Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars. The Council of People's Commissars is an organ of Soviet power

In the book of V. I. Lenin. unknown documents. 1891-1922 - M.: "Russian Political Encyclopedia" (ROSSPEN), 2000. The following document was published on pages 301-302:

EXPLANATION TO THE STATEMENT OF INCOME IN 1918(1)

My income in 1918 consisted of two items:

(§4) salary of the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars.

Since the salary varied in size during the year, I instructed the Administration of the Affairs of the Council of People's Commissars to compile an extract from the books on the exact amount of the salary received for 1918. Herewith (2) is attached.

(§ 5) Literary earnings: I received it periodically in different amounts from Vl[adimir] D[mitrievich] Bonch-Bruevich, head of the party publishing house and settlement with authors. At the same time, a certificate from the documents on the total amount received for 1918, certified by the appropriate signatures, is attached.

Appendix to § 4. An apartment was received in kind at the beginning of the year in Smolny (Petrograd), then, since the government moved to Moscow, in the Kremlin (Moscow), 4 rooms in size, kitchen, room for servants (family - 3 people [sheep], plus 1 servant). The cost of the apartment at local prices is unknown to me.

V.Ulyanov (Lenin) Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars.

Moscow. Kremlin. Sep[Nov] 1919

Foundation 2, on. 1, d. 11186, l. 2 - autograph.

On September 13, 1919, V.I. Lenin received an application form from the Moscow Precinct for Income Tax Presence to provide information on income in 1918. On the accompanying note to the letterhead, Lenin noted: “Received on September 13, 1919 by V. Ulyanov (Lenin)” (Leninsky collection XXIV, p. 309). On the same day, Lenin sent the form of the head of the Council of People's Commissars V.D. On the back of Lenin's note, N.K. Krupskaya asked Bonch-Bruevich to send a certificate about her fees (ibid., pp. 309-310). Extracts not found.

Lenin's income in 1918 amounted to 24,683 rubles 33 kopecks and consisted of two items of income: the salary of the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR - 9683 rubles. 33 kop. and Lenin's fees as a journalist - 15,000 rubles; about other income (from monetary capital, real estate, trade and crafts, and from rights to all kinds of periodic receipts and benefits), the answers in the application to 1 Moscow district for income tax presence are negative (“no”). The statement was signed by Lenin on September 20, 1919 (RTSKHIDNI, f. 2, on. 1, d. 11186, l. 1-2).

2 There are no applications in RCHIDNI.

As we can see, in comment 1 the compilers of the collection indicate that V.D. Bonch-Bruyevich's extracts from the payroll and literary fees in 1918 of V.I. Lenin were not found. I managed to find these extracts in the article by V. D. BONC-BRUEVICH, Vladimir Ilyich is a taxpayer. // "30 days" Illustrated monthly. 1929. No. 4. S. 34-37

Vladimir Ilyich - taxpayer

V. D. Bonch-Bruevich, Vladimir Ilyich is a taxpayer. // "30 days" Illustrated monthly. 1929. No. 4. S. 34-37

Lenin was not only a brilliant leader of the proletariat, who accurately and soberly took into account all the conditions before each new tactical move in foreign and domestic policy, but also a man who accurately and accurately fulfills his duties as an ordinary Soviet citizen. The former manager of the affairs of the Council of People's Commissars, V. Bonch-Bruevich, lifts the veil over this corner of Vladimir Ilyich's life.

When the law on income tax was promulgated, Vladimir Ilyich told many comrades more than once that we should show an example of accurate, timely and correct accounting of our earnings and report them to the financial inspector with appropriate declarations.

Finally, in September 1919, a "declaration" was sent to Vladimir Ilyich, which was called "Statement on income received in 1918." This paper was received from the 1st Moscow precinct for income tax presence (form No. 8) "Payer's case No. ...". This "statement" was sent against the receipt of a printed "reminder of the Chairman of the 1st Moscow District Department for Income Tax Presence." It is addressed to: "Ulyanov-Lenin V. I." At the bottom of the tear-off coupon of this "reminder" in Vladimir Ilyich's own hand is written in the column "received": "September 13, 1919", and in the line "payer's signature" there is a handwritten signature: "V. Ulyanov (Lenin)"

Having received this "reminder", Vladimir Ilyich immediately wrote me the following letter:

"13/IX - 1919

Dear Vlad. Dm!

From the papers sent you will see what my request to you is. Kindly order to make selections from the books and attach a statement of the results.

§ 4 salary

§ 5 Literary fee for proper signatures:

§ 4- Management[of] the Affairs[s] of the SNK

§ 5 - Publishing house "Kom[mun]st" and party later

M[may] b[be], can we also take into account the cost of the apartment?

Thank you in advance and hello

Your Lenin"

(See overleaf)

On the other side of the note, written on the eighth sheet of a writing sheet, it was written:

"Vl. Dm., perhaps you would be so kind as to write down how much the fee I received from you (1) in 1918.

N. Ulyanova"

Having received this letter, I immediately set about collecting information about the income of Vladimir Ilyich. On September 16, 1919, I could already give Vladimir Ilyich the following certificate for No. 5744:

"A salary was issued from the cash desk of the Administration of the Council of People's Commissars to the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, Comrade Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin).

January............ Rub. 500.-

February............283.-33

March......................500.-

April..............500.-

May.......................500.-

June......................800.-

July......................800.-

August............800. -

September............1200.-

October............1200.-

December...................1200.-

Lifting................1400. -

TOTAL ............. Rub. 9.683.- 33

Managing Director of the Council of People's Commissars Vlad. Bonch-Bruevich,

Ch. accountant Markelov"

It is interesting that in February Vladimir Ilyich received as for an incomplete month (283 rubles 33k.). This decrease in salary in February 1918 is explained by the fact that it was at that time that the decree of the Council of People's Commissars "On the introduction of the Western European calendar" was issued.

By virtue of this law, the salary of the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars was accordingly reduced, and Vladimir Ilyich received in February 1918, instead of 500 rubles, only 283 rubles. 33 kop. For November, the salary was not issued at all. What was the reason for this non-delivery - I can’t remember now, and this detail is subject to research.

Thus, in just a year, Vladimir Ilyich received a salary, as Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, 9683 rubles. 33 k. in falling currency. In addition to this income, Vladimir Ilyich at that time received a certain fee for those of his books that were published at that time in the Kommunist publishing house, which belonged to the Central Committee of the Party.

On September 17, 1919, I received a notice from the office of the Kommunist publishing house, in which it was written:

"Comrade Lenin

Here.

"We hereby inform you that the following sums were paid to you in the course of 1918 on account of the royalties for your published books:

1918

January 11th order. 558 - R. 1000 -

May 13th 1357 - R. 2000 -

July 30th 3214 - R. 2000 -

Sept. 17th 11/9 - R. 5000 -

Nov. 1st 11/9 - R. 5000 -

Total R. 15000 -

(Fifteen thousand rubles).

With comradely greetings:

For the head of the Book Publishing House (the signature is not legible).

For Accountant Lyubimov.

Secretary N. Zhdanovich".

I usually brought him the fee, and took from him for the accounting department of "Communist", as earlier for the office of the Publishing House "Life and Knowledge", such receipts:

"Through Vlad. Dmitr. Bonch-Bruevich, I received ten thousand rubles (2) as a fee for [books 1) Agrarian Program 1 of the Russian Revolution, 2) From the History of the Social-Democratic Agrarian Program].

V. Ulyanov (Lenin).

The text of this receipt is written by Vlad. Bonch-Bruevich, and the signature "V. Ulyanov (Lenin)" was made by Vladimir Ilyich himself.

In order to make it clear to today's readers what kind of salary at a fixed rate the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars received, I turned to the USSR Monetary Administration, asking them to help me transfer these daily falling banknotes to a fixed rate according to the index of that time.

With the kind assistance of Comrade G. Goldberg, I received on 6/XI AD. d. an official notice "on the transfer of V. I. Lenin's earnings, expressed in Soviet signs, to commodity rubles." Since now few people remember the dizzying puzzle that such transfers were, and the very fall of the currency seems fabulous, then in order to explain all these complex manipulations, we find it necessary to give here the full explanations of the Monetary Board. “Regarding 1918 and 1919,” they inform me, “there are all-Union and Moscow indices of the Central Bureau of Labor Statistics of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, published in the bulletin of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, the Central Statistical Service and the TNKT No 1 dated 1 / XII - 1922. These indices were not calculated in 1918 and 19, and later based on materials on prices for these years. The state of the commodity market in 1918 and 1919 was such that materials on prices cannot, of course, be regarded as adequately expressing the average prices of commodities. In the absence of official exchange rates for the gold ruble in Soviet signs for these years, we have to use the Stat index. Labor of the Central Council of Trade Unions for all transfers of paper banknotes into hard rubles for this period.

“When recalculating the earnings of V. I. Lenin into commodity rubles, the Moscow Index of Labor Statistics of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions was taken as a basis.

“It is not possible to transfer paper money into hard rubles for each date separately; since the indices are calculated only on the 1st day of the month and the averages for the month. Therefore, when recalculating, one or another index was used, depending on the closer proximity to the corresponding date, or the average monthly.

“Data on the income received by V. I. Lenin for 1918 in commodity rubles was calculated not by transferring the total annual amount according to the average annual index, but as the sum of the salary received and literary earnings in hard rubles by months.

“The enumeration produced by these methods gives the following results:

According to the transfer of the Currency Board, this total income of Vladimir Ilyich (24,683 rubles 33 kopecks) was equal in hard rubles to only 266 rubles. 4 k.! Thus, at that time, the salary of the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars averaged eight rubles 75 kopecks per month. A figure that is very interesting and characteristic of a time shaken by the revolution. The entire average monthly income (salary and literary earnings) at that time for Vladimir Ilyich reached twenty-two rubles 16 kopecks per month in hard rubles.

This "Statement" was sent by the Administration of the Council of People's Commissars with the following paper:

R.S.F.S.R.

Case Management

Council of People's Commissars.

Moscow Kremlin.

№ 5761

I am forwarding with this a statement on the income received by the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin), who lives in the Kremlin in the building of the former. Judicial Ordinances. Attached to this statement is an official statement from the Department of Affairs of the Council of People's Commissars dated September 16, 2009. for No. 5744 on the money he received in payment of the salary appropriated to him from January 1, 1918 to January 1, 1919 in the amount of 9683 rubles. 33 kop. (nine thousand six hundred and eighty three rubles. 33 kopecks) 2) official certificate of the Book Publishing House and the Kommunist Book Store of the Central Committee of the R. K. P. dated September 17, No. 1005 for the amount of the fee received by V. I. Lenin during 1918 for his books in the amount of 15,000 (fifteen thousand rubles)

Managing Director of the Council of People's Commissars Vlad. Bonch-Bruevich

It took us a week to collect all this information. And this week Vladimir Ilyich repeatedly reminded me and hurried me with this matter, since he considered it necessary and necessary to carry out all the laws in the most exact way. He calmed down only when I informed him that all this correspondence had been handed over to the district income inspector on receipt.

Vlad. Bonch-Bruevich

N. K. Krupskaya (Ulyanova) published several books at the Life and Knowledge publishing house, which I was in charge of and which, merging with other party publications, formed, by decision of the Party Central Committee, a new publishing house. Kommunist ", where Nadezhda Konstantinovna also published her books.

In the hard currency of that time, this amounted, according to the calculation of the Currency Board, to only 6 rubles.

http://yroslav1985.livejournal.com/146807.html

"I All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (WHAT???)

Decree

On the establishment of the Council of People's Commissars

form to rule the country (what???), until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, a provisional workers' and peasants' government, which will be called the Council of People's Commissars. The management of individual branches of state life is entrusted to commissions, the composition of which should ensure the implementation of the program proclaimed by the Congress, in close unity with the mass organizations of workers, working women, sailors, soldiers, peasants and employees. Government power is vested in the collegium of chairmen of these commissions, i.e., Council of People's Commissars.

Control over the activities of the People's Commissars and the right to remove them belongs to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies and its Central. Use Committee.

At present, the Council of People's Commissars is composed of the following persons:

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars - Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin).

People's Commissars:

for internal affairs - A. I. Rykov;

agriculture - V. P. Milyutin;

labor - A. G. Shlyapnikov;

for military and naval affairs - a committee consisting of: V. A. Avseenko (Antonov), N. V. Krylenko and P. E. Dybenko;

for trade and industry - V. P. Nogin;

public education - A. V. Lunacharsky;

finance - I. I. Skvortsov (Stepanov);

for foreign affairs - L. D. Bronstein (Trotsky);

justice - G. I. Oppokov (Lomov);

for food affairs - I. A. Teodorovich;

post and telegraph - N. P. Avilov (Glebov);

on affairs of nationalities - I. V. Dzhugashvili (Stalin);

The post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs is temporarily left unfilled.

Most impressive is the word: "country", of course, immediately after the title - the deputies do not know what territory!

WIKI about SNK: "

Immediately before the seizure of power on the day of the revolution, the Bolshevik Central Committee instructed Kamenev and Winter (Berzin) to enter into political contact with the Left SRs and begin negotiations with them on the composition of the future government. During the work of the Second Congress of Soviets, the Bolsheviks offered the Left SRs to enter the government, but they refused. The factions of the Right Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks left the Second Congress of Soviets at the very beginning of its work, before the formation of the government. The Bolsheviks were forced to form a one-party government.

The Council of People's Commissars was formed in accordance with the "", adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies on October 27, 1917. The decree began with the words:

To form for the administration of the country, until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, a provisional workers' and peasants' government, which will be called the Council of People's Commissars.

The Council of People's Commissars lost the character of a temporary governing body after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, which was legally enshrined in the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918. The right to form the Council of People's Commissars was given to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee; The Council of People's Commissars was the body of general administration of the affairs of the RSFSR, which had the right to issue decrees, while the All-Russian Central Executive Committee had the right to cancel or suspend any decision or decision of the Council of People's Commissars.

The issues considered by the Council of People's Commissars were decided by a simple majority of votes. The meetings were attended by members of the government, the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the manager of affairs and secretaries of the Council of People's Commissars, and representatives of departments.

The permanent working body of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was the administration of affairs, which prepared questions for meetings of the Council of People's Commissars and its standing committees, and received delegations. The staff of the administration in 1921 consisted of 135 people (according to the data of the TsGAOR of the USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 2, ll. 19 - 20.).

By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR dated March 23, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was transformed into the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR.

Legislative base of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR

management of the general affairs of the RSFSR

management of individual branches of government (art. 35, 37)

The people's commissar had the right to single-handedly make decisions on all issues under the jurisdiction of the commissariat led by him, bringing them to the attention of the collegium (Article 45).

With the formation of the USSR in December 1922 and the creation of an all-union government, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR became the executive and administrative body of state power of the Russian Federation.

He was first elected at the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets on November 8 (October 26, old style), 1917, under the chairmanship of Vladimir Lenin, as a temporary workers' and peasants' government (until the Constituent Assembly was convened). Management of individual branches of state life was carried out by commissions. Government power belonged to the board of chairmen of these commissions, that is, the Council of People's Commissars. Control over the activities of people's commissars and the right to remove them belonged to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies and its Central Executive Committee (CEC).

After the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, the Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets on January 31 (January 18, old style), 1918, decided to abolish the word "provisional" in the name of the Soviet government, calling it the "Workers' and Peasants' Government of the Russian Soviet Republic."

According to the constitution of the RSFSR of 1918, adopted by the Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets on July 10, 1918, the government was called the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

In connection with the formation of the USSR in December 1922, a union government was created - the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, chaired by Vladimir Lenin (first approved at the second session of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR in July 1923).

In accordance with the Constitution of the USSR of 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the executive and administrative body of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, formed by a decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR for the term of office of the Central Executive Committee, the Council of People's Commissars of the union and autonomous republics - the Central Executive Committee of the corresponding republics. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR had to regularly report on the work done at the Congresses of Soviets of the USSR and sessions of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.

The organization of direct management of the national economy and all other branches of state life was assigned to the competence of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. This leadership was carried out through the central sectoral bodies - non-united (union) and united (union-republican) people's commissariats of the USSR. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR supervised the activities of the people's commissariats, considered their reports, settled disagreements between individual departments. He approved concession agreements, resolved disputes between the Councils of People's Commissars of the Union republics, considered protests and complaints against decisions of the USSR Council of Labor and Defense and other institutions under it, against the orders of people's commissars, approved the states of all-Union institutions, and appointed their leaders.

The jurisdiction of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR included the adoption of measures to implement the national economic plan and the state budget and to strengthen the monetary system, to ensure public order, to exercise general leadership in the field of external relations with foreign states, etc.

Legislative work was also assigned to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR: it preliminary considered draft decrees and resolutions, which were then submitted for approval by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and its presidium; .

The Constitution of 1936 made an addition to the definition of the place of government in the state mechanism. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was defined as "the highest executive and administrative body of state power." In the Constitution of 1924, the word "supreme" was absent.
According to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Council of People's Commissars of the Union and Autonomous Republics were formed respectively by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Supreme Soviets of the Union and Autonomous Republics.

The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was formally responsible to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (SC) and accountable to it, and in the period between sessions of the SC, it was responsible to the Presidium of the USSR SC, to which it was accountable. The Council of People's Commissars could issue resolutions and orders binding on the entire territory of the USSR on the basis of and in pursuance of existing laws and check their implementation.

Orders, as state acts, began to be issued by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR since 1941.

For the successful implementation of the functions assigned to it, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR could create committees, departments, commissions and other institutions.

Subsequently, a large network of special departments for various branches of government, operating under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, arose.

Vladimir Lenin (1923-1924), Alexei Rykov (1924-1930), Vyacheslav Molotov (1930-1941), Joseph Stalin (1941-1946) were the chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

In the post-war period, in order to introduce the names generally accepted in international state practice, by the law of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of March 15, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was transformed into the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the people's commissariats into ministries.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources

1. Organize the Solovetsky forced labor camp for special purposes and two transit and distribution points in Arkhangelsk and Kem.
2. Organization and management specified in art. I entrust the camp and transit and distribution points to the OGPU.
3. All land, buildings, living and dead inventory, which previously belonged to the former Solovetsky Monastery, as well as the Pertominsk camp and the Arkhangelsk transit and distribution center, should be transferred free of charge to the OGPU.
4. Simultaneously transfer to the use of the OGPU the radio station located on the Solovetsky Islands.
5. To oblige the OGPU to immediately start organizing the work of prisoners for the use of agricultural, fishing, forestry and other industries and enterprises, freeing them from paying state and local taxes and fees.

Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR Rykov
Business Manager of the SNK Gorbunov
Secretary Fotieva

Right:
Secretary of the Special Department at the OGPU I.Filippov

Copy from copy is correct:
Secretary of Sollagers ON OGPU Vaskov

List of surnames of members of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR who adopted the Resolution "On the organization of the Solovetsky forced labor camp"

Not being "people's" commissars, two more comrades had a hand in preparing documents and decisions:

And finally, the fidelity of the document to the Decree (or the correctness of the Decree in the document?) was confirmed by comrades from the "authorities":

Filipov I. | Rodion Vaskov

"People's" commissars at the time of the creation of SLON:
half of them will die from the bullet of "comrades-in-arms"

"Do not be afraid of enemies - in the worst case, they can kill you. Do not be afraid of friends - in the worst case, they can betray you. Be afraid of the indifferent - they do not kill or betray, but only with their tacit consent there are betrayals and murders on earth." ( Yasensky Bruno)

Beloborodov Alexander Georgievich(1891 -1938) - The regicide, signed the decision to execute the royal family. He replaced Dzerzhinsky as People's Commissar of the VnuDel of the RSFSR (08/30/1923). Under him, the Administration of the Northern Camps was located on Solovki. Shot.

Bogdanov Petr(1882-1939) - Soviet statesman, engineer. Member of the RSDLP since 1905. In 1917 before. Gomel Revolutionary Committee. Member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1927-30. Member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Central Executive Committee of the USSR. In 1937 he was arrested. Shot.

Bryukhanov Nikolay(1878 - 1938) - Soviet statesman. People's Commissar of Food of the USSR (1923-1924), Deputy People's Commissar of Finance of the USSR (1924-1926), People's Commissar of Finance of the USSR (1926-1930). On February 3, 1938, he was arrested. Shot.

Dzerzhinsky Felix(1877 - 1926) - Soviet statesman. Polish nobleman. The head of a number of people's commissariats, the founder of the Cheka, one of the organizers of the "Red Terror", who believed that "the Cheka must defend the revolution, even if its sword accidentally falls on the heads of the innocent."

Dovgalevsky Valerian(1885 - 1934) - Soviet statesman, diplomat. Member of the Communist Party since 1908, electrical engineer. Since 1921 People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs of the RSFSR, in 1923 Deputy People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs of the USSR. He was a member of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Died. Buried near the Kremlin wall.

Kamenev (Rosenfeld) Leo(1883 - 1936) From an educated Russian-Jewish family, the son of a machinist. September 14, 1922 appointed deputy. Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (V. Lenin) of the RSFSR. In 1922, it was he who proposed to appoint Joseph Stalin as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). In 1936 he was convicted. Shot.

Krasin Leonid(1870 - 1926) He is Nikitich, Horse, Johanson, Winter, Kurgan. Soviet statesman. Born in the family of a petty official. In 1923 he became the first People's Commissar for Foreign Trade of the USSR. Died in London. Buried near the Kremlin wall.

Krestinsky (?) Nikolay(1883-1938), member of the party since 1903. From the nobility, the son of a gymnasium teacher. Since 1918, People's Commissar for Finance of the RSFSR. In May 1937 he was arrested. The only one refused to admit his guilt: "I also did not commit any of those crimes that are personally charged to me." Sentenced and shot in 1938.

Kursky Dmitry(1874 - 1932), People's Commissar of Justice of the RSFSR, the first prosecutor of the RSFSR. Born in the family of a railway engineer. In 1918 he was a member of the commission for the organization of intelligence agencies in Soviet Russia (together with Dzerzhinsky and Stalin). Member of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (1921) and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR (1923). Committed suicide (1932).

Lenin Vladimir(1870 - 1924), Soviet politician and statesman, revolutionary, founder of the Bolshevik Party, one of the organizers and leaders of the October rebellion of 1917, chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (government) of the RSFSR and the USSR. The main organizer of the SLON.

Lunacharsky Anatoly(1875 - 1933), - Soviet writer, politician, translator, publicist, critic, art critic. Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1930), People's Commissar of Education (1917-1929). Died in France. Buried near the Kremlin wall.

Orakhelashvili Mamia (Ivan)(1881 - 1937) - Soviet party leader. Born into a noble family. He studied at the medical faculty of Kharkov University. From July 6, 1923 to May 21, 1925 - Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. In April 1937 he was exiled to Astrakhan. In 1937 he was arrested and shot.

Rykov Alexey(1875 - 1938), party member since 1898. Born in Saratov. Since 1921, deputy. Prev. SNK and STO of the RSFSR, in 1923-1924 - USSR and RSFSR. Signed a decree on the creation of the SLON. Expelled from the party (1937) and arrested. Shot on March 15, 1938.

Semashko Nikolai(1874 - 1949) - Soviet party and statesman. Nephew of the revolutionary G. Plekhanov. In Switzerland he met Lenin (1906). Since 1918 People's Commissar of Health of the RSFSR. Professor, Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1944) and APN of the RSFSR (1945). Died a natural death.

Sokolnikov Grigory (Brilliant Hirsch)(1888 - 1939) - Soviet state. figure. Member and can. to the Politburo (1917, 1924-1925). People's Commissar for Finance of the RSFSR (1922) and the USSR (1923-1926). Arrested and sentenced to 10 years in prison (1937). According to the official version, he was killed by prisoners in the Verkhneuralsk political isolator (1939) .. Shot on 07/29/1937, the corpse was burned. The ashes were thrown into a pit at the cemetery of the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow.

All these comrades are commissars of the Council of People's Commissars, members of the government - the same Leninist government that launched the state mechanism of terror with the first stop at Solovki, in SLON. All these "comrades" are directly involved in the adoption of the Resolution. Active position or criminal connivance. Question for the Court: what did each of them do on November 2, 1923?

The SNK is the highest government body that exercised executive power in Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1946. This abbreviation stands for Council of People's Commissars, since this institution consisted of the heads of people's commissariats. This body first existed in Russia, but after the formation of the Soviet Union in 1922, similar entities were formed in other republics. The following year after the end of the war, it was transformed into the Council of Ministers.

emergence

The Council of People's Commissars is a government that was originally created as a temporary body of representatives of peasants, soldiers and workers. It was assumed that it was to function until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly. The origin of the name of the term is unknown. There are points of view that it was proposed either by Trotsky or Lenin.

The Bolsheviks planned its formation even before the October Revolution. They invited the Left SRs to join the new political entity, but they refused, as did the Mensheviks and the Right SRs, so a one-party government was convened as a result. However, after the Constituent Assembly was dissolved, it turned out that it became permanent. The Council of People's Commissars is a body that was formed by the country's highest legislative institution - the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.

Functions

He was in charge of the general management of all the affairs of the new state. It could issue decrees, which, however, could be suspended by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Decisions in this governing body were made very simply - by a majority of votes. At the same time, the chairman of the mentioned legislative institution, as well as members of the government, attended the meetings. The Council of People's Commissars is an institution that included a special department for managing cases that prepares questions for consideration. His staff was quite impressive - 135 people.

Peculiarities

Legally, the powers of the Council of People's Commissars were fixed by the Soviet Constitution of 1918, which stated that the body should be engaged in the management of general affairs in the state, in some sectors.

In addition, the document stated that the Council of People's Commissars should issue bills and regulations necessary for the proper functioning of public life in the country. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee controlled all adopted resolutions and, as mentioned above, could suspend their action. In total, 18 commissariats were formed, the main ones were dedicated to military, foreign and maritime affairs. The people's commissar was directly in charge of the administration and could single-handedly make decisions. After the formation of the USSR, the Council of People's Commissars began to perform not only executive, but also administrative functions.

Compound

The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was formed in very difficult conditions of political change and the struggle for power. A. Lunacharsky, who took the post of the first people's commissar of education, argued that its composition turned out to be random. V. Lenin had a great influence on his work. Many of its members were not specialists in the fields they were supposed to lead. In the 1930s, many members of the government were repressed. According to experts, the Council of People's Commissars consisted of representatives of the intelligentsia, while the Bolshevik Party declared that this body should be workers' and peasants'.

The interests of the proletariat were represented by only two people, which subsequently gave rise to the so-called workers' opposition, which demanded representation. In addition to the above layers, the working group of the institution included nobles, petty officials, the so-called petty-bourgeois elements.

In general, the national composition of the SNK is still controversial among scientists. Among the most famous politicians who held positions in this body, there are such names as Trotsky, who was in charge of foreign affairs, Rykov (he was in charge of the internal affairs of the young state), as well as Antonov-Ovseenko, who served as People's Commissar for Naval Affairs . The first chairman of the Council of People's Commissars is Lenin.

change

After the formation of the new Soviet state, there were changes in this body. From a Russian institution, it turned into an all-Union government. At the same time, his powers were distributed among the allied authorities. Local republican councils were created on the ground. In 1924, the Russian and All-Union bodies formed a single department for affairs. In 1936, this governing body was transformed into the Council of Ministers, which performed the same function as the Council of People's Commissars.