Infections of the genital organs: types, symptoms, treatment. Male diseases in urology: symptoms

TOPIC: “DISEASES OF THE GENITAL SYSTEM”

GRAPHS OF LOGICAL STRUCTURES ON THE TOPIC

Disease of the male reproductive system

The genital organs are part of the genitourinary system; they ensure the development and release of germ cells, as well as fertilization. Due to sex hormones, they affect the entire body. Male genital organs are different in structure. According to their functional purpose, three sections are distinguished in the genital organs: gonads, genital ducts, copulatory organs. The genital organs are divided into internal and external. The internal ones are represented by: testicles, their appendages, spermatic cords, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbo-urethral glands; the external genital organs include: the scrotum and penis with the urethra.

Diseases of the genital organs are very diverse in terms of etiology, pathogenesis and clinical significance. Some pathological processes in the organs of the reproductive system are a manifestation of an independent underlying suffering, others develop as complications of a number of diseases.

Diseases characterized by the localization of the pathological process in the reproductive system can be divided into dishormonal, inflammatory and tumor diseases. A significant part of the changes in the genital organs occurs as a result of disturbances in the neuro-hormonal regulation of the activity of the genital organs. Because of these disorders, the function of the reproductive apparatus increases or decreases, or a significant disorder occurs, accompanied by structural changes expressed to varying degrees. In connection with these neuro-hormonal disorders, atrophic, hypertrophic, hyperplastic and even tumor processes develop in the genital organs.

When assessing changes found in the genital organs, it is necessary to take into account age-related factors: with age, the function and structure of the genital organs change significantly, which can be attributed to manifestations of their physiological involution. Pathological changes in the reproductive system most often occur due to disturbances in neurohormonal regulation during the period of extinction of sexual activity. In this case, a wide variety of combinations of atrophic, hypertrophic and hyperplastic processes are observed. In men, along with atrophy and age-related involution of the gonads, hypertrophic processes may occur in the prostate gland.

Diseases of the male genital organs are divided into traumatic, malformations, inflammatory, regressive changes, vascular, dishormonal and tumors.

inflammatory disease of the glans penis and inner layer of the foreskin.

Papula (papula, syn., nodule) is a cavity-free formation that rises above the skin.

Prostatitis (prostatitis; Greek prostates standing in front + itis) - inflammation of the prostate gland.

Seminoma (lat. Semen, semen + - oma) is a malignant tumor of germ cells.

Teratoma (Greek teras, terat, freak, deformity +oma) is a tumor consisting of several types of cells.

Phimosis (phimosis; Greek phimosis - closure, closing of the hole) is a pathological narrowing of the opening of the foreskin, which does not allow exposing the head of the penis.

Epididymitis (epididymitis; anat. epididymis epididymis + itis) - inflammation of the epididymis.

Diseases of the female genital organs and mammary glands

Diseases of the female genital organs and mammary glands occupy a leading place in morbidity among women. These diseases are extremely diverse; they not only disrupt women’s ability to work, but often affect their reproductive function. The incidence of malignant tumors of the female genital organs and breast is extremely high. Breast diseases include inflammatory diseases, necrotic changes, fibrocystic diseases, fibrosis and tumors of the mammary glands. Benign dishormonal diseases of the mammary gland constitute the main group of mammary gland pathologies. Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in women; According to the Association of American Oncologists, it develops in every 11th woman, causing death in 18-20% of women who die from malignant neoplasms.

The most common diseases of the uterus are those that develop as a result of inflammatory processes, endocrine disorders, complications of pregnancy and childbirth, as well as tumor transformation. Women with inflammatory diseases of the genital organs make up 60-70% of gynecological patients. Changes in sexual behavior and increased population migration have led to a significant change in the spectrum of pathogens - the frequency of bacterial infections has decreased and the frequency of chlamydial, mycoplasma and viral infections has sharply increased. The main clinical manifestations of dishormonal diseases are various disorders of the menstrual cycle - amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, as well as bleeding from the uterus not associated with the menstrual cycle. Cervical cancer and uterine cancer rank fourth in frequency, only slightly inferior in frequency, “competing” with breast, lung and rectal cancer.

Among fallopian tube diseases, inflammatory diseases are the most common, followed by ectopic tubal pregnancy and endometriosis. Fallopian tube tumors are very rare. Benign cysts and tumors make up the majority of ovarian diseases. Moreover, they account for approximately 50% of mortality from tumors of the female genital organs.

Basic terms

Endocervicosis is the appearance of areas in the vaginal part of the cervix, lined with glandular epithelium of the cervical canal.

Cervicitis is an inflammatory disease of the cervix.

Adenomyosis is the process of deep penetration of endometrial glands into the myometrium.

Endometriosis is the presence of endometrial fragments in any tissue outside the uterus.

Hydatids - (from Greek - water bubble) - multiple cysts of the fallopian tubes, lined with cubic or columnar epithelium

Follicular ovarian cysts- cystically dilated follicles (Graafian vesicles), in which there were no ruptures and ovulation did not occur.

Stromal hyperthecosis- cortical stromal hyperplasia of the ovaries.

Paget's disease is a superficial cancer of the nipple and areola of the breast.

TEXT OF LECTURE

The reproductive system ensures the development and excretion of germ cells, fertilization, protection and nutrition of the embryo in the mother’s body. The genitals have an impact on the entire body. The male and female reproductive systems are different in structure, but between them there is a commonality of their embryonic rudiments.

According to their functional purpose, the male and female reproductive systems are divided into: gonads, genital ducts and copulatory organs. The genital organs are divided into internal and external.

The internal male genital organs are represented by: testicle, epididymis, spermatic cord with vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbo-urethral glands. The external male genitalia include the scrotum and penis with urethra.

The internal female genital organs include the ovary, fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina. The external organs make up the female genital, or private, area.

Diseases of the genital organs and mammary glands are divided into dyshormonal (nodular hyperplasia and prostate adenoma, glandular hyperplasia of the uterine mucosa, endocervicosis, adenomatosis and polyps of the cervix, benign mammary dysplasia), inflammatory (endometritis, mastitis, orchitis, prostatitis), tumors ( epithelial, mesenchymal, benign and malignant).

DISEASES OF THE MALE PENIS

Inflammatory diseases- a) balanitis - inflammation of the skin of the glans penis,

b) postitis - replenishment of the inner layer of the foreskin,

c) balanoposthitis - a combination of the two above processes.

Types of balanitis - a) simple, b) erosive, c) circular, d) gangrenous. e) pustular-ulcerative, g) wrinkling of the glans penis and foreskin, h) chronic ulcerative-hypertronic.

Phimosis is a pathological narrowing of the opening of the foreskin, which does not allow the head of the penis to be exposed.

Types of phimosis - a) congenital, b) acquired) c) hypertrophic, d) atrophic.

Classification of tumors of the male penis: 1. benign: a)

condyloma acuminata, b) giant condyloma. 2. malignant: a) cancer in situ - Bowen’s disease, Queyra’s erythroplakia, bowenoid papulosis; b) invasive cancer options 1 and 2.

Morphogenesis - multilayered squamous epithelium with/without keratinization intraepithelial cancer, which can become invasive cancer or develop independently.

Morphological characteristics of invasive cancer - 1st This variant is represented by a large ulcer with a necrotic, infected bottom with dense, raised edges that bleeds. 2nd the variant grows in the form of villus-papillary structures with the formation of a mushroom-shaped node, with secondary ulceration. Microscopically, both variants present a typical squamous cell carcinoma with different histological differentiation.

Violation of mineral metabolism - 1. calcium, 2. copper, 3. potassium, 4. iron, 5.

stone formation.

PROSTATE DISEASES

Morpho-functional characteristic - The prostate gland is a muscular glandular organ located retroperitoneally, covers the upper part of the urethra and consists of 3 lobes,

represents the tubuloalveolar gland, its excretory ducts open into the urethra,

has endocrine and excretory functions, supports spermatogenesis, liquefies sperm and ejaculation, the sympathetic system activates the function of the prostate and irritation of the parasympathetic system reduces the function of the gland.

Prostate diseases - prostatitis, benign nodular prostatic hyperplasia (BNPH), prostate cancer.

Types of prostatitis - a) acute bacterial,

b) chronic bacterial,

c) chronic non-microbial prostatitis.

Etiology - Escherichia coli, enterococci, staphylococci, chlamydia, gardenella, uroplasma

Morphological essence of prostatitis - acute is characterized by focal or diffuse purulent inflammation of the stroma from the end parts of the gland; chronic bacterial or non-microbial prostatitis is manifested by productive inflammation of the stroma of the organ.

The essence of benign nodular prostatic hyperplasia /DNPH/ -

proliferation of the terminal glandular sections with their expansion and fibrous-muscular stroma.

Varieties of DNGP - a) adenomatous appearance, b) fibrous or fibromuscular appearance, c) muscular appearance, d) mixed.

Complications - pyelonephritis, cystitis, pyonephrosis, hydronephrosis, purulent paranephritis, urosepsis.

Prostate cancer - They usually occur in the peripheral zone of glandular structures, much less often in the excretory ducts.

Epidemiology of prostate cancer - Men over 50 years old

Causes and risk factors for prostate cancer - age,

- dyshormonal processes,

- unfavorable role of fats and lifestyle,

- geographical and racial differences.

Morphogenesis of prostate cancer lobular and ductal dysplasia, cancer in situ.

Stages of prostate cancer development - Stage I - single cancerous nodes not extending beyond the capsule, no metastases,

Stage II - the tumor occupies most of the gland and grows into its capsule; there are no metastases,

Stage III: a) the tumor occupies the entire gland and grows into surrounding tissues and organs, there are no metastases or there are metastases in regional lymph nodes,

Stage IV – the tumor grows into surrounding tissues and organs, there are multiple metastases.

Histological classification of prostate cancer - a) latent form,

b) adenocarcinoma of varying degrees of differentiation,

c) scirrhous cancer,

d) transitional cell cancer,

e) squamous cell carcinoma,

e) anaplastic carcinoma

Complications - ascending pyelonephritis, cystitis, pyonephrosis, hydronephrosis, rectal obstruction, urethro-rectal fistula, urinary leaks, paranephritis, urosepsis.

DISEASES OF THE TESTICS AND TESTICULAS

Morpho-functional characteristics - The testicles are externally covered with a serous membrane, divided by fibrous septa into lobules, each of which contains 1-2 convoluted seminiferous tubules; the tubules flow into the duct of the epididymis, the wall of each seminiferous tubule consists of three layers: basal myoid and fibrous, exocrine function - in the form of sperm production,

intrasecretory function - the production of androgens, the development of spermatogenic epithelium and the synthesis of androgens is under the control of gonadotropic hormones of the anterior pituitary gland, the epididymis is adjacent to the upper pole and posterior edge of the testicle, it distinguishes between the head, body and tail.

Diseases of the testicles and appendages - a) congenital anomalies and regressive

changes, b) epididymitis, c) orchitis, d) vascular diseases of the testicles, e) testicular tumors.

Congenital anomalies and regressive changes - a) unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism, b) atrophy of the testicles and epididymis

Types of epididymitis - a) non-specific,

b) specific: tuberculosis, gonorrheal, syphilitic, brucellosis.

Varieties of orchitis - a) nonspecific, granulomatous (autoimmune)

b) specific: gonorrhea, syphilitic, tuberculosis, after mumps.

Vascular diseases - testicular torsion with the development of hemorrhagic infarction in the organ.

Testicular tumors, sources of their development - a) germ cell tumors develop from hollow and germ cells, b) non-germ cell tumors develop from the sex cord stroma.

Risk factors for testicular tumors - cryptorchidism, genetic factors, testicular trauma, atrophy and hypoplasia of the spermatic cord, hormonal disorders.

Epidemiology - a) germ cell tumors occupy approximately 95% of testicular neoplasms, develop between the ages of 15 and 35 years, and have malignant growth, b) non-germ cell tumors, as a rule, benign development periods are uncertain.

Germ cell tumors - a) seminomas, b) embryonal cancer, c) choriocarcinoma, d) teratomas: mature, immature, teratomas with malignant transformation.

Non-germinogenic tumors - a) a Leydig cell tumor, capable of producing androgens and estrogens, develops at any age, b) a Sertoli cell tumor consists of sustentocytes, with the possible development of endocrine changes due to the production of estrogens and androgens.

Rare tumors - a) lymphoma, b) mesothelioma.

DISEASES OF THE FEMALE GENITAL ORGANS

Diseases of the vulva - limited neurodermatitis (simple, chronic lichen), atrophic lichen, intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva, benign neoplasms: papilloma, fibroma, lipoma, condyloma acuminata, hidradenoma, malignant - squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma of the large glands of the vestibule, melanoma, basal cell carcinoma.

Vaginal diseases - colpitis, adenosis, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma.

Cervical diseases - acute and chronic cervicitis, squamous metaplasia of the lining of the endocervix, endocervical polyps, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, adenocarcinoma, glandular squamous cell, anaplastic cancer.

Stage of development of carcinoma in situ (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia)

1st degree - slight hyperplasia of the epithelium of the vaginal portion of the cervix, koilocytosis, accelerated maturation and increased cell loss, signs of slight atypia and polymorphism of cells in the middle and superficial layers of the lining;

2nd degree - atypical cells appear in the lower layers of the squamous epithelium of the ectocervix, and in the middle and superficial layers the level of atypia and polymorphism increases, the polarity of cells with numerous mitoses is disrupted;

Grade 3 - the distribution of the changes described above throughout the entire thickness of the lining, as well as the presence of aneushuid cells with DNA of the HPV virus.

leiomyosarcoma, endometrial stromal tumors.

Etiology of dysfunctional uterine bleeding - anovulatory cycle,

insufficiency of the corpus luteum (insufficient luteal phase), the effect of oral contraceptives on the endometrium, changes in menopause and the postmenopausal period.

Morphology of glandular endometrial hyperplasia - n low degree of hyperplasia (with

highly differentiated structures) includes simple - cystic and complex - with an increase in the number and size of endometrial glands - endometrial hyperplasia.

High degree of hyperplasia (with lower histological differentiation) – atypical endometrial hyperplasia.

Fallopian tube diseases - specific and nonspecific salpingitis, fallopian tube cysts, fallopian tube tumors: adenomatoid tumor (mesothelioma), adenocarcinoma.

Ovarian diseases - cysts, tumors.

Ovarian cysts - follicular, corpus luteum cysts, polycystic ovarian disease, stromal hyperthecosis.

Ovarian tumors - Tumors of superficial epithelial-stromal origin: serous, mucinous, endometrioid, epithelial-stromal, clear cell, transitional cell

tubules, gyandroblastoma, lipid cell tumors.

Germ cell tumors: teratoma (mature, immature) of solid structure, cystic, dysgerminoma, yolk sac tumor, mixed germ cell tumors.

BREAST DISEASES

Inflammatory diseases of the mammary glands - acute mastitis that develops during feeding, when cracks appear in the breast nipple, and with dermatological diseases. As the process spreads, an abscess forms. Ectasia mammary

ducts in chronic inflammation with pronounced infiltration of plasma cells, macrophages, lymphocytes and neutrophils.

Necrotic processes of the mammary glands - Fat necrosis focal fat necrosis

fiber with hemorrhages and a thick infiltrate of neutrophils.

refers to a facultative precancer, the phenomena of epithelial dysplasia are pronounced.

Sclerosing (fibrosing) adenosis: characterized by intralobular fibrosis and increased proliferation of small alveoli and even acini.

Radial scar is a benign sclerosing ductal proliferation.

Fibrosis is a rare disease of the mammary glands, usually a component of a cystic process, epithelial hyperplasia, fibroadenoma.

Nomenclature of benign tumors of the mammary glands - Fibroadenoma,

phylloides (leaf-shaped) tumor, intraductal papilloma.

Pathological anatomy of fibroadenoma - the tumor develops only from the intralobular stroma. Pericanalicular and intracanalicular options.

Pathological anatomy of phyllodes tumor - It develops from the intraductal stroma and is characterized by higher cellularity and mitotic activity. Neoplasm of low malignancy (high degree of differentiation).

Pathological anatomy of intraductal papilloma - Solitary benign tumor of the milk ducts or sinuses. Papillary structure, in the single- or double-layer lining of which the epithelial cells are cubic or cylindrical. Form with an admixture of myoepithelial cells.

Morphological classification of malignant tumors - non-invasive forms:

intraductal carcinoma, intraductal carcinoma with Paget's disease, lobular carcinoma in situ. Invasive forms: invasive ductal carcinoma, invasive ductal carcinoma with Paget's disease, invasive lobular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, colloid carcinoma, tubular carcinoma.

Pathological anatomy of intraductal cancer - there is no invasion or metastasis. Three histological types: comedocarcinoma, cribriform carcinoma, intraductal papillary carcinoma. Lobular carcinoma in situ is characterized by intraepithelial hyperplasia and malignancy in one or more terminal ducts or alveoli.

Pathological anatomy of invasive ductal carcinoma - the most common form of cancer in the form of its fibrous form - scirrhus, is represented by polymorphic atypical cells of the ductal lining with hyperchromatic monomorphic nuclei in the form of nests, cords in the developed fibrous stroma.

Pathological anatomy of medullary cancer - desmoplasia (fibrosis) is not expressed,

a fleshy, juicy tumor with foci of necrosis and hemorrhage. Microscopically, solid syncytium-like layers are determined, built from large cells with relatively light, polymorphic nuclei.

Pathological anatomy of colloid cancer - Most of the tumor is represented by mucus in the form bluish-gray gelatin, histologically revealed “lakes” filled with weakly oxyphilic amorphous mucin, among which floating islands of tumor glandular tissue are identified.

MICROPREPARATIONS

1. Chronic prostatitis.

Macro: the organ is enlarged, lumpy, uneven in density with layers and fields of whitish-gray scar tissue with the formation of cysts and abscesses.

Micro: (environment of hem.-eos). in the gland tissue, swelling of the stroma is detected in the form of its disintegration with focal lympho-leukocyte infiltration. There is a proliferation of coarse fibrous connective tissue and cystic expansion of the glands.

Rice. 1 Prostatitis (plan)

Rice. 1 “a” Prostatitis (high magnification)

2. Benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Macro: the gland is enlarged in size, dense to the touch, and on the section with clear angles of a yellowish-white color, surrounded by layers of connective tissue, cystic formations can form; A milky-white prostatic fluid drains from the surface of the cuts.

Micro: (environment hem. - eoz) the glands of the prostate gland are significantly expanded, some of them contain homogeneous protein masses of pink color, the glands are surrounded by layers of fibromuscular tissue, the thickness of which varies in different areas. The terminal sections of the glands are lined with a two-layer epithelium: the inner layer is represented by columnar endocrinocytes, the basal layer is represented by cubic or flattened epithelium.

Rice. 2 Benign prostatic hyperplasia (low magnification)

Diseases of the genital organs in men are quite common; moreover, the number of people suffering from diseases affecting the male genital organs is only increasing every year. It is necessary to distinguish between diseases of the male genital area, of which there are many, and diseases directly affecting the male genital organs. These include the penis, testicles, epididymis, scrotum, prostate, foreskin, ureter.

The diseases are provoked by inflammation that affects a variety of genital organs, from the skin of the penis to the seminal canals. Inflammation of organs can be of an infectious nature, that is, caused by the presence of certain pathogenic bacteria, or non-infectious, as a rule, these are traumatic injuries or allergies. In turn, infectious diseases are specific and nonspecific.

In most cases of infection, the patient himself is to blame, since this kind of problem arises only as a result of unprotected sex and improper genital hygiene. Clinical manifestations and photographs of diseases will be given below.

Diseases of the male genital organs:

Varicocele

Varicocele is a disease that affects men of any age. It manifests itself as varicose veins in the testicles or on the penis itself. The percentage of cases is about 35. Causes male infertility due to a reduced sperm count and a complete lack of sperm activity. In advanced forms, cancer of the penis or testicles develops, followed by amputation. According to statistics, every third man on the planet suffers from varicocele. Without going into details of the course of the disease, we note that the main reason lies in the disruption of the blood supply system, leading to inflammation. It is characterized by pain when walking, reaching constant unbearable pain in advanced stages, when surgical intervention is no longer possible.

Drug treatment of the disease consists of prescribing a complex of vitamins, dietary supplements with selenium and zinc. The most optimal solution is surgery. Today, there are over 120 methods of surgical treatment of the disease.

Urethritis

A disease caused by inflammation of the wall of the ureter. It is more often diagnosed in men than in women, and is more severe. There are infectious and non-infectious urethritis. In the first case, it is caused by pathogenic bacteria. In the second case, the cause is non-infectious factors.

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Treatment is usually carried out at home. A sick man visits a clinic, being observed by a doctor. Placement in the hospital is only in severe cases.

Diagnosed visually. The issue of treatment is resolved with the help of a scalpel.

Phimosis

Phimosis - when it becomes so tight that even the head of the penis is pinched, and the foreskin itself is deprived of the ability to independently return to its previous state. The patient experiences extremely uncomfortable pain. The skin of the foreskin swells and takes on the appearance of an inflated ball. The diagnosis is made by visual examination.

Treatment of phimosis usually requires surgical intervention, which involves circumcision, that is, removal of the foreskin or excision in a circle.

Adenoma

An adenoma is a growth of prostate tissue. Leads to difficulty urinating and weakening of the stream. But the urge to urinate is frequent. Constant urinary retention causes intoxication and kidney failure.

Diagnosed using prostate ultrasound, prostate secretions are examined. The issue is resolved surgically. Although at the initial stage of the disease conservative treatment gives very good results.

Balanoposthitis

Balanoposthitis is an inflammation of the head of the penis and foreskin. Characterized by itching and pain at the site of inflammation. Phimosis often appears against the background of balanoposthitis.

Antifungal agents are used in therapeutic measures. Phimosis is recommended to be removed surgically.

Vesiculitis is inflammation of the seminal vesicles. It occurs in acute and chronic forms. Symptoms: groin pain, erectile dysfunction. Diagnosis is carried out rectally, by digital examination, ultrasound, and bacterial culture of secretions.

Complex therapy is used, with the use of drugs to strengthen the immune system, various types of immunomodulators, prostate massage, antibiotics in the form of injections and orally. Surgical intervention is necessary only in severe cases, for example, with suppuration.

Testicular hypoplasia

This is a congenital disease. Characterized by the fact that the testicles, one or both, are underdeveloped. Often accompanied by a small penis, impotence and infertility. Diagnosed visually.

Treatment includes hormonal therapy using appropriate medications, surgical testicular replacement with donor testicle transplantation.

Cavernite

Cavernitis is inflammation of the tissue of the penis. It manifests itself as painful hardening of the penis, swelling, spontaneous erection and elevated body temperature. There is a high probability of an abscess forming and pus entering the ureter. Diagnosed by ultrasound of the penis and bacterial culture.

In the acute stage, bacteriotherapy is performed. If an abscess occurs, it is recommended to open it. In exceptional cases, penile prosthetics.

Short frenulum of the foreskin

This is a birth defect. It often causes unpleasant pain during erection and during sexual intercourse, bends the penis, and can cause rupture of the frenulum during sexual intercourse. Diagnosed by visual examination.

The treatment is surgical, the frenulum is excised.

Small penis

The male penis is less than 9 cm in size when erect. It does not cause any physical suffering, for example in the form of pain, other than psychological discomfort. Although such psychological discomfort has consequences, and they can be the most unpredictable. This is low self-esteem, leading to depression and disruption of normal sexual life.

Fortunately, modern medicine has a sufficient range of tools to successfully solve this problem for those with too modest masculinity. After passing all the necessary tests, the following are possible: penile prosthesis - the use of prostheses of certain sizes, or ligamentotomy - that is. In addition to these methods, there are other quite accessible methods.

Balanitis xerotica obliterans

Balanitis xerotica obliterans is a disease of the head of the penis. Characteristic symptoms of manifestation: whitish spots on the skin of the penis, wrinkling of the skin in the glans area, difficulty urinating due to narrowing of the urethral opening. It can be visually diagnosed in all boys and men. Age doesn't matter. Men over 50 years of age are more often affected by the disease. Urologists recommend treating this disease with full attention, since this is a condition that predisposes to oncology of the genital organ.

There are 4 degrees of obliterating xerotic balanitis. Depending on the degree of the disease, treatment is prescribed. Typically, local glucocorticoid therapy is used. In advanced conditions, surgical intervention and urethroplasty are required.

Oleogranuloma is an inflammation of the skin of the penis. Occurs when oily substances are injected under the skin of the penis to thicken the penis. As a rule, all affected young people are between 20 and 35 years old. Responsibility for this disease lies entirely with the patient, since in the vast majority of cases they experiment on the genitals themselves. Self-inject Vaseline, tetracycline ointment or regular sterile paraffin under the skin of the genital organ. The goal is to make your phallus thick and impressive. This manipulation, of course, cannot be called anything other than stupidity and frivolity. The result of such manual work is cicatricial deformation of the penis, the formation of ulcers and fistulas. Granuloma tends to grow and penetrate into the cavernous bodies of the penis. The consequence of this may be erectile dysfunction and necrosis of the tissues of the cavernous bodies. Conservative drug treatment is excluded in such cases. Treatment is only surgical and urgent.

Tumor of the scrotum

These are benign tumors of various sizes that grow from the muscles of the genital organ. Some of them increase to quite large volumes and cause discomfort when moving. Tumor progression leads to the spread of metastases to the lymphatic system. Subsequently, the course of the disease manifests itself in general physical exhaustion. Diagnosed with additional studies. The problem can only be solved operationally.

Orchitis

Orchitis is inflammation of the testicle. It mainly affects those who already have diseases of the genitourinary system. Various types of sexually transmitted diseases contribute to the development of orchitis. There are acute and chronic forms of the disease. It manifests itself as painful discomfort in the scrotum and groin, swelling and redness of the skin. Associated symptoms are intoxication and fever. Inflammation can spread to the epididymis - orchiepididymitis. Possible suppuration of the testicles. Diagnosed visually by a urologist; ultrasound diagnosis is possible.

Treatment - anti-edematous, antibacterial therapy is performed. Physiotherapy is effective for improving blood supply and oxygen transportation.

Testicular torsion

This is a mechanical twisting of the seminal canal. As a result, the supply of oxygen to the circulatory system of the testicles stops. The patient feels severe pain, nausea and vomiting may occur. Swelling of the scrotum, a change in its color to pale, and hyperemia are visually noticeable. In such cases, diagnostic results are obtained by ultrasound of the scrotum and puncture collection from the testicle.

To urgently remove the results of torsion, it is possible to use the manual method of untwisting the testicle. Otherwise, surgical intervention is required. In extreme cases, necrosis is possible, then surgical removal of the testicle - orchiectomy - is inevitable.

Prostatitis

The most common male disease is inflammation of the prostate gland. Both young and older men can get sick. Characterized by frequent urge to urinate and sexual dysfunction. Diagnosis is carried out by an andrologist or urologist. The general clinical picture is revealed. An ultrasound examination of the prostate, culture of prostate secretions and urine analysis are possible.

Complex therapy is required: prostate massage, treatment with antibiotics. Regulation of sexual life is of no small importance.

Penile cancer

An oncological process that affects the tissues of the entire penis. External symptoms: the appearance of plaques, ulcers, nodes, the development of phimosis, discharge from the urethra, change in skin color. Diagnosed by visual examination, ultrasound of the penis, MRI, biopsy.

During treatment, all measures prescribed in such cases are used: chemotherapy, radiation, etc.

Prostate cancer

Malignant tumor of the prostate gland. Symptoms: the appearance of blood in semen and urine, erectile dysfunction, nocturia, frequent urge to urinate. Diagnosed by rectal, ultrasound, biopsy.

Treatment includes radical prostatectomy, chemotherapy, external beam radiation therapy, and brachytherapy.

Testicular cancer

Malignant tumor of the male gonads. Symptoms are manifested by the following signs: enlargement and swelling of the scrotum, pain on palpation. Diagnosed by visual examination, ultrasound of the scrotum, determination of tumor markers and testicular biopsy.

Treatment includes all measures prescribed for this diagnosis.

Injuries to the scrotal organs

This is mechanical or physical damage to the testicles or their appendages, as well as the spermatic cords. The injury is accompanied by sharp pain and painful shock, swelling or hematoma of the scrotum. Possible open wounds, prolapse of the testicles, and rupture or tearing of the scrotum. Diagnosis is made using ultrasound, MRI, daphanoscopy and examination of the scrotal organs.

Treatment includes removal of the hematoma, stopping bleeding, resection of the testicle, anti-shock therapy, suturing of the seminal duct, etc.

Penile injuries

Penile injuries can have a wide variety of origins and severity. Damage to the skin and cavernous bodies, muscles and tunica albuginea of ​​the penis. The characteristics of the injuries depend on the type and extent of the injury. Diagnosed on the basis of visual examination, palpation, ultrasound.

Treatment is provided in accordance with the rules of first aid for injuries.

Andrology

A separate section of urology – andrology – deals with issues of health, preservation of the male reproductive system, and male diseases. Its functions include diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases of the male genital area and the male genital organs themselves.

A stressful environment, environmental problems, unbalanced and irrational nutrition, and the widespread prevalence of sexually transmitted infections such as gonorrhea and genital herpes lead to a steady increase in the above diseases.

Most of the diseases described above lead to sexual pathologies such as impotence and infertility. Sexual relationships are not the least important place in a person’s life, so maintaining sexual health should be one of the most important places in a man’s life. It is necessary to undergo examination by a urologist or andrologist at least twice a year to show any genital problems that may have begun to appear. Especially at the first signs of the above pathologies and their manifestations.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a whole group of diseases that have a negative impact on the genitourinary, reproductive and other systems of the body. The danger is posed by pathogenic microorganisms that can be transmitted from a sick person to a healthy person during sex, through blood and, in very rare cases, through everyday contact.

Types of sexually transmitted infections

All infectious diseases are divided into three types according to the type of pathogen:

• Ailments caused by microbes - syphilis, gonorrhea, chancroid, inguinal lymphogranulomatosis.
• Diseases caused by protozoan microorganisms, the most common of which is trichomoniasis.
• Viral lesions - HIV, hepatitis, herpes, cytomegaly.

• Syphilis. It is transmitted both sexually and domestically, through blood, saliva and seminal fluid; placental infection of the child from the mother is possible. The main symptoms are skin rashes, ulcers, myalgia, headache, an increase in leukocytes and a decrease in hemoglobin. Read about testing for syphilis.
• Chancroid (soft chancroid). Infection occurs only during sexual contact. The disease is characterized by the development of purulent processes that involve the nearest lymph nodes. External signs are non-healing ulcers with serous contents and swelling around the circumference. The lesion covers the prepuce area in men and the labia in women. With unconventional types of sex, damage to the oral cavity and anus is possible.
• Trichomoniasis. Infection occurs during sexual intercourse, less often during household contacts. In women, the disease manifests itself in the form of hyperemia and itching of the vaginal mucous tissues, discharge mixed with foam and an unpleasant odor. In men, this is difficult, painful urination, frequent false urge to go to the toilet.
• Gonorrhea. The infection is transmitted during sex, through the patient's personal objects, and when the baby passes through the birth canal. In men, the main symptoms are inflammation of the urethral canal, pain when urinating, and purulent discharge. If the pathogen penetrates the prostate gland, erection may decrease. Gonorrhea in women is manifested by copious discharge of pus, pain and burning when urinating. Read more about gonococcal infection (gonorrhea).
• . It is distinguished by the latent nature of its occurrence and, in fact, has no external manifestations. The main symptoms appear only when the form is advanced and are expressed in pain, itching of the genital organs in a woman, and the same symptoms in a man during urination. The routes of infection are sexual contact, the use of linen and hygiene items of a sick person, transmission from mother to child during pregnancy and childbirth.
• Candidiasis. It has typical manifestations in the form of inflammation of the mucous membranes of the genitals and mouth, severe itching, and intense cheesy discharge. The infection can develop as a result of sexual intercourse, with prolonged use of antibiotics.
• Human papillomavirus. The infection typically enters the body through sexual and domestic means. External signs are genital warts and warts on the mucous tissues of the reproductive organs and anus. Some varieties are especially dangerous - they lead to breast and cervical cancer in women.
• Ureaplasmosis. It is transmitted to the baby during childbirth, through sexual contact. Pronounced signs are often absent; in men, the infection provokes the development of prostatitis with typical symptoms - pain, stinging, difficulty urinating.
• Cytomegalovirus. Infectious agents penetrate tissues through sperm, female, and vaginal secretions and are capable of infecting a child during fetal development. There are generally no symptoms.
• Inguinal lymphogranulomatosis. Spread occurs through sexual contact. In men, the head of the penis is affected; in women, the labia and vagina are affected. Blisters and ulcers appear at the sites of infection. As the pathology develops, the cervical, inguinal and submandibular lymph nodes enlarge.
• Gardnerellosis. It is transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse, although in some cases the virus can be introduced through household means. Since the pathogen actively suppresses the vital activity of lactobacilli, a person may experience digestive problems and disruption of normal bowel movements.
• Mycoplasmosis. It is more common in women during unprotected sex, causing kidney dysfunction, inflammation of the urethra and vagina.

  
  

• Hepatitis (B and C). The infection has different routes of entry - through blood, saliva, semen, and breast milk. Symptoms of infection may be loss of appetite, fatigue, pain in the liver, aching joints, dark urine, and attacks of nausea.
• . A common, practically incurable disease, transmitted both sexually and through household methods. Due to the fact that the pathogen not only has the ability to penetrate human DNA, it penetrates into the nerve fibers of the spine, where it remains, becoming inaccessible to interferons and antibodies of the immune system. While in a latent state, the virus is activated at any sign of a decrease in the body's defenses. The rashes are localized on the lips, mucous membrane of the cheeks, eyes, in the genital area, and on the genitalia in women and men. The rashes disappear, most often, after 20-30 days.
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Routes of infection - through blood, sexual intercourse (see more details about). Symptoms of infection during the acute phase are high fever, chills, joint and muscle pain, enlarged lymph nodes, rash, intestinal upset, vomiting, headache. The disease may not progress for some time, continuing to destroy the immune system, after which the patient’s well-being deteriorates.
• AIDS. A serious sexually transmitted disease. The main routes of transmission are oral and anal sexual intercourse. Immunodeficiency syndrome has the following primary symptoms - high fever, general weakness, increased sweating, regular headaches, myalgia. Signs of intoxication often appear - nausea, vomiting, difficulty breathing.
• Pediculosis pubis. The peculiarity of the disease is that it is transmitted not only sexually, but also through underwear and bed linen. Characteristic symptoms are severe itching, hyperemia of the skin in the scalp area.
• Molluscum contagiosum. In addition to sexual relations, the disease is transmitted through underwear, bed linen, household items, when applying a tattoo, through microtrauma during close contacts. The skin disease is expressed in the form of rounded papules - nodules, which increase in size over time and merge with each other, forming a large affected surface.
• Athlete's foot (groin fungus). Routes of infection are intimate intimacy, close household contacts, introduction of infection through cosmetics and personal hygiene items. A typical sign of the disease is severe itching, rashes in the form of pink papules in the scrotum, penis in men, in the armpits, genitals, buttocks, inside the knee and under the breasts in women.
• Scabies. The introduction of scabies mites occurs through prolonged contact, including during coitus, when the patient’s skin comes into contact with healthy epidermis. The main manifestations are intense itching, which becomes unbearable in the evening and at night, when the activity of the pathogen increases. Localization of rashes - genitals, lumbar region, buttocks, chest, feet, inner thighs, armpits.

In this video, a venereologist talks in detail about the types of sexually transmitted infections, how they affect organs, what their symptoms are and how to effectively fight them.

Causes of infection

The cause of the development of sexually transmitted infections is the penetration of pathogenic viruses, bacteria, protozoan single-celled organisms, and fungi into the body.

Basic prerequisites:

• Lack of quality contraceptives.
• Casual sexual relations with unfamiliar partners.
• Insufficient personal hygiene.
• Blood donation and transfusions in case of accidents, operations, transplantations.
• Lack of timely treatment of infection before conception and during pregnancy.

Sexual infections lead not only to poor health, but also to serious consequences - infertility, impotence, and death.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis in men is carried out using the following methods:

• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a highly informative examination method that makes it possible to identify the type of pathogen by its DNA in biomaterial from the secretion of the prostate gland, urethra, sperm and blood. The method also allows you to select the right antibiotic for a given virus. For examination, material is taken from the patient's urethral canal.
• Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a method by which antibodies to specific infectious organisms can be found using a blood test.
• Immunofluorescence is a laboratory blood test that provides maximum information about the protective forces of the male body, autoimmune disorders, endocrine system failures, and hematopoietic pathologies.

• serological blood test to recognize antigens;
• histological examination of tissues of the uterine cavity and cervical canal;
• clinical blood test for hemoglobin content, level of erythrocytes and leukocytes.

Complex treatment

• antibacterial agents in the form of tablets and injections;
• analgesics and antispasmodics for painful urination, headaches, muscle, and lumbar pain;
• anti-inflammatory drugs to relieve swelling, irritation, hyperemia of the skin and mucous membranes;
• if necessary, antifungal medications;
• vitamins and immunomodulators to improve immunity;
• medications for external use in the form of ointments, creams for rashes and ulcers.

• Penicillins – Ampicillin, Amoxicillin.
• Nitroimidazole – Trichopolum, Metronidazole.
• Aminoglycosides – Neomycin, Spectinomycin.
• Macrolides – Clarithromycin, Erythromycin.
• Fluoroquinolones – Ofloxacin.
• Tetracyclines – Doxycycline, Tetracycline.

Separately, it is worth mentioning the treatment of human papillomavirus infection. This is a lifelong disease and you can only suppress its manifestation. Read more about this.

Among other things, for genital infections, rectal/vaginal suppositories are prescribed in combination with other drugs that help relieve inflammation, reduce pain and swelling. These include:

• antimicrobial suppositories Betadine, which stop inflammation;
• for trichomoniasis, the antibacterial drug Metronidazole is effective;
• Pimafucin is a highly effective vaginal suppository for women with antifungal action.

In this video, a venereologist talks in detail about the treatment of sexually transmitted infections. Which drugs are better, how to properly build a treatment system.

Preventive measures

• use of condoms and contraceptives in women;
• periodic examination by a gynecologist and urologist;
• if necessary, undergo vaccinations;
• maintaining intimate hygiene;
• use of antiseptic solutions if infection is suspected within several hours after sexual intercourse;

Sexually transmitted diseases are a fairly serious modern problem. The scale of such diseases cannot be fully revealed, since most people, having learned about their problem, are afraid to consult a doctor. Most often, patients are not even aware of their problems, since many sexual diseases do not show serious noticeable symptoms. Female genital infections, such as mycoplasmosis, chlamydia, etc., occur without any symptoms at all.

Causes of sexually transmitted infections in the world.

The reason for the emergence of more and more new varieties of sexual diseases is, of course, modern ecology and unprotected sexual intercourse. The current generation has a very weak immune system, due to which such infections are easily transmitted and are increasingly appearing among modern youth. The body simply cannot cope with the natural fight and protection against this type of infection.

All currently existing sexually transmitted diseases are named after Venus, who was the goddess of love bonds. HIV, syphilis, genital herpes, lymphogranulomatosis venereum, goronea are the most popular sexually transmitted diseases. Diseases that are transmitted through sexual intercourse are the most popular infectious diseases. A disease like gonorrhea affects about 260 million people every year around the world! But to this day AIDS is the most terrible problem of humanity.

But also every day new sexually transmitted infections appear: trichomoniasis, mycoplasmosis, candidiasis, chlamydia, genital herpes, urethritis, ureaplasmosis, papilloma virus, bacterial urethritis, and don’t forget about HIV infections.

The most common infections in the world

Scientists are still arguing about the appearance of these diseases on earth. Some say that they were brought by sailors from exotic islands, where, as is known, most sexually transmitted infections originated. Others are even inclined to believe that it was the goddess of love who rewarded all the “naughty” with such charms. Whether this is so, we can only guess.

What are sexually transmitted infections?

Almost all sexually transmitted infections are treatable, but diseases such as HIV, HPV, and hepatitis B are incurable. You can only stop the progression of the disease with the help of drugs and a serious course of treatment. But, unfortunately, not everyone succeeds in curing sexually transmitted infections, since they find out about the problem too late, and not everyone has the opportunity to undergo such expensive treatment.

Classification of sexually transmitted infections

Types of sexually transmitted infections:

1. Even despite constant advances in the field of medicine and research by microbiologists, the use of more and more new antimicrobial drugs does not always have the desired effect in the treatment of sexual diseases. These diseases include female genital infections, such as:
vulvar infections;
· vaginal infections.
And in particular, these are the more common genital herpes, candidiasis or thrush, vaginitis, bacterial vaginosis.

2. Sexual diseases are divided into a number of genitourinary infections. These include: genitourinary infection in the form of inflammation of the bladder (cystitis), as well as any inflammation of the urinary tract - urethritis, vesiculitis, endometritis, etc.

3. Genital viral infections:
· AIDS or HIV infection, the causative agent is the immunodeficiency virus.
· Genital herpes, the causative agent is the herpes virus of the second type.
· Infections caused by the human papillomavirus - papillomas and condylomas of the genital tract.
· Hepatitis B virus.
· A group of viruses called cytomegaloviruses causes the disease cytomegaly.
· And one of the varieties of the smallpox virus causes molluscum contagiosum disease.
· And also don’t forget about Kaposi’s Sarcoma.

4. Genital fungal infections. This type of infection includes pathogenic and opportunistic fungi. Such fungi are not part of the normal microflora of the body, but opportunistic fungi can be present in our body, but only in small quantities. In case of any disturbances, the relationship between the normal environment and opportunistic fungi provokes the appearance of mycoses or, as they are otherwise called, fungal infections.
Genital fungal infections include: any type of candidiasis (yeast), which has a huge number of associated names - thrush, genital fungus, urogenital candidiasis and mycosis, vulvovaginal mycosis.

5. Male genital infections are also quite common and very dangerous. These are male gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, genital herpes, mycoplasmosis, candidiasis, gardenerelosis, genital warts, ureplasmosis, molluscum contagiosum, etc.

Diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections. Methods for detecting viruses and infections in the early stages

When visiting doctors who specialize in identifying these diseases, tests can be taken in various ways. The most popular is scraping from the vagina, cervical canal, cells from the urethra, or in other options a blood test is taken. But this method can not detect all sexually transmitted infections.
The most accurate analysis at the moment is the polymerase procedure - this is a molecular diagnostic that allows you to detect any pathogens of sexually transmitted infections. It also identifies pathogens that have been living in a given organism for a long time; the procedure occurs without the use of a culture method, which greatly simplifies the task of identifying diseases and infections of the genital tract. In cases of genital herpes and papilloma viruses, such an analysis is necessary. The accuracy of this method is 100%.

This method is very expensive and requires compliance with many rules and the presence of the necessary equipped laboratory. Only a highly qualified doctor can carry out this type of research, observing all the rules when conducting this analysis. But do not forget that no matter how accurate the analysis, there is always the possibility of false results. This happens in the case of contamination of the analysis, the pathogen entered the analysis already dead from a long course of treatment, and when the infection was overcome by the patient’s immunity, it was at the stage of being eliminated from the body.

To ensure accurate results, it is better to combine several different research methods.

For example, taking a special blood test (enzyme immunosorbent test) is a type of laboratory test that studies the manifestation of the immune system’s reactions to a pathogen. This type of research is quite often used to determine any sexual diseases.

There is also a type of analysis called bacteriological culture. This analysis is carried out in this way: a sample is taken of secretions and placed in a special environment that promotes the rapid reproduction of pathogens and then their response to various types of antibiotics is checked. This method is not relevant for complex stages of the disease, since this type of analysis lasts about 14 days. If it is possible to take other tests, then it is better to seek help from them. But it is also necessary to carry out such an analysis in conjunction with the others to identify the response to antibiotic treatment.

The most famous type of diagnosis

This is a smear test that has been around for many years and checks the health of a woman's vaginal flora. A standard gynecological analysis of discharge is performed to determine the current state of the vaginal microflora. In a normal state, the microflora maintains an acidic environment, preventing the proliferation of various microbes. And with any violations, the reverse process occurs. This smear must be taken immediately after unprotected sexual intercourse, and if you have the following symptoms:
· Painful sensations in the abdominal area.
· The appearance of various types of discharge.
· Pain, itching and other painful manifestations on the genitals.

Taking a smear and checking yourself for any fungal and viral infections is recommended for all women, especially pregnant women, patients treated with antibiotics or medications that damage the entire immune system of the body.

How should you treat sexually transmitted infections?

How to get rid of such terrible diseases than to treat sexually transmitted infections? There are several ways to treat both diseases and infections of the genital organs in the world. For example, diseases such as gonorrhea, syphilis, trichomoniasis and chlamydia are treated with special antibiotics (one tablet each).

Diagnoses such as HIV and herpes are treated under the influence of antiretroviral drugs; these types of drugs can extinguish the source of the disease for some time, but are not able to completely cure it. How to treat sexually transmitted infections is a complex question, because the process of such treatment is difficult, but science in our world does not stand still, and every day it comes up with more and more new methods of combating this disease.

Hepatitis B is treated with immunomodulators and antiretroviral drugs. They are designed to fight viruses and slow down liver destruction.
Due to the fact that sexually transmitted diseases and infections progress every year, they become increasingly difficult to treat. They develop a kind of resistance to many types of antibiotics, thereby reducing treatment options to a minimum. For example, gonorrhea has become unresponsive to standard antimicrobial therapy, which has led to drug instability of the gonococcus.

To protect yourself, it is worth remembering that modern medicine has protective vaccines against diseases such as hepatitis B and human papillomavirus. They are a great way to prevent such diseases from occurring. The hepatitis B vaccine, according to research, has saved more than 1.4 million people from cancer and liver disease (chronic) through childhood immunization. And the human papillomavirus vaccine, when properly vaccinated, has saved more than four million women worldwide from dying from cervical cancer. There are no good and 100% vaccines against diseases such as herpes and HIV, although there have been successes in development. And vaccines against gonorrhea, syphilis, and chlamydia are still being developed.

Prevention of sexually transmitted diseases

To prevent any sexually transmitted viruses and fungi, the following measures exist:

· Circumcision is suitable for men. It reduces the risk of HIV infection by 65%. It also protects against any existing sexually transmitted infections (herpes and human papillomavirus, etc.).
· Use of a special gel - tenofovir. Helps prevent female genital infections. This is a bactericidal agent that has gone through many stages of inspection and testing. It has been proven to prevent and protect against diseases such as HIV.

What sexually transmitted infections are transmitted?

All sexually transmitted diseases or sexually transmitted infections are transmitted to your partner in most cases. It is important to remember that both partners need to treat such diseases, because if you are treated and your partner is not, then there is a high chance that after recovery you will catch the same disease again. You should also remember that men experience symptoms extremely less often than women, so you should immediately tell your partner about possible problems.

Let's look at some sexual diseases in more detail.

3. Bacterial sexual disease mycoplasmosis is caused by microbes that live on the mucous membrane of the genital urinary organs. This type of disease is asymptomatic and is quite difficult to identify. They can be present in the body of a healthy person, but in case of complications they cause inflammation of the uterus, appendages, and bacterial vaginosis.

4. Another bacterial disease is ureaplasmosis. The causative agent is microbacteria located on the genitals, or more precisely on the mucous membrane. Just like microplasmosis, this disease is asymptomatic and is detected only through complex laboratory tests. For women, this disease threatens miscarriages, premature birth, fetal infections, and infertility.

5. Trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of another sexually transmitted infection - trichomoniasis. This disease can be contracted through oral or anal sex, and there is a possibility of infection through household means (through wet towels). It manifests itself in women in the form of painful sensations during sex and urination, as well as yellow or greenish discharge (foamy), redness of the genitals. This disease is very dangerous for pregnant women, causes premature birth, miscarriages, affects the cervix, and causes erosion.

6. One of the popular sexual diseases is genital herpes. It affects during any sexual intercourse. Symptoms are irritation, swelling of organs, subsequently bubbles with liquid appear, they open, and ulcers form in their place, which take quite a long time to heal. Very dangerous for pregnant women, as it can cause fetal death or problems with the nervous system.

7. A viral and rather dangerous disease, cytomegalovirus, is transmitted not only through sexual intercourse, but also through kissing, and in everyday life through salivary secretions. This disease does not manifest itself with any symptoms; it is quite difficult to notice its presence. People with low immunity are more susceptible to this disease. Dangerous during pregnancy, causes nervous disorders in the fetus and is often fatal.

8. One of the most dangerous viral diseases is the human papillomavirus. It occurs differently in all people and has different types and subtypes, as well as the appearance of different symptoms: warts, papillomas, condylomas, genital cancer. It does not appear on diagnostics and is quite difficult to detect. Very high risk of disease. If the disease is detected early, it can be treated and symptoms can be eliminated. But remember that this disease provokes stress and hormonal changes, so pregnant women, postpartum women, and women during menopause need to be constantly examined for the presence of such an infection.

9. An increased number of bacteria in a woman’s vagina causes a disease called bacterial vaginosis. A large number of harmful bacteria begin to destroy all the beneficial ones, such a violation leads to an imbalance of the microflora. This is more dysbacteriosis than a serious sexually transmitted infection. This disease manifests itself as white vaginal discharge with an unpleasant odor.

10. And don’t forget about candidiasis. This is an overabundance of Candida fungi. Symptoms of this disease are copious vaginal discharge (white), pain when urinating, and itching of the genitals.

Sexually transmitted infectious diseases are a group of venereological pathologies, the main route of transmission of which is unprotected sexual contact. STDs are clinically heterogeneous nosological entities that are highly contagious, that is, infectious, and therefore pose a direct danger to human health.

What infections are sexually transmitted

The World Health Organization classifies STDs as follows::

1. Typical sexually transmitted infections

• lymphogranulomatosis (inguinal form);
• granuloma venereal type.

1. Other STDs:

• which primarily affect the organs of the reproductive system:

1. urogenital shigellosis (occurs in persons with homosexual sexual intercourse);
2. trichomoniasis;
3. candidal lesions of the genital organs, manifested by balanoposthitis and vulvovaginitis;
4. gardnerellosis;
5. scabies;
6. flat spots (pediculosis pubis);
7. molluscum contagiosum.

• which primarily affect other organs and systems:

1. neonatal sepsis;
2. Giardia;
3. AIDS;
4. amebiasis (typical for persons with homosexual contacts).

The main difference between any representative of an STD is its high susceptibility to changes in environmental conditions. For infection to occur, there must be direct contact between a sick person and a healthy person, and in some cases this is not necessarily sexual intercourse; household contact will be sufficient, as, for example, in the case of a viral disease. The danger increases in the presence of defects in the integrity of the mucous membranes and skin, which are the entrance gates for any infection. The risk of contracting an STD increases significantly through anal intercourse, the use of general personal hygiene products and sexual toys. note: Almost all viral and bacterial sexually transmitted diseases penetrate the placental barrier, that is, they are transmitted to the fetus in utero and disrupt its physiological development. Sometimes the consequences of such infection appear only several years after the birth of the child in the form of dysfunction of the heart, liver, kidneys, and developmental disorders. Regarding the type of pathogen, sexually transmitted diseases are:

The following reasons are identified that contribute to the spread of STDs::

• very close household contacts;
• unprotected sex, which also includes anal and oral sex;
• use of shared towels;
• failure to comply with the necessary rules for sterilization of instruments (diseases are transmitted through contaminated instruments in medical, dental, cosmetology institutions, as well as in manicure and tattoo parlors);
• procedure for transfusion of blood and its elements;
• parenteral drug administration;
• transplantation of organs and tissues.

STD: symptoms

The clinical picture of sexually transmitted diseases is slightly different, but, in general, there are a number of signs that are characteristic of almost each of them:

• excessive weakness;
• purulent or mucous discharge from the urethra;
• cloudy urine;
• burning and itching in the genital area;
• enlarged lymph nodes in the groin;
• discomfort during sexual intercourse and urination;
• ulcers and ulcers in the groin, on the external genitalia;

For other organs, symptoms may appear depending on the type of infection that affects other systems. For example, the liver suffers from hepatitis, bones are affected in the last stages of syphilis, and chlamydia can affect joints.

Symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases in women

The presence of certain symptoms of STDs in women is explained by the characteristics of their physiology. The following signs should alert a woman and become a reason for an emergency visit to the gynecologist:

• pain and feeling of dryness during sex;
• single or group enlargement of lymph nodes;
• dysmenorrhea (disturbances in the normal menstrual cycle);
• pain and discharge from the anus;
• itching in the perineal area;
• anal irritation;
• rash on the labia or around the anus, mouth, or body;
• unusual vaginal discharge (green, foamy, smelly, bloody);
• frequent painful urge to urinate;
• swelling of the vulva.

Sexually transmitted diseases in men: symptoms

You can suspect an STD in men based on the following signs::

• blood in semen;
• frequent and painful urge to urinate;
• low-grade fever (not in all diseases);
• problems with normal ejaculation;
• pain in the scrotum;
• discharge from the urethra (white, purulent, mucous, with an odor);
• various types of rashes on the head of the penis, the penis itself, and around it.

Important: Most sexually transmitted pathologies are asymptomatic. It is very important to seek medical help immediately after the first symptoms appear in order to prevent progression and complications.

Diagnostics

If there are any suspicious signs from the genital organs, especially after unprotected sexual intercourse, you should consult a doctor as early as possible. Self-medication in this case is fraught with complications and serious consequences. Sometimes the symptoms of an STD disappear some time after their onset, and the patient thinks that he is healthy and everything went away on its own. But this only means that the disease has passed into a latent, that is, hidden form, and continues to circulate in the body. Important: If you detect suspicious symptoms, you must notify your sexual partner and undergo an examination with him andget tested for STDs. The diagnostic scheme includes the following points:

• Survey. The doctor collects a detailed medical history from the patient, he asks about complaints, how long ago they appeared and their severity. Usually, a patient who has already consulted a doctor has various types of elements (ulcers, rashes, erosions) on the skin and mucous membranes of the genital organs, pain, burning, itching when urinating. It is also important to find out the number of sexual partners, previous sexually transmitted diseases, contraceptive methods used, and whether there were unprotected sexual contacts. A woman undergoes a mandatory gynecological examination, and a man a urological examination, during which a specialist detects objective symptoms of an STD. If necessary, it is also possible to consult a dermatovenerologist.
• Laboratory research. They are the basis for confirming the diagnosis. Testing for sexually transmitted infections involves examining the patient's blood and other biological fluids.

In particular, the following diagnostic methods are used:

Treatment of sexually transmitted infections

Appropriate therapy is always prescribed only by the attending physician based on test results. Depending on the identified pathogen, a treatment regimen is drawn up.
Most diseases can be successfully treated, but there are some that are considered incurable:

• hepatitis C;
• herpes types 1 and 2;

At the same time, maintenance therapy allows you to remove symptoms and alleviate the patient’s condition. Among the medications prescribed by a doctor, the following groups of drugs can be used:

• to activate the body's immune response;
• antiviral, allowing to accelerate remission when the viral infection enters the latent phase;
• hepatoprotectors are used to support the liver in case of severe damage;
• cardiac glycosides support the functioning of the heart muscle;
• vitamin-mineral complexes are part of general strengthening therapy;