Geographical location of India, territory, borders. India

1. EGP, territory, general information about the country .

India belongs to South Asia, to the triangle fenced off by the Himalayas from the rest of Asia. This is one of the oldest states in the world. Before 1950, India was colony of England, and now is part of the Commonwealth led by Great Britain. According to the government system, India is federal Republic(territory divided into 25 states) with a strong central government. The territory of the country stretches from North to South for 3200 km, from West to East - for 2900 km. Area - 3 million 288 thousand km 2 .

EGP of India, in general, favorable. The country is located on trade routes from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean (this is the busiest trade route in the World Ocean). India also has a long land border, but it does not play a role in trade.

2. Population: numbers, natural movements, national composition, etc. .

The population of India in 2009 was 1 billion 137 million people This 2nd place in the world! Characteristic fast reproduction rate population (29-9=20), as a result of which the state is trying to limit natural increase through family planning and demographic policy. The main slogan of demogr. policy: “Every family has two children!”

India - the most multinational country in the world: about 300 ethnic groups, 22 main languages. The most common language is Hindustani, it is spoken in Hindi. The main language of interethnic communication is English(this is a legacy of the colonial period). 80% of Indians practice Hinduism, 10% - Islam. Hinduism implies the division of society into castes. Not uncommon separatist sentiments in India (the state of Punjab wants to secede and form an independent state).

Population of the country unevenly placed. Level urbanization - 28%(this is a very low figure). 250 million people live in cities. (this is 2nd place in the world after China). Most of the population lives in villages (there are about 600 thousand villages in the country).

3. Farming: general features .

Characteristic for the country multi-structure(pre-capitalist remnants along with the capitalist way of life). The country has passed a stage industrialization, there is its own space program. Recently, through the efforts of Indian scientists, the country “acquired” its own nuclear weapons.

In India, as once in Russia, there are still 5 year plans and state order. The country is big domestic market.

Great contrasts: 11th in world economic output, but 102nd in per capita income; The country produces 750 feature films annually, but 50% of the population is illiterate, and 40% generally live below the poverty line; abundance and cheap labor, but high work culture; 1st place in Asia in terms of the length of railways, but half of them are narrow-gauge railways on which steam locomotives run!

The country ranks 3rd place in the world in terms of number of scientists(after Russia and the USA), but the problem of “brain drain” is very acute.

Industry of India .

It's busy here 20% of economically active population.

Developed heavy industry: production of machine tools, cars, railway locomotives, agricultural equipment. The newest industries are also developed: production of TV, computers, equipment for nuclear power plants, space equipment, nuclear equipment. Light industry consists of three parts: cotton industry, clothing industry, jute production.

Deccan Plateau- a large combination of natural resources (coal, iron ore, manganese ores), this area heavy industry, iron and steel industry (Bhilai city). On eastern outskirts The Deccan plateau is the main coal and metallurgical base country, “Indian Ruhr” (city of Bokaro).

Agriculture in India .

It's busy here 60% of economically active population countries.

The country is actively using the achievements "green revolution". Arable land makes up half all agricultural lands. India is self-sufficient in grain.

In India stand out 2 main and 1 secondary agricultural zone: 1) southeastern states - rice growing(the rain of the Kharif season is used, and artificial irrigation is carried out during the Rabi season, due to which 2-3 crops are harvested per year); 2) northwestern states and Punjab - home wheat zone, main commercial farming area(Wheat is mainly harvested during the Rabi season under artificial irrigation); 3) secondary foci cultivation of fiber, oilseeds, sugar and tonic crops.

6. India Development Centers .

In the country there is no single dominant center, although there is 4 major cities affecting the entire country.

The quadrangle of these cities looks like this: in the North - Delhi (capital, large transport, industrial, cultural, political and administrative center); in the East - Calcutta (the second industrial city and port after Bombay, the administrative center, the processing and export of jute is developed, the largest area of ​​poverty and slums); on South - Madras (large industrial center, port, economic capital of the Indian south); in the West - Bombay (largest city, industrial, commercial, financial center, port, developed mechanical engineering, petrochemicals, nuclear energy, cotton industry). These 4 cities are connected by transport routes.

the official name of the country is the Republic of India

time is half an hour behind Ufa

climate tropical and subtropical

About each country, perhaps, we can say that it is special, unusual, radically different from others, will amaze your imagination, will open up new facets of beauty to you, but often these are mostly just words.

Russia is called the Land of a Thousand Kilometers of Taiga, the Netherlands the Land of a Thousand Tulips, the Maldives the Land of a Thousand Islands, Thailand the Land of a Thousand Temples... India should simply be called the Land of a Thousand Wonders. If someone were to start counting the wonders of India, they would have to spend many years doing it. After all, one of the largest and most populated countries in the world is fraught with such cultural, religious and natural diversity that literally at every step you can notice something unusual, something that touches invisible strings in your soul, making you tired of European civilization's heart beats faster. India is a country of contrasts. Majestic palaces coexist with poor ghettos, slums for the “untouchable” caste. From the deafening noise and din of crowded markets, cramped streets filled to capacity with smoking cars, you can literally in half an hour find yourself in the meditative silence of Hindu temples, or in the ashram of some Enlightened Guru.

So, 9 reasons why you should visit India.

Indian civilization, along with Chinese, is considered the most ancient civilization that has preserved its culture without fundamental changes, carrying it through centuries of wars, epidemics, invasions, and migrations of people. India is one of the world leaders in the number of cultural heritage sites protected by UNESCO. 31 sites are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, among the most famous are the majestic Taj Mahal, the mysterious Ellora Caves, the unique Red Fort, and the stunning Sun Temple in Konark. In Goa there are numerous temples and monasteries, which are also under the close attention of UNESCO experts. Hundreds of generations of Indians have lived under strict caste laws. India is a country of established traditions and respect for ancestors. India also went through waves of invasions; it is ethnically heterogeneous, but its traditions were formed slowly, through harmonious mixing over the centuries. Diversity is not the cause of violent conflicts. This is surprising, but in a relatively small territory, representatives of different nations live; several religions and spiritual movements (Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists, Jains) coexist peacefully. And you must remember when traveling to the Indian state of Goa - that India opens only to those who honor the laws and customs of its inhabitants, respects their right to individuality and originality. Having visited Goa, you will become more tolerant of many things, perceiving them philosophically. India is an exceptional example of a harmonious combination of traditional and modern values.

India is a real symphony of vivid impressions. The main goal of a smart tourist is not so much to rest the body while lounging on the beach, but to gain new impressions and discover new facets of reality. India is fraught with almost endless scope for those thirsty for exotic experiences. India intoxicates Europeans with its color. In Goa there is exoticism at every turn. You don’t need to think that exoticism is always something pretentious and very original. A romantic will find charm in watching a poor woman with a spot on her forehead washing her sari in the river. Or in half-naked Hindus plunging into the Holy River during a ritual. Tourists will be surprised by the opening ceremony of a Hindu temple, accompanied by ringing and loud screams. Someone will be moved by the reverent attitude of Indians towards cows, carried through centuries of respect for the sacred animal. Someone will long remember the procession of Buddhist monks, or the procession of Hare Krishnas, which is not similar to our Russian mummer ceremonies. The variety of Indian dances will not leave connoisseurs of exotic dances indifferent. Katak, Bharatnatyam, Odissi, Kathakali, Kuchipudi, Manipuri, Striya, Mohiniattam are just a partial list of Indian dances, many of which are unknown outside India. The Land of Snake Charmers and Maharajas, as India is often called in tourist brochures, being the birthplace of the most ancient civilization, opens up to travelers a huge world of temples, palaces, fortresses, mausoleums and even elegant examples of European architecture. We should not forget that India, a country with a difficult fate, was under the yoke of European colonialists for several centuries, but precisely because of this, it is an example of an unusual combination of Eastern and European. For Europeans, exoticism is everywhere. Even women with caste marks on their faces seem mysterious, although for Hindus they are ordinary and unremarkable. In our opinion, the crafts of the Indians are also exotic, so different from their native ones - bast weaving and moonshine making. For example, during the excursion you are taken to a village where Indians obtain paint from shells in a traditional, very cunning way, for which Afanasy Nikitin once went to India. Fans of something stronger can watch how feni vodka is prepared from cashew nuts and even, if lucky, have a brotherhood drink with a cheerful Indian. And even those interested in the Buddhist culture of Tibet will not be disappointed. Thousands of Tibetan refugees live in the state neighboring Goa. So you can at the same time look at their life, take part in the service in the temple, and maybe even find yourself a sensei. Who knows?

The climate of India and Goa is extremely diverse. India, by the way, is considered a “subcontinent” because of this. In the North of India, a snowstorm can rage in the mountains, and on the beaches of Goa, blue skies and soft sunshine will delight tourists. Therefore, it is difficult to characterize the climate of the country as a whole. A smart tourist, however, should know the climatic features of this country. The warm climate has made India a favorable holiday destination, but do not forget about the monsoon rainy season in summer. It is better to go to India when there is snowstorm, ice and early night in Russia, that is, autumn, winter and early spring. The Indian subcontinent occupies a vast territory and therefore the climate in its different parts often differs radically. Each region has its own characteristics. The Himalayas have a cool and windy climate, while the south has a tropical, humid climate. The Himalayas influence the country's climate, protecting it from cold winds, and the Thar Desert attracts monsoons, which makes the country's climate as warm as possible. The best time to visit Goa is from October to April, when the climate is cool and dry, while the mountainous part, on the contrary, is best visited in summer. Tropical rains are unusually heavy in some areas of the country. The Shillong plateau, for example, receives the most rainfall in the world, while the Thar Desert may not experience rain for 9 months. Therefore, it is important to know the Indian climate before traveling.

Flora and fauna favorably distinguish holidays in India from traditionally popular tours to Egypt and Turkey. The extreme diversity of life forms in India is due to climate. Hundreds of books have already been written about the animal world of India. Therefore, we will limit ourselves to a few interesting facts. India is striking in its biodiversity, so almost 5% of its territory is protected by the state as a protected area. There are more than 100 species of rare birds alone. But India is associated primarily with elephants - they were tamed in ancient times and are still used on the farm as cheap labor. In national parks you can meet Asia's largest one-horned rhinoceros. Animal lovers should visit the unique Deccan Plateau. Rare species of predators are found here: wolves, foxes, hyenas, leopards. You can see many small rodents and a rare species of Bengal cat. At night, the cautious and very cunning primate Lori, the owner of huge cute eyes that help him see in the dark, chooses from the shelters. India is a paradise for zoologists. Thousands of dissertations can be written on the rich natural material of this vast country.

The beaches of North Goa are bustling with life at night. Young people appreciate holidays in Goa for its democracy and unique hippie flavor. Back in the 1970s, American “flower children”, tired of the oppression of civilization, began to flock to the quiet deserted beaches of Goa. And now Goa attracts the most original people - from hippies and Hare Krishnas to avant-garde artists and informal musicians. In North Goa, on every famous beach, music plays all night long, themed parties are held, and famous trance DJs present their new sets. Goa inspires hundreds of talented electronic artists. Tropical nights under a thousand stars to the mysterious rhythms of Goa-trance, inspired by Indian traditions in music, are forever imprinted in the memory of those who have visited this coast at least once. Good parties don't always mean big expenses. In Goa, you don’t need to spend hundreds of dollars to fall out of reality for another week just by dancing the night away, experiencing the delights of love, liberating yourself, opening up to the world and finding peace of mind. Goa is not just about clubs and famous DJs. Goa is a way of life, it is liberation from the shackles of civilization, it is a dialogue with the inner self, it is an opportunity, immersed in music, entering into unity with nature and thousands of the same young and free people, to feel like a bodhisattva. Those who want to have a 100% blast simply have to go to the beaches of northern Goa, which have been turned into one big open-air festival. From trance to new age, from trip-hop to reggae. Goa does not tolerate sad people, and you won’t find such people here. It seems that when a European appears in Goa, the muscles of a European’s face change elasticity and a happy smile stretches across his face, which even the August rain will not erase. How sad can we talk about if the DJ played Infected Mushroom, the hookah is filled with cheerful local tobacco, and girls in bikinis bring you a martini to your sun lounger.

Goa is an excellent choice for a budget holiday. Tourists who want to ride a rickshaw and eat shark fin soup will be pleased with the surprisingly low prices. Indeed, rickshaw services cost only $2, a glass of fresh pineapple costs $0.5, and renting a bike for a day costs just a few dollars. Food costs pennies. A large plate of rice with various spices costs 10-15 rubles. A plate of rice with meat or seafood costs around 50 rubles. You can eat soup for 30-60 rubles, and it can be made with meat, or with shrimp, or even with some exotic reptiles. Far from the tourist trails, you can have a very satisfying lunch, and try something interesting and unusual, for 150-200 rubles for two. Market prices are also impressively low. For a couple of dollars you can taste exotic products that cost dozens in Russia. There are no problems with water either. 5 liters of pure water costs 30-40 rubles. You can bring amazing souvenirs from Goa without spending a lot of money on them. Their selection is large and their prices are low. Lovers of folk crafts will be able to bring home stylish works of local craftsmen. Traveling to India does not require large expenses, which sets it apart from many other popular destinations.

Goa's many kilometers of beaches are one of the main reasons to visit India. The beaches are distinguished by soft sand, a smooth bottom and the absence of dangerous animals, which makes a holiday in Goa enjoyable for all categories. Sand on different beaches may differ in both color and density. The color of the sand on the beaches varies from darkish volcanic to light yellow. The sea here is always warm, and storms are rare during the holiday season. Those who prefer a quiet, meditative holiday go to the beaches of South Goa, where there are almost no discos, where a peaceful atmosphere of peace reigns. Active and young people go to the North of the state, where night discos are held on the beaches, the music does not stop, and life is in full swing. The bottom on the beaches of Goa is flat, corals do not interfere with the entrance. Nothing interferes with a comfortable rest. Most hotels are located very close to the shore.

India, like a magnet, has always attracted seekers of Truth. Those who are in search - practitioners of Zen, yoga, Buddhists, Hare Krishnas, Vedists. India inspired Roerich, Blavatsky, Tolle and hundreds of other philosophers and esotericists. Indian spirituality attracts the attention of thousands of cultural and orientalists. India is the most spiritually rich country in the world. Millions of Hindus realized the futility of materialism and turned their gaze inward, rejecting the external. Those who are spiritually awakening go on special tours to India so that in the silence of the ashrams, under the cries of tropical birds and the murmur of water, they gain enlightenment of the moment here and now. India does not produce spirituality. India is the very essence of spirituality. The wisdom of dozens of religions, cults and spiritual practices is concentrated here. Here you can transform your soul, reaching humility with yourself, and entering a state of harmony with the world. You can’t go to India and not touch at least for a moment the spiritual component of life - watch the sunrise under the calming New Age, visit a monastery, try to take your first steps in yoga. India relaxes, India envelops, India removes, India plunges into zero, into the starting point. In the face of eternity, in temples and the silence of ashrams, and simply on deserted beaches, under the gaze of Eternity, our small problems, squabbles, and intrigues become insignificant. India, if you open your soul to it, can change you beyond recognition.

India is the birthplace of the state and science. It is the birthplace of the oldest medical discipline that has not lost popularity today - Ayurveda. Hundreds of generations of Indian healers shared their experience with each other, passing it on from father to son, from teacher to student. Their experience is generalized in Ayurveda and recognized at the state level. Ayurveda is one of the few forms of alternative medicine that is recognized by WHO as an effective technique. Ayurveda not only treats the body, but also the mind. It is in the harmonious combination of healing the spirit and the flesh that the secret of Ayurveda lies. Those who want to rejuvenate the body, gain longevity, cleanse themselves in every sense, and strengthen the immune system choose a holiday in SPA hotels in Goa. Hundreds of qualified specialists practice the ancient art of healing in Goa. To improve the health of the body and get rid of illnesses, Ayurveda masters use exclusively natural medicines of animal and mineral plant origin, diet, as well as various sets of water procedures and massage. All medications and health treatments used are selected individually for patients, taking into account their constitution in accordance with the principle of the “Three Doshas”. According to Ayurveda, the basis of diseases is an imbalance in the body that needs to be corrected. All SPA centers in Goa offer not only a traditional set of procedures, but also Ayurvedic complexes of varying durations. In the peace and quiet of the majestic ocean, thousands of people have found health thanks to Ayurveda.

India can be called a huge reserve, where on an area of ​​3 million square meters. km. The territory, diverse in terms of relief and climate, is home to over 20 thousand species of plants, and every year scientists are surprised to discover more and more of their forms. India is breaking stereotypes. For example, do you think that ficus is an indoor flower? Hindus think differently. Banyan - the so-called "Bengal ficus" - is one of the strangest trees in the world. Its crown amazes the imagination with its size. The trunk of this tree is heterogeneous and consists of hundreds of intertwined stems. Dozens of animal species can live in the crown of just one banyan tree. It is not for nothing that Buddhists consider the Banyan tree a sacred plant. And this is just one of thousands of Indian wonders. The Indian state of Goa is the choice of those tourists whose mind is not limited by the traditional holidays in Turkey and Egypt. The choice of those tourists who want to expand the horizons of their perception of the world, who crave not only new impressions, but perhaps some kind of spiritual experience. Indeed, India, like no other country, encourages one to work on oneself, to immerse oneself, to remove oneself from a series of the same type of everyday life. India cannot be known in a lifetime, let alone in one trip. But even just a glance at a piece of India, for example, Goa, is the dream of millions. Hippies dreamed of India (Goa) - dreaming of immersing themselves in nirvana in the silence of the ashrams, rulers dreamed of India - dreaming of its countless treasures, artists dreamed of going to India to gain inspiration, businessmen cherished dreams of Indian markets. They all dreamed and still dream about this country. Romantics and pragmatists, young and old, rich and poor dream of India. But... in order to dream about something, you need to know at least a little about the object of your dreams. This is precisely the purpose of this article - to give smart tourists the opportunity to dream about India. India is not perfect. But everyone will find there what they are looking for, if they know what and where to look, of course. Our article is addressed to such smart tourists. Of course, when talking about India, we primarily mean its most favorable state for recreation - Goa. A holiday in India will bring an unforgettable experience, regardless of whether you like to sunbathe, dive to the seabed, sightseeing, relaxing in spas, indulging in extreme tourism or meditation. You will remember your trip to India in old age. Whether you practice Zen and have visited the “city of temples” of Varanasi, experiencing spiritual liberation there, or you like to carefree sunbathe while sipping whiskey and cola. Do you prefer to walk with a camera and sightsee from morning to evening, relax in the SPA, or swim with a mask among schools of exotic fish? Do you like to dance the night away to the trendy rhythms of Goa-trance? You will remember these carefree days with warmth and nostalgia. Goa is one of the main reasons to visit India. When they say Goa, they mean uncompromising liberation from the shackles of civilization, immersion in the nirvana of endless paradise beaches, contemplation of the sunrise on the Arabian Sea, indescribable diving, fast surfing, dancing until exhaustion, meditative gatherings over a cup of tea in a gazebo among a riot of tropical grasses. People come to Goa because of the sea, the sun, interesting people and exotic entertainment, an amazing fusion of European and Indian cultures. Goa is a vessel filled to the brim with impressions. Every connoisseur of an unusual holiday should drink from it.

India, GOA Visa required. The foreign passport must be valid for at least six months from the date of application. Conditions for obtaining a visa: Flight duration is about 6 hours. Time difference with Ufa: +30 minutes in winter, -30 minutes in summer. The climate of India is determined by two factors. The first factor is the high Himalayas, which keep out the cold air of the Arctic and winds from Central Asia. The second is the Thar Desert, which with its winds attracts monsoons to India. In Goa, the most famous Indian resort, the climate is subtropical and mild. The average temperature is +27...+35°C throughout the year, the monsoon period occurs from June to August. Customs rules The import and export of previously imported foreign currency is not limited, but national currency is prohibited. Cash in the amount of more than 10 thousand dollars, personal computers and laptops are subject to mandatory declaration. Duty-free import: · cigarettes – up to 200 pcs. or cigars – up to 50 pcs. or tobacco - up to 250 grams, alcoholic beverages - up to 0.95 liters, jewelry, food, household items and items - within the limits of personal needs. Cameras, musical instruments, household audio and video equipment, typewriters and sports equipment are imported in quantities of no more than one item of each item, souvenirs - worth no more than 500 rupees. The import of weapons and ammunition without appropriate permits, drugs and drug-containing drugs is prohibited. The export of tiger skins, wild animals, bird plumage, skins and products made from the skin of rare reptiles, live plants, jewelry worth more than 2,000 rupees, gold and silver bullion, antiques and antiquities (over a hundred years old) is prohibited. Precautions Modest and neat European clothing is advisable. Women need to cover their shoulders, arms up to the elbows and knees. Remember: · Family ties are sacred to an Indian. · It is not customary to talk about sex, hug or kiss in public. · You cannot approach a young Indian girl without a reason, much less touch her. · In any situation, it is not customary to shout, much less throw up your hands. This can lead to disastrous consequences. · When entering the temple, you need to take off your shoes and cover your head. · You should not point your finger at people or shrines in temples. Beware of thieves! Keep expensive items in a hotel safe, keep track of your money and equipment. Do not leave things unattended on the beach.

Last minute tours to India, Goa from Ufa often appear a few days before departure. Moreover, since November 2014, a visa to India (Goa) can be obtained upon arrival, provided that the Tour Operator has recruited a group of more than 4 people on the departure date, the cost of the visa is $90 per person. To obtain a visa on arrival, you must first send a letter to the Tour Operator notifying you of your desire to obtain a visa at Dabolim Airport. In 2014, there were a lot of last-minute tours from Ufa to India, the minimum price at which our smart tourists flew was from 10,000 rubles per person. In the winter/spring 2015 season, there were fewer last-minute tours than in previous years, since the number of direct flights from Ufa was halved, although on the other hand, convenient connecting flights Ufa-Dubai-Dabolim appeared, so there is a high probability of catching a last-minute ticket to Goa . You can view prices to India quickly online and book tour packages in the tour search section.

India(in Hindi Bharat ), the Republic of India, a state in South Asia, on the Hindustan Peninsula, includes the Laccadive, Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It borders China, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka. The border with China in the Himalayas is unmarked. Area 3.3 million km2 (7th place in the world). In terms of population, it ranks 2nd in the world (after China) - 1 billion 49.7 million people (2003). Member of the Commonwealth. The capital is Delhi (New Delhi). Largest cities: Kolkata, Bombay, Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Pune, Kanpur, Nagpur, Jaipur, Lucknow.

Government of India

Federal Republic. The head of state is the president. Elected by a college of voters consisting of both houses of parliament and state legislatures for a 5-year term. The legislative body is a bicameral parliament. Consists of the Council of States (no more than 250 seats, of which 12 are appointed by the president, the rest are elected from state and territory legislatures) and the People's Assembly (545 seats, 543 elected by popular vote, 2 appointed by the president). Executive power is exercised by the government, headed by the prime minister, appointed by the president.

Administrative divisions of India

28 states and 7 union territories under central control.

Population of India

The largest nations: Hindustani, Telugu, Marathi, Bengalis, Tamils, Gujaratis, Kannaras, Punjabis, etc. Hindus make up 80% of the population, Muslims 14%, Christians 2.4%, Sikhs 2%, Buddhists 0.7%. The Muslim population is concentrated in the states of Jammu and Kashmir, West Bengal, and western Uttar Pradesh. The remaining religious communities: Christians (mostly Catholics) are concentrated in the North-East of the country, Bombay and the South; Sikhs - in Punjab and adjacent areas, Buddhists - in Jammu and Kashmir, the Himalayan regions.

The national languages ​​are Hindi and English; states have official national languages. Of the 18 languages ​​recognized as state languages, 13 belong to the Indo-Aryan, 4 to the Dravidian language groups and 1 to the Tibetan. Hindi is the most widely spoken language: it is spoken by more than 300 million people. Hindi is recognized as an official language in the northern states of India. Other Indo-Aryan languages: Bengali, Gujarati, Assami, Kashmiri, Konkani, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi. Urdu is the main language of Indian Muslims in North and South India. In the regions of Gujarat bordering Pakistan, the Sindhi language is spoken (emigrants who fled the Pakistani province of Punjab after the partition of the country in 1947 live here). A quarter of India's population speaks Dravidian languages. The languages ​​of this group are spoken mainly in southern India, partly in the central part of the country, in eastern Bihar. Four Dravidian languages ​​are recognized as official languages: Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and Telju. Manipuri and other Tibetan languages ​​are spoken in northeastern India. The languages ​​of international communication are Hindi and English. 74.3% of India's population lives in villages and only 25.7% live in cities. India is one of the most populous countries. The average density of its population, which was at the beginning of the 20th century. about 70 people per 1 km2, by the beginning of the 21st century. amounted to 319.3 people. per 1 km2.

Nature of India

India is located mainly within the Hindustan Peninsula and the Indo-Gangetic Plain, including part of the Himalayas and Karakoram. OK. 3/4 of the country's territory is plains and plateaus. Almost the entire Hindustan is occupied by the Deccan Plateau (decreases to the east from 900 m to 300 m). In the west and east, the Deccan turns into mountains (Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats), the outer slopes of which drop steeply to the ocean. In the south of the peninsula there are isolated table massifs up to 2698 m high (Anaimudi). To the north of the Hindustan Peninsula, in a vast foothill trough, is the alluvial Indo-Gangetic Plain. The highest mountain system on Earth - the Himalayas (height in India up to 8126 m, Nanga Parbat) and the Karakoram Mountains with alpine terrain and glaciers in the ridge zone limit India from the north. Deposits of coal, iron ores, manganese, chromite, bauxite, diamonds.

The natural vegetation of the Deccan Plateau and Indo-Gangetic Plain is highly modified; Savannas, xerophytic woodlands, and in some places deciduous forests predominate; in the north-west there are shrubby semi-deserts and deserts. On the windward slopes of the Western Ghats, in the delta of the Ganges and Brahmaputra, in the foothills of the Eastern Himalayas there are evergreen tropical forests. At the foot of the Himalayas there are terai (swampy jungles), higher up there are monsoon forests, mountain mixed and coniferous forests, mountain meadows and steppes. Forests cover approx. 1/4 of the territory of India. National parks Kaziranga, Girsky Forest, Manas, etc.; numerous reserves. India is the only place on Earth where a tiger and a lion live side by side (both are currently protected). Monkeys are numerous not only in the jungle, but also in cities, as they are considered sacred animals. Some other animals, both wild and domestic, are also considered sacred. Elephants have been trained since ancient times. India has a number of endemic species of mammals and birds.

Climate of India

The climate is predominantly tropical, with tropical monsoon in the north. During the wet summer monsoon, which plays a huge role in Indian agriculture, 70-90% of precipitation falls, winter is dry and cool, from March to May is a dry and hot season. Annual rainfall varies from less than 100 mm in the western Indo-Gangetic Plain to 12,000 mm at Cherrapunji on the Shillong Plateau (the wettest landmass on the globe). Main rivers: Ganges, with its tributary Jamna, Indus (upper reaches), Brahmaputra (lower reaches), Narmada, Godavari, Krishna. The rivers are full of water in the summer (there are floods) and are widely used for irrigation.

Economy of India

GNP per capita is $450 (1999). 2/3 of the world's poor live in India, although the standard of living of the population is gradually increasing and the share of the poor is decreasing. Tolerance, absence of class hatred and respect for wealth, characteristic of Hinduism and Buddhism, protect India from social conflicts.

2/3 of the population is employed in agriculture, which makes the largest contribution to GNP (1/3). Hindustan was the birthplace of a number of crops - rice, cotton, sugar cane. In the 1960s India experienced a “green revolution”: thanks to the spread of hybrid varieties of wheat, rice and other crops, not only the problems of providing food for its population, but also the export of food grains were solved. In the 1970s–1980s. India also experienced a “white revolution”, which resulted in self-sufficiency in dairy products. 145 million hectares are cultivated (over 2/5 of the territory), under crops - approx. 180 million hectares (approx. 35 million hectares are sown twice a year). Irrigated approx. 3/5 agricultural area. The main agricultural regions are the Indo-Gangetic plain and the coastal lowlands. India occupies one of the first places in the world in the production of sugar cane (harvest in terms of raw sugar is 16-18 million tons; more than 1/2 - in the northern part of India), peanuts (5-7 million tons, hl . sample in the southern part of India) and tea (approx. 600 tons; 3/4 of the harvest - plantations of the Assam Valley and the foothills of the Eastern Himalayas), as well as for the production of jute (1–1.3 million tons; 2/ 3 - West Bengal), castor bean (southern part of India), cotton (1.2–1.5 million tons: main regions - eastern part of the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat). In the southern part of India - tea, coffee, rubber, coconut palm, spices (pepper, ginger, cardamom, etc.). Numerous livestock (1/5 of the world; 1996, million) of cattle 196 (including 80 buffaloes; mainly used as draft power), 120 goats and 45 sheep; They raise pigs, camels, and poultry.

India has significant mineral and energy resources. The reserves of coal and iron ore are among the largest in the world; there are also bauxite, oil, manganese, etc. India ranks one of the first places in the world in the export of manganese ore and mica. Most of the heavy industrial enterprises in India after independence were nationalized or created by the state itself. Heavy industry enterprises are concentrated mainly on the Kota-Nagpur plateau, where coking coal deposits are adjacent to iron ore deposits. New industrial centers are being created in previously backward hinterland areas (Bhilai, Bokaro, Rourkela, Durgapur.

The public sector occupies leading positions in the defense industry, nuclear energy, railway and maritime transport, aviation, and communications. The private sector currently predominates in mechanical engineering, agriculture, light, food and medical industries, construction, trade, and road transport.

Light industry is represented by both handicraft and modern enterprises. Indian natural silks, Kashmiri shawls, wood carvings, papier-mâché products, saffron, furs, and jewelry are world famous. Every Indian state, many cities and localities are famous for their handicrafts. For example, in the largest state of Uttar Pradesh, the city of Varanasi (Benares) is a famous center for silk weaving production, as well as bronze products; Mirzapur is famous for its carpets; Muradabad is famous for its metal utensils; India's largest production of locks and iron chests is concentrated in Aligarh; Firozabad is the country's largest center for the production of glass bangles - cheap jewelry. The handicrafts of the southern city of Mysore (the former capital of the principality of the same name) are world famous, especially products made of ivory and sandalwood, as well as natural silks. India is a major supplier to the world market of leather and leather products, as well as footwear. Most of the jute mills are located in the Hooghlyside region, a chain of towns on the Hooghly River north of Kolkata. Agricultural and mineral processing plants are usually located close to where raw materials are extracted. These are factories for ginning cotton, processing peanuts, sugar cane, freezing and drying foods, and primary processing of metals. The production of consumer goods is concentrated in large cities. State governments strongly welcome the development of industries: for this purpose, industrial parks are being created - small free zones characterized by reduced taxes and low land prices.

In recent years, India has also emerged as a manufacturer of medicines and pharmaceuticals that are quite competitive in comparison with Western products, but much cheaper.

Such a traditional industry as cutting diamonds and other precious stones also maintains a high share in exports.

The country's government has placed its main emphasis on the development of education and the cultivation of highly qualified personnel. In 1950 there were 25 universities and 700 colleges, and in the mid-1990s. there were already 172 universities and 7,000 colleges. In terms of the number of specialists with higher education, India has taken one of the leading places in the world. The country is in third place in the number of qualified scientific and technical personnel and in second place in the number of professional programmers. The monetary unit is the Indian rupee.

History of India

The most ancient civilization - Harappan or Indus (Indus River valley; second half of the 3rd millennium - first half of the 2nd millennium BC) - was created by the people of the Dravidian family, possibly the ancestors of the Tamils. It is one of the first agricultural civilizations on Earth, along with Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. The Harappan civilization was familiar with the smelting of bronze and precious metals, but did not know iron. The Aryan tribes, who came from the north approximately in the middle of 2 thousand BC, knew how to make iron. e. The main source of the period 1500-800. BC e. are the Vedas. At this time, a caste system arose and took shape, which consolidated the dominant position of the descendants of the Aryans.

Today not enough is known about the states of the Aryans; their dating is also problematic. Magadha in the Ganges Valley is apparently the oldest of them (7th century BC). The kings of Magadha accepted Buddhism and supported its spread. In the 4th century. BC e. Magadha became part of the Mauryan Empire, whose founder (Chandragupta) met with Alexander the Great. Alexander annexed the Indus Valley to his vast empire, but not for long. After the reign of the great Ashoka (3rd century BC), who united almost all of Hindustan, the Mauryan empire fell into decline. In the 4th-6th centuries. n. e. Almost all of Northern India was united by the Gupta state. With the spread of Islam, Muslim states arose, the largest being the Delhi Sultanate (early 13th century - 16th century). The Sultanate fell under the onslaught of the conqueror Babur, the founder of the Mughal dynasty. In its heyday (17th century), the Mughal state covered almost the entire territory of India.

From the 16th century First, Catholic missionaries began to penetrate India (the first Christian community was founded, according to legend, by the Apostle Thomas), and then colonialists. The Portuguese founded a colony in Goa. In the 18th century The Mughal Empire broke up into separate principalities. English trading East India Company from the 17th century. created a network of its trading posts-fortresses on the coast (from which the cities of Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, etc. subsequently grew). The company's agents, pursuing a policy of “divide and rule,” subjugated the Indian principalities by bribery and force. England's main rival was France. As a result of the Anglo-Mysore, Anglo-Maratha and Anglo-Sikh wars, the East India Company by the end of the 18th century. conquered all of India from the second half of the 18th century. paying special attention no longer to trade, but to the management of territories, the collection of land taxes, and the reform of agrarian relations. India became not only a source of raw materials, but also a huge market for Britain, where the era of the industrial revolution began. The entire established system of local crafts was undermined, and poverty intensified. In 1783-1784. The company's activities were placed under government control. Throughout the 19th century. The company's rights were repeatedly curtailed, and since the suppression of the sepoy uprising the company was dissolved. India became a colony.

The British did not touch the caste system (by that time there were already about 3,500 castes); in religious practice they limited only extremes (human sacrifice, the custom of sati - self-immolation of widows). But they contributed to the introduction of new relations and the development of capitalism. The Indian National Congress party emerged in 1885. Mahatma Gandhi, who headed the Indian National Congress in 1915, developed the tactics of nonviolent struggle against the colonialists, which included boycotting British goods, refusal to cooperate with the British, etc. Against the backdrop of the difficulties and wars of the 20th century. this struggle was successful, but Britain divided the country (1947) into 2 dominions - the Indian Union (with a predominant Hindu population) and Pakistan (with a predominant Muslim population).

Due to unresolved territorial issues (especially in Kashmir), relations between India and Pakistan remain tense. In 1950, the Indian Union became the Republic of India. Gandhi's associate J. Nehru became Prime Minister. His only daughter, I. Gandhi, was prime minister four times. The caste system was abolished by law in 1950. Modern India plays an important role in the Non-Aligned Movement. With the help of the USSR, great successes have been achieved in the implementation of the space program. India is a nuclear power. National holidays are August 15 (Independence Day (1947)) and January 26 (Republic Day).

India is the seventh largest territory and second most populous country in the world. This land is all about contrasts - whether we are talking about its inhabitants, languages, customs, religions or landscapes. India is a country of massive mountain ranges topped with eternal ice and snow, vast plains crossed by wide rivers, arid deserts, dense tropical forests and palm-fringed beaches.

Location:

India is a state in southern Asia, which stretches from the peaks of the Karakoram in the north to Cape Kumari in the south, from the deserts of Rajasthan in the west to Bengal in the east. In the south, east and west, the country is washed by the Arabian, Laccadive and Bengal seas and the Bay of Bengal of the Indian Ocean. India borders on Pakistan in the west and northwest, in the north the Himalayas separate the state from China and Bhutan, in the northeast from Nepal and in the east from Bangladesh.

Story:

At the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. In the Indus basin, one of the oldest civilizations on Earth arose - the Harappan culture, Mohenjo Daro, which existed until the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. In the VII-VI centuries. BC. in the Ganges valley the states of Magadha, Kashi, Koshala and others were formed. The massive movement of Aryan peoples from Western Asia to the Indo-Gangetic basin began. Experts note the closeness of the ancient Aryan and Slavic cultures. This is evidenced by the huge number of similarities in Sanskrit and Slavic languages. The villages were located along the banks of the rivers of the Indo-Gangetic basin and in the deltas of Kaveri, Krishna and Godavari, Mahanadi, and the Brahmaputra valley - places most favorable for agriculture. Moreover, between the Dravidian South India and the zone of distribution of the Indo-European peoples of the Indo-Gangetic basin, the territory of Central India, inaccessible for agricultural development, stretched, which for a long time played the role of an “isolating space”. By the 13th century. In Hindustan, Muslim dynasties achieved political dominance, sometimes extending their influence as far as Madura in the extreme South. In the 16th century The Muslim dynasty of the Great Mongols (descendants of Timur) settled in Delhi, extending its power over the entire Hindu subcontinent. The Mongol Empire reached its greatest size under Aurangzeb (1658-1707), when it extended from Kabul to Kaveri. However, torn apart by internecine struggle, the huge state of the Mongols collapsed at the beginning of the 18th century. into separate warring principalities. With the discovery of Vasco da Gama, the sea route to India (1498), widespread penetration of Europeans began there. From the second half of the 18th century. direct colonial conquests of Europeans began. The British gained a foothold on the east coast in strategically important areas, where Calcutta and Madras later grew, and Bombay on the west coast. The English colonial conquest of India lasted about a century and ended in the middle of the 19th century. annexation of Punjab lands. It is characteristic that these areas, which fell under colonial rule later than others, retained the greatest prosperity. The powerful rise of the national liberation movement after the Second World War, which was led by outstanding political figures - Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru and others, forced the British to part with their largest colony. In 1947, India achieved the declaration of complete political independence from Great Britain. India is declared a republic and admitted on January 26, 1950. The constitution marked the complete liberation of the country. However, according to religious principles, the country was divided into two states: the Indian Union, inhabited mainly by adherents of Hinduism (Hindus), and Muslim Pakistan. Bengali national resistance led to the formation of the People's Republic of Bangladesh in 1971 in the east. India has tense relations with its western neighbor, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. In 1950 and 1971 armed conflicts occurred between them. One of the main reasons for the tension between the two countries is the lack of agreement on the status of Kashmir. Relations between India and China are complicated by Chinese claims to the border areas of the state of Arunachal Pradesh in the far northeast of India. In 1959, the Dalai Lama, the Buddhist spiritual and secular leader of Tibet, and his many followers immigrated to India, which also left its mark on Indo-China relations.

Culture:

Indian civilization has been developing for more than 4500 years. These millennia were filled with struggle, ups and downs, which manifested themselves in the rise and fall of dynasties, in the spread, prosperity and decline of religious teachings; More and more new schools emerged in philosophy, architecture, sculpture, music and dance.

• The name “India” comes from the Indus River, which sheltered the very first settlements around it. The Aryans called the Indus River "Shindu".
• The Persians invaded the territory of India, after which the name “Hindustan” appeared, which comes from “Shindu” and “Indu”, and is one of the names of the lands of India.
• Interesting fact about medicine: Ayur Veda is the first school of medicine in human history. Ayur Veda appeared about 2500 years ago in India. Knowledge of anesthesia (pain relief) was available to doctors of ancient India.
• In ancient scriptures, evidence was found of the knowledge of the ancient civilization of India in anatomy, digestion, metabolism, physiology, etiology, genetics and the immune system.
• More than 5,000 years ago, the teaching of yoga originated in India.
• India has more post offices than any other country.

When is the best time to go:

The tourist season lasts from October to March, and the best months to travel around India are November and December.

Attractions:

In Delhi - Red Fort, Jama Masjid, Raj Ghat, Jantar Mantar, Lakshmi Narayan Temple, Qutab Minar, Indian Gate, Secretariat Building, Rashtrapati Bhavan, Parliament House, National Museum, National Gallery of Modern Art, J. Nehru Museum, Museum national crafts, zoo, Safdarjung's tomb, Great Mosque, Mughal Public Reception Hall, Rang Mahal Palace, Pearl Mosque, 12th century tower. Qutub Minare, a metal column that has not rusted for centuries, is one of the wonders of the world. In Bombay - St. John's Church, Prince of Wales Museum, St. Thomas Cathedral, Taraporeva La Aquarium, Museum of Western India, Victoria Gardens Park with a zoo, Kanheri Caves with bas-reliefs of the 2nd-9th centuries, several temples of the 7th century. The Malabar Hills are home to the picturesque Hanging Gardens and Kamala Nehru Park, Mahalaxmi Temple, Haji Ali Shrine and Mosque, Nehru Planetarium, Elephanta Islands, Krishnagiri Upavan National Park, Manori Beach, Monplaisir, Jogesh-vari Caves and a swimming pool.

EGP of India according to plan please

GENERAL ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIA Territory - 3.28 million km2. Population -1010 million people. The capital is Delhi. Geographical location, general information The Republic of India is located in South Asia on the Hindustan Peninsula. India borders Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. The maximum length of India is 3200 km from north to south, 2700 km from west to east. The economic and geographical position of India is favorable for economic development: India is located on maritime trade routes from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean, halfway between the Middle and Far East. For almost two centuries, India was a colony of England. India gained independence in 1947, and in 1950 it was declared a republic within the British Commonwealth. India is a federal republic consisting of 25 states. Each of them has its own legislative assembly and government, but while maintaining a strong central government. Natural Conditions and Resources India's mineral resources are significant and varied. The main deposits are located in the northeast of the country. Here are the largest iron ore, coal basins, and manganese ore deposits; this creates favorable conditions for the development of heavy industry. The mineral resources of South India are diverse - bauxite, chromite, magnesite, brown coal, graphite, mica, diamonds, gold, ferrous metal ores, coal; in the state of Gujarat and on the continental shelf - oil. The climate of the country is subtropical and tropical, in the south it is equatorial. The average annual temperature is about 25°C, only in winter in the mountains it drops below 0°. The distribution of precipitation over the seasons and across the territory is uneven - 80% of it occurs in the summer, the eastern and mountainous regions receive the largest amount, and the northwest receives the smallest. Land resources are the natural wealth of the country, since a significant part of the soil has high fertility. Forests occupy 22% of India's area, but there is not enough forest for economic needs. Indian rivers have great energy potential and are also the main source of artificial irrigation. Population India is the second most populous country in the world (after China). The country has a very high population reproduction rate. And, although the peak of the “demographic explosion” has generally passed, the demographic problem still exists. India is the most multinational country in the world. It is home to representatives of several hundred nations, nationalities and tribal groups, at different stages of socio-economic development and speaking different languages. They belong to the Caucasian, Negroid, and Australoid races. The peoples of the Indo-European family predominate. The official languages ​​in the country are Hindi and English. More than 80% of the inhabitants of India are Hindus, 11% are Muslims. The complex ethnic and religious composition of the population often leads to conflicts and increased tension. The distribution of the population of India is very uneven, since for a long time the fertile lowlands and plains in the valleys and deltas of rivers and on the sea coasts were primarily populated. The average population density is 260 people. per 1 km2. Despite this high figure, sparsely populated and even deserted territories still exist. The level of urbanization is quite low - 27%, but the number of large cities and millionaire cities is constantly increasing. But most of India's population lives in crowded villages. Industry, energy India is a developing agrarian-industrial country with enormous resources and human potential. Along with India's traditional industries (agriculture, light industry), the mining and manufacturing industries are developing. Currently, 29% of GDP comes from industry, 32% from agriculture, and 30% from the service sector.

In terms of the absolute size of industrial production, India is among the 10 largest powers in the world, but in terms of national product per capita it is only at the bottom of the 100 countries.

India holds 1st place in the world in tea harvesting, 2-4th place in rice, jute, sugar cane, bananas, wheat and cotton harvests. India is among the top twenty countries in the production of coal and iron ore, in the production of cement, steel, electricity, and in the development of major branches of mechanical engineering. But in terms of industrial production per capita, it lags far behind economically developed countries.

In general, India is an industrial-agrarian country. From the colonial period it inherited an economic structure typical of former colonies, i.e.

with a predominance of agricultural production.

However, unlike most other colonies, even before independence, India had a number of relatively developed light and food industries:

Jute, cotton, sugar, tobacco, leather, as well as mining industries (coal, manganese and iron ores, mica, precious stones). There were cement, glass, and paper factories.

But key branches of heavy industry – metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemistry, and electric power – were absent or poorly developed. The country's economy was dominated by foreign capital (mainly Great Britain).

After gaining independence, the public sector began to play a very important role in the country's economy. It accounts for almost all coal mining, 80% of power plant capacity, all copper production, 75% of oil refining, 80% of steel smelting, 50% of machine tool production.

Transport, communications enterprises, the defense industry, and the extraction of gold and strategic raw materials are completely under the control of the state.

Private monopolies are also developing rapidly in the country (they are given preferential treatment).

Indian big capital is concentrated mainly in large cities and the most developed areas - Bombay, Calcutta, Delhi, Madras.

The richest families not only own individual enterprises, they essentially control entire cities:

• Tatanagar is a monopolist of Tata,
• Dalmiyanagan - Dalmia (Bihar state),
• Modinagar (Delhi region) – Modi, etc.

Foreign capital in India has lost its commanding heights; the state limits it in areas where local entrepreneurs operate, but stimulates its influx into new industries.

At the same time, many of the needs of Indians, especially in the countryside, are satisfied by artisans, often on the basis of commodity exchange.

General characteristics of the Indian economy Wikipedia
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Geographical position

India occupies the Hindustan Peninsula, the adjacent Indo-Gangetic Plain and part of the Himalayas to the north, forming the central part of South Asia and covering an area of ​​13,287 thousand km2. Its territory extends 3214 km from north to south (from the highest mountains of the globe, the Himalayas, to Cape Comorin) and 2933 km from west to east. India includes the Laccadive coral islands (Lakshadweep) in the Arabian Sea, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal.

India borders Pakistan and Afghanistan in the northwest, China, Nepal and Bhutan in the north, and Myanmar and Bangladesh in the east. In the extreme southeast, India is separated from Sri Lanka by the narrow Palk Strait and the Gulf of Manara.

The Indian subcontinent, the central part of which is occupied by India itself, is a huge peninsula jutting out from the center of the northern coast of the Indian Ocean and surrounded by an arc of giant mountain systems that fence it off from the rest of Asia.

Population

India is a huge human mass: a country occupying 2.5% of the world's land area, concentrates 1/6 of its population. The population of India was 238 million people. in 1901, increased to 361 million people. by 1951 and almost tripled during the years of independence. In the 21st century India enters with a population of over 1 billion people. and, twice as fast as China in terms of demographic growth, in 20-30 years it may become the most populous country in the world. Possible stabilization of the population is predicted at 1.5 billion people. in the second half of the 21st century, but experts do not rule out a larger magnitude.

The annual rate of demographic growth of the Indian population was in the 1990s. 2.11%, i.e. 17 million people are added.

However, the continuation of the population explosion complicates all aspects of the life of a great country, slowing down and complicating its socio-economic progress, exerting increasingly heavy anthropogenic pressure on natural systems. The average population density of India has increased from 77 people. per 1 km2 in 1901 up to 117 people. per 1 km2 in 1951 and exceeded 300 people. per 1 km2 in the 1990s.

India: main human development indices

Peculiarities resettlement in India are rooted in deep history. Despite the overall high population density, the population density varies hundreds of times in individual parts of the country. The most densely populated areas are the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the coastal lowlands of the peninsular part, where the average population density exceeds 500-600 people. per 1 km2, often increasing to 1000 people. and more per 1 km2, mainly in rural areas. In the interior parts of the peninsula, in Central India, the density ranges from 70 to 200-250 people. per 1 km2. The desert areas of Western Rajasthan are the least populated. Territories with extreme natural conditions are not inhabited.

With only 27% of the population living in cities, India is one of the least urbanized countries in the world. However, in terms of the absolute number of city residents, exceeding 217 million people. (1991), it is one of the four largest world powers. In the picture of regional systems and local groupings of Indian cities, the contours of ancient agricultural civilizations and states appear (Vara Nasi, Delhi, Allahabad, Patna - some of the oldest living cities on Earth), and a two-hundred-year colonial past (Calcutta, Bomb Bay, Madras - the former main citadels of British rule, which grew up in the 18th-19th centuries from scratch, and the new priorities of independent India (in particular, powerful industrial and energy new buildings). This complex system of cities belonging to different historical eras, Along with the transport network, it forms the framework of the territorial structure of the country's economy.

It is typical for India, as for other developing countries, that cities grow not so much due to the force of gravity, but as a result of pushing the population out of rural areas experiencing agrarian overpopulation. The growth of the urban population is outpacing their industrial and general socio-economic development - this is one of the difficulties of the current stage of development.

Industry

The most dynamic factor in the transformation of the sectoral and territorial structure of the Indian economy has become industrialization - the main way to modernize all sectors of the economy and strengthen their interconnectedness, the basis for production growth and achieving economic independence. In India, where by the time of independence there were already some branches of the factory and mining industries (cotton, jute, sugar, cement, coal), the industrialization process is multifaceted. The main content of this process is associated with the reconstruction of the missing links of reproduction by bringing the economy's own heavy industry base. Active cooperation with the USSR played an important role in creating the foundation for India’s economic independence. With his participation, more than 70 powerful state enterprises in ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, heavy engineering, energy, oil and oil refining industries were built. India regularly and fully repaid the loans provided for these purposes, which ensured the mutual benefit of cooperation. Although in terms of value, USSR assistance in India was compared with Western countries as 1:10, it was very highly valued, as it filled in the missing vital links of economic reproduction.

The scale of economic growth and profound changes in the structure of the economy are clearly manifested in the structure of Indian exports, almost 80% of which are now manufactured goods. The maximum growth rates are typical for basic industries, and primarily for energy. In the structure of the energy balance in the mid-1990s. 60.1 million kW came from thermal stations (72.14%); 21.0 million kW - at hydroelectric power plants (25.19%), which were built in almost all large river basins; 2.2 million kW - for nuclear power plants (2.67%), with 96% of the total capacity coming from the public sector. Despite the high growth rates of the electric power industry, they lag behind the rapidly increasing needs.

The country has five regional energy systems (Northern, Western, Southern, Eastern and Northeastern), which cover all states of the country. There is a National Energy System Project, which is being created through the further development of regional systems and their gradual unification.

In India, during the years of independence, a powerful ferrous metallurgy, based on a rich mineral resource base, led by the largest state-owned plants in Bhilai and Bokaro, built in cooperation with Russia (each with a capacity of 4 million tons of steel). Thanks to the enterprises built heavy power engineering the country fully satisfies its needs for these complex products, production is developing rapidly electronic products and other types of high technologies.

Developed petrochemistry, dye production, pharmaceutical industry. More and more of these Indian-made products are entering the world market; they are not inferior in quality to Western products and are less expensive.

Production cement increased from 2.7 million tons in 1950-1951. to 82.4 million tons in the mid-1990s, which moved the country to 5th place in the world in this area. India has become the world's fourth largest producer nitrogen fertilizers, while continuing the import of mineral fertilizers. As a result of these efforts, the use of fertilizers per 1 hectare of crops rose from 0.55 kg in 1950-1951 to 72 kg in the 1990s, which became the basis of the country's amazing achievements in the rise of agriculture.

Textile industry, Remaining the largest sector of Indian industry, it is unique in the variety of types and scales of production, technologies and the use of different types of raw materials: cotton, jute, silk, synthetic materials. It is closely linked to the country's agriculture, supplying about ]/5 of industrial output and approximately 1/3 of Indian exports. With the almost universal distribution of cotton production, the Bombay-Gujarat belt in the West and Tamil Nadu in the South remain leading. The jute industry is concentrated in West Bengal and surrounding areas, employing 250 thousand factory workers and 4 million jute farmers. Karnataka in the South is a major supplier of silk, with India second only to China in production volumes. More than 10 million people are employed in hand weaving, which produces over 1/5 of the fabrics produced.

Generally in small industry 16 million people are employed. (2003). It is distributed almost everywhere. It accounts for over 40% of the value of manufacturing products and 35% of the country's exports. The industry for the production of food products is 70% represented by small enterprises, which employ about 1.5 million people. This sector has enormous growth potential as India is the world's largest producer of fruits; it ranks second in vegetable cultivation, has the largest livestock population in the world and the greatest opportunities for the development of marine fishing and seafood processing. The production of leather goods, which occupy a prominent place in Indian exports, is also mainly carried out in small and handicraft enterprises.

MINISTRY OF GENERAL AND PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION OF THE CITY OF KURSK

ABSTRACT

ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIA

Scientific supervisor: Fedorchenko O.I.

Completed by a student of grade 10 “B”

Lotkova Irina Petrovna

PLAN CHARACTERISTICS:

2. Economic - geographical and political-geographical position. The influence of EGP on the development of the country. Changing position of the country over time.

3. Features of the population. Demographic policy.

5. General characteristics of the farm. Reasons influencing the pace of economic development.

6. Geography of the main industrial complexes and industries.

7. Specialization of agricultural production.

8. Development of the transport complex.

9. Socio-economic development of individual areas. The reasons behind the unevenness in their socio-economic development. Alignment of levels of economic development.

10. External economic relations. Export. Import. Participation in integration economic unions.

1. Name of the country and composition of the territory.

India is one of the largest countries in the world, possessing enormous natural and human resources and great scientific potential. Currently there are 25 states in India. These are Andha Pradesh, Arunagal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Goa, Gujaharat, Jammu and Kammir, West Bengal, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Maharashtra, Meghalal Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Talielnad , Trinura, Haryana, Himachaya Pradesh, Ushtar Pradesh. In addition to the states, India includes seven union territories - administrative units of central subordination, relatively small in size and population: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Dadra and Nonarhaveli, Daman and Diu, Delhi, Lanshadwip, Puttuchery (Pondicherry), Chandigarh.

2. Economic-geographical and political-geographical position. The influence of EGP on the development of the country. Changing position of the country over time.

Republic of India, state in South Asia: 3.3 million sq. km.

India is bordered in the northwest by Afghanistan and Pakistan, in the north by China, Nepal and Bhutan, and in the east by Burma and Bangladesh. In the south, the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Manara separate Sri Lanka from India. The maritime border between India and Indonesia runs along the Great Channel between the islands of Great Nicobar and Sumatra.

India is bordered by the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Most of the Hindustan peninsula is occupied by the Deccan Plateau, in the north by the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the highest mountains of the earth, the Himalayas and Karanorum. The climate is subequatorial monsoon, in the south it is tropical. The main rivers are the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Indus. Tropical savannah and shrubby semi-desert forests. In the mountains there is a high altitude zone.

From the beginning of the 16th century, India was gradually conquered by European colonialists (Portuguese, Dutch, French). India (in the 19th century) was turned into an object of direct robbery, brutal tax exploitation, a source of raw materials and a market for British manufactured goods.

Until the mid-19th century, India was a feudal country with slow development of socio-economic relations. The specificity of India was the dominance of the communal caste social structure sanctified by Hinduism. At the end of the 19th century, the development of capitalism intensified and national monopolies emerged. The contradictions between the Indian bourgeoisie and British imperialism intensified. After the Second World War, the British government was forced to grant India independence. In 1950, the Indian Union became a Republic. India adheres to the policy of international cooperation and opposes military blocs and neo-colonialism.

Diplomatic relations with Russia.

In international affairs, India is pursuing an independent course. Having gone through all the hardships of almost two centuries of domination by foreign colonialists, it stands on the side of those whose freedom and independence were and are being trampled upon by imperialism. India contributed greatly to the national liberation movement in the former colonies, supported the heroic struggle of the Vietnamese people against US aggression, strongly condemns racism and apartheid in South Africa, and advocates a fair settlement in the Middle East. India strives to develop good bilateral relations with all countries, primarily neighboring ones. In this regard, the Indian leadership attaches great importance to the participation of countries in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, created in 1985.

3.Features of the population. Demographic policy.

India is the most populous country in the world after China. In 1952, the Indian government introduced a nationwide family planning program. The program was modest in its early years, and when the 1961 census showed growth rates exceeding expectations, specific timelines and goals were developed for the program. This led to a significant decline in the birth rate - from 4.5% at the turn of the 50s to approximately 3.3% at the beginning of the 80s. In 1986 it is believed to have hovered around 3.1%.

Between the 1971 and 1981 censuses. India's population grew at 3.25% per year, and in absolute terms increased by about 137 million people. During the period from 1947 to 1981, the country's population doubled, i.e. a second India appeared within the same borders. Currently, India's population growth rate is approximately 2%. Every year, about 24 million children are born and about 8.5 million people die - resulting in an increase of 15.5 million, which is equal to the population of Australia. It is expected that if India's population continues to grow at the same rate, it will surpass the billion mark by the end of this century. A large number of jobs were created in the country, but it was not enough to cover the unemployed and those who joined the ranks of the working population. In fact, the number of unemployed people, including among the educated strata, is increasing. Only at the labor exchanges in March 1985, about 14 million people were registered as unemployed (approximately 7.4 million men and 6.5 million women). These data, however, do not reflect the full picture. According to various estimates, the total number of fully or partially unemployed people, especially in rural areas, amounts to tens of millions of people.

India is a multinational state. It is inhabited by large nations, whose representatives differ from each other in appearance, language, and customs.

Hindi and Urdu have a common grammar and a common stock of everyday words, they are often considered as two literary forms of a single Hindustash language. They are mainly located in the North Central region. In addition to the Hindustashi, languages ​​descending from Sanskrit are spoken by such large nations as the Bengalis (West Bengal), the Marathas (Maharashtra), the Gujaratis (Gujarat), and the Oriyas. (Orissa), Punjabis (Punjab), as well as Assamese (Assam) and Kashmiris (Jammui and Kashmir). All these peoples have a European appearance.

The peoples of South India speak languages ​​of the Dravidian family. These are Tolugu (Andhra Pradish), Kannar (Karnatana), Tamil (Tamil Nadu) and Malayali (Kerala). They are darker-skinned than the northerners, and have some characteristics of the Australoid race.

In the central regions of India live troupes of Australoid small peoples, whose languages ​​belong to the Munda group (Austrasian family).

The northeastern states of India are inhabited by small peoples whose appearance contains Mongoloid features. These are Manipuri, Opipera, Garo, Naga, Lizo, etc. They speak languages ​​of the Tibetan-Burman group. The exception is Khash, whose language belongs to the Mon-Khmer family.

According to the 1982 census, almost 100% of India's population is religious. The main religious and ethical system of India is Hinduism; it is professed by 83% of the country's population.

Economic and geographical characteristics of India.

About 12% are Muslims, the rest are Sunkhs, Christians, Jayyugs, Buddhists, Parsis, etc.

4. Natural resources and their use. Assessment of natural resource potential for the development of industry and agriculture.

India is rich in mineral resources. The country has the world's largest reserves of iron ore, which is estimated at 22 billion tons, which is ¼ of the world's reserves. Iron ore deposits are found everywhere, but the largest are concentrated in the states of Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Goa and Karnatana. India exports iron ore mainly to Japan and also to some European countries. Manganese ore reserves are estimated at 180 million tons. (3rd place in the world). Its main deposits are located in the central part of the country - the states of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. India accounts for about 4/5 of the world's exports of mica sheets. The mica belt of India stretches from east to west along the northern edge of the Bihar plateau, and mica deposits are also developed in Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan. There are numerous deposits of bauxite, the main mining areas of which are concentrated in Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. India is the world's chromium exporter. It occupies a leading place in reserves of graphite, beryl, thorium, zirconium, and second place in the world in titanium mining.

Of the energy minerals, coal is the most important. Coal reserves of all types in India are estimated at 120 billion tons. The leading producers are the states of Bihar and West Bengal: they account for almost ¾ of total coal production. However, coking coal reserves are essentially limited to the Jharia deposit in Bihar. Coal mining is also carried out in Assan (bituminous coals) and in Tamil Nadu (rich deposits in Netveli). In 1974, the Bombay Arch field with high-quality oil reserves was discovered in the continental shelf zone of the Arabian Sea, 120 km north of Bombay. However, India meets about half of its oil and petroleum products needs through imports.

Area - 3.3 million km2. Population - over 1095 million people

Federal Republic - 28 states and seven union territories under central control. Capital -. New Delhi

EGP

India is the largest in area and population, powerful in economic potential and an influential state in the region. South. Asia. Territory. India covers mainland and peninsular parts. Big cha. Astin territory is located on a peninsula. Hindustan. Shores. India is washed by waters. Arabian Sea and. Bay of Bengal. India has three large archipelagos.

In the north-west the country borders with. Pakistan, in the east - with. Bangladesh and Myanmar, along the mountain ranges.

Question: EGP of India according to plan please

Himalayas - p. China. Nepal and Butane. The strait separates. India from. Sri Lanka. The most economically vulnerable and politically influential neighboring countries are. China and. Pakistan, everyone else except. Sri Lanka is one of the least developed countries in the world.

Proximity to the states of the region is of great importance. Persian Gulf, world leaders in oil and gas production. The lack of international land routes that crossed the country's territory is compensated by the intense cargo flows of global maritime transport that have developed over centuries and run along the western and southern coasts. India and sent from. Europe and. Middle. From period c. South-Eastern. Asia.

Population

. By population size. India is second after. China state of the world. It is characterized by significant population growth rates (1.4%). The high birth rate is due to ethnic and religious traditions. India is implementing a targeted demographic policy, which is aimed at reducing population growth, since its high rates predetermine poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, and the spread of infectious diseases.

The age structure of the state's population is dominated by younger age groups. The average life expectancy is low - 62.5 years. The gender structure of the population is characterized by a predominance of men

Citizens. India are active migrants; the migration balance indicator is characterized by quite significant negative values. Some of the emigrants are highly qualified specialists (programmers, medicines, engineers) traveling to. Great Britain. USA,. Canada and other highly developed countries.

Representatives of a large Caucasian race live in the north, northwest and most of the center of the region, and in the center and partly in the south. India - groups that make up a branch of the great Australoid race. Almost the entire south. India is inhabited by representatives of the South Indian transitional race. India is home to about 500 ethnic groups speaking more than 1,600 languages ​​and dialects. The most numerous. ETH Osa are Hindustani people living in the central and northern parts. India; Bengalis - in the northeast, etc. Residents of the country belong to different language families:

Indo-Aryan group of the Indo-European family (Bengali, Bihari, Hindustani, etc.); Dravidian family (Tamil, Malayali, Telugu, etc.); Chinese-Tibetan family (Sherpas). The official languages ​​are Hindi and English. The majority of the population (85%) profess Hinduism, many are Muslims, Buddhists, Christians, and followers of other religions.

India is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. The most densely populated (400-1000 people per 1 km2) are river valleys. Ganga and. The Brahmaputra, as well as the coastal lowlands and fertile plains of the southwestern states, are still uninhabited. Himalayas and salt marshes in the west. India.

About 30% of the country's population lives in cities. B. India is undergoing a process of pseudo-urbanization, i.e. rapid urban growth at the expense of an impoverished rural population, which forms a continuous zone of settlement around urban centers. The growth in the number of urban residents is outpacing the growth of industrialization.

Among the employed population, 64% work in agriculture, 16% in industry.

India, New Delhi.

Area: 3,287,590 sq. km

Location: South Asia, located on the Indian subcontinent, between Myanmar and Pakistan

Who it borders with: in the northwest - Pakistan, in the north - China, Nepal, Bhutan; in the east - Myanmar, Bangladesh.

What it is washed by: in the west - the Arabian Sea, in the south - the Indian Ocean, in the east - the Bay of Bengal.

Relief. India is located within three large orographic regions: the Himalayan Mountains, the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the Deccan Plateau on the Hindustan Peninsula. The Deccan is a vast ancient land mass composed of Precambrian crystalline rocks, predominantly gneisses, granites and schists. A significant part of the surface is covered with volcanic lava, and the greatest thickness of the lava cover is in the north-west. The Deccan was part of the ancient continent of Gondwana, which united South America, Africa and India and ca.

EGP of India according to plan please

200 million years ago, which broke up into several blocks. Between the Deccan and the Himalayas lies the vast Indo-Gangetic Plain.

Highest point: Mount Kanchenjunga 8,598 m

Minerals: iron, aluminum, titanium, rare metals, mica, oil, coal, gold, copper, lead, zinc, barite, fluorite, graphite, kyanite, gypsum, salts, phosphates, precious stones (diamond, emerald, aquamarines, sapphires and etc.).

The climate is subequatorial monsoon, in the south it is tropical. During the wet monsoon (May - September) 70-90% of precipitation falls. The period from October to March is dry and cool, from March to May - dry and hot. Average temperatures in January range from 15°C in the north to 27°C in the south, and in May (the hottest month) from 28 to 35°C. Precipitation is less than 100 mm in the western Indo-Gangetic Plain, 300-400 mm in the central regions of the Deccan, 3000-6000 mm in the eastern Himalayas and on the outer slopes of the Ghats, up to 12,000 mm per year on the Shillong plateau (Darjeeling is the wettest place on earth ). The main rivers are the Ganges, Indus (upper reaches), Brahmaputra (lower reaches), Narmada, Godavari, Krishna. The rivers are widely used for irrigation and some are navigable. Savannas, xerophytic woodlands, and in some places deciduous forests predominate; in the north-west there are shrubby semi-deserts and deserts. On the windward slopes of the Western Ghats, in the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta, in the foothills of the eastern Himalayas there are swampy jungles, higher up there are monsoon forests, mountain mixed and coniferous forests, mountain meadows and steppes. The forest cover of India is 24%.

Soils - 4 types: alluvial on the Indo-Gangetic plain; regurs, or "black cotton soils", on the lavas of the Deccan; red soils in the rest of Hindustan; lateritic soils on the periphery of the peninsula.

Plants: 33% of India's plant species are endemic. On the plains there are savannas of acacias, euphorbias, palm trees, and banyan trees. In the mountains there are monsoon forests of teak, sandalwood, bamboos, terminalia, and dipterocarps. In the northeast there are deciduous mixed forests.

Animals: Nilgiri langur, Kerala toad, Asiatic lion, Bengal tiger, Bengal vulture, Indian rhinoceros, Himalayan bear.

Population. 1 billion 3 million people – 2nd place.

Major peoples: Hindustani 45%, Bengalis 8.3%, Telugu 7.9%, Marathas 7.5%, Tamils ​​6.3%, Gujaratis 4.9%, Kannaras 3.9%, Malayali 3.6%, Oriya 3.4%, Punjabis 2.8%, Assamese 1.6%

The distribution of the population of India is very uneven, since for a long time the fertile lowlands and plains in the valleys and deltas of rivers and on the sea coasts were primarily populated. The average population density is 260 people. per 1 km2. Despite this high figure, sparsely populated and even deserted territories still exist.

60% of the economically active population is employed in agriculture.

The share of agricultural products in Indian exports is 15%.

The main crops are rice, wheat; after them - potatoes, sugar cane, sunflower, soybeans, cotton, coffee, tea, bananas.

India ranks 2nd in the world in sugar production, about 14 million tons of sugar per year.

In terms of the number of cattle, it ranks 1st in the world - 221.9 million tons.

In livestock farming: pigs, sheep, camels.

Mining industry: extraction of iron, coal, oil - about 100 million tons/year.

Manufacturing industry: centers - Bombay, Calcutta, Delhi, Madras. The textile industry, automobile industry, bicycle assembly, production of household appliances, paper, fertilizers, and cement are developed.

Energy: coal - 54.5%, oil - 29.4%, natural gas - 7.8%, hydropower - 5%, other renewable sources - 2%.

Transport: 341 airports, 3,393,344 km of roads, 63,230 km of railway, 361 water transport: bulk cargo, dry cargo, chemical tankers, container ships, gas tankers, passenger, passenger/dry cargo, oil tankers.

Global partners: USA, UAE, China, Singapore, UK, Hong Kong, Switzerland.