Tests for plasmapheresis. Plasmapheresis - what is it? Plasmapheresis: benefits and harms, contraindications, prices and methods. Therapeutic plasmapheresis. Plasmapheresis: the essence of the method, the history of its origin

In fact, there is only one line left to display text information, which is not entirely convenient. In terms of its equipment, the model is quite modest: During a conversation, the duration of a call is shown on the display, which is very useful and convenient. The phone is equipped with a fairly loud ringer, clearly visible even in the noise of city traffic.

So, Siemens A36 is a typical example of an inexpensive budget device costing up to dollars. The phone registers on the network quite quickly, after which the logo of our beloved “Velcom” appears on the screen. It is also regrettable that there are no functions that have already become familiar, such as vibration alerts and alarm clocks. Like all other devices, this phone is not without some “weaknesses”.

The top line of the display is occupied by a row of icons; The left one shows the signal level 4 bars, the right one shows the battery charge level 4 bars. Model contracts General topics Recipes Loading

In addition to the main game mode, the user is invited to play a risk round. The slot control panel is quite simple and familiar. Close the codes and withdraw money in any way convenient for you - to a Visa, MasterCard card of any bank or to any electronic wallet! All design details and game symbols are carefully drawn, in addition to this, when a winning combination appears, a spectacular animation appears.

The Hot Slot virtual machine gives the opportunity to enjoy the gameplay both for fans of traditional one-armed bandits with a fruit theme and an unencumbered game plot, and for fans of modern slot machines who value high quality graphics. We recommend to all lovers of fruit themes, as well as those who simply want to remember the taste of juicy fruits, to plunge into the warmth of summer sunshine and swim in the sea. You can top up your account through payment terminals!

Subject of the Agreement and Rights of the Parties This document lists the conditions and rights that the User must comply with. Responsibility of the parties and final provisions The user is responsible for his actions on the site and for their legality in accordance with the law. If the following violations are detected:. Any actions that contradict international law and the laws of the User’s country of residence are prohibited.

The Administration guarantees the User’s uninterrupted access to the online casino. The Administration has the right to supplement and make adjustments to the Agreement without notifying the User. It is prohibited to publish information containing expressions of hatred or incitement towards a specific person, group of persons, nation, religion, language, race, ideology or politics. The only exceptions may be cases provided for by law.

If violations are detected, the Administration has the right to limit or prohibit the User’s access to the site without notice.

By accepting this offer, the gambler will be able to receive exactly the same bonus for each first deposit of the month. From my own experience I was convinced that this is an honest Casino. But in fact, it’s their own fault for playing too much. And a day to transfer from Qiwi to the card. The casino will never allow itself to be beaten. According to the terms of the introductory bonus, bets on certain games are not taken into account when wagering bonuses.

I'll tell you my story. It applies only to beginners and is in euros. The first ones took a long time to withdraw money, the second and third ones quickly.

Bonus amounts in, and even rubles, are waiting for their new owners. Already at the start, the largest free bonus on the Internet network awaits you - rubles.

It is in these slots that it is more convenient to play for bonuses and win. This establishment is an inexhaustible reservoir of free rewards. These volcanic portals are rightfully considered leaders in the Russian money gaming industry. Russian gaming casinos know their consumers very well, providing maximum service and satisfying needs.

Miracles happen, period! The gambling business is directly related to major victories and failures.

Then he can continue to play only in demo mode. After all, getting a big prize in this situation is very dangerous. Moreover, in most cases, players do not pay attention to losses. You just need to be able to stop, even after serious failures. If you regularly win and lose while maintaining balance, then you should listen to these tips.

Don't even risk borrowing money. In this case, you need to ask yourself whether you can stop if all your money is on the line. In this article, we decided to talk about how to behave if you have lost all your money in a casino. Sounds scary, doesn't it? But you need to be able to take them for granted, as this is an integral part of the excitement.

In order to avoid this unenviable fate, you need to write out a business plan for the future online casino. Stages of a business plan for an online casino The cost of a license, which must be purchased before launching a project, depends on the jurisdiction and type of online establishment.

The operator gets the opportunity to fully control the structure and content of the site. Large or chain establishments that have a multi-million dollar budget can afford to collaborate with top manufacturers.

In order for the name of your gambling business to be on everyone's lips and constantly remain on the lips, you need to: There is nothing wrong with purchasing a “turnkey casino”; in essence, you are buying a ready-to-launch project, which you customize to your needs and at the same time spending not millions of dollars, but several tens of thousands. You can use less expensive ways, such as social network marketing, email newsletters, SEO, affiliate programs, etc. How much does it cost to open an online casino - this question is very often asked by beginning entrepreneurs, and, of course, everyone understands that this question cannot be answered, naming a specific amount, because the cost of any business depends on many factors and components of the project.

And it’s bullshit to take away the equipment. The prosecutor's office of the Sverdlovsk region is confident that the police did not even try to catch the real owners of the underground business. The police knew about the establishment, they periodically closed it, but somehow magically it opened again. The owners were asked to get rid of the slot machines themselves.

After checking a large number of gaming facilities in the city, we found approximately a third of their real owners.

Along the perimeter of the screen there will be cards that show the objects on the reels. Download Strawberries for free and play the bonus game - no problem!

Do you want to download Strawberries for free and start gambling? For example, in the Best For Play online casino. Then the cards are sent to a mulligan and there is another chance to win the Fruit Cocktail online slot. Download Fruit Cocktail for free and play for double - it's easy!

Each fruit brings a certain profit when three to five symbols appear from left to right on a winning line. If you win, it will simply be a nice bonus! The only thing that is necessary from the gamer is to collect at least three summer berries.

Unlike the bonus game, the risky gambling game of doubling is also classified as a classic one.

The best place is https: The most important thing is not to believe in any nonsense that promises you instant profit. Bonuses both from the manager and for each deposit. The main thing to remember here is that you need to play only in reliable casinos - so that there are no various problems, including the complete loss of your money. Everything is convenient, and the sorting is given by country. When I went on vacation to France, the site adjusted for me and showed online casinos for the French, but I changed the country in the settings and everything fell into place, and the sorting and filters are, if not perfect, then in any case In case I like them, depending on what languages ​​I speak, and this is my English.

No matter where you play, you will lose everywhere, that is, if you have problems and you urgently need money, you can go to the casino only if you have a special form of cancer and you have a couple of days left to live, otherwise it’s better refers to casinos only as entertainment where you can spend your money. Other reviews are also not great. I have played here several dozen times, and each time I have withdrawn my winnings to the card without any problems, easily and without expectations.

With the advent of the Internet, gaming applications have become more accessible to players - they are now played for free.

It is quite natural that they are familiar. It is possible that after playing the demo game for some time, you will want to take a chance and bet a small amount! Everyone who comes in for fun is given a certain number of free virtual chips. And this is not at all strange, because playing online slot machines from the Vulcan gaming club is always fun and exciting. New gaming machines are constantly appearing, which are receiving more and more new additions, and playing them is even more interesting!

Yes, you won’t be bored in the virtual gaming club Play-Avtomat, see for yourself! People come to the casino to unwind and have a great time; if you are not in the mood and do not enjoy the game, it is better to leave and do something else.

There is no need to register on websites and send SMS. Active play will provide you with not only an increase in your club status, accompanied by new opportunities. After loading the page with the game, you will see a panel of buttons in front of you for the game:

Here almost everything starts without problems. Most online clubs provide bonuses, subject to depositing a certain amount into the account. The main thing is to have a computer, high-speed Internet, as well as patience and a little luck, and then success will await you. If your virtual chips are spent, you will be able to re-enter the gaming establishment and you will be credited with a standard virtual account, without registration and SMS. The best Safes slots are a five-reel design in which you can not only double your winnings with the help of a risk game, but also get into a two-level bonus round.

To play for real money, you must register on the site.

In a situation where traditional drug treatment for a number of pathologies does not lead to the desired result and does not improve the patient’s condition, methods of efferent therapy (or extracorporeal detoxification) come to the rescue, the main one being plasmapheresis. The essence of this intervention is to remove part of the patient’s blood from the bloodstream, remove toxic and other substances unnecessary for the body, and then return it back to the bloodstream.

There are 2 main types of plasmapheresis – donor and therapeutic. The essence of the first is to collect plasma from a donor and then use it for its intended purpose. The second is carried out to treat a number of different diseases. It is about therapeutic plasmapheresis - its types, indications and contraindications for use, the methodology for carrying out the procedure, as well as possible adverse reactions and complications that will be discussed in our article.

Why does the body need blood?

Blood is one of the organs of the human and animal body. Yes, this organ is liquid and circulates through special vessels, but its health is no less important for the body than the health of the liver, heart or other structures of our body.

Blood consists of plasma and formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets), each of which performs specific functions. Blood also contains various substances dissolved in it - hormones, enzymes, coagulation factors, proteins, circulating immune complexes, metabolic products and others. Some of them are physiological for the body, while others (for example, cholesterol) lead to the development of diseases.

Plasmapheresis will help rid the blood, and therefore the entire body, of substances dangerous to its health.

Effects of plasmapheresis and types of procedure

Plasmapheresis is not magic, it is not capable of restoring youth to the body and healing it from all diseases, however, the effects that this procedure has alleviate the course of some diseases and undoubtedly improve the patient’s condition.

1. During a plasmapheresis session, part of the plasma is irretrievably removed from the bloodstream. Along with it, various pathogenic substances are also removed, for example, toxins of bacteria, viruses, circulating immune complexes, breakdown products of red blood cells, cholesterol, metabolic products and others.
2. Before blood cells are returned to the bloodstream, they are diluted with saline, glucose and blood substitutes to the required volume. This improves blood flow and reduces the risk of blood clots.
3. As a result of the removal of a certain volume of plasma, many physiological reactions of the body are activated, and its resistance to the effects of adverse environmental factors increases.

As for classification, plasmapheresis is primarily divided into non-hardware and hardware. Hardware-free methods do not involve the use of special devices. They are quite simple and financially accessible to many, but they allow only a small volume of blood to be purified and carry an increased risk of infection and other complications. Hardware plasmapheresis is carried out using special devices. Its leading methods are:

• filtration, or membrane (blood passes through special filters that pass its liquid part - plasma and retaining formed elements);
• centrifugal (the patient’s blood enters a centrifuge, as a result of the rotation of which the blood plasma and its formed elements are separated from each other; the cells are immediately mixed with blood substitute solutions and returned to the bloodstream);
• cascade, or double filtration plasmapheresis (this method involves passing blood through filters 2 times; the first retains cells, and the second - large molecules).

Another type of this procedure is cryoplasmapheresis. The blood is filtered, the separated plasma is frozen at -30 ° C, during the next session it is heated to +4 ° C, centrifuged, and then reintroduced into the patient’s body. This method allows you to preserve almost all of the plasma protein, but it is used only under strict indications.

Indications and contraindications for plasmapheresis

This procedure should not be the initial and only method of treatment. It is used only in combination with medication and other treatment options, and then only when these methods have exhausted themselves and have not led to any positive result.

Indications for plasmapheresis are:

• diseases of the cardiovascular system (viral, autoimmune, rheumatic heart disease, systemic vasculitis, atherosclerosis and others);
• pathology of the respiratory system (Wegener's granulomatosis, fibrosing alveolitis, hemosiderosis, and so on);
• diseases of the digestive tract (Crohn's disease,
• , hepatic encephalopathy and others);
• diseases of the endocrine system (, adrenal insufficiency);
• urinary tract diseases (autoimmune glomerulonephritis, severe pyelonephritis, cystitis and other infectious diseases, chronic renal failure, Goodpasture's syndrome, secondary kidney damage in systemic connective tissue diseases);
• systemic connective tissue diseases (dermatomyositis, scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and others);
• skin pathology (herpes, toxicoderma);
• diseases of an allergic nature (acute or chronic urticaria, Quincke's edema, hay fever, heat, cold allergies and others);
• diseases of the nervous system (chronic infectious diseases, and others);
• eye diseases (diabetic retinopathy and others);
• poisoning by various chemicals at work and at home, including drug overdose;
• hangover syndrome;
• during pregnancy – fetoplacental insufficiency, maternal diseases of an autoimmune nature, Rh conflict.

In some cases, plasmapheresis is categorically not recommended. Absolute contraindications to this procedure are:

• ongoing bleeding;
• severe brain diseases (and others);
• cardiac, hepatic, renal failure in the decompensation phase;
• acute neuropsychiatric disorders.

There are also relative contraindications, that is, those conditions that it is desirable to eliminate (compensate) before plasmapheresis, but in case of urgent need, solely by the decision of a specialist, this procedure can be performed with them. These are:

• disorders in the blood coagulation system;
• hypotension (low blood pressure);
• heart rhythm disturbances;
• ulcerative damage to the digestive tract (stomach, intestines);
• reduced protein content in blood plasma;
• acute infectious diseases;
• period of menstruation in women.

Plasmapheresis for these conditions is associated with an increased risk of aggravating them - the development of more severe cardiac arrhythmias, lowering blood pressure, bleeding, and so on. In such situations, the doctor must pay increased attention to the patient’s condition and take actions to stabilize it.

Do I need to get examined?

In essence, plasmapheresis is a surgical intervention for which there are both indications and contraindications. In order to detect these conditions, before starting a course of treatment with this method, the patient must undergo an examination. It includes:

• examination by a therapist or other doctor, including measurement of blood pressure and assessment of other important indicators of the body’s functioning;
• clinical blood test (to promptly diagnose acute or chronic inflammatory process or other serious diseases);
• a blood test for glucose (included in the list of mandatory examinations for every patient; it allows diagnosing diabetes mellitus, and in those with a confirmed diagnosis, monitoring blood sugar levels);
• coagulogram (to assess the parameters of the blood coagulation system, detect a tendency to form blood clots or increased bleeding);
• a blood test for the Wasserman reaction, or RW (this is also a mandatory diagnostic method that allows you to detect or exclude such an unpleasant pathology as syphilis);
• biochemical blood test to determine the level of protein fractions in it (allows you to diagnose hypoproteinemia, which is a relative contraindication to plasmapheresis sessions);
• ECG (allows you to evaluate the work of the heart).

At the discretion of the doctor, the patient may be prescribed other examination methods that confirm the need for plasmapheresis or, on the contrary, exclude this method of treatment for a particular patient.

Methodology

Plasmapheresis is one of the options for surgical intervention in the human body. That is why it should be carried out not just anyhow, not during a lunch break, but after a full examination, in specially equipped rooms, in conditions similar to those in the operating room.

During the procedure, the patient is in a lying or reclining position on his back on a regular couch or in a special chair. A needle or a special catheter is inserted into his vein (usually in the elbow area), through which blood is obtained. Most modern devices for plasmapheresis provide for the installation of needles in 2 arms at once - through the first, blood will leave the body and enter the device, and through the second, it will simultaneously return to the bloodstream.

As described above, blood, passing through the apparatus, is divided into fractions in various ways - plasma (liquid part) and formed elements. The plasma is removed, the suspension of blood cells is diluted with saline, solutions of glucose and potassium chloride, rheopolyglucin, albumin or donor plasma (by the way, it is used for this purpose very rarely and according to strict indications) to the required volume and injected back into the patient’s body.

1 session lasts from 1 to 2 hours. This depends on the plasmapheresis method used and the patient’s condition. The amount of blood “driven” through the device in 1 session also varies and is determined individually using the calculation of special computer programs and the specialist who prescribes and carries out the treatment.

The entire time plasmapheresis is performed, the doctor remains next to the patient, carefully monitoring his general condition and well-being, monitoring blood pressure, pulse rate, blood oxygen saturation level and other important parameters of his body. If complications develop, he, of course, provides assistance to the patient.

How many plasmapheresis procedures a particular patient needs is determined individually. The course of treatment depends primarily on the disease that is supposed to be treated with this method, as well as on the individual reaction of the patient’s body to treatment. As a rule, it includes from 3 to 12 sessions.

Complications

With a professional, responsible approach to his work by the specialist performing plasmapheresis, with a complete examination of the patient, and with the use of modern high-quality equipment, the procedures are well tolerated by patients, and unpleasant situations occur extremely rarely. However, since each organism is individual, it is impossible to completely predict its reaction to plasmapheresis - in some cases complications still develop. The main ones are:

• allergic reactions up to anaphylactic shock (as a rule, they develop in response to the introduction of donor plasma or drugs that prevent the formation of blood clots into the bloodstream);
• hypotension (a sharp decrease in blood pressure; occurs in cases when a large volume of blood is simultaneously removed from the patient’s bloodstream);
• bleeding (develops as a result of exceeding the dose of drugs that reduce the ability of blood to clot);
• the formation of blood clots (they are a consequence of an insufficient dose of the above drugs; blood clots spread with the blood flow and, entering vessels of a smaller diameter, clog them; these conditions are extremely dangerous for the patient’s life);
• blood infection (occurs when the rules of asepsis are violated during plasmapheresis, more often with non-hardware methods of this procedure, but with hardware - extremely rarely);
• renal failure (can develop if donor plasma is used as a blood substitute; it is a consequence of the latter’s incompatibility with the blood of a person receiving plasmapheresis).

Conclusion

Plasmapheresis is one of the efferent medicine methods most commonly used today. During the procedure, the patient’s blood is removed from his bloodstream, enters the apparatus, where it is divided into 2 fractions - liquid (plasma) and formed elements. The plasma with the pathological substances it contains is removed, and the blood cells are dissolved with blood substitutes and returned to the bloodstream.

This method of treatment is auxiliary, used only when other methods have proven ineffective, and complements them. Many people believe that plasmapheresis is an almost magical healing technique that will rid the body of problems that have accumulated in it for decades, and can even be used as a preventive method. Unfortunately no. There are certain indications for it, and your doctor is unlikely to recommend it to you if other, non-invasive treatment methods have not yet been tried. Still, plasmapheresis is a surgical intervention that requires certain preparation and can lead to the development of complications.

However, when carried out according to indications, plasmapheresis is very effective and can significantly improve the patient’s condition in just a few sessions.

TVK, experts talk about plasmapheresis:

Hello my dear!

This article came about because my doctor husband agreed to talk to me over dinner about professional blood cleansing.

A few days ago, when I was preparing the previous article about cleansing the body, I learned that not only the liver needs to be cleansed periodically, but also the blood, the walls of the stomach and even the pores of the skin. In that article, I collected simple recipes on how to refresh the entire body yourself at home.

Now I wanted to know if there were any advanced, professional means of blood purification. Is it possible for everyone to do them, and isn’t it dangerous?

My husband told me about this kind of professional blood cleansing over dinner. This procedure is called plasmapheresis.

Plasmapheresis

Hardware plasmapheresis

Evgeniy (husband): Plasmapheresis is a medical procedure that allows you to purify blood by dividing it into fractions or passing it through special membranes.

Foreign substances that have entered there as a result of the use of drugs, due to poor-quality food, or as a result of the breakdown of any pathogenic cells are removed from the blood. For example, in case of severe poisoning, plasmapheresis very quickly puts a person on his feet.

Me: Then I remembered the story of how Turchinsky died after plasmapheresis. Journalists on all channels have long advocated plasmapheresis. And she asked her husband a reasonable question: could this procedure cause death?

Evgeniy: This is not true. It is impossible to die from plasmapheresis. As for Turchinsky, facts were later published that journalists were no longer interested in, that the cause of death was hormonal abnormalities in the body. They led to thrombosis and early death.

Me: Is there any danger of getting infected with something during the procedure?

Evgeniy: No, the circuit of the device is closed. Everything that comes into contact with blood is exclusively disposable. There is no chance of infection at all.

Can everyone have plasmapheresis?

Evgeniy: It’s not worth doing the procedure to everyone. If you are young and healthy, then there is no point in this procedure. But how many such people do we have?

I think we will skip the indications for serious diseases and consider the indications from the point of view of cosmetology.

So, from the point of view of appearance and general well-being, plasmapheresis makes sense if you have:

• constant allergic rashes
• dermatitis
• eczema
• psoriasis
• very tired, dull skin
• unhealthy complexion

• weakness, lethargy, malaise, drowsiness.
• if you have recently undergone long-term antibiotic treatment,
• after a long serious illness, for example, pneumonia was treated for a long time.

Hardware blood purification will help remove allergens, toxins, and other harmful substances from the bloodstream and allow you to recover faster.

What waste and toxins look like

Me: Can I see what was removed during the procedure?

Evgeniy: Yes you can. Ask your doctor to show you the plasma filter before and after the procedure. You will be horrified. It will be a dark yellow dirty color. These are all things that should not be in your body.

This is bile that the body could not utilize, these are toxins, these are remnants of medications, products of the breakdown of pathological cells.

Me: Do doctors then analyze what remains on the plasma filter? Maybe some diagnoses can be made based on these residues?

Evgeniy: No, this material is not transferred to the laboratory and is not analyzed. Before hardware blood cleansing, a blood test is required to show any problems. If a doctor sent a person for this procedure, then he comes with a diagnosis already made. Cleaning is a therapeutic procedure, not a diagnostic one.

When the effect is visible

Evgeniy: The first effect of plasmapheresis occurs within a day after the first procedure. Your complexion improves - this is a secondary effect of cleansing the body. After some time, skin problems, lethargy, and weakness will go away.

Taking into account the fact that about 30% of the circulating blood volume will be cleansed at one time, the procedure must be repeated 2-3 times.

There is one nuance here - the volume of circulating blood is in communication with the cells of the body and constantly communicates with the intercellular fluid. If there is a loss of blood, the body quickly transfers intercellular fluid into the bloodstream to compensate for the missing volume.

When you have removed toxins from the bloodstream, this volume is replenished with intercellular fluid. And the intercellular fluid with all sorts of nastiness again enters the bloodstream.

On the one hand, this is good. Thanks to this, you will not only cleanse the blood, but also all body fluids.

On the other hand, because of this, only one procedure is not enough, but at least 2 are needed.

Plasmapheresis - indications and contraindications

Indications

• If you have severe skin problems that cannot be treated. If you have gout. After a long illness.
• In the event that the drugs that you used in your usual doses have ceased to have an effect and you need to increase the dose more and more. For example, you used to take 1 tablet for pain relief, but now you need 3. You used to take one sleeping pill, but now you need 2.
• If you have what is popularly called “thick blood” and the risk of thrombosis is increased.
• If you have severe varicose veins, but only without trophic ulcers (tissue necrosis).
• It would be a good idea to do this procedure for people addicted to alcoholism and drug addiction.

Contraindications

• Acute stages of infectious and purulent-inflammatory diseases
• Cancerous tumor in the decay stage with bleeding
• Anemia
• Low blood clotting
• Very low blood protein levels
• Open gastrointestinal ulcer
• Membrane plasmapheresis is indicated, and in some cases necessary, for cancer patients after treatment. In contrast to the cascade procedure, which is directly contraindicated for cancer patients.

Plasmapheresis complications excluded

Plasmapheresis - technique

Evgeniy: Hardware blood purification can be membrane or cascade. The membrane lasts an hour on average. Cascade lasts 2-3 hours. The method of plasmapheresis is very simple.

The patient comes to a medical institution that has the appropriate license. He lies down on the couch and the doctor draws a portion of blood. After the purification procedure, this blood is returned to the patient. The serving size is determined by the doctor depending on the plethora of the person.

Blood is drawn from a vein as usual.

Membrane plasmapheresis

Purified lymph

Evgeniy: Membrane plasmapheresis is a procedure for hardware blood purification using special plasma filters.

The procedure itself is simple. A portion of blood is removed from the body and passes through a device equipped with membranes. These membranes separate the blood into plasma, white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets.

The plasma, along with toxins and other toxic elements, is removed, and the remaining elements are returned to the bloodstream.

The most interesting thing will be if you ask the doctor to show the blood that was taken from you and the one that is returned to you. The difference will be visible even to the eye. After cleaning, it will be transparent, light, bright red.

Ideally, the plasma should be light, almost transparent, and it does not particularly affect the color of the blood. And the difference in color is due to the fact that due to toxins, viruses, etc. the plasma becomes dark. Instead of remote dirty plasma along with leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets will give you physical. solution.

Cascade plasmapheresis

Evgeniy: A very interesting method that can really be used to rejuvenate the body is cascade plasmapheresis. Sometimes it is called double plasma filtration.

The first filter constantly provides plasma. Then the patient’s plasma, obtained on the first filter, enters the second filter, which divides the plasma into fractions. In this case, high-molecular plasma components, including all viruses, remain separately on the filter. And albumin and electrolytes return to the bloodstream.

This method was invented, developed and perfected in Japan. And it is there that he is one of the most popular.

Effect

• Restoring the rheological properties of blood - it will be the way it should be
• Microcirculation in capillaries improves significantly
• The supply of tissue with oxygen and nutrients improves,
• All viruses are removed
• The most important thing is that for people suffering from obesity, lipid metabolism disorders, vascular atherosclerosis, correction and reduction of lipid factors occurs - this is very important. In case of obesity, this is an excellent prevention of vascular condition.

Advantages of the cascade method

Evgeniy: Cascade plasmapheresis allows you to set the size of the removed plasma components, depending on which filter you install. You come with a specific problem and they select the appropriate filter for you.

You do not spend money on instilling albumins, which is sometimes required after membrane plasmapheresis, since your albumins return to the blood during cascade plasmapheresis. Moreover, these are your albumins, and not someone else’s.

You do not need to use plasma replacement solutions, since your plasma is returned to the bloodstream after purification.

Complications with plasmapheresis

Me: Can plasmapheresis cause any complications?

Evgeniy: Theoretically we can
Yes, if you have contraindications to it, but you still did this procedure. However, this is only theoretical. In practice, I am not aware of such cases.

Before the procedure, the doctor always talks with the patient and finds out if there are any contraindications. Moreover, before cleaning the blood in this way, a blood test is taken from the patient, which will show whether plasmapheresis can cause any complications or not. And if he can, then the doctor simply will not perform this procedure on you.

At what age should it be done?

Evgeniy: It should be done for medical reasons at any age. Even children with problems undergo membrane blood purification.

And if the body functions normally, then the procedure should be done after 40 years.

Duration of the procedure

Evgeniy: The procedure itself lasts from 1 to 3 hours. But you shouldn’t expect that you will get plasmapheresis and then run out shopping. After the procedure, you lie on the couch for another 1.5 hours, only after that you are released. Total, everything about everything - from 2.5 to 4.5 hours.

Doesn't it hurt?

Evgeniy: The procedure is as painful as intravenous injections are painful for you, nothing more.

How often should this be done

It is enough to undergo a course of plasmapheresis once every 2-3 years, not more often. There is no point in running around for such cleaning every six months. Toxins do not accumulate as quickly. Those who encourage you to do this more often simply want you to leave more money with them.

If there are no medical indications, then one course may include from 2-3 to 5-6 membrane procedures or 2-3 cascade plasmapheresis procedures.

The interval between procedures with membrane is from 5-10 days, with cascade - from 7-12 days. More often, without emergency medical indications, there is no point in doing it.

However, regular medical blood cleansing procedures do not replace the fact that you should eat right - eat more raw vegetables and fruits. These are our natural blood purifiers. Do not abuse fatty and fried foods.

If you are under 40 years old, or you have not yet decided to undergo plasmapheresis, you can cleanse the blood, stomach walls and liver yourself at home. There are very simple and effective recipes. Read about cleansing the body at home.

SUBSCRIBE!

Tips on beauty and healthwill be sent to you by email

Plasma is the liquid basis of blood, which contains blood elements and also dissolves many biologically active and nutritious substances. Thanks to a laboratory study of the composition of plasma, it is possible to differentiate the degree of existing damage to internal organs and make a diagnosis. Since it is in the plasma that the end products of metabolic processes accumulate before they are eliminated from the body, in recent years the belief has spread that systematic blood purification helps reduce the negative effects of many pathogenic factors. - This is a therapeutic method that helps to cleanse the blood.

The essence of the procedure

How is blood plasmapheresis done? The patient is placed on a chair that provides him with a reclining position. A sterile system for . Initially, blood is taken from the patient’s vein into a sterile plastic hemacon (bag), and the volume of blood taken is calculated by the transfusiologist individually for each patient (weight and hemodynamic parameters - pulse and blood pressure - are taken into account).

After blood is drawn, a system with saline solution is connected to the vein, which is injected very slowly, drip-wise. This is done in order to prevent thrombosis of the lumen of the needle located in the vein. In parallel with this, the blood taken from the body is centrifuged, after which the plasma is separated from the concentrate of formed elements. The plasma is removed, and the formed blood cells are mixed with a sterile saline solution and returned back into the bloodstream.

To avoid complications during plasmapheresis, the duration of the procedure is 1.5 - 2 hours, while medical personnel constantly monitor hemodynamic parameters. It is generally accepted that the maximum effect of plasmapheresis is achieved after the fifth.

Kinds

Depending on whether the patient’s own formed elements are returned to the bloodstream or not, a therapeutic type is distinguished (blood cells are returned) and a donor type of plasmapheresis (the withdrawn volume is replenished).

The method of performing the plasmapheresis procedure is also different:

1. Gravitational – is the most widespread. When using this method of blood purification, the blood is centrifuged.
2. To carry out the procedure, special cascade filters are used that imitate the action of the membranes of the renal tubules, retaining large-molecular particles.
3. The use of special membranes to separate blood into components.

Indications

The indication for blood plasmapheresis is the presence in the patient’s medical history of the following pathological conditions:

• chronic – hypertension, post-infarction disorders, myocarditis, angina pectoris and others;
• renal and liver failure, inflammatory processes affecting these organs;
• in gynecology – before in vitro fertilization, reducing the symptoms of menopause, treating sexually transmitted infections;
• diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
• chronic pathologies of the respiratory system;
• endocrine disorders, including increased thyroid function;
• skin lesions of allergic or inflammatory etiology;
• treatment of complications during pregnancy - severe forms of toxicosis, isoimmune, gestosis;
• in narcology – to relieve withdrawal symptoms;
• when carrying out detoxification therapy for severe poisoning of the body.

Contraindications

An absolute contraindication for blood plasmapheresis for adults and children is the presence of various types of bleeding in the patient, as well as irreversible damage to the tissues of the heart and brain. Caution should be exercised when performing blood purification in patients with a history of:

• acute period of development of the infectious process;
• malignant oncological diseases;
• generalized edema;
• peptic ulcer.

Conclusion

The plasmapheresis technique has become increasingly widespread in recent years due to the development of private medical practice. The cost of blood plasmapheresis varies - from 3 to 8 thousand rubles.

Before you decide to undergo this procedure, you should remember that blood purification with plasmapheresis falls into the category of surgical interventions. This should be taken into account when choosing a clinic. The medical institution must be equipped in accordance with all sanitary and epidemiological requirements that apply to surgical departments.

It is also necessary to make sure that the clinic has a license to provide plasmapheresis blood cleaning services and is sufficiently equipped with the necessary equipment and disposable material. Medical personnel working in this clinic must undergo appropriate training and be certified in this field.

Despite the fact that the medical institution bears responsibility, defined by law, for the occurrence of complications during blood purification of any severity during the procedure, preliminary collection of information and feedback on its activities will help to significantly reduce the risk of any troubles.

In addition, it is mandatory to provide the transfusiologist performing the preliminary examination and consultation before plasmapheresis with complete information about the presence of conditions that may affect the course of the procedure. This applies, first of all, to information about a decrease in the functions of the blood coagulation system, a known tendency to thrombosis by the patient.

Also, do not neglect carrying out a full laboratory and, if necessary, instrumental examination before undergoing plasmapheresis, which additionally guarantees the prevention of possible complications.

Blood is of great importance for the functioning of the body, because human health largely depends on its purity. Due to unfavorable environmental conditions, poor nutrition and age-related changes, the blood is gradually contaminated with toxins, waste and various harmful substances. To help the body resist disease and improve health, it is necessary to periodically cleanse the blood. The plasmapheresis procedure is ideal for this.

Pros and cons of the procedure

Before you sign up for plasmapheresis, you need to understand what it is. This procedure involves removing plasma from the blood, which is carefully filtered, and then its necessary elements are reintroduced into the body. Approximately 25% of the total blood volume enters the filter. Lost fluid is replaced with saline solution.

Plasmapheresis has many advantages:

1. During the procedure, sterile materials and disposable instruments are used.
2. The amount of blood that will be purified is calculated individually, taking into account the patient’s height and weight, as well as test results.
3. A qualified specialist monitors the person’s condition. Equipment is also used to determine blood pressure, pulse, blood oxygen saturation, and breathing rate.
4. The procedure is completely painless.
5. During plasmapheresis, only saline and blood replacement solutions are used. No other medications are required.

It is worth noting that safety is ensured only in a clinical setting. So, the procedure should be performed by an experienced doctor using appropriate equipment.

The benefits of plasmapheresis are obvious:

• immunity is strengthened;
• the blood becomes less viscous, and this is an excellent prevention of myocardial infarction and thrombosis;
• cholesterol plaques are removed;
• blood pressure normalizes;
• metabolism is restored;
• a sufficient amount of oxygen reaches the organs.

If the procedure was carried out in accordance with all the rules, then no complications are observed. In most cases, all the harm of plasmapheresis comes down to side effects such as darkening of the eyes, slight dizziness and decreased blood pressure. To get rid of these unpleasant symptoms, just tilt your head and raise your legs.

In one session, as a rule, about 15-20% of harmful substances are removed. Accordingly, with a severe form of the disease, the procedure may be ineffective. For this reason, a comprehensive approach is recommended, which includes supportive care and a special diet.

An important disadvantage of plasmapheresis is the removal of immunoglobulins and other useful substances along with the plasma. Despite this, there is no weakening of the immune system after the procedure.

Who will benefit from plasmapheresis?

There are more than 200 different diseases for which this method of blood purification is indicated. These include:

• cardiovascular diseases, including cardiomyopathy, carditis and viral myocarditis;
• diseases of the respiratory system, namely chronic pneumonia, bronchial asthma, alveolitis, etc.;
• various gastrointestinal diseases;
• liver and kidney diseases;
• endocrine diseases;
• skin diseases, including psoriasis, toxicoderma and herpes;
• connective tissue diseases;
• ophthalmological diseases;
• allergies;
• various diseases of the nervous system, including multiple sclerosis;
• systemic vasculitis;
• burn disease.

The procedure is considered effective for infectious diseases, chlamydia, periodontal disease and serious poisoning.

Plasmapheresis, the indications for which were mentioned above, is often prescribed in preparation for pregnancy. This is especially important for women who smoke. The procedure is also carried out as a prevention of allergies in pregnant women. Other indications during pregnancy include chronic infections, Rh conflict and other autoimmune diseases.

When can plasmapheresis not be done?

An absolute contraindication to the use of plasmapheresis is heavy bleeding that cannot be stopped. Relative contraindications include:

• low pressure;
• heart rhythm or blood clotting disorders;
• stomach and duodenal ulcers;
• insufficient amount of protein in plasma;
• acute infectious diseases;
• underdeveloped venous network;
• period.

Although contraindications for plasmapheresis are considered relative, it is worth consulting with your doctor in advance. This is important, because blood purification may not give the desired effect or even worsen the patient’s condition.

How is the procedure done?

The blood purification method involves several stages:

1. blood sampling;
2. division of blood into fractions, that is, into formed elements and plasma;
3. return of formed elements to the blood;
4. replacement of withdrawn plasma with saline solution or return of own used or donor plasma.

Additionally, the processing of formed elements and plasma can be carried out. This decision is made on an individual basis.

Plasmapheresis is always performed in medical offices with appropriate equipment. The patient must lie down during the procedure.

Blood sampling is carried out using a one- or two-needle method. The needles themselves have a larger diameter than IV needles.

Separation into fractions is carried out differently depending on the chosen plasmapheresis method:

• Membrane or filtration. The collected blood is passed through special filters made of hollow fibers. The selected formed elements are then returned to the patient's blood. The plasma can be disposed of or further filtered. This also applies to cell mass.
• Gravity or centrifuge. The blood is placed in special bags, which are placed in a centrifuge. There, the formed elements gradually settle, and the blood is divided into plasma and cell mass. The plasma is then removed from the bag and the elements are reintroduced into the bloodstream.
• Cascade. The patient's plasma is filtered in a special device. In this case, an additional filter is used that allows only albumin, that is, low molecular weight proteins, to pass through.

The next stage of plasmapheresis involves returning blood cells to the patient. Since they are quite thick, it is necessary to compensate for the lack of plasma. Saline solution, as well as blood replacement solutions, are suitable for this purpose. In some cases, the patient's own plasma is returned after additional filtration. If a person is diagnosed with a certain pathology, then the use of donor plasma enriched with protein fractions is allowed.

The method of fractionation, composition and volume of the solution are determined individually. In this case, the specialist takes into account the age and condition of the patient, the presence of certain diseases and the amount of plasma removed.