How to do first aid. Bandage on the lower limbs. Airway obstruction

FIRST AID

FIRST AID is the simplest urgent measures necessary to save the life and health of victims of injuries, accidents and sudden illnesses. She is at the scene of the incident before the doctor arrives or the victim is taken to the hospital.

First aid is the beginning of the treatment of injuries, because... it prevents complications such as shock, bleeding, infection, additional displacement of bone fragments and injury to large nerve trunks and blood vessels.

It should be remembered that the further state of health of the victim and even his life largely depends on the timeliness and quality of first aid. For some minor injuries, medical assistance to the victim may be limited only to the scope of first aid. However, for more serious injuries (fractures, dislocations, bleeding, damage to internal organs, etc.), first aid is the initial stage, since after it has been provided, the victim must be taken to a medical facility. First aid is very important, but it will never replace qualified (specialized) medical care if the victim needs it. You should not try to treat the victim - that is a matter for a medical specialist.

DISLOCATION

Dislocation is a displacement of the articular ends of bones, partially or completely disrupting their mutual contact.

SIGNS:

the appearance of intense pain in the affected joint;

dysfunction of the limb, manifested in the inability to perform active movements;

forced position of the limb and deformation of the joint shape;

displacement of the articular head with desolation of the articular capsule and springy fixation of the limb in its abnormal position.

Traumatic joint dislocations require immediate first aid. Timely reduction of a dislocation, with proper subsequent treatment, will lead to complete restoration of the impaired limb function.

FIRST AID should consist, as a rule, of fixing the injured limb, administering an anesthetic and sending the victim to a medical facility. Fixation of the limb is carried out with a bandage or hanging it on a scarf. In case of dislocation of the joints of the lower limb, the victim should be taken to a medical facility in a supine position (on a stretcher), with pillows placed under the limb, its fixation, and the victim given an anesthetic. When providing first aid in unclear cases, when it is not possible to distinguish a dislocation from a fracture, the victim should be treated as if he had an obvious bone fracture.

BLEEDING

Bleeding called effusion of blood from damaged blood vessels. It is one of the frequent and dangerous consequences of wounds, injuries and burns. Depending on the type of damaged vessel, there are: arterial, capillary and venous bleeding.

ARTERIAL BLEEDING occurs when arteries are damaged and is the most dangerous.

SIGNS: scarlet blood flows from the wound in a strong pulsating stream.

FIRST AID is aimed at stopping bleeding, which can be done by elevating the bleeding area, applying a pressure bandage, maximally bending the limb in the joint and squeezing the vessels passing in this area, finger pressure, and applying a tourniquet. The vessel is pressed above the wound, at certain anatomical points, where muscle mass is less pronounced; the vessel passes superficially and can be pressed against the underlying bone. It is better to press not with one, but with several fingers of one or both hands.

For bleeding in the temple area The artery is pressed in front of the earlobe, at the zygomatic bone.

For bleeding in the cheek area the vessels should be pressed to the edge of the lower jaw, in front of the masticatory muscle.

For bleeding from wounds of the face, tongue, scalp The carotid artery is to be pressed against the transverse process of the cervical vertebra, along the anterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, at its middle.

For bleeding in the shoulder area the subclavian artery is pressed under the collarbone to the rib; The axillary artery is pressed in the axilla against the head of the humerus.

For bleeding in the forearm and elbow area press the brachial artery at the inner edge of the biceps brachii muscle (biceps) to the humerus.

For bleeding in the groin area The abdominal aorta is pressed with a fist below and to the left of the navel to the spine.

For bleeding in the thigh area The pressure is applied to the horizontal branch of the pubic bone at a point located below the inguinal ligament.

Finger pressure to temporarily stop bleeding is rarely used, only as an emergency. The most reliable way to temporarily stop severe arterial bleeding in the upper and lower extremities is to apply a hemostatic tourniquet or twist, i.e. circular tugging of a limb. There are several types of hemostatic tourniquets. In the absence of a tourniquet, any available material can be used (rubber tube, trouser belt, scarf, rope, etc.).

The procedure for applying a hemostatic tourniquet:

1. A tourniquet is applied when large arteries of the extremities are damaged above the wound so that it completely compresses the artery.

2. Apply a tourniquet with the limb elevated, placing soft tissue (bandage, clothing, etc.) under it, make several turns until the bleeding stops completely. The coils should lie close to one another so that folds of clothing do not fall between them. The ends of the tourniquet are securely fixed (tied or fastened with a chain and hook). A properly tightened tourniquet should stop the bleeding and the disappearance of the peripheral pulse.

3. A note indicating the time of application of the tourniquet must be attached to the tourniquet.

4. The tourniquet is applied for no more than 1.5-2 hours, and in the cold season the length of stay of the tourniquet is reduced to 1 hour.

5. If it is absolutely necessary to keep the tourniquet on the limb for a longer period of time, loosen it for 5-10 minutes (until the blood supply to the limb is restored), during which time finger pressure is applied to the damaged vessel. This manipulation can be repeated several times, but each time reducing the length of time between manipulations by 1.5-2 times compared to the previous one. The tourniquet should lie so that it is visible. The victim with a tourniquet applied is immediately sent to a medical facility to completely stop the bleeding.

VENOUS BLEEDING occurs when the walls of the veins are damaged.

SIGNS: dark blood flows from the wound in a slow, continuous stream.

FIRST AID is to stop the bleeding, for which it is enough to elevate the limb, bend it at the joint as much as possible, or apply a pressure bandage. This position is given to the limb only after applying a pressure bandage. In case of severe venous bleeding, they resort to pressing the vessel. The damaged vessel is pressed against the bone below the wound. This method is convenient because it can be performed immediately and does not require any equipment.

CAPILLARY BLEEDING is a consequence of damage to the smallest blood vessels (capillaries).

SIGNS: the entire wound surface is bleeding.

FIRST AID involves applying a pressure bandage. A bandage (gauze) is applied to the bleeding area; you can use a clean handkerchief or bleached cloth.

FAINTING

Fainting is a sudden short-term loss of consciousness, accompanied by weakening of the heart and breathing. It occurs with rapidly developing anemia of the brain and lasts from a few seconds to 5-10 minutes or more.

SIGNS. Fainting is expressed in a sudden onset of lightheadedness, dizziness, weakness and loss of consciousness.

Fainting is accompanied by paleness and coldness of the skin. Breathing is slow, shallow, weak and rare pulse (up to 40-50 beats per minute).

FIRST AID. First of all, it is necessary to lay the victim on his back so that his head is slightly lowered and his legs are raised. To make breathing easier, free your neck and chest from constricting clothing. Cover the victim warmly and place a heating pad at his feet. Rub the patient's temples with ammonia and bring a cotton swab soaked in ammonia to his nose, and sprinkle his face with cold water. In case of prolonged fainting, artificial respiration is indicated. After regaining consciousness, give him hot coffee.

FRACTURE

A fracture is a break in the integrity of a bone caused by violence or a pathological process. Open fractures are characterized by the presence of a wound in the fracture area, while closed fractures are characterized by the absence of a violation of the integrity of the integument (skin or mucous membrane). It should be remembered that a fracture may be accompanied by complications: damage to large blood vessels by the sharp ends of bone fragments, which leads to external bleeding (in the presence of an open wound) or interstitial hemorrhage (in a closed fracture); damage to nerve trunks causing shock or paralysis; infection of the wound and development of phlegmon, the occurrence of osteomyelitis or general purulent infection; damage to internal organs (brain, lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, etc.).

SIGNS: severe pain, deformation and impaired motor function of the limb, shortening of the limb, a kind of bone crunch.

For skull fractures Nausea, vomiting, impaired consciousness, slow pulse will be observed - signs of a concussion (bruise) of the brain, bleeding from the nose and ears.

First of all, assistance is provided to those who are suffocating, who have profuse external bleeding, a penetrating wound to the chest or abdomen, who are unconscious or in serious condition.

	Make sure that you and the victim are not in danger. Use medical gloves to protect the victim from body fluids. Carry (lead) the victim to a safe area.
	Determine the presence of a pulse, spontaneous breathing, and the reaction of the pupils to light.
	Ensure patency of the upper respiratory tract.
	Restore breathing and cardiac activity by using artificial respiration and chest compressions.
	Stop external bleeding.
	Apply a sealing bandage to the chest for a penetrating wound.

Only after stopping external bleeding and restoring spontaneous breathing and heartbeat, do the following:

2. Procedure for performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation

2.1. Rules for determining the presence of a pulse, spontaneous breathing and the reaction of the pupils to light (signs of “life and death”)

Proceed to resuscitation only if there are no signs of life (points 1-2-3).

2.2. Sequence of artificial ventilation

Artificial respiration is an emergency first aid measure for drowning, suffocation, electric shock, heatstroke and sunstroke. This is carried out until the victim’s breathing is completely restored.

	Ensure patency of the upper respiratory tract. Using gauze (handkerchief), remove mucus, blood, and other foreign objects from the mouth using a circular motion of your fingers.
	Tilt the victim's head back. (Lift your chin while holding the cervical spine.) Do not perform this if you suspect a fracture of the cervical spine!
	Pinch the victim's nose with your thumb and forefinger. Using a mouth-device-mouth artificial lung ventilation device, seal the mouth cavity and make two maximum, smooth exhalations into his mouth. Allow two to three seconds for each passive exhalation of the victim. Check whether the victim’s chest rises when inhaling and falls when exhaling.

2.3. Rules for closed (indirect) cardiac massage

Cardiac massage is a mechanical effect on the heart after it has stopped in order to restore activity and maintain continuous blood flow until the heart resumes functioning.

SIGNS OF SUDDEN HEART STOP - loss of consciousness, severe pallor, disappearance of the pulse, cessation of breathing or the appearance of rare convulsive breaths, dilation of the pupils.

THE MECHANISM OF EXTERNAL HEART MASSAGE is as follows: with a sharp push-like pressure on the chest, it is displaced by 3-5 cm, this is facilitated by relaxation of the muscles of the victim who is in a state of agony. This movement leads to compression of the heart and it can begin to perform its pumping function - it pushes blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery when compressed, and when expanded, it sucks in venous blood. When performing an external cardiac massage, the victim is placed on his back, on a flat and hard surface (floor, table, ground, etc.), and the belt and collar of his clothes are unfastened.

The person providing assistance, standing on the left side, places the palm of the hand on the lower third of the sternum, places the second palm crosswise on top and applies strong measured pressure towards the spine. Pressures are applied in the form of pushes, at least 60 per minute. When performing a massage on an adult, significant effort is required not only from the hands, but also from the entire body. In children, massage is performed with one hand, and in infants and newborns - with the tips of the index and middle fingers, with a frequency of 100-110 shocks per minute. The displacement of the sternum in children should be within 1.5-2 cm.

The effectiveness of indirect cardiac massage is ensured only in combination with artificial respiration. It is more convenient for two people to carry them out. In this case, the first one makes one blow of air into the lungs, then the second one makes five pressures on the chest. If the victim’s cardiac activity has recovered, the pulse is determined, the face has turned pink, then the cardiac massage is stopped, and artificial respiration is continued in the same rhythm until spontaneous breathing is restored. The issue of stopping measures to provide assistance to the victim is decided by a doctor called to the scene of the incident.

The depth of chest compression should be at least 3-4 cm, 100-110 compressions per minute.

	- for infants, massage is performed using the palmar surfaces of the second and third fingers; - for teenagers - with the palm of one hand; - in adults, the emphasis is placed on the base of the palms, the thumb is directed towards the head (legs) of the victim. The fingers are raised and do not touch the chest.
	Alternate two “breaths” of artificial pulmonary ventilation (ALV) with 15 pressures, regardless of the number of people performing resuscitation.
	Monitor the pulse in the carotid artery, the reaction of the pupils to light (determining the effectiveness of resuscitation measures).

Closed cardiac massage should only be performed on a hard surface!

2.4. Removal of a foreign body from the respiratory tract using the Heimlich maneuver

Signs: The victim suffocates (convulsive breathing movements), is unable to speak, suddenly becomes cyanotic, and may lose consciousness.

Children often inhale parts of toys, nuts, and candies.

	Place the baby on the forearm of your left hand, and clap the palm of your right hand 2-3 times between the shoulder blades. Turn the baby upside down and pick him up by the legs.
	Grab the victim from behind with your hands and clasp them in a “lock” just above his navel, under the costal arch. Press sharply with force - with your hands folded into a “lock” - into the epigastric region. Repeat the series of pressures 3 times. For pregnant women, apply pressure to the lower parts of the chest.
	If the victim is unconscious, sit on top of the hips and sharply press on the costal arches with both palms. Repeat the series of pressures 3 times.
	Remove the foreign object with your fingers wrapped in a napkin or bandage. Before removing a foreign body from the mouth of a victim lying on his back, he must turn his head to the side.

IF, DURING RESUSCIVATION, INDEPENDENT BREATHING, HEARTBEAT DOES NOT RECOVER, AND THE PUPILS REMAIN WIDE FOR 30-40 MINUTES AND THERE IS NO HELP, IT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED THAT THE BIOLOGICAL DEATH OF THE VICTIM HAS OCCURRED.

3. Algorithms for providing first aid to victims of traumatic injuries and emergency conditions

3.1. First aid for external bleeding

One of the most common reasons for providing first aid is injuries (wounds). wounded is called mechanical damage to the integument of the body, often accompanied by damage to the integrity of muscles, nerves, large vessels, bones, internal organs, cavities and joints. Depending on the nature of the damage and the type of wounding object, wounds are cut, punctured, chopped, bruised, crushed, gunshot, lacerated and bitten. Wounds can be superficial, deep, or penetrating into the body cavity.

The causes of injury can be various physical or mechanical influences. Depending on their strength, nature, characteristics and places of application, they can lead to various defects of the skin and mucous membranes, injuries to blood vessels, damage to internal organs, bones, nerve trunks and cause acute pain.

Incised wounds. An incised wound usually gapes, has smooth edges and bleeds profusely. With such a wound, the surrounding tissue is slightly damaged and is less prone to infection.

Puncture wounds are the result of penetration of piercing objects into the body. Puncture wounds often penetrate into cavities (thoracic, abdominal and articular). The shape of the entrance hole and wound channel depends on the type of wounding weapon and the depth of its penetration. Puncture wounds are characterized by a deep canal and often significant damage to internal organs. Internal bleeding in the body cavity is not uncommon. Due to the fact that the wound channel is usually tortuous due to tissue displacement, leaks may form between the tissues and the development of infections.

Chopped wounds. Such wounds are characterized by deep tissue damage, wide gaping, bruising and concussion of surrounding tissue.

Bruised and lacerated wounds characterized by a large number of crushed, bruised, blood-soaked tissues. The bruised blood vessels are thrombosed.

With a gunshot wound the victim needs urgent qualified medical care.

FIRST AID. Any wound should be covered with a bandage, if possible aseptic (sterile). In most cases, the means of applying an aseptic dressing is a medical dressing package, and in its absence - a sterile bandage, cotton wool, lignin and, as a last resort, a clean cloth. If the wound is accompanied by significant bleeding, it is necessary to stop it in any suitable way. In case of extensive soft tissue injuries, bone fractures and injuries to large blood vessels and nerve trunks, immobilization of the limb with standard or improvised means is necessary. The victim must be given an anesthetic and antibiotics. The victim must be taken to a medical facility as quickly as possible.

	Make sure that neither you nor the victim is in danger, put on protective (rubber) gloves, and take the victim out of the affected area.
	Determine the presence of a pulse in the carotid arteries, the presence of spontaneous breathing, and the presence of pupillary reaction to light.
	If there is significant blood loss, place the victim with his legs elevated.
	Stop the bleeding!
	Apply a (clean) aseptic dressing.
	Keep the injured part of the body immobile. Place a cold pack (ice pack) on the bandage over the wound (sore area).
	Place the victim in a stable lateral position.
	Protect the victim from hypothermia by giving plenty of warm, sweet drinks.

Pressure points of arteries

3.2. Methods for temporarily stopping external bleeding

Clamp the bleeding vessel (wound)

Finger pressure on the artery is painful for the victim and requires great endurance and strength from the person providing assistance. Before applying a tourniquet, do not release the pinched artery so that bleeding does not resume. If you start to get tired, ask someone present to press your fingers on top.

Apply a pressure bandage or pack the wound

Apply a hemostatic tourniquet

A tourniquet is an extreme measure to temporarily stop arterial bleeding.

	Place a tourniquet on a soft pad (elements of the victim’s clothing) above the wound as close to it as possible. Place the tourniquet under the limb and stretch.
	Tighten the first turn of the tourniquet and check the pulsation of the vessels below the tourniquet or make sure that the bleeding from the wound has stopped and the skin below the tourniquet has turned pale.
	Apply subsequent turns of the tourniquet with less force, applying them in an upward spiral and capturing the previous turn.
	Place a note indicating the date and exact time under the tourniquet. Do not cover the tourniquet with a bandage or splint. In a visible place - on the forehead - make the inscription “Tourniquet” (with a marker).

The duration of the tourniquet on the limb is 1 hour, after which the tourniquet should be loosened for 10-15 minutes, having previously clamped the vessel, and tightened again, but not more than for 20-30 minutes.

Stopping external bleeding with a tourniquet (a more traumatic way to temporarily stop bleeding!)

	Place a tourniquet (tourniquet) made of narrowly folded available material (fabric, scarf, rope) around the limb above the wound on top of clothing or placing the fabric on the skin and tie the ends with a knot so that a loop is formed. Insert a stick (or other similar object) into the loop so that it is under the knot.
	Rotating the stick, tighten the tourniquet (tourniquet) until the bleeding stops.
	Secure the stick with a bandage to prevent it from unwinding. Every 15 minutes, loosen the tourniquet to avoid necrosis of the limb tissue. If bleeding does not return, leave the tourniquet loose, but do not remove it in case rebleeding occurs.

3.3. First aid for abdominal wounds

	Prolapsed organs should not be placed into the abdominal cavity. Drinking and eating are prohibited! To quench your thirst, wet your lips.
	Place a roll of gauze bandages around the prolapsed organs (to protect the prolapsed internal organs).
	Apply an aseptic bandage over the rollers. Without pressing the prolapsed organs, apply a bandage to the abdomen.
	Apply cold to the bandage.
	Protect the victim from hypothermia. Wrap yourself in warm blankets and clothes.

3.4. First aid for penetrating chest wounds

Signs: bleeding from a wound on the chest with the formation of blisters, air being sucked through the wound.

	If there is no foreign object in the wound, press your palm against the wound and close the access of air to it. If the wound is through, close the entry and exit wound holes.
	Cover the wound with an airtight material (seal the wound), secure this material with a bandage or plaster.
	Place the victim in a half-sitting position. Apply cold to the wound using a cloth pad.
	If there is a foreign object in the wound, secure it with bandage rolls, a plaster or a bandage. It is prohibited to remove foreign objects from the wound at the scene of the incident!

Call (by yourself or with the help of others) an ambulance,

3.5. First aid for nosebleeds

Causes: nose injury (blow, scratch); diseases (high blood pressure, decreased blood clotting); physical stress; overheating.

	Sit the victim down, tilt his head slightly forward and let the blood drain. Squeeze your nose just above your nostrils for 5-10 minutes. In this case, the victim must breathe through his mouth!
	Invite the victim to spit out the blood. (If blood enters the stomach, vomiting may occur.)
	Apply cold to the bridge of your nose (wet handkerchief, snow, ice).
	If the bleeding from the nose does not stop within 15 minutes, insert rolled gauze swabs into the nasal passages.

If the bleeding does not stop within 15-20 minutes, refer the victim to a medical facility.

3.6. First aid for broken bones

SIGNS: severe pain, deformation and impaired motor function of the limb, shortening of the limb, a kind of bone crunch.

For skull fractures nausea, vomiting, impaired consciousness, slowing of the pulse will be observed - signs of a concussion (bruise) of the brain, bleeding from the nose and ears.

Pelvic fractures are always accompanied by significant blood loss and in 30% of cases the development of traumatic shock. This condition occurs due to the fact that large blood vessels and nerve trunks are damaged in the pelvic area. Disturbances in urination and defecation occur, and blood appears in the urine and feces.

Spinal fractures - one of the most serious injuries, often resulting in death. Anatomically, the spinal column consists of adjacent vertebrae, which are connected to each other by intervertebral discs, articular processes and ligaments. The spinal cord is located in a special canal, which can also be damaged by injury. Injuries to the cervical spine are very dangerous, leading to serious disorders of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. When the spinal cord and its roots are damaged, its conductivity is disrupted.

FIRST AID consists of ensuring the immobility of bone fragments (transport immobilization) of the damaged limb with splints or sticks, planks, etc. at hand. If there are no objects at hand for immobilization, then you should bandage the injured arm to the body, the injured leg to the healthy one. If the spine is fractured, the victim is transported on a shield. In case of an open fracture, accompanied by heavy bleeding, a pressure aseptic bandage and, if indicated, a hemostatic tourniquet are applied. It should be borne in mind that the application of a tourniquet is limited to the shortest possible period. The victim is given painkillers: baralgin, sedelgin, analgin, amidopyrine, diphenhydramine, the dosage depends on the age of the victim.

Call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance.

3.7. Rules for immobilization (immobilization)

Immobilization is mandatory. Only if there is a threat to the injured rescuer is it permissible to first move the injured person to a safe place.

	Immobilization is performed by immobilizing two adjacent joints located above and below the fracture site.
	Flat, narrow objects can be used as an immobilizing agent (splint): sticks, boards, rulers, rods, plywood, cardboard, etc. The sharp edges and corners of the splints should be smoothed using improvised means. After application, the splint must be secured with bandages or adhesive tape. For closed fractures (without damaging the skin), a splint is applied over clothing.
	For open fractures, do not apply a splint to places where bone fragments protrude.
	Attach the splint along its entire length (excluding the level of the fracture) to the limb with a bandage, tightly, but not too tightly, so as not to interfere with blood circulation. In case of a fracture of the lower limb, apply splints on both sides.
	In the absence of splints or improvised means, the injured leg can be immobilized by bandaging it to the healthy leg and the arm to the body.

3.8. First aid for thermal burns

Call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance. Ensure that the victim is transported to the burn department of the hospital.

3.9. First aid for general hypothermia

Call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance.

If there are signs of your own hypothermia, fight sleep, move; use paper, plastic bags and other means to insulate your shoes and clothes; look for or build a shelter from the cold.

3.10. First aid for frostbite

In case of frostbite, use oil or Vaseline; rubbing frostbitten areas of the body with snow is prohibited.

Call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance and ensure that the victim is transported to a medical facility.

3.11. First aid for electric shock

Call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance.

	Determine the presence of a pulse in the carotid artery, the reaction of the pupils to light, and spontaneous breathing.
	If there are no signs of life, perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
	When spontaneous breathing and heartbeat are restored, place the victim in a stable lateral position.
	If the victim regains consciousness, cover and warm him. Monitor his condition until medical personnel arrive; repeated cardiac arrest may occur.

3.12. First aid for drowning

Call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance.

3.13. First aid for traumatic brain injury

Call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance.

3.14. First aid for poisoning

3.14.1. First aid for oral poisoning (when a toxic substance enters the mouth)

Call an ambulance immediately. Find out the circumstances of the incident (in case of drug poisoning, present the medicine wrappers to the arriving medical worker).

If the victim is conscious

If the victim is unconscious

Call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance and ensure that the victim is transported to a medical facility.

3.14.2. First aid for inhalation poisoning (when a toxic substance enters the respiratory tract)

Signs of carbon monoxide poisoning: pain in the eyes, ringing in the ears, headache, nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness, redness of the skin.

Signs of household gas poisoning: heaviness in the head, dizziness, tinnitus, vomiting; severe muscle weakness, increased heart rate; drowsiness, loss of consciousness, involuntary urination, pale (blue) skin, shallow breathing, convulsions.

Call an ambulance.

4. Algorithms for providing first aid for acute diseases and emergencies

4.1. First aid for a heart attack

Signs: acute pain behind the sternum, radiating to the left upper limb, accompanied by “fear of death,” palpitations, shortness of breath.

Call and instruct others to call an ambulance. Provide fresh air, unfasten tight clothes, and give a semi-sitting position.

4.2. First aid for damage to the organs of vision

4.2.1. If foreign bodies enter

Ensure that the victim is transported to a medical facility.

4.2.2. For chemical burns to the eyes

The victim should only move hand in hand with an accompanying person!

In case of acid contact You can wash your eyes with a 2% solution of baking soda (add baking soda to a glass of boiled water on the tip of a table knife).

In case of contact with alkali you can wash your eyes with a 0.1% solution of citric acid (add 2-3 drops of lemon juice to a glass of boiled water).

4.2.3. For eye and eyelid injuries

The victim should be in a lying position

Ensure that the victim is transported to a medical facility.

4.3. First aid for poisonous snake bites

Limit the mobility of the affected limb.

Ensure that the victim is transported to a medical facility for administration of anti-snake serum.

4.4. First aid for insect bites

If an allergic reaction occurs, consult a doctor. Monitor the patient's condition until a medical professional arrives.

4.5. First aid for fainting

Signs: pallor, sudden short-term loss of consciousness.

If consciousness does not recover for more than 3-5 minutes, call (on your own or with the help of others) an ambulance.

4.6. First aid for heatstroke (sunstroke)

Signs: weakness, drowsiness, thirst, nausea, headache; increased breathing and increased temperature, loss of consciousness are possible.

If these signs are absent, proceed with cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Call (by yourself or with the help of others) an ambulance.

DISLOCATION

Dislocation is a displacement of the articular ends of bones, partially or completely disrupting their mutual contact.

SIGNS:

the appearance of intense pain in the affected joint;

dysfunction of the limb, manifested in the inability to perform active movements;

forced position of the limb and deformation of the joint shape;

displacement of the articular head with desolation of the articular capsule and springy fixation of the limb in its abnormal position.

Traumatic joint dislocations require immediate first aid. Timely reduction of a dislocation, with proper subsequent treatment, will lead to complete restoration of the impaired limb function.

FAINTING

SIGNS: Fainting is expressed in a sudden onset of lightheadedness, dizziness, weakness and loss of consciousness.

Fainting is accompanied by paleness and coldness of the skin. Breathing is slow, shallow, weak and rare pulse (up to 40-50 beats per minute).

STRETCH

Sprain is damage to soft tissues (ligaments, muscles, tendons, nerves) under the influence of a force that does not violate their integrity. Most often, sprains of the ligamentous apparatus of the joints occur during incorrect, sudden and sharp movements that go beyond the normal range of motion of a given joint (when turning the foot, lateral turns of the leg with a fixed foot, etc.). In more severe cases, a tear or complete rupture of the ligaments and joint capsule may occur. (How to overcome fear

An article that could save someone's life. This knowledge may never be useful to you, but it is better to be fully armed and know how to help a person. We tell you the basic rules for providing assistance in the most common and dangerous situations.

What to do first in any emergency situation

quickly and calmly assess the situation: are you and the victim safe? Is it safe for you to approach him?
protect yourself and the victim. Take care of yourself first. Move a person only if staying in the same place will harm him even more (fire, road, rails, crowd). If necessary, report the incident to emergency services (police, Ministry of Emergency Situations). They will send an ambulance;
prevent the transmission of infection from yourself to the victim or vice versa. If the victim has open wounds, do not allow blood to come into contact with your skin. Try not to breathe over them, much less cough. Disinfect your hands - even just pouring water on them or wiping them with a damp cloth is good;
If the victim is conscious, calm him down. Introduce yourself, if you are strangers, explain what is happening. He may go into shock due to pain or fear. He may resist getting help. Explain what you want to do and why;
assess the condition of the victim. Call an ambulance. It is better if someone else does this while you provide first aid;
start providing assistance. PMove from more serious injuries to less dangerous ones. If possible, involve other people;
After providing first aid, proceed from the external well-being of the patient. Call an ambulance if you haven't done so before, take him to the hospital or help him get home.

How and when to do chest compressions

check the person’s reaction - call out to him loudly several times, touch him on the shoulder. If there is no reaction, then the person is unconscious. PCheck your breathing by placing your palm on your nose. EIf you haven’t felt a single exhalation in ten seconds, it’s time to act.

Before you begin to provide assistance, you need to call an ambulance.Any resuscitation actions support life only for a limited time. If you are not alone, ask another person to dial 103 (the emergency number in Russia) while you begin to perform chest compressions.

Heart massage is enough.Research: chest compressions are as effective on their own as when combined with artificial respiration.Therefore, you don’t have to waste time on ventilating the lungs: the oxygen that remains in the victim’s blood is enough to support brain function for some time.

Remember: a bad cardiac massage is better than no cardiac massage.But still try to comply. Place one hand on the center of the victim's chest (landmark - between the nipples). Place the second palm on top of the first. It is important to keep your elbows straight and your shoulders directly above your palms. Otherwise, you will not have the strength to massage for a long time.

Press into your chest quickly and deeply. Need to perform about 100 compressions per minute to a depth of five centimeters (but do not overdo it, otherwise you will break your ribs). A popular tip that's easy to remember: massage your heart to the rhythm of a song. Bee Gees - Stayin' Alive, This is just to achieve a speed of 103 clicks per minute.However, we must not forget about the depth, otherwise the impulse simply will not reach the heart.

Learn the technique in advance.Everything that was taught in life safety lessons is unlikely to remain in memory. Therefore, it is worth enrolling in first aid courses.

How to do artificial respiration

If you still decide to do artificial respiration (when you need to save the child), adhere to the “30 presses - two exhalations” scheme. To begin providing assistance, you need to open the victim's airways. To do this, tilt his head back a little, pulling his chin up. Pinch his nose, draw air into his chest and take the first strong exhale. Check to see if his chest rises. If yes, immediately take a second exhalation. If not, try tilting his head back and lifting his chin. Do not exhale too harshly: you may damage the victim's lungs.

To properly perform artificial respiration, you need to completely cover the victim’s mouth with your mouth. Therefore, many experts recommend using a handkerchief or gauze folded several times - basic rules of hygiene. After this, begin the cycle of “30 compressions - two exhalations.” Continue until the person breathes on their own or until paramedics arrive.

How to help someone who almost drowned

After the victim was pulled out of the water,... If not, call an ambulance and start performing artificial heart massage. Continue until the victim begins to breathe or cough. After this, wrap him up to prevent hypothermia and stay with him until doctors arrive. Check his breathing and reactions periodically.

What to do if a person is choking

If he coughs, leave him alone. This means that his airways are not blocked and the body itself will push out the foreign object. In this case, there is no need to knock on the back either.

But if he can’t breathe, there’s not a second to lose. Hit him on the back several times with your palm facing up. If this does not help, grab the victim from behind and press firmly on the upper abdomen several times while moving your arms up. At this time, someone should call an ambulance. If the person loses consciousness, place them on their back and continue to apply pressure to the abdomen, pushing out anything stuck in the airway. If all else fails, move on to cardiac massage.

How to stop bleeding

They come in two types: venous and arterial. With venous bleeding, dark blood slowly flows out of the wound. In this case, you need to apply a tourniquet below the wound. For example, if the ulnar vein is damaged, a tourniquet should be applied to the forearm (this is the area from the palm to the elbow). With arterial bleeding, the blood is scarlet and flows in spurts. In this case, the tourniquet must be applied above the level of damage.

Tourniquets should not be applied to bare skin, tightened too tightly, or kept in place for more than two hours. Be sure to write down the time you cast it.

According to the Law, first aid is not medical - it is provided before the arrival of doctors or the delivery of the victim to the hospital. First aid can be provided by any person who is near the victim at a critical moment. But for some categories of citizens, providing first aid is an official duty. We are talking about police officers, traffic police and the Ministry of Emergency Situations, military personnel, and firefighters.

First aid algorithm

In order not to get confused and provide first aid correctly, it is important to follow the following sequence of actions:

Ensure the safety of yourself, the victim and those around you (for example, remove the victim from a burning car).
Check the victim for signs of life (pulse, breathing, reaction of pupils to light) and consciousness. To check breathing, you need to tilt the victim's head back, lean towards his mouth and nose and try to hear or feel breathing; to “listen” to the pulse, you need to place your fingertips on the victim’s carotid artery; To assess consciousness, it is necessary (if possible) to take the victim by the shoulders, gently shake him and ask a question.
Call specialists (112 - from a mobile phone, from a landline - 03 (ambulance) or 01 (rescue)).
Provide emergency first aid. Depending on the situation, this could be:
- restoration of airway patency;
- cardiopulmonary resuscitation;
- stopping bleeding and other measures.
Provide the victim with physical and psychological comfort and wait for specialists to arrive.

Artificial respiration

Artificial pulmonary ventilation (ALV) is the introduction of air (or oxygen) into a person’s respiratory tract in order to restore natural ventilation of the lungs. Refers to basic resuscitation measures.

Typical situations requiring mechanical ventilation:

car accident;
accident on the water;
electric shock and others.

There are various methods of mechanical ventilation. The most effective, when providing first aid by a non-specialist, is mouth-to-mouth and mouth-to-nose artificial respiration.

If, upon examination of the victim, natural breathing is not detected, artificial ventilation of the lungs must be performed immediately.

Artificial mouth-to-mouth respiration:

Ensure patency of the upper respiratory tract. Turn the victim's head to the side and use your finger to remove mucus, blood, and foreign objects from the mouth. Check the victim's nasal passages; clean them if necessary.
Tilt the victim's head back, holding the neck with one hand.
Do not change the position of the victim’s head if there is a spinal injury!
Pinch the victim's nose with your thumb and index finger. Take a deep breath and press your lips firmly against the victim's mouth. Exhale into the victim's lungs.
The first 5-10 exhalations should be quick (in 20-30 seconds), then 12-15 exhalations per minute.
Observe the movement of the victim's chest. If the victim's chest rises when he inhales air, then you are doing everything correctly.

Indirect cardiac massage

If there is no pulse along with breathing, it is necessary to perform an indirect cardiac massage.

Indirect (closed) cardiac massage or chest compression is the compression of the heart muscles between the sternum and the spine in order to maintain a person’s blood circulation during cardiac arrest. Refers to basic resuscitation measures.

Attention! You cannot perform a closed cardiac massage if there is a pulse.

Indirect cardiac massage technique:

Lay the victim down on a flat, hard surface. Chest compressions should not be performed on beds or other soft surfaces.
Determine the location of the affected xiphoid process. The xiphoid process is the shortest and narrowest part of the sternum, its end.
Measure 2-4 cm up from the xiphoid process - this is the point of compression.
Place the heel of your palm on the compression point. In this case, the thumb should point either to the chin or to the stomach of the victim, depending on the location of the person performing resuscitation. Place your other palm on top of one hand. Pressure is applied strictly with the base of the palm - your fingers should not come into contact with the victim’s sternum.
Perform rhythmic chest thrusts strongly, smoothly, strictly vertically, using the weight of the upper half of your body. Frequency – 100-110 pressures per minute. In this case, the chest should bend by 3-4 cm.
For infants, indirect cardiac massage is performed with the index and middle finger of one hand. For teenagers – with the palm of one hand.

If mechanical ventilation is performed simultaneously with closed cardiac massage, every two breaths should alternate with 15 compressions on the chest.

Heimlich maneuver

When food or foreign bodies enter the trachea, it becomes blocked (fully or partially) - the person suffocates.

Signs of a blocked airway:

Lack of full breathing. If the windpipe is not completely blocked, the person coughs; if completely, he holds on to the throat.
Inability to speak.
Blue discoloration of facial skin, swelling of neck vessels.

Airway clearance is most often carried out using the Heimlich method:

Stand behind the victim.
Grasp it with your hands, clasping them in a “lock”, just above the navel, under the costal arch.
Press firmly on the victim's abdomen while sharply bending your elbows.
Do not squeeze the victim's chest, with the exception of pregnant women, for whom pressure is applied to the lower chest.
Repeat the dose several times until the airways are clear.

If the victim has lost consciousness and fallen, place him on his back, sit on his hips and press on the costal arches with both hands.

To remove foreign bodies from the child’s respiratory tract, you need to turn him on his stomach and pat him 2-3 times between his shoulder blades. Be very careful. Even if your baby coughs quickly, consult a doctor for a medical examination.

Bleeding

Control of bleeding refers to measures aimed at stopping blood loss. When providing first aid, we are talking about stopping external bleeding. Depending on the type of vessel, capillary, venous and arterial bleeding are distinguished.

Stopping capillary bleeding is carried out by applying an aseptic bandage, and also, if the arms or legs are injured, by raising the limbs above the level of the body.

In case of venous bleeding, a pressure bandage is applied. To do this, wound tamponade is performed: gauze is applied to the wound, several layers of cotton wool are placed on top of it (if not, a clean towel), and bandaged tightly. The veins compressed by such a bandage quickly thrombose and the bleeding stops.

If the pressure bandage gets wet, apply firm pressure with the palm of your hand.

To stop arterial bleeding, the artery must be clamped.

Pressure points of arteries

Artery clamping technique: Press the artery firmly with your fingers or fist against the underlying bone formation.

The arteries are easily accessible for palpation, so this method is very effective. However, it requires physical strength from the first aid provider.

For limb injuries, the best way to stop bleeding is a tourniquet.

Technique for applying a hemostatic tourniquet:

Apply a tourniquet to clothing or soft padding just above the wound.
Tighten the tourniquet and check the pulsation of the blood vessels - the bleeding should stop and the skin below the tourniquet should turn pale.
Apply a bandage to the wound.
Record the exact time the tourniquet is applied.

The tourniquet can be applied to the limbs for a maximum of 1 hour. After it expires, the tourniquet must be loosened for 10-15 minutes. If necessary, tighten again, but no more than 20 minutes.

Fractures

A fracture is a break in the integrity of a bone. A fracture is accompanied by severe pain, sometimes fainting or shock, and bleeding. There are open and closed fractures. The first is accompanied by injury to soft tissues; bone fragments are sometimes visible in the wound.

First aid for a fracture:

Assess the severity of the victim’s condition and determine the location of the fracture.
If there is bleeding, stop it.
Determine whether the victim can be moved before specialists arrive.
Do not carry the victim or change his position if there is a spinal injury!
Ensure bone immobility in the fracture area - immobilization. To do this, it is necessary to immobilize the joints located above and below the fracture.
Apply a splint. You can use flat sticks, boards, rulers, rods, etc. as a tire. The splint must be secured tightly, but not tightly, with bandages or adhesive tape.

Hypothermia and frostbite

Hypothermia (hypothermia) is a decrease in human body temperature below the norm necessary to maintain normal metabolism.

First aid for hypothermia:

Hypothermia is often accompanied by frostbite, that is, damage and necrosis of body tissues under the influence of low temperatures. Frostbite is especially common on the fingers and toes, nose and ears - parts of the body with reduced blood supply.

The causes of frostbite are high humidity, frost, wind, and immobile position. Alcohol intoxication usually aggravates the victim's condition.

Symptoms:

feeling cold;
tingling in the frostbitten part of the body;
then - numbness and loss of sensitivity.

First aid for frostbite:

Keep the victim warm.
Remove any frozen or wet clothing.
For mild frostbite, rub the affected areas of the body. In severe cases (grade II-IV frostbite), rubbing should not be done.
Use oil or Vaseline for rubbing. Do not rub the victim with snow.
Wrap up the frostbitten area of your body.
Give the victim a hot sweet drink or hot food.

Poisoning

Poisoning is a disorder of the body’s functioning that occurs due to the ingestion of a poison or toxin. Depending on the type of toxin, poisoning is distinguished:

carbon monoxide;
pesticides;
alcohol;
medications;
food and others.

First aid measures depend on the nature of the poisoning. The most common food poisoning is accompanied by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and stomach pain. In this case, the victim is recommended to take 3-5 grams of activated carbon every 15 minutes for an hour, drink plenty of water, refrain from eating and be sure to consult a doctor.

In addition, accidental or intentional drug poisoning, as well as alcohol intoxication, are common.

In these cases, first aid consists of the following steps:

Rinse the victim's stomach. To do this, make him drink several glasses of salted water (10 grams of salt and 5 grams of soda per 1 liter). After 2-3 glasses, induce vomiting in the victim. Repeat these steps until the vomit is clear.
Gastric lavage is only possible if the victim is conscious.
Dissolve 10-20 tablets of activated carbon in a glass of water and give it to the victim to drink.
Wait for the specialists to arrive.

First aid means assessing and providing first aid to a person who has been injured or suffered as a result of choking, heart attack, allergic reaction, drug use, or other emergency situations. First aid involves quickly determining a person’s physical condition and taking the correct actions. In any case, you should call an ambulance as soon as possible, but providing first aid until doctors arrive can sometimes be a matter of life and death. Read our entire article or use advice for a specific case.

Steps

Rule of three Ps

Look around. Assess the situation. Is there a threat to your own life? Are you in danger of fire, toxic gas, falling building, live wires or any other hazard? You should not rush to help if you yourself may end up a victim.

If approaching the victim is dangerous for your life, immediately contact the rescue service. Professionals have a higher level of training and know better how to act in such situations. First aid becomes meaningless if you cannot provide it without causing harm to yourself.

Take care of the victim. Caring for someone who has just suffered a serious injury involves both physical care and emotional support. Remain calm and try to calm the victim. Let him know that the ambulance is on the way and that everything will be okay. If the stranger is conscious and able to talk, ask his name, what happened to him, and then you can ask questions about his life or interests to distract him.

If the victim is still unresponsive, prepare for CPR. If there is no suspicion of spinal injury, carefully turn the victim onto his back and clear the airway. If you suspect a spinal injury, do not change the victim's position while he or she is breathing.
- The victim's head and neck should be at the same level.
- Carefully turn the victim onto his back, holding his head.
- Clear your airway by lifting your chin.
Perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation - alternate 30 compressions on the chest area with two breaths of artificial respiration. Place your hands one on top of the other in the middle of the person's chest (just below the imaginary line between their nipples) and begin to press it at a speed of 100 compressions per minute (if you know the song Staying Alive, move to its rhythm), so that as you press, the chest drops about 5 cm. After every 30 presses, give 2 artificial breaths: open the victim’s airways, pinch his nose and breathe mouth to mouth (your mouth should completely cover it). Then check your breathing and pulse. If the airway is blocked, reposition the victim. Make sure the victim's head is tilted back slightly and the tongue is not obstructing breathing. Continue doing 30 compressions and 2 breaths until someone else can take your place.

Remember the basic rules of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. These rules refer to the three key things you need to keep an eye on. Check these three points as often as possible while performing artificial respiration.
- Airways. Are they free, is there no barrier?
- Breath. Is the victim breathing?
- Heartbeat. Is the pulse palpable at the points of the wrist, carotid artery, groin?
Make sure that the victim is warm while waiting for an ambulance. Cover the victim with a towel or blanket, if available. If you don't have any, take off some of your clothing (a raincoat or jacket) and use it as a cover. However, if a person has heatstroke, do not cover or keep them warm. Instead, try to cool it down by fanning and dampening it with water.

Remember what NOT to do. When providing first aid, remember what do not do it do:
- Do not attempt to feed or drink an unconscious person. This may cause the victim to choke and suffocate.
- Do not leave the victim alone. Unless you urgently need to call for help, stay with the victim at all times.
- Do not place a pillow under an unconscious person's head.
- Do not slap an unconscious person in the face or splash water in their face. They only do this in the movies.
- If a person is electrocuted, you can try to move the source away, but only using an object that does not conduct electricity.

Providing first aid for common cases

Protect yourself from blood-borne pathogens. Pathogens can threaten your health and cause illness and illness. If you have a first aid kit, treat your hands with antiseptic and wear sterile gloves. If gloves and sanitizer are not available, protect your hands with a cloth or gauze. Avoid direct contact with another person's blood. If contact cannot be avoided, wash off the blood and remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible. Take all measures to prevent possible infection.
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