Use of specially protected natural areas. Specially protected natural areas and tourism History of the development of views and main approaches to the organization of specially protected natural areas

Use of specially protected natural areas. Specially protected natural areas of protected areas include nature reserves, natural monuments, protected forest areas, national parks, and nature reserves.

The main purpose of these territories is the protection of valuable natural objects - botanical, zoological, hydrological, geological, complex, landscape. The strict environmental function of protected areas determines the regulation of the use of these territories for other types of economic development.

At the same time, the uniqueness of these natural objects determines their high value for educational tourism, which allows us to consider protected areas as important natural recreational resources, the use of which in tourism should be strictly regulated. The permissible type of recreational activity in a protected area is recorded in the passport of a specific protected object. Natural reserves, natural monuments and protected forest areas are territories allocated for unique, rare or typical natural complexes, the protection of which is entrusted to the land users of these territories - forest districts, forestry enterprises, if protected areas are located on the lands of the State Forest Fund of the State Forest Fund, or rural administration, if they are located within lands of former collective farms, state farms, etc. Land users of these protected areas are not involved in organizing recreational activities on them.

Types of protected areas and their purpose.

Botanical reserves, established to protect certain types of vegetation, are usually used for regulated winter hunting or fishing. In zoological reserves, where representatives of the fauna are protected, regulated collection of mushrooms, berries and medicinal plants is allowed. Geological and hydrological reserves are of interest for educational walking tourism, school excursions and educational classes for students of geographical and geological faculties of universities.

For the purposes of educational tourism, complex reserves are of particular importance, in which tourists are introduced to rare species of flora and fauna, and picturesque landscapes. As a rule, the establishment of tourist camps on the territory of nature reserves is prohibited; only the construction of tourist trails is permitted. Natural monuments are unique natural objects - waterfalls, caves, picturesque rocks, etc. or memorial natural objects, for example, the larch tree in the Yaropolets estate, under which A. S. Pushkin rested. Natural monuments are always included in tourist routes as the most attractive natural sites.

Reserved forest areas are identified by foresters as typical or unique forest areas that are important for the conservation and reproduction of certain plant formations. Their visits are usually included in ecotourism routes. National parks and reserves are special types of protected areas that have an administration whose function includes organizing both environmental and recreational activities.

True, the importance of recreational activity in them is different; in reserves, the environmental function is dominant and the cognitive recreational function is limited; in national parks, both functions are of equal importance. National parks National parks are environmental institutions whose water areas include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, intended for use for environmental, recreational, educational, scientific and cultural purposes.

The task of national parks, along with their environmental function, is to create conditions for regulated tourism and recreation in natural conditions. This provides for the development and implementation of scientific methods for the conservation of natural complexes in conditions of recreational use. A differentiated protection regime is established in the territories of national parks, taking into account local natural, historical, cultural and social characteristics.

In accordance with this, the territory of the parks is divided into the following functional zones; zone of reserved regime - all recreational and economic activities are prohibited; zone of reserved regime - preservation of natural objects with strictly regulated recreational use; zone of educational tourism - organization of environmental education and familiarization with the sights of the park; zone of recreational use, including areas for recreation, sports and amateur hunting and fishing.

As can be seen from the established functional zoning of the territories of national parks, recreation and tourism are given a large place in them. All over the world, national parks are actively involved in the tourism industry, performing, in addition to health-improving functions, the tasks of environmental education of the population. In Russia, national parks developed very late, but in recent years interest in them has increased sharply.

Currently, there are 32 national parks operating on the territory of our country, and it is planned to organize 40 more. Reserves Reserves are environmental institutions, the territory of which includes natural complexes and objects of unique environmental value, intended for use for environmental, scientific and educational purposes. Unlike national parks, nature reserves have very limited recreational use, mostly educational only.

This is reflected in the functional zoning of the territories of the reserves: a zone of protected regime, in which the flora and fauna develop without human intervention; a scientific monitoring zone, in which the reserve's scientists monitor the condition and development of protected natural objects; an environmental education zone, where a nature museum is usually located reserve and strictly regulated paths have been laid along which groups of tourists are led to get acquainted with the natural features of the complex; economic and administrative zone.

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Specially protected natural areas (SPNA) are of great importance in the natural recreational potential of Russia. Taking into account the peculiarities of the regime and status of the environmental institutions located on them, state nature reserves and sanctuaries (including biosphere reserves) are usually distinguished; national and natural parks; medical and recreational areas and resorts. The Government of the Russian Federation, the relevant executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation, local governments can establish other categories of protected areas (territories containing green zones, urban forests, city parks, monuments of landscape art, protected coastlines, protected natural landscapes, biological stations , microreserves, etc.).

In order to protect protected areas from adverse anthropogenic impacts, protective zones or districts with a regulated regime of economic activity can be created on adjacent areas of land and water. PAs may have federal, regional or local significance and, accordingly, be under the jurisdiction of either federal bodies, or be the property of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, or the property of municipalities (and, accordingly, are under the jurisdiction of local governments).

PAs are heterogeneous in their environmental regime and functions. In the hierarchical system, each category of protected areas is distinguished by its ability to keep the natural complex or its individual structural parts from destruction and serious changes.

As of the beginning of 2004, there were 100 state nature reserves in the Russian Federation with a total area of ​​33.5 million hectares (1.6% of the area of ​​Russia), 35 national natural parks with a total area of ​​7 million hectares (0.4%), 68 state natural reserves of federal significance with a total area of ​​12.5 million hectares (0.7%), 2976 reserves of regional significance with a total area of ​​68 million hectares (4%), 10,024 natural monuments (including 27 of federal significance), total with an area of ​​2.6 million hectares (0.15%), 31 natural parks of regional importance with a total area of ​​13.2 million hectares (0.8%). The total area of ​​the above-mentioned specially protected natural areas is 137 million hectares (7.6% of the country’s area) (according to the authors and www.wwf.ru).

The most traditional and strict form of territorial nature protection, which has priority importance for the conservation of biological diversity in Russia, are nature reserves. The network of Russian nature reserves was created over the course of eighty years. The system of specially protected natural areas that exists today in Russia plays a key role in preserving the country’s biological diversity and developing regulated tourism.

In accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, reserves have the status of environmental, research and environmental educational institutions, which employ about 5,000 full-time employees. By the end of 2005, another 58 nature reserves should be created in Russia. But, unfortunately, in reality things are completely different.

Abroad, the most popular type of protected areas are national parks. In the USA, the history of the creation of some parks goes back more than 100 years. In the Russian Federation, national parks began to be created only in 1983 (national parks “Sochi” and “Losiny Ostrov” were organized). A differentiated regime of special protection is established on the territory of national parks, taking into account their natural, historical, cultural and other features. Various functional zones can be distinguished here, including a protected area (within which any economic activity is prohibited), recreational use of the territory is allowed (educational tourism intended for organizing environmental education and familiarization with the sights of the park; recreation; accommodation for overnight stays, tent camps and so on.).

The ratio of the sizes of each functional area varies noticeably in different parks. Thus, the protected area makes up the largest percentage of the area in the Elbrus and Yugyd-Va parks (73-64%); the smallest is in the national parks “Meshchersky”, “Russian North”, “Pereslavsky”, “Nizhnyaya Kama”, “Valdaisky”, “Shorsky”, “Smolensk Poozerie” (0.1-11.6%). Within the boundaries of the recreational zone of national parks there may be territories intended for sport and amateur hunting and fishing. The overwhelming number of national parks are located in the European part of Russia, of which 7 are in the Central region (“Losiny Ostrov”, “Meshchera”, “Oryol Polesie”, “Pereslavsky”, “Smolensk Poozerie”, etc.). By 2005, the Government of the Russian Federation recommended the creation of more than 20 national parks. A special place in the system is occupied by those in which numerous cultural and historical monuments are taken under protection. These are “Russian North”, “Kenozersky”, “Samarskaya Luka”, etc.

A relatively new category of protected areas is natural parks of regional significance. Currently in Russia the number of protected areas with the status of natural parks is 12. The most famous of them are the natural-ethnic park “Beringia”, “Zavolzhye”, “Lena Pillars”, etc.

Another form of protected areas is state natural reserves, which can also be of federal and regional significance and have a different profile. Natural complexes are unique, irreplaceable, and valuable in ecological, scientific, cultural and aesthetic terms. Protected natural areas also include dendrological parks and botanical gardens. There are 55 botanical gardens and 22 arboretums and arboretums in Russia, administered by the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAN).

A significant addition to protected areas as the most important recreational resource is forest. Depending on many factors (the composition and shape of the tree stand, the predominant species, the presence of clearings and edges, water, natural and cultural monuments, relief, cross-country ability, proximity to the city, holiday home, etc., as well as the degree of improvement, pollution, scarcity forests), the suitability of forests for recreation and tourism is changing significantly. The form of recreation, the nature of recreational activity, the amount of time a person spends in the forest depends on the size of the settlement (gender, occupation and age of people have a lesser influence on this indicator, although they have a certain significance). The distribution of city residents on vacation depends on the category of natural objects. Thus, in urban forests, forest parks and forested parts of green areas (the main function of which can be characterized as cultural and recreational), the main type of recreation is mass short-term recreation. Moreover, approximately 30% of the population takes part in this type of mass recreation such as walking; 18% of city residents prefer holidays in comfortable places; playing sports - 2%; walks picking flowers, berries, mushrooms (if picking is allowed) - 50%.

For national parks, natural monuments, protected forest areas of scientific and historical significance, especially valuable forest areas (the main function of which is environmental protection), the main type of forest recreation is forest tourism, while about 90% take part in short-term and bivouac recreation population; in forest tourism, which is educational in nature, and short-term walking tours - 10%. For forests in sanitary protection zones for water supply sources and resorts, anti-erosion forests, etc., forest tourism is also the main type of forest recreation. However, only 30% of the population takes part in route-short-term and seasonal bivouac recreation, while the main type of recreation is targeted visits to forests, accompanied by gathering (60%); About 10% of the population takes part in sport hunting and fishing.

The enormous recreational potential of protected areas can and should become a significant factor in the development of recreation in our country. At the same time, the bulk of the area of ​​protected areas (from 50 to 100%) is occupied by lands that are provided to it for management and implementation of its main activities. Usually, it is on these lands that cultural and historical monuments are located, forming a single whole with the surrounding natural complexes. Other territories (mainly agricultural lands, in some cases fishery reservoirs, lands of settlements, cities), which are included within their boundaries, are, as a rule, not withdrawn from their use. A protected zone is also allocated around the protected area, where economic activities must be coordinated with the administration. In most national parks there are land plots of other owners, owners and users.

The share of such lands in a number of parks is exceptionally high (75% in the Pereslavsky park, 58% in the Oryol Polesie park, 54% in the Meshchersky and Russian North parks, 48% in the Samarskaya Luka park, 41% in the Sebezhsky"). In recent years, given the high environmental characteristics of protected areas, they are in increased demand in the land market, and many protected areas and forest areas (with the exception of forests of operational importance) are overloaded with objects that are not directly related to them, which significantly hinders the development of their main functions (which should also include recreational if it is regulated), and this trend is progressing.

Ecological tourism

In recent years, due to the deterioration of the environment, there has been a search for alternative uses of natural resources. One of these new areas is eco-tourism, which is actively developing throughout the world. Revenue from eco-travel accounts for about 10% of international tourism revenue. The rapid growth of ecotourism in the world is explained by the deterioration of the environment in cities, the oversaturation of traditional popular recreation areas - mountain resorts, the coasts of warm seas, etc., as well as the growth of people’s well-being and an increase in the amount of free time.

According to the WTO, in the world ecotourism is preferred by 12 to 15% of tourists and their number on average increases annually by 30% per year. It can be expected that a significant share of Russian tourists will also appear in these statistics soon. This is facilitated by two global trends: the general deterioration of the environmental situation in our country, which entails the need for special attention to environmentally protected areas, and the emergence of new features in the modern consumer, such as the greening of the worldview, awareness of the fragility of the environment and its inextricable unity with human society . It is no coincidence that the United Nations declared 2002 the “Year of Ecotourism”.

In 2002, the World Summit on Ecotourism was held in Quebec as part of the International Year of Ecotourism. It was attended by more than a thousand delegates from 132 countries representing the public, private and non-governmental sectors. Summit participants recognize that ecotourism is built on the principles of sustainable tourism, taking into account its impacts on the economic, social and natural environment. Ecotourism also includes the following specific principles that distinguish it from the broader concept of sustainable tourism: actively promoting the conservation of natural and cultural heritage; involving local and indigenous communities in the planning, development and implementation of ecotourism activities that enhance their well-being; explaining to tourists the importance of the natural and cultural heritage of the visited tourist centers; targeting individual travelers and small organized tourist groups.

When talking about traveling into nature, the term ecotourism is often used. Meanwhile, ecotourism, on the one hand, is a niche in the tourism market with high growth rates, and on the other, a concept whose position is broader than the concept of compatibility (meaning the positive impact of humans on nature). Ecotourism is an integral part of nature tourism, which is larger in scope than a niche market, and is not a concept, but a specific type of tourism, the impact of which can be very different. By the way, the concept of “ecotourism” is widely used in modern activities of protected areas and natural parks.

The variety of terms corresponds to the breadth of content and the multiplicity of specific forms of activity in this new area of ​​the tourism industry. There are many definitions of ecotourism, each of which reveals certain important aspects. Taken together, these definitions quite fully describe both the diversity and evolution of ideas about the goals and objectives of the new tourism industry.

There are two main approaches to identifying the environmental tourism sector.

In the first case, ecotourism is tourism whose main object is wildlife. At the same time, most authors note the difficulty of drawing the line between nature and traditional culture and, along with nature, include the latter in ecotourism objects. But even in this case, the capacity of the concept of “ecotourism” is not completely exhausted. Tourism is becoming widespread for the purpose of outdoor recreation in areas modified by man. This is especially typical for the United States and Western European countries (Western European and American models of ecotourism activities), where indigenous landscapes have practically not been preserved, and the high need for communication with nature is satisfied by the population in territories with secondary quasi-nature. Such tourism is often classified as ecological, and its importance for the protection and restoration of the environment, folk traditions and greening of economic development becomes decisive in some regions.

Proponents of the second approach propose to consider ecotourism as an example (type) of sustainable tourism. This approach can be considered more justified, since this type of tourism is based on and successfully implements in practice the main principles of the concept of sustainable development, for example, environmental management that does not lead to resource degradation, since part of the benefits from its development are used to restore and protect the latter. With this approach, tourism objects can be of both natural and artificial origin.

But how does natural and ecological tourism essentially differ from the usual type of tourism? As Kyrgyz expert Anara Toktogulova notes, first of all, ecotourism is travel and visiting well-preserved natural areas, represented all over the world, as a rule, by national and natural parks, reserves and other types of protected natural areas.

Secondly, ecotourism implies the presence of certain, rather strict rules of behavior, and compliance with them is a fundamental condition for the successful development of the industry itself.

Thirdly, ecotourism has a relatively weak negative impact on the natural environment, and therefore it is sometimes called “soft tourism”. It is for this reason that it has become practically the only type of use of natural resources within specially protected natural areas.

Fourthly, ecotourism assumes that local communities not only work as service personnel, but also continue to live in a protected area, lead their old way of life, and engage in traditional types of management that ensure a gentle regime for environmental management. Naturally, this brings a certain income to the population and contributes to its socio-economic development.

A fifth element of difference is proposed. Thus, ecotourism is tourism that combines recreation, entertainment and environmental education for travelers.

The difference between ecological tourism lies in the priorities of tourists who strive, first of all, to communicate with nature, to understand its objects and phenomena, and to actively relax in nature. Traditional entertainment and everyday comfort are fading into the background. This makes nature conservation economically profitable. The development of ecotourism is based on the desire to minimize environmental change. Due to the smaller volume of necessary tourism infrastructure (hotels, restaurants and other entertainment venues), per tourist and per dollar of profit, this type of tourism is characterized by less resource intensity.

Based on the attitude towards eco-tourism as an economic category, ecotourism can be defined as an integral part of the tourism industry, producing and selling its tourism product and making a profit from it, or as a tourist activity in nature, generating profit for the preservation of the natural environment, as well as for improving living standards. level of the local population.

In order for ecotourism to really have a positive impact on the economy and social sphere of the country, as well as to be a real priority area of ​​tourism, its concept must include three main aspects:

1) orientation of tourists towards the consumption of environmental resources;
2) preservation of the natural environment;
3) maintaining the traditional way of life of the population of peripheral regions.

Despite the large number of scientific research and educational works, there is still no single universal definition of the concept of “ecological tourism”. Taking advantage of a large number of the most modern and most authoritative publications on the issue of ecotourism, we present a number of the most important definitions of ecotourism, most often used in scientific and educational practice, which we will adhere to in our work.

Ecotourism is:

1. Environmentally responsible travel in relatively undisturbed natural areas to explore and enjoy nature and cultural attractions that promotes conservation, has a low impact on the environment, and ensures the active socio-economic participation of local residents and their benefits from these activities (IUCN , after N. Ceballos-Lascurain, 1993.
2. Tourism, which includes travel to places with relatively untouched nature, in order to gain an understanding of the natural, cultural and ethnographic features of a given area, without violating the integrity of ecosystems and creating economic conditions under which the protection of nature and natural resources becomes beneficial for the local population.
3. Sustainable and nature-oriented tourism and recreation.
4. Tourism, which includes all forms of nature-based tourism in which the main motivation of tourists is to observe and experience nature (definition adopted by the WTO).
5. A set of forms of tourism in which a conscious attempt is made to minimize negative impacts on the environment, assist in the financing of protected natural areas, and create sources of income for the local population.
6. Nature tourism promoting nature conservation (WWF - World Wildlife Fund).
7. Purposeful travel to natural areas to gain a deeper understanding of local culture and natural environment, which does not violate the integrity of ecosystems, while making the protection of natural resources beneficial to local residents (Ecotourism Society, USA).
8. Tourism that is compatible with environmental and social requirements, responsible to nature, contributing to its protection, enhancing the culture of travelers, performing an educational function, and respecting traditional cultures and local communities (E. Yu. Ledovskikh, N. V. Moraleva, A. V. Drozdov).
9. Visiting unique natural areas, little affected by economic activity, which have preserved the traditional way of life of the local population; increasing the level of environmental culture of all participants in the tourism process and the living standards of the local population, compliance with environmental standards and technologies when implementing environmental tours and programs (T. K. Sergeeva).
10. Nature-based tourism, including environmental education and awareness programs and carried out in accordance with the principles of environmental sustainability (National Ecotourism Strategy, Australia).
11. Responsible travel to natural areas, areas that preserve the environment and support the well-being of local residents (TIES - International Ecotourism Organization).

An analysis of some definitions of ecotourism was one of the first to be carried out in one of his works by V.V. Khrabovchenko. Here are just some general excerpts from this work. Having analyzed the above definitions of the concept of “ecotourism”, we will draw some conclusions that can (with the inevitable correction for the author’s perception) be defined as the basic principles of ecotourism activity:

Ecotourism

1. It has a relatively weak negative impact on the natural environment and is therefore sometimes called “soft tourism”. It is for this reason that it has become practically the only type of use of natural resources within specially protected natural areas.
2. Stimulates and satisfies the desire to communicate with nature through targeted travel to untouched or little-changed natural areas, represented throughout the world, as a rule, by national and natural parks, reserves, reserves, reserves, and natural monuments.
3. The main goals of ecotourism are: environmental education, improving the culture of human relationships with nature, developing ethical standards of behavior in the natural environment, fostering a sense of personal responsibility for the fate of nature and its individual elements, as well as restoring the spiritual and physical strength of a person, ensuring good rest in natural conditions natural environment.
4. Tourism, which combines recreation, entertainment and environmental education for travelers and implies the presence of certain, rather strict rules of conduct, compliance with which is a fundamental condition for the successful development of the industry itself.
5. Its development should be beneficial to the local population and should not contradict their interests and socio-economic development; therefore, it is assumed that local communities not only work as service personnel, but also continue to live in the protected area, lead their old way of life, and engage in traditional types of management that provide a gentle regime for environmental management.
6. An integral part of the tourism industry that produces and sells its tourism product and makes a profit from it, or a tourism activity in nature that generates profit to preserve the natural environment, as well as to improve the living standards of the local population.
7. Prevents negative impacts on nature and culture and encourages tour operators and tourists to promote environmental protection and socio-economic development of territories.

For a deeper understanding of the essence of the analyzed concept, we present 10 commandments of an ecotourist, formulated by specialists of the International Ecotourism Organization (TIES):

1) remember the vulnerability of the Earth;
2) leave only traces, take away only photographs, kill only time;
3) explore the world into which you find yourself: the culture of peoples, geography;
4) respect local residents;
5) do not buy products from manufacturers that endanger the environment;
6) always follow only well-trodden paths;
7) support environmental protection programs;
8) where possible, use environmental conservation methods;
9) support (patronize) organizations promoting the protection of nature;
10) travel with companies that support the principles of ecotourism.

Ecotourism (especially in the form of biosphere ecotourism) is the most environmentally friendly type of environmental management. Within its framework, knowledge can follow either the educational process or simply familiarization. The difference between the first type of knowledge and the second is that the educational process is associated with the targeted and thematic acquisition of information about the elements of the ecosystem, and the educational process is associated with non-professional observation of nature. Familiarization can take place in passive (stationary presence in the natural environment), active (associated with the tourist’s transitions from one natural object of interest to another) and sports (overcoming natural obstacles while walking routes) forms.

Therefore, it is necessary to define ecotourism as an activity based on the following principles:

1. Travel into nature, and the main content of such travel is getting to know wildlife, as well as local customs and culture.
2. Minimizing the negative consequences of an environmental and socio-cultural nature, maintaining the environmental sustainability of the environment.
3. Promoting the protection of nature and the local socio-cultural environment.
4. Environmental education and enlightenment.
5. The participation of local residents and their receipt of income from tourism activities, which creates economic incentives for them to protect nature.
6. Economic efficiency and contribution to the sustainable development of the regions visited.

These signs are indicated as fundamental for ecotourism by recognized authorities in this field - N.V. Moraleva and E.Yu. Ledovskikh, members of the Dersu Uzala Ecotourism Development Fund.

The concept of ecotourism can be represented in the form of the following basic principles:

1. The principle of minimizing negative impacts: natural and sociocultural compatibility as a fundamental condition; control and participation by local communities; equal access to natural resources; compliance with maximum permissible recreational loads.
2. The principle of intensification and inclusiveness: creating financial, economic and socio-cultural benefits for protected areas and local people.
3. The principle of increasing environmental, ecological and cultural consciousness, including environmental education, respect for the customs and traditional way of life of local communities, and exchange of experience.

According to Drozdov A.V., the following functions of ecotourism can be distinguished:

• enriching tourists with vital general cultural and natural scientific environmental knowledge, including in the field of personal and public environmental safety;
• emotional recovery, relief from “city” stress;
• socialization of the worldview of tourists through the formation of their environmental culture, which includes new value orientations and behavior that are important for the sustainable development of society and are adequate to the environmental imperative;
• the formation of a tolerant attitude towards previously unfamiliar cultures and ethnic groups, towards their way of life and traditions adapted to the natural environment;
• creating new jobs for the local population;
• stimulation of traditional forms of environmental management, production of environmentally friendly food products;
• increasing investment in both infrastructure and services, as well as in nature conservation;
• growth in the well-being of the local population and the development of special education aimed at acquiring tourism and environmental professions;
• development of crafts;
• development of local self-government.

The above definitions, principles and main features of ecotourism show that it is advisable to distinguish between two interpretations of ecotourism - narrow (classical) and broad. It is interesting to note that a narrow interpretation of ecotourism prevails in countries with vast territories - Canada, the USA, Australia. This interpretation is supported and developed, first of all, by representatives of the “green” movement. A broad interpretation is shared by tourism experts and tourism researchers from Western European countries, which have very limited “wild nature” resources.

The greening of public consciousness and behavior and, in particular, ecotourism have recently had a significant impact on hard forms of tourism. Now, during their vacation, many tourists, firstly, willingly combine two-three-week “beach” programs with short, purely ecological excursions. Secondly, although they give preference to a very comfortable vacation, but in environmentally friendly conditions, they encourage hotel owners and resort authorities to take care of environmental protection and introduce environmentally friendly technologies into the tourism industry.

Nature and ecotourism are also closely related to the protection of rare and endangered species, since many of them are exotic and become objects of ecotours. This applies not only to animals and plants, but also to ecosystems and natural complexes in general. On the other hand, with inadequate planning, tourist loads and the growing popularity of “souvenirs” from wildlife can cause the extinction of certain species and disruption of natural components. Rare species and ecosystems of territories can be considered as a vital resource for local communities, therefore their protection is related to the protection of culture.

Consequently, the objects of ecotourism proper can be both natural and cultural attractions, natural and natural-anthropogenic landscapes, where traditional culture forms a single whole with the natural environment, which explains the existing diversity of ecotourism directions. The most important areas are the following:

1. Educational - introducing tourists to the most interesting natural areas, flora and fauna, unique landscapes, monuments of material culture and history harmoniously integrated into the surrounding area. The main tool for introducing tourists to the environment is educational ecological trails - the most specialized routes for outdoor education.
2. Scientific - a special form of ecological tourism associated with obtaining the necessary business and scientific information, for example, about rare, endangered and endangered representatives of flora and fauna listed in the Red Book; about natural phenomena, historical monuments, etc.
3. Sports - mountain tourism, water rafting, orienteering combined with familiarization with mountain, water and forest landscapes, flora and fauna of the area.

Several terms related to ecotourism appear in the literature.

Biotourism- tourism, the object of which is any manifestation of living nature, be it individual species or biocenoses. Nature tourism is tourism, the object of which is any nature, both living and inanimate (for example, caves, mountains, ponds, etc.). Nature tourism includes biotourism as one of the thematic areas.

World Tourism Organization(WTO) uses the term adventure tourism as an even broader concept to include ecotourism. However, ecotourism, although it has an adventure element, does not always imply adventure in its pure form. Therefore, it is fair to consider that the concepts of “adventure tourism” and “ecotourism” overlap in many ways, but the former does not absorb the latter.

The classification of ecotourism by mode of transport has its own characteristics. There are ecological water (kayaks, rafts, canoes, sailboats and others), walking, skiing, horseback riding, cycling, automobile (electric vehicles), aviation (gliders, balloons) tourism.

Agrotourism, or agroecotourism, is becoming increasingly widespread. This is tourism in rural areas, in which tourists lead a rural lifestyle on farms and hamlets during their holidays. The development of this type of tourism is most relevant for the countries of Western and Eastern Europe (and partly the USA) with a small percentage of natural landscapes and a high level of agricultural development of the territory.

The synonymous terms sustainable, or supportive, tourism and “green” tourism are also in common use. They involve tourism using technologies that have minimal impact on the environment. Usually, when traveling, a tourist hopes, on the one hand, to gain a certain amount of knowledge, and on the other, to relax in nature. Based on the predominance of a particular goal, scientific, educational and recreational types of ecotourism can be distinguished.

It is advisable to divide the entire variety of types of ecotourism into two main types:

1) ecotourism within the boundaries of specially protected natural areas (water areas) - the development and conduct of such tours is a classic direction in ecotourism, and the corresponding tours belong to ecotours in the narrow sense of the term, they can be attributed to the “Australian” model of ecotourism;

2) ecotourism outside the boundaries of specially protected natural areas (water areas) - this type of tour can include a very wide range of types of environmentally oriented tourism, ranging from agrotourism to a cruise on a comfortable liner. This group of ecotours can be classified as a “German” or “Western European” model.

Like other groups of tours, ecological tours can be classified according to many criteria, but two generic characteristics should be considered the most significant:

a) the main purpose of the tour - on this basis it is advisable to distinguish the following types of ecotours: observation and study of “wild” or “cultivated” nature with teaching environmental knowledge; relaxation surrounded by nature for emotional, aesthetic purposes; treatment with natural factors; sporting and adventure purposes;

b) the main object that determines the content of the tour program and partly the form of its organization. On this basis, the following types of ecotours are distinguished: botanical, zoological, geological tours; speleological, water, mountain tours; ecological-ethnographic or archaeological, ecological-cultural tours; agroecotours.

Of course, the goals of the tour and its objects are interconnected, and both main generic characteristics cannot be considered absolutely independent grounds for classification (in the actual tour program, its goals and objects are often combined and combined). However, each organizer and participant of the tour can determine its main features and classify a particular tour as one or another type.

Taking into account the above, we can formulate a number of characteristic features inherent in ecological tours and programs.

So, a program or tour is environmentally friendly if:

• the program is not planned very rigidly and allows for options and changes at the request of tourists; The programs are designed, as a rule, for small groups of participants, as well as for individual trips; haste and short visits are not typical for a gentle, environmentally oriented tour;
• the purpose of a soft ecological tour is not to visit the obligatory, standard “attractions”, but to acquire deep impressions and knowledge, so tourists prepare for the trip in advance by studying the nature and culture of the country; tourist routes and qualified guides lead them to interesting and environmentally friendly natural and cultural landscapes;
• The tour program includes: visits to educational ecological trails, natural history and local history museums, eco-technological farms and, of course, familiarization with local environmental problems; in the tour program, acquaintance with purely natural objects and “pristine” nature is combined with ecological and cultural subjects, which include the study of traditional, indigenous forms of environmental management;
• the transport used by tourists is environmentally friendly (car tourism, for example, is in no way an environmentally friendly form of tourism);
• tourists’ food is environmentally friendly and healthy, and local products are present in the tourists’ diet; garbage is not thrown into a general trash heap or landfill, it is collected in a special way and then sent for eco-technological processing, and the organizers of eco-friendly tours give preference to reusable food packaging;
• halts, bivouacs and especially fires are arranged only in specially equipped places; mushrooms, berries, flowers, medicinal plants, any natural souvenirs are collected only when and where it is permitted; hunting tours are anti-ecological;
• hotels, campsites, shelters and huts where tourists stay are located in such a way that they do not disrupt the normal, environmentally sustainable development of the surrounding landscape and do not disfigure its appearance; these hotels and campsites are built from environmentally friendly materials, their inhabitants do not waste excessive energy and water, while wastewater and emissions are treated, and other waste is disposed of;
• local residents are involved in the tourism business and get the opportunity to develop their traditional forms of economy; tourists, in turn, respect local cultural traditions, strive to study and understand them, and participate in solving local environmental problems in ways available to them; At the same time, income from the tour is not withdrawn entirely from the local budget, but, on the contrary, contributes to its replenishment.

Subject to proper development, ecotourism can play a role in resolving the current socio-ecological crisis. It promotes the conservation of nature and traditional cultures. Increasing demand in this tourism sector leads to the creation of new specially protected natural areas, primarily national and natural parks. Ecotourism brings significant income to the state budget, which is especially true for developing countries. For their weak economy, the several billion dollars that ecotourism brings to the coffers of all developing countries is a lot of money. In many territories, ecotourism can become an industry of specialization, representing a competitive alternative to environmentally destructive economic activities.

Among the many needs of man and society, a group (subset) of heterogeneous needs stands out, the implementation of which is associated with certain conditions - free time and special properties of space (lying within the framework of social and natural space).

The presence of these needs prompts a person to engage in recreational activities that are different from everyday work (and everyday life), and society (and its institutions) to create conditions for it.

By involving natural objects (bodies and complexes) and cultural complexes in the sphere of recreational activities, creating and using technical systems, as well as other people, a person finds and forms, and society creates, maintains and develops special systems to meet needs - recreational ones.

1. Human recreational needs– the need for the restoration and development of a person’s physical and mental strength in his physical, intellectual and spiritual improvement.

2. Recreational needs of society– the need for simple and expanded reproduction of its social, labor and socio-cultural potential.

3. Recreational activities of vacationers– activity aimed at realizing recreational needs, restoration and development of a person’s physical and spiritual strength, his intellectual improvement and characterized by the intrinsic value of not only the results, but also the process itself.

4. Recreational activities of holiday organizers– activities aimed at creating optimal conditions for recreation of the population, a system for providing services, ways of creating, ensuring, functioning and developing recreational systems.

5. Recreational activity- the simplest element of recreational activity for vacationers.

6. Recreational time– part of social time used for recreational activities.

7. Recreational space– part of the social space used for recreational activities; is formed as a result of the activities of vacationers and vacation organizers.

8. Recreational system (PC)– a social demo-ecological system (that is, an ecological system in the center of which is a person, a population), consisting of interconnected subsystems, groups of vacationers, natural and cultural complexes, technical systems, service personnel, a governing body, possessing functional integrity; The target function of the system is to satisfy recreational needs.

Naturally, meeting the diverse recreational needs of the population gives rise to the need to carry out measures to organize an integral recreational environment with a close interweaving of natural and socio-cultural components based on knowledge of the laws of nature and recreational activities.

An example is the creation of park landscapes in Crimea, a park in treeless Kislovodsk. Today, the process of adaptation of natural conditions to humans is also manifested in the creation of numerous natural and technical geosystems for recreational purposes - artificial beaches, recreational reservoirs, etc. The fate of many areas rich in recreational resources depends on the adaptive capabilities of society. On the other hand, the increasing urbanization of many resorts, pollution of the coastal part of the seas, crowded conditions, inexpressive architectural buildings, an abundance of cars, air pollution, and a reduction in the proportion of green areas force us to raise the question of improving the quality of the recreational environment. Even the purposeful formation or improvement of the natural and technical recreational environment is not only expensive, but also, from a bioecological point of view, a very delicate operation: by changing the conditions for the development of natural processes, we often cause a complex of chain reactions that are unexpectedly acutely accompanied by negative results.

The problem of the relationship between natural and cultural complexes in the recreational system turned out to be quite complex. This is due to several reasons, and, above all, the coexistence in science and everyday consciousness of several points of view on the relationship between the concepts of “nature” and “culture”.

The vast majority of people perceive natural and cultural complexes not in a limited rational-functional aspect (which is typical for work) or in terms of “objective detachment” characteristic of the natural sciences, and not only as a concentration of therapeutic agents, health-improving forces, as sources of information, objects of knowledge, but also as something that pleases, calms, fascinates, invigorates, delights, and leads to reflection.

The attractiveness of natural, natural-anthropogenic landscapes is determined by a kind of everyday culture, adopted from childhood or formed subsequently.

Natural and cultural-historical complexes in the recreational system are characterized primarily by the degree of compliance with the needs of vacationers (comfort and attractiveness) and the needs of the governing body - spatial and temporal capacity and reliability (reliability).

Natural complexes. Natural complexes are considered to be integral combinations of natural components (climate, vegetation, reservoirs and watercourses, relief, etc.), ensuring the implementation of cycles of recreational activities with an appropriate degree of comfort in recreational conditions.

Natural complexes constitute one of the most important subsystems of the recreational system, since the very presence of a natural area with favorable climatic conditions, beautiful landscapes, varied vegetation and the proximity of a reservoir determines the emergence of a simple recreational system here (vacationers are a natural complex).

At the same time, the role of natural complexes in recreational systems remains very significant. Indeed, the basis for the functioning of most recreational facilities is the use of natural components: for balneological resorts it is mineral water and mud, for recreation areas it is reservoirs and forests, for ski resorts it is mountain slopes with stable snow cover, etc.

It should be taken into account that nature is almost always used “in complex”. The effectiveness of balneotherapy increases significantly in conditions of a comfortable climate and beautiful, expressive landscapes. The value of a country holiday becomes immeasurably higher if there are places for swimming, boating and fishing, forest areas where you can pick mushrooms and berries and admire the scenery while walking.

When characterizing such vacation spots as valuable for recreational purposes, one should take into account, first of all, the purity of air and water, the beauty and uniqueness of the landscapes, the role of therapeutic factors, the richness of berry and mushroom grounds, and the diversity of fauna and flora.

Currently, the role of little-modified natural complexes as recreational areas has noticeably decreased; At the same time, their value increased, since the demand for recreation among nature not only did not decrease, but also increased, and the area of ​​such territories, due to destructive processes associated with anthropogenic activities, decreased significantly. There is a noticeable increase in interest in the organization of national parks and other recreational areas, the functioning of which is based on the use of natural complexes. Simultaneously with these trends, the nature of the use of natural complexes is changing. There are a number of stages in this process:

– removal of natural bodies from the landscape in the process of amateur activities (hunting, fishing, picking mushrooms and berries);

– use of natural factors without removing them from nature (swimming, sunbathing);

– perception of cognitive and aesthetic information (tourism, walks);

– transferring to other people your knowledge about nature and its beauty (organizer of tourist groups).

Among the same stages can be called empathy, the desire of people to preserve the most valuable natural biocenoses, to improve, and restore destroyed areas of nature.

Thus, there are two types of attitude towards nature within the recreational system:

1) transformation of nature in accordance with the requirements of the population for the organization of places of mass recreation, adapted to accommodate a large contingent of vacationers;

2) adaptation, adaptation of vacationers to already existing natural complexes, the desire of people to build their relationships with nature on the basis of preserving previously formed natural complexes.

Among the most important properties of natural complexes as subsystems of a recreational system are, first of all, attractiveness, capacity and reliability.

The attractiveness of natural complexes is determined by the comfort of recreational conditions and the correspondence of the properties of the natural complex and the technology of recreational activities to their aesthetic qualities.

The comfort of relaxation is determined primarily by the climatic and microclimatic characteristics of the natural complex - temperature, humidity, number of days of sunshine, etc.; however, an equally important role is played by the psychological emotional characteristics of nature - the openness or closedness of landscapes, their gloom and severity or, on the contrary, cheerfulness and lightness.

The attractiveness of natural complexes is closely related to the technology of recreation, the desire of people to choose precisely those combinations of natural elements that best meet the requirements of certain activity cycles.

The aesthetic properties of nature also affect the attractiveness of natural complexes. It should be borne in mind that the aesthetic assessment of any objects is largely subjective and depends on the subject himself - his culture, origin, traditional living environment. At the same time, a number of objective characteristics can be identified - landscape diversity, contrast, majesty, etc. Research shows that there is a certain connection between these characteristics and the aesthetic assessment of the natural complex.

Reliability of natural complexes is determined, firstly, by their resistance to recreational loads, and secondly, by their diversity, since this allows vacationers to change the nature of using this complex and predetermines the lability of their behavior.

The stability of natural complexes is explained by their ability to withstand various impacts - natural and anthropogenic. At the same time, the technical components of the complexes play an important role in increasing the stability of natural complexes (strengthening landslides, creating retaining walls on beaches, etc.).

At the same time, the scale of the loads also changes: if previously the process of negative impacts on nature was associated only with the direct activities of vacationers (vegetation digression, soil compaction, pollution of water bodies in swimming areas, erosion processes along walking trails, fires, pollution by waste and garbage, etc.) , then at present it is becoming more urgent to prevent the degradation of nature from the impact of the activities of recreation organizers, technical systems located in or near recreation areas, and industries associated with the recreational system. Among the most serious problems are air and water pollution from municipal waste, runoff from agricultural land, exhaust gases from cars, etc.

The reliability of natural complexes largely depends on the diversity of its constituent components, which predetermine the possibility of continuing recreational use of natural resources when changing occupations. In this case, the disappearance of one or another natural component will not lead to a complete cessation of recreational use of the natural complex, since it is always possible to orient the vacationer to another type of activity.

The diversity of natural complexes can also manifest itself during the annual cycle. The most attractive in this regard are areas where there are opportunities for recreation throughout the year, for example, the subtropical coast of the Black Sea adjacent to mountainous terrain (skiing grounds), or the shore of a reservoir with rugged terrain, covered with forest in the Moscow region. In both cases, there is an opportunity to organize intensive recreational activities almost throughout the year.

Natural and climatic factors are part of tourism resources, represented by natural complexes, medical and health-improving areas, objects, and natural phenomena used to organize tourism.

Tourism has a clear focus on the use of natural resources. At the same time, the consumption of tourism resources occurs without their withdrawal, at the place of their localization. Visiting places of natural disasters (earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruptions), nature safaris, hunting, fishing, inspection of caves, underwater objects, glaciers, waterfalls, participation in water travel, use of mineral waters, medicinal mud, estuary brine and lakes, favorable climate, etc. create the opportunity to produce a diverse tourism product. Natural and climatic resources are the national treasure of the country. They are recorded in the cadastre and are factors arousing tourist interest.

Many countries around the world successfully and effectively use natural and climatic factors to develop tourism, ensuring high income for the industry. The land of Salzburg, a lake district in Austria, is famous for its villages where tourists swim in the clearest lakes, catch trout (an indicator of clean water), engage in water sports, and learn mountain climbing skills. In terms of the number of entertainment venues, none of the villages in Salzburg is inferior to its capital. Spain is famous for its many state-of-the-art beaches. The Spanish coast is an area of ​​modern resorts, unique recreation areas, which the Spaniards call “costa” (“coast”). The most famous are the Costa Blanca and Costa Brava. There are 178 beaches in Mallorca alone, the most popular of which is the four-kilometer Playa de Palma. On the beaches you can rent a yacht and water sports equipment. Beach restaurants will treat tourists to seafood dishes: zarzuela de mariscos soup, crabs a la plancha and other delicacies. You can spend the evening in one of the many entertainment centers. But in the Brazilian understanding, a beach is sea and sand. And nothing more. In the most fashionable area of ​​Rio de Janeiro is the famous Copacabana Beach. It is a narrow strip of sand 6 km long, bounded on one side by the surf and on the other side by the asphalt of the highway. This symbiosis of nature and civilization is extremely popular among tourists. Cyprus is a center of landscape tourism. The Troodos Mountains are the most visited in summer. Tourists are offered a variety of routes: to the Caledonia waterfalls, to the foot of Olympos, the highest mountain of the island (1991 m), to the Valley of the Cedars, the Paphos Forest, where Cypriot mouflons live, and the baths of Aphrodite. The Bois de Boulogne in Paris is a traditional holiday destination for Parisians and tourists. Its area is 848 hectares. This is a landscape park that includes lakes, gardens, and parks. Here are the zoological garden, the garden of the Poets, the Shakespeare garden, the Katlan meadow, and the Bagatelle park. The town of Mont Saint-Michel in northern France attracts tourists with the opportunity to observe the unusually large difference in heights during high and low tides. In China, the “River Bor” on the Cheng-hu-fa River is of tourist interest. Tourists observe the birth of a seven-meter wave and its propagation at a speed of 27 km per hour. In Indonesia, the island of Bali is famous for its exotic sunsets, which provide an unprecedented influx of tourists. In Greece, Mexico, the USA, South Africa, and Russia, visiting caves is in constant tourist demand. Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Turkey and other Mediterranean countries offer tourists inspection of aquatic life and coral reefs.

Pristine beauty, ecological purity of hidden natural corners created the prerequisites for development adventure tourism. Thus, in New Zealand, the most prestigious adventure tourism routes take place in exotic places. Having landed in a deserted place, tourists begin “adventure races”, covering 500–1000 km with virtually no sleep or rest, and with a minimal supply of food. Tourists from all over the world flock here to not only enjoy the pristine beauty, but also to test themselves, assert themselves, and measure their strength and endurance with others.

Russia, due to the vastness of its territory and the presence of various climatic zones with unique landscapes and landscapes, with an abundance of natural monuments of great cultural and historical significance, numerous healing springs of deep rivers and clear lakes, has enormous tourism potential, creating an attractiveness for Russian tourism.

But with the active development of tourism, the load on natural complexes, already suffering from the negative impact of production, increases sharply.

In 1916, Russia had 1 reserve; at the end of 2001, there were 100 of them. During this period, the area of ​​these reserves increased from 0.2 to 33.7 million hectares, that is, almost 170 times.

Since 1983, national parks began to be organized in the country. In 1885 there were 4 of them on an area of ​​0.3 million hectares, at the end of 2001 there were already 35 of them on an area of ​​6.9 million hectares (Table 2.)

Thus, at the beginning of the 21st century. In Russia there were 135 nature reserves with a total area of ​​over 40 million hectares. This is the world's largest system of state protected areas designed to protect and preserve the natural conditions of the natural environment.

table 2

Summary characteristics of natural reserves and national parks in Russia in 1990–2001.

The largest Russian (and Eurasian) reserve is the “Big Arctic”, created in 1993 in Taimyr. Its total area is 4169222 hectares. Most of the year is pure white silence; the short summer fills the reserve with life: all living things are in a hurry to bloom, multiply, and stock up for the winter. The reserve is buzzing with nesting birds, herds of reindeer and flocks of lemmings, sprouting thick grass and blooming with bright flowers. There are still unique Arctic ecosystems preserved here, which may die from anthropogenic impact. Zoologists are already sounding the alarm about the harmful effects of tourist visits on the animal world. Even small groups of tourists cause some harm to the environment. Photo flashes, careless walking, noise, and conversations frighten animals, cause them stress, and force them to leave their places where they never return.

The results of a survey by the Canadian Fraser Institute showed that the heads of large Western concerns and corporations are least concerned about environmental issues when considering possible investments in the Russian economy. Moreover, only 14% of respondents are afraid that they may have conflicts in Russia with local authorities regarding the protection of nature, while in California such problems will definitely arise for 85% of respondents. Americans protect their nature!

Russia has excellent natural and climatic potential, extensive recreational areas that allow successfully combining tourism with all types of environmental management: agriculture (agricultural parks), forestry (natural parks), fishing (water parks), nature conservation (national parks). This creates the preconditions for the development of eco-tourism.

Ecological tourism - a type of tourism aimed at the direct use of untouched nature for tourism purposes. An ecological tourism product is used to protect the environment, preserve nature, and has great educational and recreational value. According to the WTO, ecotourism accounts for up to 10% of the annual income of the entire tourism industry. The main goal of ecotourism is knowledge of the surrounding world and environmental education. Tourists on eco-tours enjoy “wild” nature, the rustling of grass, the rustling of leaves, the murmur of water, the singing of birds, admiring sunrises and sunsets, taking a break from the city noise, bustle and running around. This saves you from illness and strengthens your moral and physical health. Ecological tours instill in tourists an ecological culture, helping to preserve recreational natural areas.

In the Khabarovsk Territory, for example, funds from ecotourism go to the maintenance of the Center for the Rehabilitation of Wild Animals, which has enclosures with wild animals, 2 hotels with 24 beds each. Picnics in the virgin taiga accompanied by the cries of wild animals are very popular among tourists. Ecological cruises are also organized on the motor ship "Star of the Amur" with 1st and 2nd class cabins, full board. Conferences, round tables, and seminars on environmental protection enrich tours and have a positive impact on the development of eco-tourism. Income from the sale of tourism services and from the participation of tourists in environmentally friendly activities, as a rule, is directed to environmental protection and environmental needs.

In the Los Glaciers National Park in Argentina, the Perito Moreno Glacier, with an area of ​​275 square meters, stretches across Lake Argentino. km, height 70 m, length 30 km. This miracle of nature has been declared by UNESCO a world heritage of all mankind. Up to 16 thousand tourists gather to watch the glacier break through to admire the unforgettable spectacle, bringing considerable income to the park.

The natural environment needs both protection for tourism and protection from tourists.

Tourism activities should be environmentally friendly, preserving heritage for future generations. Here we are talking about environmental friendliness tourism, that is, about the culture of behavior, the way of action aimed at preserving the universal and national heritage. Environmentally friendly tourism means that tourists comply with certain rules:

– visit nature reserves only with the permission of the administration;

– do not visit nature reserves during the period of bird nesting and animal breeding;

– do not wash cars on the banks of rivers and lakes;

– do not use synthetic detergents;

– engage in fishing and hunting in accordance with licensing requirements and during the permitted period;

– do not leave trash behind;

– do not make any memorial inscriptions;

– do not leave unextinguished fires, do not throw burning matches, etc.

Currently, ecotourism is the most promising type of tourism. It is no coincidence that the UN declared 2002 the year of ecotourism. Ecotourists travel in small groups, under the guidance of specialists (ornithologists, entomologists, zoologists, ichthyologists, etc.). The purposes of such trips are: observations, scientific and educational activities, providing assistance to “our smaller brothers” (clearing the territory, preparing food, etc.), participation in ringing, recording tracks, beds, nests, etc. An ecotourist is a trained tourist, with high culture and respect for the environment. Such a tourist will never throw away a burning match, an empty container, or unused packaging, which are the real disaster of our time of “immortal plastic.”

Ecologists have established approximate terms for the decomposition of “tourist garbage” in the natural environment:

– oranges and banana peels – 0.5 years;

– cotton fabric, paper – 0.5 years;

– rope – 1–1.5 years;

– milk cartons, woolen products – up to 5 years;

– cigarette bulls – up to 12 years;

– PVC bags – up to 20 years;

– synthetic fabric, leather shoes – up to 40 years;

– metal products – 100 years or more;

– glass – 1,000,000 years;

– plastic containers – practically do not decompose.

A real garbage apocalypse is coming. The task of ecotourists is to do everything possible to protect the area they visit, to preserve and restore its natural, cultural and historical riches. The Law of the Russian Federation of January 10, 2002 No. 7-FZ “On Environmental Protection” states:

“In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, everyone has the right to a favorable environment, everyone is obliged to preserve nature and the environment, to take care of natural resources, which are the basis for sustainable development, life and activities of peoples living on the territory of the Russian Federation.”

Recognition by every tourist of the requirements of the law as mandatory for themselves, and the daily fulfillment of these requirements is the key to the successful development of tourism.

Today, an urgent task is to develop new approaches to solving problems of preserving the natural environment. It is important to consider such an approach on the basis of an integrated solution to problems in complex social, economic and environmental systems.

One of the leading roles in solving these problems belongs to tourism for several main reasons:

1. Tourism is one of the most dynamically developing sectors of the world economy. It makes up a significant part of the world's gross product, attracts about 7% of global investment, creates a large number of new jobs, and is an important source of tax revenue in many countries.

2. Tourism has an impact on all key sectors of the economy of a modern state, on all aspects of life in a civilized society. Tourism is one of the effective means of restructuring the economy and changing the priorities of social development.

Tourism has a deep social function. At the present stage of its development, tourism is aimed mainly at solving certain social problems, including providing recreation, restoring vitality, and consumer health.

According to the state strategy for sustainable development of Russia, the national use of natural resources (including recreational ones) is the most important social, economic and environmental task, the solution of which is aimed at preserving the biosphere in the necessary parameters as the basis of life on Earth.

The priority direction in the implementation of the environmental management strategy in relation to recreational resources is: development of a network of national natural parks, formation of an effective regulatory legal framework for the use and conservation of recreational resources, improvement of economic mechanisms for the rational use and conservation of recreational resources, including the study and use of climatic resources to meet the needs economy and population.

The history of the formation of the first specially protected natural areas (SPNA) in Russia dates back to the times of Peter the Great. Now this is a whole system that unites several tens of thousands of protected areas at the federal, regional and local levels. In fact, protected areas have become the basis of all environmental activities in Russia; in addition, a significant share of international assistance in the field of environmental protection, environmental management and natural resource management is directed to them. The most important legislative act regulating relations in the field of organization, protection and use of protected areas is the Federal Law “On Specially Protected Natural Areas”.

Specially protected natural areas where tourism is possible with varying degrees of restrictions include: biosphere reserves, national parks, state nature reserves, natural monuments, natural parks, health resorts and cultural heritage sites.

Biosphere reserves are created within the framework of the International Scientific Program “Man in the Biosphere”.

They differ from ordinary reserves in that they are part of a system of biosphere stations, where cycles of research are carried out under a program of background (geosystemic, regional and global) environmental monitoring. Biosphere stations carry out research outside the reserve, in the buffer zone where traditional forms of management predominate, as well as at testing sites in areas intensively developed by agriculture and industry. All types of tourism are possible at these sites. The issue of granting biosphere status to nature reserves is being considered by UNESCO on the proposal of the relevant organizations of the country. In Russia, such reserves include the Central Black Earth, Caucasian, Sikhote-Alin, Prioksko-Terrasny, etc.

Among the protected nature of the planet, which occupies about 2% of the land area, the main place belongs to national parks. Now there are more than 2,300 national parks in almost 100 countries around the world.

National parks began to be created in the Russian Federation in 1983; now there are more than 35 of them, with a total area of ​​more than 6.956 million hectares. They are located on the territory of 13 republics, 2 territories, 20 regions and 1 autonomous district. Almost all parks are under the jurisdiction of Rosleskhoz, with the exception of the Losiny Ostrov park, which is under the jurisdiction of the Moscow Government.

All over the world, of all categories of protected areas, the most popular are national parks, which combine the features of nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries and recreational areas. Therefore, in Russia, where the system of protected areas has traditionally been based on nature reserves since the last century, in recent years the number of proposals to organize national parks has sharply increased. If in 1986 there were only 5 of them on its territory, then in 1994 there were already 28, and after 2005 more than 42 national parks were designed. National parks almost always provide for complex content, because nature is diverse and everything in it is interconnected. For example, protected rare species of plants grow on rocks with a unique chemical composition, and a rapids river with a beautiful waterfall formed during tectonic movements is a spawning ground for valuable species of fish, etc. National parks are the main objects of ecotourism both in our country and abroad .

There are currently 67 state nature reserves, of which 56 reserves with an area of ​​6.4 million hectares are under the jurisdiction and management of the Department for the Protection and Rational Use of Hunting Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, 10 reserves with an area of ​​about 6 million hectares were until recently under the jurisdiction of the State Committee for Ecology of Russia , 1 – Rosleskhoz.

There are only 28 natural monuments of federal significance left in Russia, with a total area of ​​19.351 thousand hectares. Moreover, 13 monuments are located in the Kaluga region, the remaining 15 are in other regions. Until recently, state control over the functioning of 18 monuments located on forest lands was carried out by Rosleskhoz, while the functioning of the remaining 10 natural monuments of federal significance was carried out by the bodies of the State Committee for Ecology of Russia. Until recently, state control over the functioning of more than 8,500 natural monuments of regional importance with a total area of ​​2.4 million hectares was carried out by the territorial bodies of the State Committee for Ecology of Russia, Rosleskhoz, and geological ones - by state bodies for the protection of subsoil.

Botanical gardens and dendrological parks. Botanical gardens and dendrological parks located on the territory of the Russian Federation are united into the Council of Botanical Gardens of Russia. As of December 31, 1999, the Council included 80 botanical gardens and arboretums of various departmental affiliations (RAS, RACINE, Ministry of Education of Russia, Ministry of Health of Russia, etc.). A peculiarity of objects in the considered category of protected areas is their location primarily within cities, which determines the corresponding scale and nature of the impact of environmental factors on them. It is significant that in the structure of risk factors for the condition of botanical gardens and arboretums, a priority role is played by environmental factors of anthropogenic origin, that is, those arising as a result of human activity.

Medical and recreational areas and resorts. In Russia there are more than 153 balneological, climatic and mud-curing resorts, almost a third of them are concentrated in the North Caucasus region. The entire resort complex of the Russian Federation is a developed and complex sector of the national economy, numbering more than 5.5 thousand health and recreation enterprises, including more than one thousand sanatoriums, and having significant reserves of mineral waters and medicinal mud. During the year, Russian resorts are able to provide treatment and rehabilitation to more than 7 million people. In order to improve the legislative framework for the preservation and development of the sanatorium-resort complex, in 1999 the State Duma of the Russian Federation, together with the Ministry of Health of Russia, the Ministry of Sports of Russia and the SKO FNPR "Profkurort" (whose department contains data on protected areas), prepared a draft Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of the Resort Business" In Russian federation". The law is aimed at preserving the Russian health resort complex and its hydromineral base. Particular attention is paid to the use of natural healing resources in resorts. According to the law, only those organizations that use natural healing resources to treat citizens will be recognized as sanatoriums and resorts.

Anthropogenic loads on the natural environment of resort areas and health-improving areas remain high. Thus, in the area of ​​the Caucasian Mineral Waters, 94% of the territory has already been developed, with moderately disturbed lands (arable lands, gardens, pastures) accounting for 87%, and intact ones – only 5%. Similar problems exist in the resorts of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. In the Anapa resort, the main sources of water pollution continue to be untreated sewage and storm drains, garbage dumps and the Sheskhara oil harbor (Novorossiysk). For example, at the height of the summer season in 1997, 3.5 tons of petroleum products were thrown onto the beaches of Anapa.

Various types of unauthorized construction within resort areas are intensifying, easing of liability of legal entities and individuals is being given everywhere, the deterioration of the engineering infrastructure of resorts is increasing, etc. At the same time, practically no funds are allocated to improve the environmental condition of resorts.

Some attention in the Russian Federation is also paid to cultural heritage sites, such as museum-reserves (88), estate museums (29), and protected objects of landscape architecture. They belong to the category of specially protected historical and cultural areas with important environmental functions.

It should be noted that there are 11 Russian sites on the UNESCO World Heritage List, including the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square, the Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye, and the Ensemble of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra (Sergiev Posad).

In addition, UNESCO has submitted documentation for inclusion in the World Heritage List of a number of other sites: “Vodlozersky National Park”, “Bashkir Urals”, “Altai - Golden Mountains”, “Ubsunur Basin”, “Central Sikhote-Alin”, “Green Belt” Fennoscandia", "Lena River Delta", "Caucasian Biosphere Reserve Region", "Kursk Spit".

1. Clarify the basic concepts of recreationology (recreational needs, recreational activities, recreational time, recreational space, recreational system, recreational activity).

2. What parameters characterize natural and cultural-historical complexes in the recreational system?

3. What is the essence of the process of adapting natural conditions to humans?

4. What is meant by natural recreational complexes?

5. What is the role of natural complexes in recreational systems?

6. Name the stages of using natural complexes for recreational purposes.

7. Name two types of relationships to nature within the recreational system.

8. Characterize such properties of natural complexes as attractiveness and reliability.

9. Give examples of the successful use of natural and recreational resources in the tourism business.

10. Name the natural complexes of the planet that are attractive for prestigious adventure tourism routes.

11. What problems exist in nature reserves and state protected areas?

12. What is the nature-saving essence of tourism?

13. Compliance with what environmental management rules indicates the environmental friendliness of tourism?

14. Explain the essence of the Law of the Russian Federation of January 10, 2002 No. 7-FZ “On Environmental Protection” on careful treatment of natural recreational resources.

15. What is the leading role of tourism in solving environmental problems?

World international organizations. Since international tourism is a reflection of socio-economic relations in the life of individual countries and at the same time an integral part of international relations, the necessary prerequisites arise for the organization and management of the entire complex of tourist and excursion activities both within states and at the international level. These prerequisites are implemented, in particular, in the creation of tourism organizations.

Tourist organizations can be classified according to the following criteria:

– national-territorial: international, regional and national organizations. Their activities are worldwide, regional and national;

– public-state: government, public, private;

– by type of activity: regulators, suppliers, market agents, developers, consultants, design organizations, training organizations, publishers, professional associations, trade and consumer organizations;

– by field of activity: transport (aviation, bus, railway, automobile and cruise), travel agents, tour operators, local trade unions.

The constant expansion of international tourist exchange has necessitated its international legal regulation: the development of various legal institutions and the creation of specialized international tourism organizations.

World Tourism Organization - WTO(World Tourism Organization - WTO). The World Tourism Organization is by far the most famous and recognized in the tourism world. The WTO was founded on January 2, 1975 by transforming the non-governmental International Union of Official Tourism Organizations (UIOTO) into an intergovernmental organization operating under the patronage of the UN. Now its full members are more than 117 states, several associated and over 300 affiliated members (travel firms, airlines, international organizations, etc.).

The WTO Charter was adopted on September 27, 1975. Since 1980, this date has been celebrated as World Tourism Day. Every year, World Tourism Day is celebrated under a specific motto. Every 4 years, the WTO convenes sessions of the General Assembly, between which the Executive Committee of the WTO General Assembly works. The WTO headquarters is located in Madrid (Spain). The WTO has the following objectives:

– accelerate and expand tourism’s contribution (international and domestic) to peace, understanding, health and prosperity of people everywhere in the world;

– help people have access to education and culture while traveling;

– improve standards of living and stay in less developed areas of the world by helping to provide the necessary material and technical base for foreign tourism and developing transport routes connecting with these regions;

– expand the capabilities of countries receiving tourists, and thereby contribute to their economies;

– act as an international agency for coordination and cooperation between countries;

– provide services to members of the most significant national tourism organizations for the council;

– determine the topics of plenary sessions and meetings, as well as coordinate the tourism interests of participating countries, including both national tourism organizations and professional sectors and organizations representing the interests of travelers;

– establish a constant relationship between various associations of tour operators;

– implement all of the above in the most effective way.

Basically, the activities of the WTO concentrate on the informative promotion of tourism, expanding its significance and advantages, dangers, as well as the creation of a new material and technical base. The organization tries to streamline the actions of various nations in tourism by developing and introducing certain principles in the field of international tourism. The WTO is the main representative of tourism at the UN and acts as the most authoritative body on world tourism. In addition, the WTO develops international documents (acts) and monitors their implementation, as well as the implementation of existing rules, encouraging the resolution of international tourism disputes.

Other aspects of the WTO's activities include helping countries develop, organize and encourage cooperation among them on issues affecting tourism. All this is realized through the adoption of certain standards of equipment, concepts, languages, symbols (for example, first aid designation) to facilitate communication (mutual understanding) and the stay of foreign tourists in a foreign country. The WTO also acts as an information exchange organization and encourages the application of new developments and knowledge in the field of tourism development and marketing implementation. One of the most important tasks of the WTO is research, which includes the study of statistics on international tourism, the invention of new measurement methods, forecasting, development and marketing - all of which can be used by national tourism organizations in their activities. Research activities lead to an increase in statistical methods.

The WTO provides a regular report on the state of world tourism, which highlights both achievements and obstacles to the further development of the tourism industry.

The WTO attempts to promote world tourism by eliminating or limiting government interference in international tourism, as well as in the process of standardizing requirements for passports, visas, police registrations, entry formalities, etc. The WTO provides technical support for the development of countries, especially countries - members of the UN.

A famous event in the activities of the WTO was the holding of the World Conference on Tourism (CGT), held in Manila (Philippines) from September 27 to October 10, 1980. The decision to convene the CGT was made by the II session of the WTO General Assembly (May 1977). The conference discussed issues of state responsibility for the development of tourism (socio-economic conditions, goals and objectives, limiting factors) and such current problems as a person who organizes his own vacation; regulation of supply and demand; scientific and technical cooperation in the field of tourism; training of personnel for the tourism industry, etc. The final document reflected the recommendations jointly developed during the discussion. This document was called the Manila Declaration on World Tourism. Representatives of more than 100 states participated in the Conference.

International Air Transport Association(International Air Transport Association - IATA). IATA is the worldwide organization for all international air carriers, founded in 1919 and reorganized at the end of the Second World War in 1945. IATA is the professional association of airline companies operating international routes. Its main function is to streamline international commercial air traffic, introduce uniform rules and procedures for all members and establish agreed upon tariffs for passenger air transportation on international routes. The highest body of IATA is the annual General Assembly, which elects a president and executive committee. IATA's purpose is policy implementation International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).

IATA is about facilitating the movement of people, mail and cargo from one point of the world to another, using various combinations of routes on the air network. Resolutions adopted at IATA transport conferences concern not only tickets, but also waybills, baggage documents, and other similar papers. These resolutions unify and coordinate payment procedures and allow for faster bookings and communications between airlines. The organization also created and worked out a strict list of tariffs and routes. With her assistance, it became possible to connect the air routes of many private airlines into a single system that works for the benefit of travelers.

Setting tariffs is one of the most important parts of IATA's work. The need to harmonize fares among all IATA member airlines is both a policy and a practice, since all international airline fares are controlled by the governments of the airline's owning countries. Each country is the mistress of its own space; it can prohibit or allow invasion of its territory and set the conditions that suit it.

IATA conferences are held after the governments of member countries of the organization decide on mutually beneficial agreements to establish those carriers that will subsequently serve their territories. IATA transport conferences are, of course, very important for the governments of IATA member countries. And on top of that, all the rules established by the Association must be approved by the governments of all participating countries.

IATA members are 259 airlines operating international flights. These airlines account for about 95% of international scheduled traffic. Aeroflot airline has been a member of IATA since 1989; Russian airlines Transaero, Pulkovo, Domodedovo PA, and Vnukovo Airlines are also members of IATA.

In order to become a member of IATA and a participant in the conference, an airline must have a certificate confirming the regularity of the airline's operations, issued by the government, which is suitable for membership in the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). IATA is a member of ICAO.

Services for accreditation of travel agencies under the Association are provided Passenger Services Corporation(Passenger Network Services Corporation - PNS).

In the course of its activities, IATA conventionally divides the entire territory of the globe into three large regions, or conferences, and tries to achieve consistent tariffs for transportation and uniform service standards both within each conference and between them:

1. North and South America and part of the Pacific region east of the International Date Line.

2. Europe, Africa and the Middle East.

3. Asia, Australia and parts of the Pacific region west of the International Date Line.

Travel agencies participate in the activities of IATA through its special branch - International Organization of Airline Agents(International Airlines Travel Agents Network – IATAN).

Each travel agency that has passed the accreditation procedure and meets certain requirements is assigned a number that serves as a kind of business card when making payments with the airline and other industry participants.

IATAN monitors compliance with rules and operating standards, uniform requirements for the financial position of travel agencies selling air tickets for international flights, and acts as a liaison between travel agencies and IATA member airlines.

International Civil Aviation Organization(International Civil Aviation Organization - ICAO). Established by the Chicago Convention in 1944, it operates under the auspices of the UN. ICAO's activities are based on the equality of nations regarding the activities of the air transport industry. The main objective of ICAO is to develop and ensure a safe, specialized and cost-effective international air transportation market in accordance with international standards and norms.

The organization sets itself the following goals:

– ensure the safety and control the growth and development of international civil aviation throughout the world;

– support and encourage the creation and use of air assets taking into account environmental protection;

– support and encourage the creation of air corridors, airports and various amenities, conditions for the needs of international civil aviation;

– to fulfill as best as possible the basic requirements of people for air transport: safety, quality of service, regularity of flights, efficiency;

– encourage economic measures to prevent unreasonable competition between airlines of different countries;

– ensure that the rights of ICAO member countries are fully respected and that each country has a real opportunity to own and operate an international airline;

– avoid discrimination between ICAO member countries;

– promote flight safety;

– promote the development of international civil aviation.

About 200 states (including Russia) are members of ICAO. ICAO works closely with the following organizations:

– International Information Union;

– World Meteorological Organization;

– International Union of Electrical Communications;

– Universal Postal Union;

– World Health Organization;

– International Maritime Organization.

International regional organizations.

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development - OECD(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development - OECD). The OECP was established in accordance with the decree of December 14, 1960, approved in Paris. In accordance with the resolution, this organization was created to implement goals aimed at achieving high rates of continuous economic development and growth, as well as employment, raising the standard of living of OECD member countries by controlling financial stability and, as a consequence of all these activities, contributing to development world economy;

– on a beneficial impact on the integrity of economic development both in OECD member countries and in countries that are not members of this organization, as well as on the process of economic development itself;

– to develop world trade on a multilateral, non-discriminatory basis in accordance with international obligations.

OECD members are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain, USA. The Tourism Committee of the OECD promotes the development of tourism in member countries and in Yugoslavia (as an affiliated member) by studying tourism issues. The Tourism Committee actively promotes compliance with standard definitions and methods for the compilation of statistics and annual reports on Tourism Policies and International Tourism in OECD Member Countries.

Asia Pacific Tourism Association(Pacific Asia Travel Association - PATA). The association was founded in 1951 to develop, promote and facilitate Asia-Pacific destinations. This Association represents 34 countries in the Asia-Pacific region, which have united to achieve a common goal: to achieve success in the development of tourism and travel in this vast region. The work carried out by this organization is aimed at promoting tourism through research, development, education and marketing programs. RATA has earned a reputation as the best performer among similar international organizations.

Members of the organization exchange ideas, seek solutions to problems, and take part in working on the future of tourism in the Asian and Pacific regions. The Association has about 2 thousand members. Since its founding, the Association has become an important source of accurate and timely information for its members in the field of marketing, research, development, education and other tourism-related activities. The activities of RATA and its long-term plans are checked and evaluated at the annual conferences of the Association.

Organizing committees for management, marketing, development and research implement the current programs of the Association. The Publishing Division publishes a variety of reports, research materials and periodicals. The main publication is “Pacific Tourist News” - a monthly magazine with three regional editions, published with a circulation of 58 thousand copies. Among the printed material, 80% consists of analytical digital data and photographs.

PATA's marketing efforts are aimed at individual tourists traveling within the region. The committee is also trying to expand marketing skills in terms of selling attractive destinations.

PATA's research work is reflected in the annual tourism research conferences, as well as in the publication of annual statistical reports on the Pacific region.

The PATA Secretariat is located in San Francisco (California). The main offices for servicing the Asian region are in Singapore; Pacific region - in Sydney; The American-European part is in San Francisco.

National organizations. National organizations are being created to maintain economic stability, growth of the tourism industry and increase the influx of foreign currency.

Since the importance of tourism to the national economy and social prosperity is obvious, its development is an important step for both the tourism industry and travelers. Therefore, the main activities of national organizations are the promotion of tourism in Russia, as well as attempts to increase cooperation between the government and private industry.

Management of this activity in a broad sense is the process of developing and implementing management actions. Tourism management at the federal and regional levels means the impact of the subject of management on the object of management.

At the federal level subjects of management tourism (control subsystem) includes the Government of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture and Sports; at the regional level - local authorities, committees (or departments) for tourism (in Moscow -

Committee for Tourism of the Moscow Government; in St. Petersburg - Committee for Tourism and Resort Development of the Administration of St. Petersburg; in the Moscow region - Committee on Tourism under the Government of the Moscow Region).

Control object(managed subsystem) are tourist organizations, the process of tourist services for citizens in a given region, etc.

Management is carried out through direct, managerial, connections, as well as through methodological or functional ones.

The Council for Physical Culture and Sports under the President of the Russian Federation must ensure:

– development of the foundations of state policy in the field of sports tourism;

– participation in the development of Russian legislation on sports tourism;

– coordination of work on the examination of regulations and federal programs in the field of sports tourism;

– analysis of the state of national tourism and development of proposals for its development.

The decisions of the Council on Physical Culture and Sports are advisory in nature, its activities are carried out on a voluntary basis and with the frequency necessary to set tasks and solve them.

To tasks National Tourism Corporation (NTC), created at the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation, includes:

– pooling of financial and material resources of tourism, banking and other commercial structures in order to assist in the implementation of tourism development programs;

– creation of national hotel chains that are competitive in the world market;

– construction and reconstruction of hotels, other tourist facilities and complexes, their financing, commissioning and subsequent operation;

– investing in projects aimed at the comprehensive development of regions that are promising in the field of foreign and domestic tourism;

– assistance in attracting investments, including foreign ones, into the Russian tourism industry;

– promotion, together with the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture and Sports, of the national tourism product on the external and domestic markets;

– performing the functions of trust management of federal state property and implementing other tasks in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The activities of tourism committees (departments, divisions) in the administrations of the constituent entities are determined by regulatory documents.

In world practice, the main form of tourism policy is the creation of associations of travel companies, agencies, tour operators, carriers, hotels, and restaurants. This is due to the fact that public organizations respond more flexibly than government organizations to market changes and customer wishes, and have a more detailed and professional understanding of the intricacies of organizing the process of generating and providing services. Taking into account their proposals and requirements, the country’s national tourism policy is being formed. Today, Russian travel companies and agents have realized that a tourism development strategy based on the active cooperation of partners from the public and private sectors will be of decisive importance in the global market.

In Russia, there were objective prerequisites for creating an association of travel agencies. There was an acute shortage of qualified specialists, there was no system of scientific and advertising and information support for the promotion of the national tourism product in the domestic and foreign markets, there were no conditions stimulating the influx of private investment into the industry, etc. The insufficiently effective system of state regulation of the tourism sector opened up opportunities for unscrupulous competition, violation of consumer rights.

Russian Union of Tourism Industry (PATA). RATA - The Russian Association of Travel Agencies was created in Moscow (1993) to overcome negative trends in the field of tourism and support the tourism business in Russia. Since 1997

RATA became a full member of the World Tourism Organization. Since 2001, it has been renamed the Russian Union of Tourism Industry (RATA). The Union is a voluntary non-profit association of legal entities involved in the tourism business, and was created to coordinate their activities, ensure the protection of their rights and represent common interests in government and other bodies, as well as in international organizations.

The Union has several regional branches: North-West (St. Petersburg), Yaroslavl, Tver, South Russian (Krasnodar), Khabarovsk, Primorskoe (Vladivostok), as well as representative offices in Crimea (Simferopol) and Great Britain (London).

The union has about 500 members. Recently, the share of hotels, sanatorium-resort enterprises, insurance companies, advertising agencies and the tourist press has noticeably increased in the structure of the Union's members. Companies engaged in air and road transportation have appeared.

The Union has a committee on domestic tourism and commissions: on children and youth tourism; on insurance issues in tourism; on information technologies in tourism.

Objectives of the Union:

– protection of the collective interests of the Union members;

– influence on the development of legal, economic and social policies by the representative and executive authorities of the Russian Federation that meet the professional interests of the members of the Union, as well as assistance in its effective implementation;

– counteracting monopolism in tourism activities;

– promoting the development of tourism enterprises, the tourism services market and civilized market relations in Russia;

– protecting the interests of national producers of tourism services;

– promoting the creation of favorable financial and economic conditions for members of the Union;

– representation of the interests of members of the Union in tourism international non-governmental organizations.

Based on the goals set, the Union identified the main tasks:

– attraction of intellectual, financial, organizational and other resources of members of the Union for the best implementation of professional interests; participation in the development of state and local legal regulations;

– performing the functions of a collective customer;

– legal protection of the interests of tourism enterprises of the Union members;

– organization of information, advisory and methodological assistance;

– creation of data banks of other information systems that facilitate the effective work of Union members;

– interaction with organizations related to tourism, representation of the collective interests of the Union members;

– representing the interests of Union members in government bodies;

– organizing and holding seminars, symposiums, exhibitions, fairs with the aim of exchanging and realizing the achievements of the Union members.

Association of Tourist Organizations "Euro-Asia".

In 1992, the largest tourism organizations and hotel enterprises in Russia and the CIS countries united into the Association of Tourist Organizations "Euro-Asia". Currently, the Association has 106 permanent members from 11 CIS countries.

The main task of the Association was the restoration of the common tourist space of the CIS. An important area of ​​activity is the optimal use of the existing potential within the common tourist space and the restoration of domestic tourism based on improving the quality of services, modernizing the hotel base and other facilities.

The Association intends to contribute to the restoration of incoming tourism through the development of tourism ties between countries.

The main functions of the Association are to study tourism markets and the interests of all members, to determine priority areas of pricing policy.

All-Russian People's Tourist Society (VNTO). VNTO is a voluntary, self-governing non-profit organization created on the initiative of citizens and legal entities united on the basis of common interests to achieve common goals specified in the charter.

One of the priority tasks of the VNTO is the restoration and development of the tourist space of Russia. The exclusion of millions of people in Russia from the tourist movement is one of many indicators of a decline in living standards and a reduction in the consumer complex.

The corporate path in the development of tourism initially puts Russia in a subordinate position to transnational corporations that occupy overwhelming positions in the tourism market. Russian tour operators cannot compete with them and, at best, become their agents. The WNTO does not oppose the global tourism market; it refuses to use corporate mechanisms as leading in its activities.

Goals of the Society:

– expansion of national patriotic initiatives through tourism;

– promoting the education of the country’s citizens through tourism and introducing them to the history of the Motherland, its culture, etc.;

– implementation of the tourism development program in Russia;

– expansion of the sphere of social tourism, which is based on affordable recreation, free movement, rational leisure, cognitive activity of workers, weakly protected segments of the population;

– promotion of the legislative framework for public tourism – preparation and submission in the prescribed manner for consideration by the State Duma of draft laws regulating tourism activities in the country;

– the formation of a unified methodology for folk tourism, implemented through local history and training programs, practical projects for the development of the tourist space of Russia, the revival of tourist routes, and the creation of new jobs;

– establishment and development of the heroic-patriotic and historical-cultural expedition “Russia – My Motherland”;

– participation in improving planning, regional policy, technology of the tourism industry, as well as in the formation of telecommunication networks, the revival of tourist routes, and the creation of new jobs;

– formation of a network of institutions for professional training and employment of tourism specialists on a multi-level basis and transfer of functions of education and training of tourism specialists and personnel to specialized educational institutions of tourism;

– use of state and extra-budgetary insurance funds to organize recreation and tourism for schoolchildren, workers, labor veterans, and weakly protected segments of the population;

– conducting research and development of new tourism and educational technologies;

– creation of trust funds to support small alternative programs;

– holding charity events.

The structure of the Society is formed by its regional (local) branches, as well as scientific, educational, creative, industrial and other organizations and funds that are part of it.

The management of the Society is carried out by: the council, audit commissions, executive directorate, secretariat, directorate of regional programs, directorate of social programs and other structural entities.

Within the framework of the VNTO, there is a system of professional associations (guilds of guides, local historians, associations of museums, tourist clubs), which enter into collective agreements with the association of tour operators on the formation of a tourism product and the conditions for its distribution on the market, as well as agreements with consumer associations (children's funds, youth clubs , veterans, student associations) for subscription services in the social partnership mode. VNTO provides discounts and guarantees to participants in agreements and associations.

Russian Hotel Association (RGA). RGA is a public non-profit organization that unites enterprises involved in the hotel business. The founders of the RGA are GAO Moscow, the Russian Union of Travel Industry (PATA), JSC Council for Tourism and Excursions of St. Petersburg, etc.

RGA is a member of the WTO and the International Hotel and Restaurant Association (IH & RA).

Main goals of the RGA:

– promoting the development of the domestic hotel industry, hotel enterprises, the hotel services market, their active promotion in the domestic and international markets;

– establishing and maintaining corporate relationships that contribute to the expansion of business and professional contacts;

– participation in the development and implementation of national and international programs and projects in the hotel industry.

The main tasks of the RGA are recognized as:

– protecting the interests of national producers of hotel services;

– representing the interests of the Russian hotel business and members of the Association in government bodies of the Russian Federation, in other, including regional, authorities, in national and international organizations related to the hotel industry and international tourism activities;

– counteracting monopolism in hotel activities, supporting entrepreneurial activity and investment activity in the hotel business;

– promoting the creation of favorable financial and economic conditions for members of the Association.

The RGA includes about 50 hotels in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Yaroslavl, Sochi, Ryazan, etc.

Association of hotels and tourist organizations "Mosturotel". The association was created in April 1993 in Moscow, the founders included the hotels “Russia”, “Ukraine”, “Moscow”, “Belgrade”, “Leningradskaya”, “National”, JSC “Hotel Sovetsky”, JSC “Mosintur”, JSC Trans-Sputnik, VAO Intourist and Higher Commercial School.

The goals of the Association are: promoting the development of business cooperation with hotels, tourist organizations and enterprises in Moscow, CIS countries and other foreign countries, establishing and expanding contacts, strengthening friendly and cultural ties between peoples.

The main objectives of the Association:

– coordination of joint activities of hotels and tourism enterprises, organizations, joint-stock companies and firms for the development of all types of tourism and organization of trips of tourists from the CIS to other countries;

– ensuring their interaction for the implementation of projects for the development of the tourism industry, joint programs for researching tourism markets, organizing advertising campaigns;

– expansion of cooperation and connections in the field of international tourism between the CIS countries and foreign countries based on the principles of equality and mutual benefit;

– ensuring legal protection of the rights and interests of its members in working with foreign companies, state, public and private organizations, as well as the rights and interests of consumers of tourism services.

The creation of international, regional and national organizations makes a huge contribution to the development of tourism. International tourism organizations represent the state interests of countries around the world and promote the development of world tourism. Individual countries, regions, regions create their own tourism organizations of a regional nature to develop and promote tourism in their regions. Organizations conduct statistical research and collect various tourist information that allows them to analyze the tourism industry in the region. Finally, national tourism organizations are created to promote the development of tourism as an important sector of the country's economy.

Tourism covers many areas of human activity, and therefore the study of tourism is closely related to the study of psychology, anthropology, sociology, economics, geography, computer science, logistics, law and education. Tourist resources are present in almost every corner of the Earth, on all continents and in all countries. Given the freedom to choose the direction and type of tourism, it is important for tourism organizers to know and predict tourist flows and even manage them.

Psychology. Which travel destination will the tourist choose, which country will be preferable this season, which type of tourism will be the most popular? What is profitable to offer on the tourism market, where should you direct your activity in promoting your tourism product? How to structure a tour to best satisfy the client’s wishes? Many of these questions cannot be answered without studying human psychology and the preconditions for motivating actions and making decisions.

Without studying and understanding the motivation of the client’s desires, it is impossible to correctly build a tour and offer it to the consumer market, and most importantly, satisfy the client’s desires, providing him with a positive range of tourist experiences and emotions. The law of “fly in the ointment”, unfortunately, also applies to tourism; the slightest disruption is enough for the positive impression of a carefully prepared and organized trip to be lost.

It is necessary to thoroughly study human behavior patterns in various situations, motivation for decision-making, choice (preferences) of the type of vacation, main and accompanying goals, travel direction, choice of partners and travel company. Motives for traveling can be very different and largely depend on age, level of intelligence, wealth (availability of financial resources), belonging to a particular class or circle of society and many other factors. People become tourists for various reasons: for the purposes of recreation and leisure, broadening their horizons and learning about the unknown, for entertainment, for religious reasons, for treatment purposes, visiting relatives and for many others. The science that deals with a wide range of knowledge in this field is called psychography, and its methods are widely used in tourism marketing.

Changes in motivation when choosing a trip entail very negative consequences for a travel company offering a tourism product to the consumer market. Inattention to moods, fashion, the general political and economic situation and many other factors that significantly influence the motivational outcome, which determines the direction of tourist flows, entails the loss of customers and the emergence of economic difficulties in tourism activities. Thus, Hong Kong has been a major tourist center for a long time, but its transition to the jurisdiction of China in 1997 negatively affected the volume of tourist flows to this metropolis and caused their decline and a crisis in the tourism sector of this region.

Recently, residents of large cities and industrial centers prefer “green” or ecological tourism in areas with preserved ecologically clean nature.

The design of a tourism product begins approximately two years before it is presented for wholesale sale at tourism exhibitions or fairs. It is necessary to have a professional understanding, flair and deep experience in forecasting tourist effective demand, which largely depends on the factors and events that determine the existence of a person and community.

Anthropology. Anthropology is the study of culture and human influence on the environment. The goal is to reveal the complex nature of human life, the structure of relationships, and human behavior in society. The important prerequisites on the basis of which the motivations for travel enterprises arise, the social, cultural and economic conditions that determine the need for travel are studied. The impact of tourists on the environment, interaction with the local population in various situations, the impact of tourism on local culture and the development of interethnic contacts are studied. It is the study of anthropology that helps determine the maximum load on tourist sites and centers and allows for the correct distribution and direction of tourist flows.

Ultimately, the answer is given to the question: how many tourists can visit this object without damage to the object itself and for tourists, is it possible to ensure access and correct perception of information and world knowledge by tourists, and targeted use of these resources? This information allows you to plan tourism at various levels from a single object, area, region.

Sociology. Sociology is the study of the social conditions that promote human movement. For tourism to exist as a phenomenon in human life, it is necessary to have at least two important conditions: free time and sufficient funds for tourist travel, as well as a calm political environment that ensures freedom of movement.

Tourism is very sensitive to any manifestations of imbalance in existing social relations. It is enough for a major event to occur in world social life or changes in the economic system, as the state and dynamics of tourism development immediately reflect the state of development of society.

Tourism is considered as a social phenomenon in constant development. The conditions that determine the mass character of tourism, the allocation of people into groups, and the formation of tourist flows based on social characteristics are studied. Sociology, using the methods of psychology and anthropology, examines the behavior of various groups of people in multiple situations.

Data from sociological surveys are an important starting point for making forecasts and recommendations for the formation of a policy for promoting a tourism product in a given consumer market, as well as the basis for making important political and economic decisions in the field of customs and migration relations and rules.

Economy. Tourism is a formation and category that is primarily economic. This is a multifaceted economic activity of both tourism organizers and tourism consumers themselves - tourists. Each stage of the development of world and national tourism is characterized by special characteristics and activity indicators of all participants.

Every tourist region, every country, every city and locality strives to rationally use available tourism resources to obtain economic benefits and income. However, this is not easy to do even with a strong desire. Each country has its own political foundations and directions of economic development and multifaceted traditions of society. To attract tourists even to exceptionally interesting sites and events, a tourism industry and infrastructure is needed that can provide tourists with an appropriate level of service, ensure safety, and harmoniously satisfy tourist interests and needs.

To implement the idea of ​​attracting tourist flows, the tourism resources themselves and their potential, the characteristics and potential of tourism industry objects, the demographic characteristics of population groups, the potential for the demand for these resources and, ultimately, the forecast of tourist flows and their regulation, are multidimensionally and carefully studied and assessed. also the necessary planning for the development of industry segments that provide them. We should not forget about the problem of the local population, which must be able to receive foreign tourists. Thus, numerous problems arise when harmonizing local norms and customs of behavior of foreigners.

If significant contradictions arise, tourism may not take place. Thus, in Sharjah (UAE), due to Islamic restrictions, the requirements for tourists are so stringent (drinking alcohol, the behavior and clothing of women, the use of corporal punishment with canes against Europeans for violating local laws and customs, etc.) that, in quantitative terms, tourist flows to this tourist destination the center, due to these factors, weakened, and for some period stopped altogether. The nearby neighboring region, Dubai, simultaneously relaxed these same requirements, and tourist flows were reoriented to this tourist center.

Tourism is rightfully considered “the goose that lays the golden eggs.” But biblical truth also shows that if this mythical “hen” is not fed, it can either stop laying these eggs, or the eggs will be of the wrong size and quality, or the chicken itself will die. Therefore, tourist centers and regions not only make money from tourism, but also allocate huge funds for the harmonious development of the tourism industry and promotion of the tourism product in foreign and domestic markets. Moreover, it is enough to lose sight of any segment of the tourism industry, as this will immediately affect the indicators of potential and real activity. The funds allocated for the development of tourism are expressed, at first and unenlightened glance, in astronomical figures, but practice shows that these expenses are justified, since they allow states to receive even greater revenues from tourism.

Not all states build tourism policies in the same way. Thus, Japan, an island state that historically built a closed society, did not pay attention to inbound tourism for a long time, and due to limited territories, actively encouraged its citizens to travel around the world. Even the hotel industry was not aimed at receiving foreign tourists: hotels were built according to standards aimed at accommodating the short population, which did not meet European standards for room dimensions and ceiling heights. The development of a system of tourist and excursion services for foreign tourists was not initiated. But the country's economy, which had been actively developing for a long time without tourism, required new sources of vitality. The Japanese government has revised its concepts regarding the development of inbound tourism in the country and has allocated 2 billion US dollars for activities to promote the national tourism product in the global tourism market in order to attract tourist flows to the country from other regions.

In connection with the above, the activities of China are interesting. Outbound tourist flows from this country are negligible, since the state has not created a legal institution of annual paid leave and a significant part of the population engaged in agriculture does not have the means to travel abroad. The volume of outbound tourism does not exceed 5 million per year, which is quite a small amount relative to the 1 billion total population. But inbound tourism is developing. In the global tourism economy, China currently represents the most attractive tourism region with a large number of tourist attractions, a developed tourism industry and a positive government policy regarding tourism. According to WTO experts, in the coming years China will become the most visited country by tourists in the world. Already in 1998, more than 65 million tourists visited China. By 2010, it is planned that 125 million foreign tourists will visit China. These planned tourist flows are impressive.

Among the revenue and, accordingly, expenditure items of the state budget, there is no item “tourism”, and the structure of departmental expenditure indicators in areas and financing is such that the Russian State Committee for Funding, which is in charge of tourism, has a target item for financing physical culture and sports in the amount of more than 90 % of the total funding of this department.

Research of the potential tourism consumer market. Tourists from different countries, despite the significant commonality of characters and purposes of consuming a tourist product, nevertheless have significant differences. The essence of such differences lies in their usual way of life and recreation, the depth of information and familiarization with tourist resources, knowledge of history, the ability to objectively perceive reality and harmoniously use the tourist resources and opportunities available in a given tourist center.

In order to effectively use tourism resources to receive tourists, especially foreign ones, their lifestyle, national characteristics, level of training and the ability to adequately perceive objects of tourist interest should be carefully studied. All these indicators and characteristics are taken into account when designing a tourist product, volume and level of services, excursion texts, etc.

Currently, the most common form of research is the collection of official statistics on the entry and exit of tourists to tourist centers and regions, special studies of tourist flows, modes of travel, the needs of tourists and their solvency, other characteristics of the potential consumer market, in particular the perception of tourism resources and other analysis of tourism activities and, most importantly, the profitability of tourism for a given region. To a large extent, such research is carried out by sociologists and marketers of tourist centers and is used in the formation of strategic and operational plans for the development of tourist regions and centers. For example, in the “Strategic Plan for St. Petersburg” tourism, as a priority sector of the economy determined by the state, is allocated to a separate section of a very voluminous planning document.

Geography. It is important to assess geographic and other related factors when assessing the tourism potential of regional resources. Geographical, natural-climatic, demographic information, trends and forecasts of their changes are necessary for careful interregional, regional and subregional planning of tourism development, planning of the development of facilities and the tourism industry, investment in the tourism industry, planning of tourist flows and, ultimately, employment and income from tourism.

Computer science. Any sector of the economy at the present stage of development cannot do without powerful information support.

This is systematized data on a wide variety of areas of knowledge, available for use for tourism purposes. Today, an important role is played by various automated information systems for booking tourist services, information databases of tourist resources, tourist products on a variety of media - in the form of books, reference books, catalogues, prospectuses, guidebooks, time table schedules. Many travel companies include not only travel agencies themselves, but also powerful information centers and publishing houses. These include Reed Travel Group (UK). Note that guidebooks began to exist even before the development of tourism itself. By the time Thomas Cook organized the first tourist trip, guidebooks for traveling to Paris already existed in London. Many famous tourist guides have a history of more than 100 years.

Today, many information arrays are formed on CDs. The technological revolution in computer equipment after 1990 brought into existence powerful automated systems for tourism purposes. Global world computer systems have been created and are successfully operated - Amadeus (Europe), Saber (USA), Galileo (Great Britain), Gabriel and others. These systems have become especially widespread when organizing transportation, primarily by air, as well as when booking hotel services and others.

The global Internet gave users an even more powerful impetus in the development of tourist information. Today, almost all travel companies have access to this network either through e-mail or by setting up their own information Web site, which makes it possible to fairly fully provide any network user with extensive information about tourism and other services. Both government departments responsible for tourism and private companies, travel agencies, hotels, tourism associations, carriers, and companies providing attraction services have huge information pages. Placing information on the Internet is generally cheaper than publishing books and booklets, information can be easily and quickly modified, and high-quality color illustrations can be presented. The information is available to a very wide range of users in developed countries. In Russia, the number of Internet users is estimated at 5 million people. Many people use these features to reserve and even pay for services.

Right. Tourism, as an important component of the economy of a significant part of the countries, as well as an important component of international relations and business activity, requires special legal regulation. A special branch has emerged - tourism law.

National law. Many countries have adopted national laws on tourism, which define the basic concepts and principles of development and standards of tourism activities for resident and non-resident companies. For the latter, certain restrictions on activity are usually introduced. Particular attention is paid to the regulation of relations between tourism organizers and tourist clients.

International tourism law. International tourism is regulated by many conventions, international treaties and agreements.

Important decisions on the development of tourism in the international community were made in the Helsinki Agreements, signed on August 1, 1975 (Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe.) The World Tourism Organization - WTO - was created under the UN, the purpose of which is to develop norms and regulations that facilitate tourist exchange in the international community. In 1985, at the 6th session of the WTO General Assembly, the “Charter of Tourism and the Tourist Code” was adopted.

Today, in their activities in the field of tourism, states are guided by the main international agreements on tourism: the Hague (1989, The Hague, the Netherlands) and the Manila Agreements (1980, Manila, Philippines), recommendations of the Osaka Conference of Ministers on Tourism (1994,

Osaka, Japan). It is important to note regional laws and regulations. Thus, the European Economic Community adopts a number of laws and regulations relating to the uniform regulation of tourism activities in the countries of this community.

Currently, tourism is not only a popular form of recreation, it is a powerful global industry, occupying up to 10% of the world's gross product, which employs huge numbers of workers, fixed assets, and attracts large capital.

According to the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), since 1998, tourism has become the world's leading exporter of goods and services, surpassing the automobile, food, computer, office equipment and fuel industries. The average growth rate of tourism volumes was in 1950–1999. 7% per year, which is much higher than the average annual growth rate of the world economy as a whole. According to WTO forecasts, the growth rate of tourism volumes will continue in the coming decades. Thus, by 2020, the number of international tourist arrivals should increase by 2.2 times compared to 2000 - from 698 million to 1?561 billion trips.

To serve such a large number of people moving around the world, an even greater number of specialists from many tourism-related industries are involved, which constitute the essence of the tourism industry and infrastructure. Today, every 15th person on the planet works in the tourism sector. It should be noted that in the tourism sector, the number of workers involved in services is much larger compared to the number of tourists themselves. Tourism creates a large number of jobs. This phenomenon ranks first among the factors and consequences that give a positive effect to society from this type of activity.

Although it is believed that tourism is one of the fastest and most dynamically developing areas of the Russian economy, its share in Russia accounts for only about 1% of the world tourist flow. This is largely due to the fact that the legal support for this type of activity has not yet been properly reflected in Russian legislation. Despite the adoption of a special federal law “On the fundamentals of tourism activities in the Russian Federation” dated November 24, 1996 and about 40 laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, tourism legislation as a separate branch of legislation has not been formed. One of the main reasons for this is the lack of a clear delineation of the competence of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of tourism. The lack of legal regulation at the federal level leads to the fact that the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, filling the legal vacuum, establish their own forms and methods of state control over the activities of guides (accreditation, certification, etc.), as well as the rules for the provision of services by them. This does not always comply with the norms of federal legislation, and sometimes creates certain restrictions on the movement of services on the territory of the Russian Federation, which contradicts paragraph 3 of Art. 1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Thus, at present, some laws and legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation contradict federal legislation, which is unacceptable in building a rule of law state and contradicts the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

The weak link of the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation” is that the subject of legal regulation is primarily tour operator and travel agent activities. It does not apply to producers of tourism services: hotels, health resort organizations, carriers, excursion agencies, etc., and also does not determine the specifics of relations between all participants in tourism activities. The disadvantage of this law is that it contradicts the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law

"On the protection of consumer rights." In particular, certain norms of the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation" worsen the position of the tourist as a consumer in comparison with the norms of the Federal Law "On the Protection of Consumer Rights", and relations in the field of provision of tourism services are defined in the law on tourism activities as a type of retail purchase -sales.

According to WTO experts, Russia’s potential allows, with an appropriate level of development of tourism infrastructure, to receive up to 40 million foreign tourists per year, which can be an additional source of revenue to the Russian budget. However, today the number of foreign guests coming to the Russian Federation on business, tourist and private visits does not correspond to its tourism potential, amounting to only 6.8 million people.

And this is despite the fact that the state recognizes tourism as one of the priority sectors of the Russian economy (Article 3 of the Federal Law “On the fundamentals of tourism in the Russian Federation”). In general, when analyzing the legislation of the Russian Federation regulating relations in the field of tourism, it should be noted that for the normal legal existence of the tourism business in the Russian Federation, the adoption of an appropriate codified law is necessary.

To a certain extent, it improves the legal situation in tourism activities at the regional level, for example, the Law of the Krasnodar Territory of October 25, 2005 No. 938-KZ “On tourism activities in the Krasnodar Territory”.

Relations between a travel company and a tourist are regulated by Federal legislation, in particular the Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation” and the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Protection of Consumer Rights”.

When drawing up an agreement with a travel agency, you should remember:

1. Civil legislation regulating legal relations arising from contractual obligations is based on the recognition of the equality of participants in a transaction and the freedom to conclude an agreement; citizens and legal entities are free to establish their rights and obligations on the basis of an agreement (Article 1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), therefore:

– when concluding an agreement with a travel agency, you should carefully read its terms: Your signature means that you have read and agreed with the provisions of the agreement;

– you should remember that the basis of the Russian economy is market relations, and by signing the agreement, you simultaneously agreed with its price (the cost of travel services); Accordingly, having learned that exactly the same tour can be purchased from another company at a lower cost, you cannot demand that the travel agency reduce the price of the concluded contract: the terms of the agreement are determined at the discretion of the parties (Article 421 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

2. You should pay attention to the cost of the tour: current legislation allows travel companies to set a firm and approximate price for the tour (Article 33 of the Law “On Protection of Consumer Rights”):

– a firm or approximate estimate can be drawn up for the provision of services provided for in the contract;

– the contractor has no right to demand an increase in the firm estimate, and the consumer (Customer) has no right to demand its reduction.

3. The issuance of a visa permit for entry/transit is within the exclusive competence of the embassies of foreign states:

– a travel company cannot be responsible for changes in the conditions / deadlines for issuing entry documents, as well as for the refusal of the relevant authorities to issue a visa to a tourist by consular, immigration, and customs services of foreign countries located in Russia;

– embassies have the right to refuse entry into the country without explaining the reasons for the refusal, as well as to give explanations to the legislation of the sending state (Article 44 of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of 04/24/1963).

4. Your behavior:

– tourists are obliged to comply with the legislation of the state of temporary stay, respect customs, traditions, and observe personal safety rules during travel (Article 7 of the Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation”);

– tourists should not commit any criminal acts or actions that may be considered criminal under the laws of the country being visited, as well as behavior that may be provocative or even offensive to the local population (Clause 5, Article 1 of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism). For example, in Muslim countries, it is undesirable for a woman to appear on the street in very revealing costumes (shorts, T-shirts);

– tourists are required to comply with personal safety rules during travel (Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation”), tourists must be aware of the health and safety risks that are inevitably associated with traveling outside their usual environment, and behave in such a way as to reduce these risks are minimized (clause 6, article 1 of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism). In particular, it is necessary to monitor (as elsewhere) your personal belongings and not leave them unattended.

5. Changes in the tour program: The Law “On the Protection of Consumer Rights”, if deficiencies are detected in the service provided, allows the tourist, at his choice, to demand:

– free elimination of deficiencies;

– a corresponding reduction in the price of the service;

– reimbursement of expenses incurred by him to eliminate deficiencies on his own or by third parties, however, taking into account the specifics of legal relations in tourism (the provision of tourist services occurs without the direct participation of the travel agency with which the tourist entered into an agreement), the procedure for accepting or not accepting the service applies (clause 3 of Art. 29 of the Law “On Protection of Consumer Rights”), that is:

– if the client accepted the service (used it), then in the future he loses the right to compensation for the previously ordered service;

– if the client does not agree to replace the service, he has the right to refuse it, in this case he retains the right to receive compensation for the lost service upon returning home.

6. Your claims must be justified (objective and documented):

– travel agencies cannot be responsible for changes in weather conditions, since they are not a condition of the contract for tourist services;

– your subjective assessment “I didn’t like it” cannot be the subject of a complaint, since the travel agency, in accordance with the terms of the contract, provides a range of services for travel, accommodation, meals, etc. By analogy: You didn’t like the performance in the theater or the football match was held in an open stadium, which created a number of inconveniences for the fans;

– the subject of the claim may be the failure to provide part of the services or the discrepancy between the ordered and provided services, in which case evidence is required (a mark on the ticket, a protocol from the hotel, a protocol from the host guide, photographs, etc.);

– claims to the quality of the tourism product are presented by the tourist to the tour operator or travel agent (at the discretion of the tourist) in writing within 20 days from the date of expiration of the contract, the travel agency is obliged to consider the claim within 10 days after its receipt (Article 10 of the Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities”) in the Russian Federation");

7. Cancellation of the trip:

– if for some reason you decide to cancel your trip, then do it as quickly as possible, since the amount of penalties for unilateral termination of the contract (Article 782 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) depends on the period for which you notify the Contractor;

– refusal to travel due to a declaration of a state of emergency in the place you intended to visit will also entail penalties, since neither party is responsible for non-fulfillment (improper performance) of the contract in the event of force majeure circumstances (force majeure) , and the risk of loss is borne by the owner;

– to prevent the risk of losses in the event of termination of the contract, insurance “against inability to travel” is recommended (in particular, the insured event may include refusal of a visa, inability to travel due to illness of close relatives, etc.).

The rapid development of international tourism, its spread to almost all regions of the globe, has also aggravated the problem of ensuring the safety of tourists.

While traveling, a tourist finds himself in an environment that differs from his usual habitat, and this stay away from home is fraught with all sorts of dangerous circumstances for the tourist. Ignorance of the language, customs, traditions, lack of immunity from diseases common in this area, overload of programs and complexity of routes and, as a consequence, intense loads become a threat to the life and health of tourists. Tourists often become victims of internal political clashes, terrorism, criminal offenses, and end up in areas of military operations.

There is a great danger of a “return” of SARS in the Asian region; terrorist attacks are occurring one after another in the Middle East. Tourists began to visit Mediterranean countries less willingly, which are located close to the “explosive” Iraq and Israel. Relatively safe places, such as Scandinavia and the Baltic countries, and the North-West region of Russia, look preferable.

Ensuring the safety of tourists is the main condition for organizing travel.

Federal Law No. 184-FZ of December 27, 2002 “On Technical Regulation” defines safety:

"Safety - ... a state in which there is no unacceptable risk associated with causing harm to the life or health of citizens, the property of individuals or legal entities, ... the environment, the life or health of animals and plants.”

A person cannot feel comfortable if he does not feel safe. He will not be tempted by the most modern accommodation facilities or the latest means of transportation if they do not guarantee safety. The story of the Concorde airliner confirms this. In the mid-50s. According to a joint project of France and Great Britain, the first supersonic airliner Concorde (Concord) was built. Speed ​​– 2.2 thousand km/hour, flight range – 4.5 thousand km, capacity – 110 seats. In 1969, Concorde's first commercial flight took place. The flights were extremely popular among tourists and provided considerable income. By 1977, 14 serial Concordes were produced. By the mid-90s. (over 20 years of operation) Concorde served 3.7 million people. In July 2000, a plane crashed in Paris. 113 people died. After the terrorist attacks in the United States, the airliner's load dropped to 40%; after the start of the war in Iraq, the load dropped to zero. The lack of guaranteed safety stopped further operation of the aircraft. On May 31, 2003, Concorde made its last flight. Now it is a museum exhibit. But the need for supersonic airliners remains. It is planned to build 500 new aircraft by 2025. These should be small planes with 10–12 seats for business tourism. Small Concordics, being more reliable and safer, will pay for themselves faster.

Risk factors. The development of tourism directly depends on ensuring the safety of tourists, on the level of protection of their lives, health, and property. GOST 50644-94/28681.3-95 “Tourist and excursion services. Requirements for ensuring the safety of tourists and excursionists" classifies harmful factors (risk factors) as follows:

– risk of injury (bruises, fractures from falling various objects, abrasions, abrasions from uncomfortable tourist equipment, etc.);

– environmental influences (high and low temperatures, humidity, wind, pressure changes);

– fire hazard (making fires, smoking in unauthorized places, using faulty electrical appliances, etc.);

– biological effects (burns, allergies from exposure to poisonous plants, insects, animals, etc.);

– psychophysiological stress (overloaded service programs, complex routes, disruption of sleep, rest, and food intake);

– danger of radiation (increased level of ultraviolet radiation, radiological radiation);

– chemical effects (toxicosis, irritation, sensitization);

– increased dust and gas pollution (exceeding the permissible level of harmful substances in the air of premises and vehicles);

– other factors (lack of necessary information about the service and its characteristics);

– specific risk factors (natural, man-made disasters, other emergency situations, including those related to the state of public order).

Safety in tourism is ensured by complete and reliable information to tourists, compliance with the requirements of technical regulations, various types of insurance and other measures.

Informing tourists. Information(from Latin “explanation, presentation”) - certain information transmitted to people in any way: orally, in writing, by conventional signals, using technical means. Modern tourism involves a variety of means of communication. Information is disseminated through print, radio, television, cinema, excursions, sound recording, video recording. In tourism, in accordance with GOST R 50681-94/28681.1-95 “Tourist and excursion services. Design of tourist services”, an “Information Sheet” is used to inform tourists - a mandatory appendix to the tourist voucher.

The safety of tourists is also ensured by strict implementation technical regulations - documents containing mandatory requirements for application. These requirements include: safe operation of machinery and equipment, buildings, structures, structures and adjacent areas, fire, biological, environmental, nuclear and radiation safety, electromagnetic compatibility (Article 4 of the Federal Law “On Technical Regulation”). Mandatory compliance with these requirements guarantees a reliable level of safety in tourism.

Insurance in tourism. Insurance is another way to protect the life, health, and property of tourists from possible damage and from attacks by third parties. The insurer (company) pays the tourist (policyholder) a certain amount upon the occurrence of an insured event: sudden illness, accident, loss of property, etc.

The most common types of insurance in tourism: personal (insurance of medical expenses for treatment), property (insurance of luggage, car, etc.), civil liability (insurance of liability to third parties), insurance of vacations and trips (in case of forced cancellation), etc. Insurance is increasingly becoming a requirement for any tour.

Technical equipment of security systems. The technical equipment of security systems increases the level of protection for tourists and allows them to control the situation. Vehicles, train stations, airports, and tourism industry enterprises are equipped with the latest technical devices: electronic locks, high-security locks, security cameras, metal detectors, mirrors for examining the undersides of cars, X-ray units for scanning luggage, bulletproof glass, effective fire-fighting equipment and other modern safety equipment. .

The creation of alternative sources of energy supply, supplies of drinking water during an emergency, the use of equipment for additional water filtration, the use of year-round air conditioning, widespread radio broadcasting and telephone installations, including elevators and bathrooms, minimize the possibility of risk factors.

Training. Training personnel to behave in extreme conditions is also a necessary condition for ensuring safety. The primary concern of all workers should be to protect tourists from possible hazards. Enterprises open specialized security services, organize staff training, conduct training and instruction for employees, and practice their interaction in extreme conditions.

All of the above measures strengthen the safety of tourists while traveling. Safe tours inspire confidence among tourists and increase demand.

Risk factors and the problem of ensuring safety in tourism are partially discussed above. Let's look at this problem in more detail. Slow reform of the social sphere and acute social problems lead to the emergence of hotbeds of social tension. Hunger strikes, demonstrations of cruelty, terrorist acts, crimes, and other violent measures become instruments of social struggle. At the end of 2002 alone, the total volume of crime amounted to 2 million 526 thousand registered crimes.

Terrorism. To achieve their goals (separatist, religious, economic, social, political, etc.), terrorists use a variety of methods to intimidate ethnic, social groups, entire nations and states. By challenging the authorities in order to force them to carry out their will, terrorists with their sudden actions cause increased social tension, have a strong impact on the consciousness and psyche of people, and create an extreme situation in society, requiring the government to make immediate decisions and actions. They use a wide variety of intimidation methods. This includes bioterrorism (white and gray powders, deadly, dangerous poisons, anthrax spores), and computer viruses, hacking, and economic sabotage.

It has not yet been possible to protect the Internet from the invasion of criminals, “moles” who can bring the global Internet to the brink of paralysis. An information leak, the appearance of a WINDOUS code fragment even in a small volume (0.016 of the total volume) is already enough for hackers to detect system weaknesses.

There is a danger of the emergence of a new generation of computer viruses that can cause not only computer breakdowns, but also interruptions in the world's infrastructure, including life support systems, and attack banks and personal accounts in order to steal financial funds. Ensuring the safety of computer technology, the electronic giant Microsoft has established a special huge reward for the capture of such criminals.

Terrorist attacks are not only an internal shock to the entire country, but also affect its relations with the outside world. Thus, major terrorist attacks in New York on September 11, 2001, and in Moscow in October 2002 led to significant changes in the domestic and international politics of many states. The terrorist attack in the United States on September 11, 2001 caused a severe crisis for the entire tourism industry. The US tourism industry has been particularly hard hit.

The terrorist attack on the island of Djerba had a negative impact on the tourism market in North Africa. The explosion in Mombasa affected the size of the tourist flow to Kenya, the terrorist attack in Bali reduced tourism indicators in Indonesia. The war in Iraq also did not contribute to the development of tourism in this region.

The beginning of 2004 for the French and tourists was darkened by threats from terrorists who demanded $4 million and 1 million euros and promised otherwise to blow up the railway at various points. 10 thousand railway workers were forced to explore 32 thousand km of railway tracks on foot, and the flow of tourists decreased sharply.

Explosions at a Madrid train station in March 2004 killed 201 people.

The sad list of terrorist acts and innocent victims of violence can be multiplied for a long time.

In Russia and the CIS alone over the past 10 years, there have been 27 major terrorist attacks, in which 2,439 people were killed and injured.

The beginning of 2004 was marked by another tragedy: a terrorist attack in the Moscow metro claimed the lives of 39 people, and the number of wounded reached 136.

The atrocities of the terrorists who seized a school in Beslan (North Ossetia) in September 2004 shocked the entire world community.

Table 3 shows major terrorist attacks in Russia that caused a political resonance in the country and the world (autumn 1999 – end of 2002)

Table 3

Simple neglect of one’s professional duties, violation of tourist formalities, registration rules, etc. can provoke crime.

In 2000, 398,775 citizens of non-CIS countries lived in hotels in Moscow. When staying in hotels, they registered their passports for the entire validity period of the visa, but after 1-2 days they left the hotel and disappeared among Muscovites without a trace. The share of such violators was 12% of the total number of guests; they committed 27 crimes of varying severity. 18 hotels were charged with penalties and were deprived of the right to receive, accommodate, and register foreign citizens. In 2003, 35,700 illegal migrants were expelled from Moscow.

Weakened control, professional inefficiency, the so-called “human factor”, and an imperfect legislative framework are a breeding ground for terrorism. The growth of terrorism is also facilitated by the huge volume of weapons. Currently, over 500 million small arms are legally registered in the world, of which 5 million are in Russia.

Drug trafficking as a security threat in tourism. The financial basis of terrorism and the cause of the deepest social problems is the drug business. If in 1996 Russian border guards seized 2 kg of heroin on the Tajik-Afghan border, then in 2001 this amount was already 2,429 kg. “Russia has finally turned from a drug-trafficking country into a consumer country. And the biggest problem is heroin, 95% of Afghan origin,” employees of the State Drug Control Service note. Caravans with “white death” cross the borders of Afghanistan with Central Asian states every day. Heroin is transported to Russia in KAMAZ trucks, planes, and trains. With the arrival of the Americans in Afghanistan, heroin production increased significantly. A huge problem is the open borders with Kazakhstan, through which most of the drugs come to us.

Tourists are often used as couriers in the drug business, causing enormous harm to the credibility of the tourism industry.

Personnel of tourist enterprises and organizations are obliged to prevent the spread of drug addiction by all available means: inform tourists, familiarize them with statistics, be attentive and helpful, interact with security services, prevention centers, etc.

Activities to ensure safety in tourism.

Over the past 10 years, Russia has adopted 70 laws, 200 decrees of the head of state, 500 government resolutions and other by-laws to maintain security, but the security problem has not yet been resolved. According to sociological surveys of tourists, youth groups, the so-called “skinheads,” are of great concern.

“The state, including its security forces, must first of all work for citizens, to protect their rights, interests and property, not to mention the protection of their safety and life itself,” - V.V. Putin said in his election speech.

Successful development of tourism in the country is possible only with guaranteed travel safety. For this you need:

– interaction with Europol and Interpol on issues of illegal immigration, drug trafficking, etc.;

– adjustment of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, introduction of amendments, changes, additions to it, toughening of punishment for terrorism, etc.;

– strict compliance by tourist organizations with the requirements of regulatory legal documents to ensure the safety of tourists;

– involvement of public organizations and professional associations in solving the security problem. For example, after September 11, 2001, the US Bankers Association decided not to serve clients wearing hats, sunglasses, or hoods;

– use of technical protective equipment manufactured using the latest technologies. Conventional electronic locks are being replaced by locking devices that respond to voice, retina, fingerprints, etc. The implantation of chips, tagging with sensors, the use of portable X-ray units, etc. are increasingly being used;

– expansion of the list of insurance services in tourism, the use of new types of insurance: implementation of insurance programs for legal support of tourists abroad, provision of vehicle maintenance, auto liability insurance, insurance against possible violation of customs rules, against early return home, against bad weather, and unsuccessful fishing , unsuccessful hunt, etc.;

– application of biometrics in visa and passport formalities.

In 2003, the US Congress, in order to combat international terrorism, decided to introduce a special procedure for issuing American visas. This is the so-called “collection of human biometric data.” According to the decree, everyone entering America (except diplomats, officials on business trips and patients in need of urgent treatment) must leave their fingerprints. A special scanning device produces a photocopy of finger patterns within a few seconds, which is attached to the passport. When entering the country, the procedure is repeated, photocopies are compared. This makes it possible to identify a person upon entry, as well as prevent document falsification and the creation of false entry documents. Fingerprint information will be stored at the US Department of Foreign Affairs, provided with a high degree of protection.

In 2003, at the initiative of the G8 member countries, which includes Russia, work began on the creation of a new generation of international passports. The document will contain in electronic form biometric data about a person (fingerprints, digital photography, iris, etc.) for persons from 14 to 80 years of age. Biometric data makes it possible to increase the efficiency of identification, that is, confirmation of the identity of citizens traveling abroad. These measures are aimed at strengthening the fight against international terrorism and illegal migration. The possibility of using counterfeit documents is eliminated and double control is introduced when entering and leaving the country.

In Russia, mass production of a portable Phoenix mask is planned, capable of protecting a person from toxic gases and vapors for 25 minutes (weight 300 g).

In Israel, special bus turnstiles have been put into operation, allowing passengers to enter the cabin one person at a time through the front door. The turnstiles are equipped with special sensors and are controlled from the driver’s cabin.

The T63 Artemis Robot was designed in America - a new word in the field of safety. The robot is equipped with video cameras, a microphoto camera, a smoke detector, patrols the building and territory according to a given map, and knows how to use elevators. To fight intruders, the robot uses indelible fluorescent paint or an aerosol cloud, and can send pictures from video cameras directly to a mobile phone.

1. What role does the study of anthropology play in planning tourist flows?

2. How are the state and dynamics of tourism development related to sociology?

3. The relationship between the country’s tourism resources and the economy.

4. Objectives, content and forms of research into the potential tourism consumer market.

5. The role of assessing geographical factors in assessing the tourism potential of regional territories.

6. Characterize the relationship between computer science and the tourism business.

7. The role of national and international tourism law in the tourism market.

8. Which link in the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation” is the weakest?

9. Characterize the degree of development of tourism legislation as a separate branch of legislation in the Russian Federation.

10. How do certain norms of the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation” relate to the norms of the Federal Law “On the Protection of Consumer Rights” in the Russian Federation?

11. What should you remember when drawing up an agreement with a travel agency?

12. What points should you pay attention to when reviewing the cost of the tour?

13. How does the issuance of a visa permit relate to the responsibilities of a travel agency?

14. How are the legal norms of tourist behavior reflected in the Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation”?

15. How are problematic issues related to changes in the tour program reflected in the legislation?

16. What does the legislation say about the validity of a tourist’s claims regarding the shortcomings of a tour to a travel agency?

17. Legal norms for a tourist’s refusal to travel.

18. List the main factors for ensuring the safety of tourists when making a tour.

19. How does GOST ‘50644-94/28681.3-95 “Tourist and excursion services. Requirements for ensuring the safety of tourists and excursionists" classifies harmful factors (risk factors)?

20. How does the implementation of technical regulations ensure the safety of tourists?

21. Terrorism and drug trafficking as a threat to security in tourism.

22. Measures to ensure safety in tourism.

23. By what criteria can tourism organizations be classified?

24. Characteristics and goals of the World Tourism Organization - WTO (World Tourism Organization - WTO).

25. Characteristics and goals of the International Air Transport Association - IATA) and the International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO).

26. Characteristics and goals of the Asia-Pacific Travel Association (Pacific Asia Travel Association - PATA).

27. Which organizations at the federal level are subjects of tourism management in the Russian Federation?

28. What are the tasks of the National Tourism Corporation (NTC), created under the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation?

29. Characteristics, goals and content of the activities of the Russian Union of Tourism Industry (PATA).

30. Characteristics of the Association of Tourist Organizations “Euro-Asia”.

31. Characteristics, goals and content of the activities of the All-Russian People's Tourism Society (VNTO).

32. Characteristics, goals and content of the activities of the Russian Hotel Association (RGA).

3.Specially protected natural areas (specially protected areas)

Protected areas and tourism. State nature reserves. National and natural parks. State nature reserves. Natural monuments. Dendrological parks and botanical gardens. Medical and recreational areas and resorts. Ecological tourism.

Specially protected natural areas (SPNA) are objects of national heritage and are areas of land, water surface and air space above them where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health value, which withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established.

To specially protected natural areas (SPNA) include: nature reserves, natural monuments, protected forest areas, national parks, nature reserves. The main purpose of these territories is the protection of valuable natural objects: botanical, zoological, hydrological, geological, complex, landscape.

According to estimates from leading international organizations, at the end of the 90s there were about 10 thousand large protected natural areas of all types in the world. The total number of national parks was close to 2000, and biosphere reserves - to 350.

Specially protected natural areas are important in the natural recreational potential of Russia. Taking into account the peculiarities of the regime and status of the environmental institutions located on them, the following categories of these territories are usually distinguished:

§ state natural reserves, including biosphere reserves;

§ National parks;

§ natural parks;

§ state nature reserves;

§ natural monuments;

§ dendrological parks and botanical gardens;

§ medical and recreational areas and resorts.

Protected areas may have federal, regional or local significance . Protected areas of federal significance are federal property and are under the jurisdiction of federal government bodies. SPNAs of regional significance are the property of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and are under the jurisdiction of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation. PAs of local importance are the property of municipalities and are under the jurisdiction of local governments.

State nature reserves are environmental, research and environmental educational institutions aimed at preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems.

These reserves are the most traditional and strict form of territorial nature protection in Russia, which has priority importance for the conservation of biological diversity.

On the territory of the reserves, specially protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna) of environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as examples of the natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places of conservation of genetic fund of flora and fauna.

Reserves– environmental institutions, the territory or water area of ​​which includes natural complexes and objects of unique environmental value, intended for use for environmental, scientific and educational purposes.

Unlike national parks, nature reserves have very limited recreational use, mostly educational only. This is reflected in the functional zoning of the reserves. In particular, there are 4 main zones:

· a protected area in which flora and fauna develop without human intervention;

· scientific monitoring zone, in which the reserve's scientists monitor the condition and development of protected natural objects;

· an environmental education zone, where the nature museum of the reserve is usually located and strictly regulated paths are laid along which groups of tourists are led to become familiar with the natural features of the complex;

· economic and administrative zone.

National parks are environmental, environmental, educational and research institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and which are intended for use for environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and regulated tourism.

Abroad, national parks are the most popular type of protected areas. In particular, in the USA, the history of the creation of some parks goes back more than a hundred years.

The task of national parks, along with their environmental function, is to create conditions for regulated tourism and recreation in natural conditions.

Consequently, in the most conventional version, 4 functional zones are distinguished on the territory of any national park:

· a protected zone, within which all recreational and economic activities are prohibited;

· zone of reserved regime – preservation of natural objects with strictly regulated recreational use;

· educational tourism zone – organization of environmental education and familiarization with the sights of the park;

· zone of recreational use, including areas for recreation, sports and amateur hunting and fishing.

Natural parks of regional significance – a relatively new category of protected areas in Russia. They are environmental recreational institutions under the jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Federation, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of significant environmental and aesthetic value, and intended for use for environmental, educational and recreational purposes. Parks are located on lands granted to them for indefinite (permanent) use, and in some cases - on lands of other users, as well as owners.

One of the most “massive” categories of specially protected natural areas are state natural reserves, which exist in almost all regions of the Russian Federation. Declaring a territory as a state nature reserve is permitted both with and without withdrawal from users, owners and possessors of land plots.

State nature reserves are territories (water areas) that are of particular importance for the preservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and maintaining the ecological balance.

State nature reserves can be of federal or regional significance and have a different profile. Landscape reserves are designed to preserve and restore natural complexes (natural landscapes); biological (botanical and zoological) – conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals (including economically, scientifically and culturally valuable species); paleontological – preservation of fossil objects; hydrological (marsh, lake, river, sea) – conservation and restoration of valuable water bodies and ecological systems; geological – preservation of valuable objects and complexes of inanimate nature.

Natural monuments – unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin.

Areas of land and water, as well as single natural objects, can be declared natural monuments.

Natural monuments may have federal, regional or local significance, depending on the environmental, aesthetic and other value of the protected natural complexes and objects.

Russian legislation identifies another category of protected natural areas – dendrological parks and botanical gardens. These are predominantly urban and suburban facilities created for educational, scientific and only partially recreational purposes.

Botanical gardens and dendrological parks carry out the introduction of plants of natural flora, study their ecology and biology under stationary conditions, develop the scientific foundations of ornamental gardening, landscape architecture, landscaping, introduce wild plants into cultivation, protect introduced plants from pests and diseases, and also develop methods and techniques for selection and agricultural technology for the creation of sustainable decorative displays, the principles of organizing artificial phytocenoses and the use of introduced plants to optimize the technogenic environment.

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens can be of federal or regional significance and are formed accordingly by decisions of the executive bodies of state power of the Russian Federation or representative and executive bodies of state power of the relevant subjects of the Federation.

You can become familiar with the types and forms of recreational use of specially protected natural areas in detail by studying the textbook excerpts from articles covering this issue presented below.

HEALTH AND HEALTH AREAS- specially protected natural sites, which, in accordance with the Federal Law “On Specially Protected Natural Territories” dated March 14, 1995, may include territories (water areas) suitable for organizing the treatment and prevention of diseases, as well as recreation for the population and possessing natural healing resources (mineral waters, healing mud, brine of estuaries and lakes, healing climate, beaches, parts of water areas and inland seas, other natural objects and conditions). RESORT - a specially protected natural area developed and used for therapeutic and preventive purposes, which has natural healing resources and the buildings and structures necessary for their operation, including infrastructure facilities (Federal Law “On natural healing resources, medical and recreational areas and resorts” dated February 23, 1995 .).

There are distinctions between municipalities of local significance (under the jurisdiction of local government bodies), municipalities of regional significance (under the jurisdiction of the state authority of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation), and municipalities of federal significance (under the jurisdiction of federal government bodies).

Types of institutions: sanatoriums, holiday homes, boarding houses, resort clinics, resort. hotels, treatment hotels.

Main types of resorts:

Balneotherapeutic (min. water)

Mud (therapeutic mud)

Climatic (forest, seaside, mountain, climate-kumyso - medicinal)

!!!See the table with resorts in your tour notebook. resources in seminars!!!

Ecological tourism(especially in the form of biosphere ecotourism) is the most environmentally friendly type of environmental management. Within its framework, knowledge can follow either the educational process or simply familiarization. The difference between the first type of knowledge and the second is that the educational process is associated with the targeted and thematic acquisition of information about the elements of the ecosystem, and the educational process is associated with non-professional observation of nature. Familiarization can take place in passive (stationary presence in the natural environment), active (associated with the tourist’s transitions from one natural object of interest to another) and sports (overcoming natural obstacles while walking routes) forms.

Therefore, it is necessary to define ecotourism as an activity based on the following principles:

Ø Journey into nature, and the main content of such trips is acquaintance with living nature, as well as local customs and culture.

Ø Minimizing negative consequences of an environmental and socio-cultural nature, maintaining environmental sustainability of the environment.

Ø Promoting the protection of nature and the local socio-cultural environment.

Ø Environmental education and awareness.

Ø Participation of local residents and their receipt of income from tourism activities, which creates economic incentives for them to protect nature.

Ø Economic efficiency and contribution to the sustainable development of the regions visited.

These signs are indicated as fundamental for ecotourism by recognized authorities in this field - N.V. Moraleva and E.Yu. Ledovskikh, participants of the Dersu Uzala Ecotourism Development Fund.

4.Cultural and historical tourist resources.

Concept, essence. Material and spiritual cultural and historical objects.

material- all means of production and material assets of society (historical and cultural monuments, enterprises of all sectors of the national economy) that can satisfy the cognitive needs of people;

spiritual- achievements of society in state and public life, science, culture, art.

In the complex of recreational resources, a special place is occupied by cultural and historical resources, which represent the legacy of past eras of social development. They serve as a prerequisite for organizing cultural and educational types of recreational activities; on this basis, they optimize recreational activities as a whole, performing quite serious educational functions. The spaces formed by cultural and historical objects to a certain extent determine the localization of recreational flows and the directions of excursion routes.

Among the cultural and historical sites the leading role belongs to historical and cultural monuments, which are the most attractive and, on this basis, serve as the main means of satisfying the needs of educational and cultural recreation. Depending on their main features, historical and cultural monuments are divided into 5 main types: history, archaeology, urban planning and architecture, art, and documentary monuments.

HISTORICAL MONUMENTS. These may include buildings, structures, memorable places and objects associated with the most important historical events in the life of the people, as well as with the development of science and technology, culture and life of peoples, with the life of outstanding people of the state.

ARCHEOLOGICAL MONUMENTS. These are fortifications, mounds, remains of ancient settlements, fortifications, industries, canals, roads, ancient burial places, stone sculptures, rock carvings, ancient objects, areas of the historical cultural layer of ancient settlements.

MONUMENTS OF URBAN PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE. The following objects are most characteristic of them: architectural ensembles and complexes, historical centers, neighborhoods, squares, streets, remains of ancient planning and development of cities and other settlements, buildings of civil, industrial, military, religious architecture, folk architecture, as well as related ones works of monumental, fine, decorative and applied art, landscape art, suburban landscapes.

ART MONUMENTS. These include works of monumental, fine, decorative and applied art and other types of art.

DOCUMENTARY MONUMENTS. These are acts of government and administrative bodies, other written and graphic documents, film, photo and sound recordings, as well as ancient and other manuscripts and archives, recordings of folklore and music, and rare printed publications.

To cultural and historical The prerequisites of the recreational industry include other objects related to history, culture and modern human activity: original enterprises of industry, agriculture, transport, theaters, scientific and educational institutions, sports facilities, botanical gardens, zoos, ethnographic and folklore attractions, handicrafts , folk customs, holiday rituals, etc.

All objects used in educational and cultural recreation are divided into 2 groups - movable and immovable.

The first group consists of monuments of art, archaeological finds, mineralogical, botanical and zoological collections, documentary monuments and other things, objects and documents that can be easily moved. The consumption of recreational resources by this group is associated with visits to museums, libraries and archives, where they are usually concentrated.

The second group includes monuments of history, urban planning and architecture, archeology and monumental art and other structures, including those monuments of art that form an integral part of architecture. From the standpoint of cognitive and cultural recreation, it is important that the objects of this group are independent single or group formations.

The next, more important stage in the assessment of cultural and historical objects is their typology according to recreational significance.

The basis of the typology is the informational essence of cultural and historical objects: uniqueness, typicality among objects of a given type, cognitive and educational significance, attractiveness (external attractiveness).

Information content cultural and historical sites for recreational purposes can be measured by the amount of necessary and sufficient time for their inspection. To determine the time of inspection of an object, it is necessary to classify the object on a basis that would reflect the duration of the inspection.

You can choose 2 classification criteria:

degree of organization of the object for display

the location of the tourists in relation to the object of inspection.

According to the degree of organization, objects are divided into specially organized and unorganized for display.

Organized objects require more inspection time, since they are the purpose of the inspection and form the basis of the excursion. Unorganized objects serve as a general plan accompanying the excursion, a background that is covered at one glance without a detailed examination.

According to the location of the tourists, the objects are divided into

interior (internal inspection of the facility)

Exterior (external inspection of the facility). The total time for inspecting exterior objects is always longer than the time for inspecting interior objects (perhaps with the exception of museums and some other repositories of historical values).

HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL MONUMENTS AND THEIR VARIETIES

Monuments of religious architecture. Monuments of religious architecture are the most ancient that have survived to our time. These are churches and monasteries of various denominations (religions): Orthodox churches, Catholic cathedrals, Lutheran churches, Jewish synagogues, Buddhist pagodas, Muslim mosques.

Now, during the revival of religiosity, pilgrimages are becoming very relevant. Travel to religious complexes can be carried out by different groups for different purposes. There are several forms of such travel.

Monuments of secular architecture. Monuments of secular architecture include urban development - civil and industrial, as well as country palace and park ensembles. Of the most ancient buildings, the kremlins and boyars' chambers have survived to this day. Urban architecture is usually represented by palace buildings, administrative buildings (public places, shopping arcades, noble and merchant meetings, houses of governors), buildings of theaters, libraries, universities and hospitals, which were often built with funds from patrons of the arts according to the designs of famous architects. Since the formation of the Yamsk road race for royalty, postal stations and travel palaces have been revived, which are now part of the cities or stand along old roads. Industrial architecture includes factory buildings, mines, quarries and other structures. Country architecture is represented by estates and palace and park ensembles, such as, for example, Petrodvorets and Pavlovsk in the vicinity of St. Petersburg, Arkhangelskoye and others in the Moscow region.

Archaeological sites. Archaeological sites include villages, burial mounds, rock paintings, earthworks, ancient quarries, mines, as well as the remains of ancient civilizations and excavations from the earliest periods. Archaeological sites are of interest to specialists - historians and archaeologists. Tourists are mainly attracted by rock paintings, inspection of exposed archaeological layers, as well as archaeological exhibitions.

Ethnographic monuments. The ethnographic heritage involved in tourist routes is represented by two types. These are either museum exhibitions in local history museums, museums of folk life and wooden architecture, or existing settlements that have preserved the features of traditional forms of management, cultural life and rituals inherent in the area.

Ethnographic monuments classified as cultural heritage according to the following criteria: uniqueness and originality of ethnocultural and sociocultural conditions; compact residence of small peoples and old-timers, where traditional ways of life, customs and forms of environmental management are most fully preserved.

HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL POTENTIAL AND METHODOLOGY FOR ITS ASSESSMENT

Historical and cultural potential is the basis of educational tourism. It is represented by various types of historical monuments, memorial sites, folk crafts, museums, that is, combinations of objects of material and spiritual culture.

Cultural heritage is the legacy of the historical development of civilization that has accumulated in a given territory.

Each era leaves its mark, which is discovered in cultural layers during archaeological excavations. Almost every area can be of interest for educational tourism. But places where people lived for a long time keep more traces of material culture.

In historical and cultural potential includes the entire sociocultural environment with traditions and customs, features of everyday and economic activities. Tourists, visiting a particular country, perceive cultural complexes as a whole.

The assessment of cultural complexes for recreational purposes is carried out using two main methods:

1) ranking cultural complexes according to their place in world and domestic culture. It is carried out by expert means: objects of global, federal, regional and local significance are established;

2) necessary and sufficient time for inspection. This method allows you to compare different territories according to the prospects of their historical and cultural potential for tourism.

For cultural complexes, as well as for natural ones, important characteristics are reliability and capacity.

The reliability of cultural complexes is determined by two factors: resistance to recreational loads and the stability of its compliance with the value criteria formed among the population.

The first factor determines how much tourist flow a given cultural complex can withstand. This is especially important for museums, where it is necessary to maintain a certain temperature and humidity regime to preserve exhibits. An urgent issue is the use of modern technical means to increase the resistance of cultural complexes to recreational loads and the regulation of the flow of tourists.

The second factor is related to the long-term interest of tourists in a given cultural site. Their interest in world heritage sites remains stable (Egyptian pyramids, ancient architecture of Athens, architectural and historical-cultural monuments of Paris, St. Petersburg, etc.).

The capacity of a cultural complex is determined by the duration of the period during which tourists can perceive the information contained in it, and depends on two factors: the attractiveness of the object of inspection and the psychophysiological capabilities of a person, which are distinguished by significant individuality and have a certain limit.

One of the important functions performed by national parks is their use for recreational purposes (leisure, tourism, aesthetic human needs). Today, most countries in the world are experiencing a “Recreational Explosion.” This is explained by demographic reasons (the emergence of free time, transport opportunities) and an increase in environmental pollution in industrial centers and urban agglomerations. Thus, visitation to protected areas in the United States increases annually by 10-12%.

In many countries, the recreational use of landscapes has acquired national importance. The use of a particular territory for recreational purposes generates more income than could be obtained from any other exploitation of its resources. Thus, tourists visiting national and local parks in California bring the state more than $300 million. in year. Income from foreign tourism in some countries is the third, and sometimes the second most important item in the state budget.

However, in most economically developed countries, the growing demand for natural recreational resources is faced with a decrease in the number of natural landscapes untouched or slightly affected by human economic activity.

At the same time, an increase in the need for recreational resources with a reduction in potential areas suitable for recreation causes an increase in the load per unit of recreational area and often leads to irreversible changes in natural complexes. Thus, most of the UK's national parks suffer greatly from mass tourism. The Peak District National Park, with an area of ​​about 140 thousand hectares, receives 12 million visitors annually, and the Canadian Banff National Park - 2.5 million, despite the fact that its territory is almost 5 times larger.

In general, in many countries, recreational use of landscapes led to environmental pollution and destruction of soils and vegetation, deterioration of living conditions and destruction of wild animals, and disruption of connections in biogeocenoses. As a result, recreational areas become unsuitable for recreation.

A number of countries are taking measures aimed at limiting tourist access to national parks and other protected areas. Thus, in the national parks of Poland it is planned to develop only educational and local history tourism. The development of these forms of tourism is carried out according to tourism development plans based on calculations of the tourist capacity of the main types of land in national parks. Protective zones are created around each national park, provided for by the country's environmental legislation.

There are several natural parks in Ukraine, including the Carpathian State Natural Park, Dniester, Cherkassy Forest and others.

In order to territorially delimit different modes of use in the natural park, environmental zoning is carried out. The territory of the park must be designated as protected areas, closed to the public and under restricted conditions for a certain period, as well as natural monuments.

According to international recommendations, the area of ​​protected areas closed to visitors should be more than 1000 hectares. In the restricted regime zone, only pedestrian visits (along strictly limited routes) are allowed for a small number of people for a short period of time. Reserved and reserved areas should make up 90-95% of the park area.

In general, the possibility of visiting and recreational use of the territories and objects of the NRF depends on the goals of protecting these territories and objects, as well as their category. Recreation is divided into medical and resort, sports and recreational and educational. Thus, the recreational resources of the territories and objects of the NRF are either natural or historical and cultural. The entire influence of recreational activities on natural complexes can be divided into direct and indirect. Direct consists in the destruction of representatives of flora and fauna in the process of hunting, fishing, and household activities. activities; in interfering with the natural processes of animal life by feeding them, breeding them in artificially created conditions; in the introduction and spread of infections, diseases through human waste products, etc.

Indirect the influence lies in changes in the natural habitat, in anthropogenic influence on the components of the epigeosphere, in artificial breeding of animals, in the creation by man of animals and plants with given characteristics, the influence of which on the environment and humans has not yet been established.

A promising form of modern recreation is ecological tourism is an integrated form of recreational activity aimed at harmonizing the relationship between tourists and the environment through the greening of all types of tourism activities and education.

Thus, ecotourism criteria the following:

Carrying out tourism activities in well-preserved natural areas of the world.

Compliance with rules of conduct in the environment.

Minimizing negative impact on the environment.

Ensuring balanced development of ecotourism regions.

Special routes that pass through various natural objects that have a certain environmental, aesthetic and cultural value, and are also accompanied by descriptions of these objects, are called ecological trails. These are specially laid out routes for excursions in nature, in which special attention is paid to studying the connections between the components of nature. Such trails are laid in national natural parks, regional landscape parks, nature reserves, within the buffer zones of nature reserves, within the boundaries of territories that are distinguished by a variety of natural conditions and educational value. The trail is marked with special signs and its layout is established. Ecological trails differ in the length of the route, its duration, difficulty of passage, etc.

Ecological trails can be educational, walking, educational, tourist or educational.

Conclusion: This lecture introduces the history of the development of conservation and reveals the concept of the main forms of protected natural areas.