeful influence of one participant on another with a fairly clear idea of ​​the desired result;
3) diagnostic communication - communication, the purpose of which is to formulate a certain idea about the interlocutor or obtain any information from him (this is the communication between a doctor and a patient, etc.);
4) intimate and personal communication is possible when partners are interested in establishing and maintaining trusting and deep contact, occurs between close people and is largely the result of previous relationships.

Depending on the participants in communication, they call personal-group, interpersonal, and intergroup communication.

In the primary collective, a person communicates with every person. In the course of such pair communication, both personal and group tasks and goals are established. Knowledge of communities about the content of communication or the presence of a third person at the moment of communication between two persons changes the picture of communication.

Personal-group communication is more pronounced between the boss and the group or team.

Intergroup communication means contact between two communities. For example, team battles in sports. the tasks and goals of intergroup communication between teams may often coincide (communication is peaceful), or they may differ (communication). Intergroup communication is by no means a faceless, amorphous influence. In this communication, each individual is a unique bearer of a collective task, defends it, and is guided by it.

Communication also differs into indirect and direct. When the term “direct” is used, it means “face to face” communication, during which each participant in the process perceives the other and makes contact.

Indirect - communication in which third parties, mechanisms, things are present (for example, a telephone conversation).
The time interval of communication has a great influence on its characteristics. It is a kind of catalyst for the methods and semantic content of communication. Naturally, it is impossible to get to know a person in detail in a short period of time, but the attempt to find out the characteristics of personality and character exists constantly. Long-term communication is not only the path to mutual understanding, but also the road to satiety. Long-term communication creates the precondition for psychological compatibility or confrontation.

It is also divided into finished and unfinished. Complete communication can be considered a type of communication that is equally regarded by the participants. At the same time, the assessment of communication records not only the subjective significance of the final results of communication (satisfaction, indifference, dissatisfaction), but the very fact of completeness, exhaustion.

In the course of unfinished communication, the content of the topic or joint action turns out to be not exhausted, not the result that each of the parties was pursuing. Incomplete communication can be caused by objective or subjective reasons. Objective or external reasons - separation of people in space, prohibitions, lack of means of communication, and others. Subjective - mutual or unilateral lack of desire to continue communication, awareness of the need to stop it, and others.

Lecture 1 (32)

Topic: “Concept and types of communication”

Plan

1. General characteristics of communication and its types.

2. The role of communication in human mental development.

3. Techniques and methods of communication.

4. Development of communication.

General characteristics of communication and its types.

Communication is characteristic of all higher living beings, but at the human level it acquires the most perfect forms, becoming conscious and mediated by speech. The following aspects are distinguished in communication: content, goal and means.

Content- this is information that is transmitted from one living being to another in inter-individual contacts. The content of communication can be information about the internal motivational or emotional state of a living being. One person can convey information about existing needs to another, counting on potential participation in their satisfaction. Through communication, data about their emotional states (satisfaction, joy, anger, sadness, compassion, etc.) can be transmitted from one living being to another, aimed at setting up another living being for contacts in a certain way. The same information is transmitted from person to person and serves as a means of interpersonal adjustment. We behave differently towards an angry or suffering person, for example, than towards someone who is well disposed and experiencing joy.

In humans, the content of communication is much broader than in animals. People exchange information with each other that represents knowledge about the world, rich, lifetime experience, knowledge, abilities, skills and abilities. Human communication is multi-subject, it is the most diverse in its internal content.

In a single process of communication, three interconnected aspects can be distinguished: communicative (transfer of information), interactive (interaction) and perceptual (mutual perception).

Purpose of communication- this is what a person experiences this type of activity for.

A person’s number of communication goals increases. In addition to those listed above, they include the transfer and receipt of objective knowledge about the world, training and education, coordination of reasonable actions of people in their joint activities, establishment and clarification of personal and business relationships, and much more. If in animals the goals of communication usually do not go beyond satisfying their biological needs, then in humans they are a means of satisfying many different needs: social, cultural, cognitive, creative, aesthetic, the needs of intellectual growth, moral development and a number of others.

No less significant differences means of communication . The latter can be defined as methods of encoding, transmitting, processing and decoding information transmitted in the process of communication from one living being to another.

Encoding information is a way of transmitting it from one living being to another. For example, information can be transmitted through direct bodily contacts: touching the body, hands, etc. Information can be transmitted and perceived by people at a distance, through the senses (observation of one person by the movements of another or perception of sound signals produced by him).

Man, in addition to all these natural methods of transmitting information, has many that are invented and improved by him. This is language and other sign systems, writing in its various types and forms (texts, diagrams, drawings, drawings), technical means of recording, transmitting and storing information (radio and video equipment; mechanical, magnetic, laser and other forms of recording). In terms of his ingenuity in choosing the means and methods of intraspecific communication, man is far ahead of all living creatures known to us that live on planet Earth.

Depending on the content, goals and means, communication can be divided into several types. In terms of content, it can be presented as material (exchange of objects and products of activity), cognitive (exchange of knowledge), conditioned (exchange of mental or physiological states), motivational (exchange of motives, goals, interests, motives, needs), active (exchange of actions, operations, abilities, skills). In material communication, subjects, being engaged in individual activity, exchange its products, which, in turn, serve as a means of satisfying their actual needs. In conditional communication, people influence each other, hoping to bring each other into a certain physical or mental state. For example, to cheer you up or, on the contrary, to ruin it; excite or calm each other, and ultimately have a certain impact on each other’s well-being.

Motivational communication has as its content the transfer to each other of certain motives, attitudes or readiness to act in a certain direction.

By purpose, communication is divided into biological and social in accordance with the needs it serves. Biological - this is communication necessary for the maintenance, preservation and development of the body. It is associated with the satisfaction of basic organic needs. Social communication pursues the goals of expanding and strengthening interpersonal contacts, establishing and developing interpersonal relationships, and personal growth of the individual. There are as many private goals of communication as there are subtypes of biological and social needs.

By means of communication, communication can be direct and indirect, direct and indirect. Direct communication carried out with the help of natural organs given to a living being by nature: arms, head, torso, vocal cords, etc. Indirect communication associated with the use of special means and tools to organize communication and exchange of information. These are either natural objects (a stick, a thrown stone, a footprint on the ground, etc.), or cultural ones (sign systems, recordings of symbols on various media, print, radio, television, etc.).

Direct communication involves personal contacts and direct perception of each other by communicating people in the very act of communication, for example, bodily contacts, conversations of people with each other, their communication in cases where they see and directly react to each other’s actions.

Indirect communication carried out through intermediaries, who can be other people (for example, negotiations between conflicting parties at the interstate, interethnic, group, family levels).

Man differs from animals in that he has a special, vital need for communication, and also in the fact that he spends most of his time communicating with other people.

Among the types of communication, one can also distinguish business and personal, instrumental and targeted. Business conversation usually included as a private moment in any joint productive activity of people and serves as a means of improving the quality of this activity. Its content is what people are doing, and not the problems that affect their inner world. Unlike business personal communication , on the contrary, is focused mainly around psychological problems of an internal nature, those interests and needs that deeply and intimately affect a person’s personality: the search for the meaning of life, determining one’s attitude towards a significant person, to what is happening around, resolving any internal conflict and etc.

Instrumental we can call communication, which is not an end in itself, is not stimulated by an independent need, but pursues some other goal other than obtaining satisfaction from the very act of communication.

In human life, communication does not exist as a separate process or an independent form of activity. It is included in individual or group practical activity, which can neither arise nor be realized without intensive and versatile communication.

There are differences between activity and communication as types of human activity. The result of an activity is usually the creation of some material or ideal object or product (for example, the formulation of an idea, thought, statement). The result of communication is the mutual influence of people on each other. Activity is mainly a form of activity that develops a person intellectually, and communication is a type of activity that mainly shapes and develops him as a person. But activity can also participate in a person’s personal transformation, just as communication can participate in his intellectual development. Both activity and communication should therefore be considered as interconnected aspects of social activity developing a person.

The most important types of communication among people are verbal and non-verbal. Non-verbal communication does not involve the use of sound speech or natural language as a means of communication. Nonverbal is communication through facial expressions, gestures and pantomime, through direct sensory or bodily contact. These are tactile, visual, auditory, olfactory and other sensations and images received from another person. Most nonverbal forms and means of communication in humans are innate and allow him to interact, achieving mutual understanding at the emotional and behavioral levels, not only with his own kind, but also with other living beings. Many of the higher animals, including most notably dogs, monkeys and dolphins, are given the ability to communicate non-verbally with each other and with humans.

Verbal communication is inherent only to humans and presupposes the acquisition of language as a prerequisite. In terms of its communicative capabilities, it is much richer than all types and forms of nonverbal communication, although in life it cannot completely replace it. And the very development of verbal communication initially certainly relies on nonverbal means of communication.

Communication - the process of interrelation and interaction of social subjects (individuals, groups), characterized by the exchange of activities, information, experience, abilities, skills, as well as the results of activities, which is one of the necessary and universal conditions for the formation and development of society and the individual.

On social level communication is a necessary condition for the transmission of social experience and cultural heritage from one generation to another. In a psychological sense, communication is understood as the process and result of establishing contacts between people or the interaction of subjects through various sign systems.

Highlight three aspects of communication , such as the transfer of information (communicative aspect of communication); interaction (interactive aspect of communication); understanding and knowledge by people of each other (perceptual aspect of communication). The key words in understanding the essence of communication are: contact, communication, interaction, exchange, method of unification.

There are various types of communication, which are most often determined by the specifics of feedback. Communication can be direct and indirect, interpersonal and mass.

Direct communication- this is direct natural communication face to face, when the subjects of interaction are nearby and not only verbal communication occurs, but also communication using non-verbal means. Direct communication is the most complete type of interaction because individuals receive maximum information.

Between several subjects in a group. However, direct communication is only possible for a small group, i.e., one in which all subjects of interaction personally know each other. Direct face-to-face communication is two-way and characterized by complete and immediate feedback.

Indirect, or indirect, communication occurs in situations where individuals are separated from each other by time or distance, for example, if subjects talk on the phone or write letters to each other.

A special type of communication is mass communication , which determines social communication processes. Mass communication represents multiple contacts of strangers, as well as communication mediated by various types of media. Mass communication can be direct and indirect. Direct mass communication occurs at various rallies, in all large social groups: crowd, public, audience.

Mediated mass communication most often has a one-sided character and is associated with mass culture and the means of mass communication. Since many media communicate information to large numbers of people at the same time, feedback is very difficult, but it does exist. People, under the influence of the content of information transmitted by such sources, form motives and attitudes that subsequently determine their social actions.

Defining communication as “the interaction of people, the content of which is mutual knowledge and exchange of information through various relationships favorable to the process of joint activity,” V.N. Panorev identified four points in communication: connection, interaction, cognition, relationship, respectively, and four approaches to the study of communication: communicative, informational, cognitive and regulatory.

B.F. Lomov described three sides (functions) of communication: information and communication; regulatory-communicative; affective-communicative, emphasizing the obligatory nature of the communicative component itself as the reception and transmission of messages, regulation of behavior and the presence of attitudes, experiences, i.e. affective component.

31. Functions of communication: informational, regulatory, affective.

Communication functions are the roles and tasks that communication performs in the process of human social life.

Information– consists of the exchange of information between individuals. The components are: communicator (transmits information), message content, recipient (receives the message). The effectiveness of information transfer is manifested in understanding it, its acceptance or non-acceptance, and assimilation. To implement this function, it is necessary to have a single or similar message codification/decodification system. The transmission of any information is possible through any sign systems.

Regulatory– is aimed at regulating and correcting behavior during the direct organization of joint activities of people in the process of their interaction. Cooperation-coordination of the forces of participants is a necessary element of joint activities. ( Regulatory-communicative function- this is the control of behavior in a broad sense that people exercise in relation to each other. Thanks to communication, an individual gets the opportunity to regulate not only his own behavior, but also the behavior of other people, influence the motive, goal, decision-making, the performance of individual actions and their control, that is, all the “components” of the activity of his partner)

Affective– consists of an impact on the emotional sphere of a person, which can be purposeful or arbitrary. ( Affective-communicative the function involves a change in a person’s states under the influence of communication. The nature of communication determines the level of emotional tension of people, including emotional release. In the process of communication, both the modality and intensity of emotions and feelings can change, rapprochement, polarization, mutual strengthening or weakening of affective states occurs. Lomov believes that the functions of communication can be considered in another way, highlighting, for example, the organization of joint activities; people getting to know each other; formation and development of interpersonal relationships.)