Basic blood test indicators in adults. UAC. Full transcript and norms. Lymphocytes are divided into

Description

Determination method See description

Material under study Whole blood (with EDTA)

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The study includes determination of hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value, concentration of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, as well as calculation of erythrocyte indices (MCV, RDW, MCH, MCHC).

Blood consists of a liquid part (plasma) and cellular, formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets). The composition and concentration of cellular elements in the blood change under various physiological and pathological conditions: dehydration, inflammation, bacterial or viral infections, disorders in the hematopoietic system, bleeding, intoxication, cancer, etc. A general blood test allows you to get an idea of ​​the volumetric ratio of cellular elements and liquid part of blood (hematocrit), the content of certain types of blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets), hemoglobin concentration, the main characteristics of erythrocytes (erythrocyte indices). A complete blood count is one of the basic clinical tests.

Hemoglobin (Hb, Hemoglobin)

Hemoglobin is a respiratory pigment in the blood, which is found in red blood cells and is involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The hemoglobin content in the blood of men is slightly higher than that of women. In children of the first year of life, a physiological decrease in hemoglobin concentration may be observed. A pathological decrease in blood hemoglobin (anemia) may be a consequence of increased losses during various types of bleeding, the result of accelerated destruction of red blood cells, and impaired formation of red blood cells. Anemia can be either an independent disease or a symptom of a chronic disease.

Hematocrit (Ht, Hematocrit)

Hematocrit is the percentage of all formed elements (quantitatively, mainly red blood cells) of the total blood volume.

Red blood cells (RBC, Red Blood Cells)

Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are highly specialized nuclear-free blood cells filled with a respiratory pigment - the iron-containing protein hemoglobin. The main function of red blood cells is oxygen transport. They are formed in the red bone marrow. The formation of red blood cells is stimulated by erythropoietin, synthesized in the kidneys (in increased quantities during hypoxia). For normal hemoglobin synthesis and the formation of red blood cells, vitamin B12 and folic acid are necessary, and there must be a sufficient supply of iron. Normally, the lifespan of an erythrocyte in the bloodstream is 120 days. Red blood cells are destroyed in the spleen and reticuloendothelial system. Determination of the number of red blood cells, in combination with the study of hemoglobin content, assessment of hematocrit and characteristics of red blood cells (erythrocyte indices) is used in the differential diagnosis of anemia.

MCV (Mean Cell volume, average volume of red blood cells)

A calculated indicator reflecting the average volume of red blood cells, which is used in the diagnosis of anemia (microcytic, macrocytic, normocytic). With pronounced anisocytosis (the presence of cells with different volumes), as well as the presence of a large number of red blood cells with an altered shape, this indicator is of limited value.

A calculated indicator reflecting the degree of anisocytosis (heterogeneity of red blood cells by volume). Used for differential diagnosis and monitoring of treatment of anemia of various origins.

MCH (Mean Cell Hemoglobin, average hemoglobin content in red blood cells)

A calculated indicator reflecting the average hemoglobin content in 1 cell (erythrocyte). Used, like MCV, for the differential diagnosis of anemia.

MCHC (Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration, mean hemoglobin concentration in red blood cells)

Concentration index is a calculated indicator reflecting the average concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells. A sensitive indicator of changes in hemoglobin formation - in particular, in iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, and some hemoglobinopathies.

Platelets (PLT, Platelets)

Platelets are anucleate cells that, in their granules and on the surface, contain many active substances and some coagulation factors that enter the blood when platelets are activated. Platelets are capable of aggregation (connecting with each other) and adhesion (sticking to a damaged vascular wall), which allows them to form a temporary clot and stop bleeding in small vessels. Formed in red bone marrow. The lifespan of a platelet in the bloodstream is 7 - 10 days. A decrease in platelet count can occur either due to increased platelet consumption or due to insufficient production. Clinical manifestations (increased bleeding, up to life-threatening conditions) occur when the platelet concentration is less than 50*10 3 cells/μl.

Leukocytes (WBC, White Blood Cells)

Leukocytes (white blood cells) are nucleated blood cells involved in the recognition and neutralization of foreign elements, the elimination of altered and decaying cells of the body’s own, and various immune and inflammatory reactions. This is the basis of the body's antimicrobial defense. They are formed in the red bone marrow and organs of the lymphatic system. There are different types of blood leukocytes, their functions and residence time in the circulating blood differ (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, see test). The study of the number of leukocytes is used in the diagnosis and monitoring of therapy for a wide variety of diseases.

Determination methods: SYSMEX hematology analyzers: SYSMEX XS 800i, SYSMEX XT 2000i, SYSMEX XE 2100 (SYSMEX Corporation, Japan):

• hemoglobin - colorimetric method using sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS, Sodium Lauryl Sulfate);
• erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, hematocrit - cell-specific lysis and automatic cell counting using conductometry and hydrodynamic focusing;
• erythrocyte indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC) – calculated indicators.

A calculated indicator reflecting the degree of anisocytosis (heterogeneity of red blood cells by volume). Used for differential diagnosis and monitoring of treatment of anemia of various origins. A calculated indicator reflecting the average hemoglobin content in 1 cell (erythrocyte). Used, like MCV, for the differential diagnosis of anemia. Concentration index is a calculated indicator reflecting the average concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells. A sensitive indicator of changes in hemoglobin formation - in particular, in iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, and some hemoglobinopathies.

Platelets are anucleate cells that, in their granules and on the surface, contain many active substances and some coagulation factors that enter the blood when platelets are activated. Platelets are capable of aggregation (connecting with each other) and adhesion (sticking to a damaged vascular wall), which allows them to form a temporary clot and stop bleeding in small vessels. Formed in red bone marrow. The lifespan of a platelet in the bloodstream is 7 - 10 days. A decrease in platelet count can occur either due to increased platelet consumption or due to insufficient production. Clinical manifestations (increased bleeding, up to life-threatening conditions) occur when the platelet concentration is less than 50*10 cells/μl. Leukocytes (white blood cells) are nucleated blood cells involved in the recognition and neutralization of foreign elements, the elimination of altered and decaying cells of the body’s own, and various immune and inflammatory reactions. This is the basis of the body's antimicrobial defense. They are formed in the red bone marrow and organs of the lymphatic system. There are different types of blood leukocytes, their functions and residence time in the circulating blood differ (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, see test). The study of the number of leukocytes is used in the diagnosis and monitoring of therapy for a wide variety of diseases.

Preparation

It is preferable to take blood in the morning on an empty stomach, after 8-14 hours of overnight fasting (you can drink water), it is acceptable during the day 4 hours after a light meal.

On the eve of the study, it is necessary to exclude increased psycho-emotional and physical stress (sports training), and alcohol intake.

Indications for use

• Screening examinations as part of preventive, dispensary observation.
• Basic examinations during hospitalization in therapeutic and surgical hospitals,
• Diagnosis of anemia.
• Diagnosis of inflammatory and infectious diseases.
• Diagnosis of diseases of the blood system.
• Monitoring of therapy and the course of various diseases.

Interpretation of results

Interpretation of research results contains information for the attending physician and is not a diagnosis. The information in this section should not be used for self-diagnosis or self-treatment. The doctor makes an accurate diagnosis using both the results of this examination and the necessary information from other sources: medical history, results of other examinations, etc.

Hemoglobin (Hb, hemoglobin)

Units of measurement in the INVITRO laboratory: g/dl.

Alternative units: g/l.

Conversion factor: g/l x 0.1 ==> g/dl.

Reference values

Increased hemoglobin levels:

1. erythremia.

1. anemia of various etiologies;
2. overhydration.

Units of measurement in the Independent Laboratory INVITRO: %.

Reference values

Increased hematocrit:

1. dehydration (with severe diarrhea, vomiting, increased sweating, diabetes, burn disease, peritonitis);
2. physiological erythrocytosis (in residents of high mountains, pilots, athletes);
3. symptomatic erythrocytosis (with insufficiency of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, polycystic kidney disease);
4. erythremia.

1. anemia of various etiologies;
2. overhydration.

Red blood cells

Units of measurement in the Independent Laboratory INVITRO: million/μl (10 6 /μl).

Alternative units: 10 12 cells/l.

Conversion factors: 10 12 cells/l = 10 6 cells/μl = million/μl.

Reference values

Increased red blood cell concentration:

1. dehydration (with severe diarrhea, vomiting, increased sweating, diabetes, burn disease, peritonitis);
2. physiological erythrocytosis (in residents of high mountains, pilots, athletes);
3. symptomatic erythrocytosis (with insufficiency of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, polycystic kidney disease);
4. erythremia.

Decreased red blood cell concentration:

1. anemia of various etiologies;
2. overhydration.

MCV (mean erythrocyte volume)

Units of measurement in the Independent Laboratory INVITRO: fl (femtoliter).

Reference values

1. aplastic anemia;
2. liver diseases;
3. hypothyroidism;
4. autoimmune anemia;

Reducing MCV values:

1. Iron-deficiency anemia;
2. thalassemia;
3. some types of hemoglobinopathies.

It should be taken into account that the MCV value is not specific; the indicator should be used to diagnose anemia only in combination with other indicators of a general blood test and biochemical blood test.

RDW (Red cell Distribution Width, distribution of red blood cells by size)

Determination method: calculated value

Units of measurement in the Independent Laboratory INVITRO: %

Reference values

< 6 мес. - 14,9 - 18,7

> 6 months - 11.6 – 14.8

Increasing RDW values:

anemia with heterogeneity of red blood cell size, including those associated with nutrition; myelodysplastic, megaloblastic and sideroblastic types; anemia accompanying myelophthisis; homozygous thalassemia and some homozygous hemoglobinopathies;

a significant increase in the number of reticulocytes (for example, due to successful treatment of anemia);

condition after red blood cell transfusion;

interference　 – cold agglutinins, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (high number of leukocytes), hyperglycemia.

There are also a number of anemias that are not characterized by an increase in RDW:

anemia of chronic diseases;

anemia due to acute blood loss;

aplastic anemia

some genetically determined diseases (thalassemia, congenital spherocytosis, presence of hemoglobin E).

It should be taken into account that the value of the RDW indicator is not specific; the indicator should be used for diagnosing anemia only in combination with other indicators of a general blood test and biochemical blood test.

MCH (average amount of hemoglobin in 1 red blood cell)

Determination method: calculated value.

Units of measurement and conversion factors: pg (picograms).

Reference values

Increasing MCH values:

1. B 12 - deficiency and folate deficiency anemia;
2. aplastic anemia;
3. liver diseases;
4. hypothyroidism;
5. autoimmune anemia;
6. smoking and drinking alcohol.

MCH Downgrade:Children

1. pregnancy;
2. B12 deficiency and folate deficiency anemia;
3. aplastic anemia;
4. taking medications that inhibit platelet production;
5. congenital thrombocytopenia;
6. splenomegaly;
7. autoimmune diseases;
8. conditions after massive blood transfusions.

Determination method: conductometry using the hydrodynamic focusing method.

Units of measurement in the INVITRO Independent Laboratory: thousand/µl (10 3 cells/µl).

1. viral and some chronic infections;
2. taking medications (antibiotics, cytostatics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, thyreostatics, etc.);
3. autoimmune diseases;
4. exposure to ionizing radiation;
5. wasting and cachexia;
6. anemia;
7. splenomegaly;
8. hemoblastoses.

The results of blood tests show an overall picture of the health status of a particular person. This type of analysis is required in all surveys. Of course, the doctor should decipher it, but it would also be nice for the patient to know what indicators of the biochemical blood test, and, of course, the general one, exist, what they can mean, how they are connected and correlated with each other, etc. In this article you will learn about all the indicators of general and biochemical blood tests, as well as what norm is provided for each of them.

A general blood test (which is just as familiar to many of us as a clinical test) is taken from the blood of a finger or vein. The study of such biological material is carried out in the morning on an empty stomach, or during the day, but provided that the person did not eat or drink for 2 hours before blood sampling.

In different laboratories, the forms and tables of results may differ, but the normal indicators themselves are always the same. This article will present the indicators of the Russian standard, which are found in most public and private medical institutions.

An adult can easily read the results of a general blood test, because each form has a column where it is customary to indicate the standard normal value, and a column for the individual results obtained. It is enough just to compare them. But! Most people, seeing that the result is different from the norm, begin to panic. This cannot be done, because there are many reasons for such phenomena, for example, increased hemoglobin occurs in people who drink little water, or an increased number of leukocytes is often found in those who engage in sports or fitness due to physical activity. And those who smoke or take oral contraceptives may have lower hemoglobin and increased platelet counts. Those. These are also variants of the norm. That’s why it’s so important to go to the hospital with the test results so that the readings are deciphered and assessed by a qualified specialist. People with medical education know the designation of each analysis, and therefore know how to “read” them correctly, taking into account all the factors.

So, we bring to your attention: a table of CBC (complete blood count) indicators.

Biochemical blood test indicators

A biochemical blood test is much more complex, and it is prescribed when any disease is suspected. Doctors also recommend taking it as a preventive test during a comprehensive examination of the body. This type of analysis shows how well the organs - liver, pancreas, kidneys, heart, etc. - are working. Blood is taken only from a vein 6-12 hours after eating, i.e. It is optimal to draw blood in the morning on an empty stomach. Here you also need to take into account individual characteristics. For example, increased urea levels can be found after playing sports.

Table of biochemical blood test indicators.

In addition to the indicators presented in the table, the following may also appear:

How to recognize an infection using a blood test?

To determine an accurate diagnosis if you suspect various types of infections, inflammation, acidification of the body, or oncology, you need to take a general blood test with a leukocyte formula. The results will include the following indicators:

A complete blood count (CBC) is the first blood test that a patient takes after being examined by a doctor, in addition to other additional tests.

This blood test is very important and is prescribed for almost every disease.

Using the CBC, you can assess the general condition of a person, since its results determine the quantitative indicator of different types of cells in the human blood, as well as their ratio and recording of their main parameters.

Blood testing is a laboratory test and is the most commonly used.

When making a diagnosis, a clinical blood test plays an important role. Blood is taken from a finger, and such a study is carried out in almost every structure.

The only exceptions are highly specialized laboratories. To get the most correct results, you need to adhere to certain preparation rules.

Preparing for analysis

To avoid false indicators in the final results table, it is recommended to follow preparation measures. By following the rules listed below, the results will be the most reliable, which will help to correctly diagnose or refute the disease.

• Blood is donated early in the morning, on an empty stomach. To avoid deviations in blood counts caused by various foods that affect the composition of the blood, food intake is limited at least eight hours (preferably more than ten) before the time of blood sampling. That is why the test is taken in the morning, since a person will not feel hungry at night. It is also prohibited to drink any drinks (tea, coffee, soda, energy drinks, etc.). It is allowed to drink clean drinking water, but in small quantities (only in case of severe thirst);
• Refuse to eat fatty, highly salted, spicy, overcooked foods that are difficult for the body for at least twenty-four hours (preferably forty-eight hours). They violate certain blood parameters, which can lead to false diagnosis;
• Stop playing sports and avoid strenuous physical activity as much as possible, it is recommended two days in advance, since physical effects on the body also affect the final results;
• A visit to a sauna, steam bath, or hot bath the day before can lead to fluctuations in normal values. You should avoid visiting places where the body is exposed to thermal effects;
• Limit alcohol intake and cigarette consumption at least one day before the upcoming analysis;
• Stop using medications, at least two days before the analysis. Drugs of certain groups can affect the results of a general blood test. If it is not possible to stop using medications, you must inform your doctor about the use of medications. The doctor will make adjustments to the results, taking into account the effect of a particular drug on human blood;
• Before analysis, do not rub or crush your fingers.. Physical pressure directly on the fingers may interfere with healthy results;
• Come to donate blood 10-15 minutes in advance. This is necessary so that the body calms down, shortness of breath goes away, and the body acclimatizes to the temperature conditions of the room (especially after a cold street).

Female representatives should know the factors under which it is not recommended to take the test, as some indicators may deviate.

These include:

• Menstruation, as well as the painful sensations it causes, can affect the final results of the analysis, leading to a repeat test;
• In pregnant women There is an increase in neutrophilic granulocytes in the blood, which actively fight viral and infectious diseases, and fungal infections. An increase in their indicators may imply a disorder in the immune system;
• During ovulation eosinophils decline, but the number of leukocytes in the blood increases.

It is necessary to adhere to all of the above recommendations in order to get the correct analysis result the first time.

How is OAC performed?

After following all the rules for preparing for the test, the patient needs to come to the hospital, or private clinic, laboratory, to donate blood. The choice of structure where the patient will donate blood depends on the doctor’s prescription or the patient’s personal preferences.

Blood testing is carried out by placing it in a hemolytic analyzer. To do this, blood is taken from the patient, in most cases, venous (from a vein), but capillary blood (from a finger) is also allowed.

Most often, blood is taken in parallel for other tests (biochemical blood test), but the blood is placed in different tubes.

When collecting biological material for a general blood test, it is placed in a vacutainer (a disposable device designed for collecting venous blood - is it flowing?) with an anticoagulant contained in it - ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA).

There are also smaller devices with EDTA; they are used to collect capillary blood from a finger, heel, or earlobe. Such examination methods are mainly used in infants.

Data from studying capillary and venous blood differ slightly. The main difference between taking blood from a vein and blood from a finger is a higher hemoglobin level and a larger number of red blood cells. Doctors know that venous blood is better suited for OAC.

Also, a larger volume of biological material is taken from the vein, which allows the analysis to be repeated in the event of an unsuccessful or questionable study. With a larger volume of blood collected, it can be used for other blood tests if required.

Some people are terrified of having their finger pierced, but do not react at all to the removal from a vein. In such cases, it is difficult to collect biological material, and in some cases the fingers themselves become cold and blue, which prevents normal collection.

Modern devices know how to work with venous and capillary blood, distinguishing between their features. And if the device fails, a specialist can analyze the blood, relying on his own experience and visual changes in the blood.

It is also possible to carry out the analysis using the old method, using a microscope and a visual assessment by a specialist. That is why, with each blood test, some part of it is applied to the glass. After this, it is stained with various active substances, and morphological changes in the blood are observed.

What does UAC define?

It is difficult for a patient, without knowledge of certain abbreviations and norms of indicators, to understand whether his ready-made general blood test indicators are normal.

Today, research is carried out using special devices that themselves record the indicators on the results form, filling it with abbreviations that are incomprehensible to a person without experience, and numbers.

The studied indicators of a general blood test are the following:

What are the normal indicators of UAC?

A qualified attending physician can reliably decipher the results of a general blood test and diagnose possible pathological conditions.

But you can initially determine for yourself whether the indicators are within the normal range using the following table.

The above data is the norm for humans, and differs slightly depending on gender. Fluctuations in indicators can also occur with aging of the body, and are considered normal for a particular age.

UAC standards for children

General blood test values ​​in children differ from similar values ​​in adults. This happens because children’s bodies are just adapting to living conditions. Test levels gradually approach adult levels as adulthood approaches.

Normal values ​​for children are shown in the table below.

An experienced doctor always takes into account the child’s age category, individual characteristics and associated complications.

Correct consideration of all factors influencing indicators helps to correctly diagnose diseases.

The importance of studying red blood cells in the CBC

To fully understand the picture of fluctuations in certain indicators of a general blood test, let’s consider each of them in more detail. The main cells that make up biological material are red blood cells, called red blood cells.

They do not have an internal core and are presented in the form of disc-shaped plates with a flattened middle and convex sides. Thanks to this form, they circulate freely through the blood and can reach the most distant parts of the body through small capillaries.

The study of this indicator is the main one and is fixed at the top, since red blood cells are responsible for a large number of body functions and participate in many of its processes.

Among them are the important ones:

• Respiratory functions of tissues, exchange of gases in them;
• Control and normalization of water-salt blood levels;
• Transportation of immune complexes and antibodies through the circulatory system;
• Taking part in blood clotting processes.

The above tasks are the most important, but red blood cells take part in many more processes.

In order to penetrate into distant tissues, through the smallest capillaries, red blood cells must have suitable shapes, dimensions and a high level of elasticity.

Violation of these parameters may indicate certain types of pathological conditions. That is why a general blood test examines not only the quantitative indicators of red blood cells, but also the qualitative ones.

Inside itself, each red blood cell stores a very important component, consisting of protein and iron, and is called hemoglobin, which is also determined in a general blood test. When the quantitative indicators of red blood cells decline, the amount of hemoglobin also decreases.

It can also decrease when the number of red blood cells is normal, then the quality indicator of red blood cells suffers. They are synthesized empty, and, in a general blood test, a healthy rate of red blood cells is displayed, but a decline in hemoglobin protein.

In the days before the advent of hemolytic analyzers and other blood testing equipment, doctors used special formulas to calculate hemoglobin. Now this work is performed by special devices, displaying the indicators in the results table.

The indicators that are now determined using hardware tests in a general blood test are as follows, in the table below.

The main reasons why the normal balance of red blood cells and their components, in terms of a general blood test, are disrupted are the following:

Features of platelets

Platelets are important cells in the body that are responsible for normal blood clotting. The simplest test of platelets is using a hemolytic analyzer.

Without this device, it is necessary to resort to special staining, so the determination of platelet counts in a general blood test is not done by default, but is included additionally.

Modern equipment distributes platelet cells, counts platelet indices and the total number of blood platelets.

Among the indices are:

An increase in the level of platelets in the blood is called thrombocytosis, and a decrease is called thrombocytopenia.

The main reasons influencing fluctuations in indicators from normal limits are the following, listed in the table below.

What are the features of the ESR indicator?

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is nonspecific, and its violation indicates the presence of a number of pathological conditions. That is why it plays an important role in diagnosing various diseases.

When recording it in a general blood test, the patient’s age category, as well as gender, should be taken into account. Thus, the normal level of erythrocyte sedimentation rate in females differs from the rest by an increase of one and a half times.

In most cases, this result is recorded at the end of the results table. This indicator is studied using high-tech modern equipment, and in its absence, using a Panchenkov tripod, which gives an equally accurate indicator.

The main reasons for deviations in the general blood test and erythrocyte sedimentation rate are given in the table below.

Features of the leukocyte formula in the UAC

This indicator includes a large group of cells examined in a general blood test. What unites them is that they all represent a group of leukocytes. In relation to red blood cells, white blood cells make up a smaller number.

White blood cells are divided into two types:

The calculation of the leukocyte formula is not trusted even to the most technologically advanced apparatus, although the latter provides a large amount of accurate information about other blood parameters.

They do not trust the equipment because it cannot fully record morphological changes in the blood and leukocyte cell apparatus, which can be noticed by the eye of an experienced doctor.

The change is assessed visually, and the equipment is trusted to count the total number of the above-mentioned cells in the blood of both groups. But they can only be determined by high-tech equipment, which not every laboratory has.

Let's look at each of the five subtypes of leukocytes separately, since they have different types that can indicate different diseases.

They are white blood cells that are synthesized by the bone marrow. Their main function is to protect the human body from hostile substances and microbes. Leukocytes are responsible for the normal state of immunity.

This type of leukocyte is divided into several groups.

Among them:

• Young;
• Band;
• Segmented.

Varieties are the same cells, only with different life expectancies. All of them are recorded separately in the table of general blood test results. The main function of neutrophils is to protect the body from bacteria.

They help assess the severity and extent of the inflammatory disease, or damage to the blood synthesis system.

An increase in the quantitative index of neutrophils is recorded in the following pathological conditions listed in the table below.

When diagnosing, they take into account mainly band neutrophils, which shift to the left. In particularly severe conditions of purulent processes, the presence of young forms of neutrophils in the blood is recorded, which are absent with normal indicators of a general blood test.

Monocytes

This microelement is a type of leukocyte in macrophage form, that is, it is their active phase, which absorbs bacteria.

Low levels of this indicator are provoked by the following factors:

• Heavy surgical interventions;
• Use of corticosteroids;
• Tuberculosis;
• Progression of rheumatoid arthritis;
• Syphilis;
• Mononucleosis;
• Other infectious diseases.

Basophils

These cells enter the tissues and are responsible for the release of histamine - the body’s hypersensitive reaction to medications, foods, etc. They contain a large amount of a substance that provokes tissue inflammation.

Basophils take part in the formation of delayed-type immunological inflammatory processes.

Eosinophils

These cells are responsible for the body's allergic reactions. Normal values ​​in a general blood test are levels from zero to five percent. An increase in indicators indicates the presence of allergic inflammation in the body.

An increase in eosinophil levels in a general blood test occurs when the body is affected by worms. It is especially important to take this into account when making a diagnosis in childhood, when the percentage of damage is greatest.

Granulocytes

Granulated leukocytes activate the functioning of the immune system when it is necessary to resist inflammatory, infectious, or allergic processes.

Deviations of which CBC indicators indicate heart pathology?

Particular attention is paid to pathological conditions of the heart, since they are the most dangerous and require special attention.

Deviations in indicators may indicate the following heart disorders, listed in the table below.

Conclusion

In different laboratories, research is carried out differently, depending on the modernity of the equipment.

Diagnosis is not based only on a general blood test, it is only an effective method to suspect a possible disease. The diagnosis occurs after hardware examinations of the body.

You can try to decipher a general blood test at home, but remember that it depends on many factors, so it is better to entrust it to a qualified doctor.

To keep the progression of various diseases under control, it is necessary to undergo a general blood test and a number of other body tests annually. This is done in order to protect yourself from the hidden progression of diseases.

Detection of pathological conditions in the early stages is sometimes the only chance to cure the disease.

In other cases, early diagnosis helps protect yourself from developing severe stages of disease. This significantly saves money on treatment, and prevents the rapid progression of pathologies to forms that can no longer be restored.

Each of us has had to undergo testing at least once in our lives. Therefore, everyone knows how this process occurs. But there are times when we do not know everything about what can and cannot be done before conducting an analysis. A few words about this.

Important Rules

So, refrain from performing x-rays and physiological procedures before laboratory tests. The readings will be affected by excessive mental stress and taking medications the day before, especially intravenously or intramuscularly. If these simple rules are not followed, the results may be erroneous and lead to an incorrect diagnosis.

So, get a good night's sleep and come to the laboratory on an empty stomach. Don't forget to calm down before the fence.

Learning to interpret the results

The alphabet of blood is not that complicated. But for many, normal indicators are a mystery. How can you read them correctly on your own? What should you pay attention to first?

Here and now we will deal with forms, with columns where some elements are listed with numbers.

General blood analysis

So, you already have knowledge, but you certainly cannot prescribe treatment for yourself, adjusting your indicators to the norm.

It should be remembered that our body is a wise system. And in collaboration with an experienced doctor it will be easier to establish all its functions. A blood mirror will significantly help with this.

Clinical blood test (hematological blood test, general blood test) - a medical test that allows you to evaluate the hemoglobin content in the red blood system, the number of red blood cells, color index, the number of leukocytes, platelets, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).

With this analysis it is possible to identify anemia, inflammatory processes, condition of the vascular wall, suspicion of helminthic infestations, malignant processes in the body.
Clinical blood tests are widely used in radiobiology in the diagnosis and treatment of radiation sickness.

A clinical blood test must be performed on an empty stomach.

Interpretation of blood test (main indicators):

How to understand all this?

Hemoglobin Hb (Hemoglobin) — The blood pigment of red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the organs and tissues of the body, and carbon dioxide back to the lungs.

An increase in hemoglobin indicates staying at high altitudes, excessive physical activity, dehydration, blood thickening, excessive smoking (formation of functionally inactive HbCO).
Decline speaks of anemia.

Red blood cells (RBC - red blood cells - red blood cells ) participate in the transport of oxygen to tissues and support biological oxidation processes in the body.

An increase (erythrocytosis) in the number of red blood cells occurs when : neoplasms; polycystic kidney disease; hydrocele of the renal pelvis; the influence of corticosteroids; Cushing's disease and syndrome; treatment with steroids.
Slight relative increase in red blood cell count may be associated with blood thickening due to a burn, diarrhea, or taking diuretics.
A decrease in the content of red blood cells in the blood is observed when: blood loss; anemia; pregnancy; reducing the intensity of red blood cell formation in the bone marrow; accelerated destruction of red blood cells; overhydration.

Color index reflects the relative content of hemoglobin in red blood cells. Used for the differential diagnosis of anemia: normochromic (normal amount of hemoglobin in the red blood cell), hyperchromic (increased), hypochromic (decreased)

Increase CPU happens when: deficiency of vitamin B12 in the body; folic acid deficiency; cancer; polyposis of the stomach.

A decrease in CPU occurs when: iron deficiency anemia; anemia caused by lead intoxication, in diseases with impaired hemoglobin synthesis.
Any inaccuracy associated with the determination of hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV leads to an increase in MCHC, therefore this parameter is used as an indicator of a device error or an error made when preparing a sample for research.

Reticulocytes- young forms of red blood cells, immature. Normally found in the bone marrow. Their excess release into the blood indicates an increased rate of red blood cell formation (due to their destruction or increased need).

The increase indicates increased formation of red blood cells in anemia (blood loss, iron deficiency, hemolytic)

Decrease - about aplastic anemia, kidney diseases; disorders of erythrocyte maturation (B12 folate deficiency anemia)

Platelets (PLT- platelets - blood platelets) are formed from giant cells of the bone marrow. Responsible for blood clotting.

Promotion: polycythemia, myeloid leukemia, inflammatory process, condition after removal of the spleen, surgical operations.

Decrease: thrombocytopenic purpura, systemic autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus), aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, hemolytic disease, isoimmunization by blood group, Rh factor.

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)) - a nonspecific indicator of the pathological condition of the body.

An increase in ESR occurs when: infectious and inflammatory disease; collagenosis; damage to the kidneys, liver, endocrine disorders; pregnancy, postpartum period, menstruation; bone fractures; surgical interventions; anemia.
And also when eating (up to 25 mm/h), pregnancy (up to 45 mm/h).

A decrease in ESR occurs when: hyperbilirubinemia; increased levels of bile acids; chronic circulatory failure; erythremia; hypofibrinogenemia.

Leukocytes (WBC - white blood cells - white blood cells) are responsible for recognizing and neutralizing foreign components, the body's immune defense against viruses and bacteria, and eliminating dying cells of the body's own.
Formed in the bone marrow and lymph nodes. There are 5 types of leukocytes: granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), monocytes and lymphocytes.

An increase (leukocytosis) occurs when: acute inflammatory processes; purulent processes, sepsis; many infectious diseases of viral, bacterial, fungal and other etiologies; malignant neoplasms; tissue injuries; myocardial infarction; during pregnancy (last trimester); after childbirth - during the period of feeding the baby with breast milk; after heavy physical exertion (physiological leukocytosis).

The decrease (leukopenia) is caused by: aplasia, bone marrow hypoplasia; exposure to ionizing radiation, radiation sickness; typhoid fever; viral diseases; anaphylactic shock; Addison-Beermer disease; collagenoses; aplasia and hypoplasia of bone marrow; damage to the bone marrow by chemicals, drugs; hypersplenism (primary, secondary); acute leukemia; myelofibrosis; myelodysplastic syndromes; plasmacytoma; metastases of neoplasms to the bone marrow; pernicious anemia; typhus and paratyphoid.
And also under the influence of certain medications (sulfonamides and some antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, thyreostatics, antiepileptic drugs, antispasmodic oral drugs)

Lymphocytes- the main cells of the immune system. Fight viral infections. They destroy foreign cells and altered own cells (recognize foreign proteins - antigens and selectively destroy cells containing them - specific immunity), release antibodies (immunoglobulins) into the blood - substances that block antigen molecules and remove them from the body.

Increased white blood cell count: viral infections; lymphocytic leukemia

Decrease: acute infections (non-viral), aplastic anemia, systemic lupus erythematosus, immunodeficiency conditions, lymph loss

Decrease: purulent infections, childbirth, surgery, shock.

Basophils leaving the tissues, they turn into mast cells, which are responsible for the release of histamine - a hypersensitivity reaction to food, medications, etc.

Promotion: hypersensitivity reactions, chicken pox, hypothyroidism, chronic sinusitis.

Decrease: hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, ovulation, stress, acute infections.

Monocytes - the largest leukocytes, spend most of their lives in tissues - tissue macrophages. They finally destroy foreign cells and proteins, foci of inflammation, and destroyed tissues. The most important cells of the immune system, the first to encounter an antigen and present it to lymphocytes for the development of a full immune response.

Promotion: viral, fungal, protozoal infections, tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, syphilis, leukemia, systemic connective tissue diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, periarteritis nodosa).

Decrease: aplastic anemia, hairy cell leukemia.

Attention! This information is provided for general development purposes.
You cannot interpret your tests and prescribe treatment on your own.. This can only be done by the attending physician, as many different factors need to be taken into account.