Course work: Measures for the prevention of rabies in the populated area

Rosselkhoznadzor / Regulations

Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance

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This section contains current versions of regulatory legal acts (laws, orders, decrees, decisions of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, etc.) that are of interest to specialists in the field of veterinary medicine and phytosanitary.

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Prevention and control of infectious diseases common to humans and animals. Rabies

3.1. Prevention of infectious diseases

Prevention and control of infectious diseases common to humans and animals

13. Rabies

Sanitary rules
SP 3.1.096-96

Veterinary regulations
VP 13.3.1103-96

1. Developed:

1. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine (Vedernikov V.A., Pytalev P.N.);
2. Republican Veterinary Expedition to Combat Particularly Dangerous Diseases (Sedov V.A., Kolomytsev S.A.);
3. Central Research Institute of Epidemiology (Cherkassky B.L., Khairushev A.E.);
4. State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance of Russia (Kotova E.I.);
5. Department of Veterinary Medicine of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of Russia (Avilov V.M., Pylinin V.F.);
6. State Scientific Research Institute for Standardization and Control of Medical Biological Preparations (Movsesyants A.A.);
7. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Nature Conservation (G.V. Khakhin);
8. Moscow City Center for State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision (Tsvil L.A.).

2. Approved and put into effect by the First Deputy Chairman of the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia dated May 31, 1996 No. 11 and the Head of the Veterinary Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of Russia dated June 18, 1996 No. 23.

Law of the RSFSR "On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population"

“Sanitary rules, norms and hygienic standards (hereinafter referred to as sanitary rules) are regulations that establish criteria for safety and (or) harmlessness for humans, environmental factors and requirements for ensuring favorable living conditions.

Sanitary rules are mandatory for compliance by all government bodies and public associations, enterprises and other economic entities, organizations and institutions, regardless of their subordination and forms of ownership, officials and citizens" (Article 3).

“A sanitary offense is recognized as an unlawful, guilty (intentional or careless) act (action or inaction) that encroaches on the rights of citizens and the interests of society, associated with non-compliance with the sanitary legislation of the RSFSR, including the current sanitary rules...

Officials and citizens of the RSFSR who commit a sanitary offense may be brought to disciplinary, administrative and criminal liability" (Article 27).

Law of the Russian Federation "On Veterinary Medicine"

"The main tasks of veterinary medicine in the Russian Federation are: ... control over compliance by executive authorities and officials, enterprises, institutions, organizations, ... foreign legal entities, citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons - owners of animals and products animal husbandry (hereinafter referred to as enterprises, institutions, organizations and citizens) of the veterinary legislation of the Russian Federation" (Article 1).

“The veterinary legislation of the Russian Federation regulates relations in the field of veterinary medicine in order to protect animals from diseases, produce veterinarily safe animal products and protect the population from diseases common to humans and animals” (Article 2).

“Officials and citizens guilty of violating the veterinary legislation of the Russian Federation bear disciplinary, administrative, criminal and other liability in accordance with this Law and other acts of legislation of the Russian Federation” (Article 23).

Part 1

Application area

1.1. These Rules are mandatory for implementation throughout the Russian Federation by government bodies, enterprises and other economic entities, institutions, organizations, public associations, regardless of their subordination and forms of ownership, officials and citizens.

Part 2

Normative references

1. Law of the RSFSR "On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population."

2. Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on protecting the health of citizens.

3. Law of the Russian Federation "On Veterinary Medicine".

4. Sanitary rules for the prevention and control of infectious diseases common to humans and animals. General provisions.

5. Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR "On regulating the keeping of dogs and cats in cities and other populated areas of the RSFSR."

6. Rules for veterinary inspection of slaughter animals and veterinary and sanitary examination of meat and meat products.

7. Instructions "Carrying out veterinary disinfection of livestock facilities."

Part 3

General information about rabies

3.1. Rabies is an acute viral disease of animals and humans, characterized by signs of polioencephalomyelitis and absolute mortality.

The causative agent of the disease belongs to the rhabdovirus family.

The reservoir and main sources of the rabies pathogen are wild predators, dogs and cats. Taking into account the nature of the pathogen reservoir, epizootics of urban and natural types are distinguished.

In urban epizootics, the main spreaders of the disease are stray and stray dogs, and in natural epizootics - wild predators (fox, raccoon dog, arctic fox, wolf, corsac fox, jackal). In areas with increased density of their populations, persistent natural foci of the disease form.

Infection of humans and animals occurs through direct contact with sources of the rabies pathogen as a result of a bite or salivation of damaged skin or external mucous membranes.

3.2. When organizing measures to prevent and combat rabies, one should distinguish between an epizootic focus, an unfavorable point and a threatened zone.

Epizootic foci of rabies are apartments, residential buildings, private farmsteads of citizens, livestock buildings, livestock farms, summer camps, areas of pastures, forests and other objects where animals with rabies are found.

Unfavorable locality - a populated area or part of a large populated area, a separate livestock farm, farm, pasture, forest, on the territory of which an epizootic focus of rabies has been identified. The threatened zone includes populated areas, livestock farms, pastures, hunting grounds and other areas where there is a threat of rabies introduction or activation of natural foci of the disease.

An epidemic focus is an epizootic focus in which human diseases arose.

Part 4

Prevention of rabies in animals and humans

4.1. Managers of livestock farms, enterprises, institutions, organizations and citizens - animal owners are obliged to:

- comply with the rules for keeping dogs, cats, fur-bearing animals and predatory animals established by the local administration; - deliver dogs and cats belonging to them within the time limits established by the local administration on the proposal of the chief state veterinary inspector of the district (city) to veterinary medical and preventive institutions for examination, diagnostic studies and preventive vaccinations with rabies vaccine; - register the dogs they own in the manner established by the local administration; - do not allow dogs that have not been vaccinated against rabies into personal yards, farms, herds, flocks and herds; - take measures to prevent wild animals from entering herds, flocks, herds, and livestock buildings; for this purpose, graze farm animals and keep them on farms, feedlots, and summer camps under constant guard using dogs vaccinated against rabies; - immediately inform the veterinarian serving the farm (settlement) about suspected animal disease with rabies and cases of bite of farm and domestic animals by wild predators, dogs or cats, take the necessary measures to securely isolate animals suspected of having the disease or bitten.

4.2. Dogs, cats and other animals that have bitten people or animals (except those clearly suffering from rabies) must be immediately delivered by the owner or a special team for catching stray dogs and cats to the nearest veterinary hospital for examination and quarantine under the supervision of specialists for 10 days.

4.3. In some cases, with the permission of a veterinary medical institution, an animal that has bitten people or animals may be left with the owner, who has issued a written undertaking to keep this animal in an isolated room for 10 days and present it for examination within the time frame specified by the supervising veterinarian .

4.4. The results of monitoring the quarantined animal are recorded in a special journal and reported in writing to the institution where the injured person is vaccinated, and to the sanitary and epidemiological surveillance center at the victim’s place of residence.

4.5. At the end of the quarantine period, clinically healthy animals after preliminary vaccination can be returned to their owners, provided they are kept in isolation for 30 days. Animals infected with rabies are destroyed.

4.6. The procedure for keeping, registering and recording dogs and cats in populated areas is determined by the local administration. Specialists from the veterinary and sanitary-epidemiological services monitor compliance with this order.

4.7. The maintenance rules necessarily stipulate that service dogs outside the territory of the farms (enterprises, institutions) to which they belong must be kept on a leash. It is allowed to keep dogs without a leash and muzzle in herds, flocks, herds of farm animals, during training and hunting, at educational training sites, and during the operational use of dogs by special organizations.

4.8. Dogs found on the streets and in other public places without an accompanying person, and stray cats are subject to capture.

4.9. The procedure for catching these animals, their maintenance and use is established by the local administration.

4.10. Municipal authorities, housing and maintenance organizations, administration of markets, meat and milk processing enterprises, shops, canteens, restaurants, commandants of hostels, homeowners are obliged to maintain the territories of enterprises, markets, landfills, areas for garbage and other waste in proper sanitary condition, and to prevent accumulation of stray dogs and cats in such places, take measures to exclude the possibility of dogs and cats entering basements, attics and other non-residential premises.

4.11. The sale, purchase and export of dogs outside the region (territory, republic) is permitted if there is a veterinary certificate with a note that the dog has been vaccinated against rabies.

4.12. In order to timely detect and prevent the spread of rabies in wild animals, employees of forestry, nature conservation, hunting, nature reserves and reserves are obliged to:

- immediately inform veterinary service specialists about cases of disease or unusual behavior of wild animals (lack of fear of humans, unprovoked attacks on people or animals); - send to veterinary laboratories for testing for rabies the corpses of wild predators (foxes, raccoon dogs, arctic foxes, wolves, corsac foxes, jackals) found in hunting grounds, in the territories of nature reserves, game reserves, and in green areas of large populated areas; - regulate the number of wild predatory animals, shoot stray dogs and cats poaching in hunting grounds; - when checking hunters’ vouchers and hunting tickets, the hunting inspectorate for nature conservation and the huntsman service are obliged to check the registration certificates of dogs indicating vaccination against rabies; Unvaccinated dogs are not allowed to hunt.

4.13. In all populated areas of the Russian Federation, all dogs, regardless of their identity, and, if necessary, cats are subject to mandatory preventive immunization against rabies using generally accepted rabies vaccines in the manner and within the time limits prescribed by the instructions for their use. The vaccination certificate must be accompanied by an inventory of immunized dogs indicating the addresses of their owners. The dogs' registration certificates contain information about their vaccinations.

4.14. In areas of stationary trouble with rabies of wild predators, routine preventive vaccination of farm animals (primarily cattle) at risk of infection is carried out. If economic opportunities exist, campaigns of oral immunization of wild predators against rabies are regularly repeated.

Part 5

Measures for animals with rabies

5.1. The diagnosis of rabies is made on the basis of a complex of epizootic, clinical, pathological data and laboratory test results.

5.2. To test for rabies, a fresh corpse or head of small animals is sent to the laboratory, and from large animals - the head or brain.

5.3. Laboratory tests for rabies are carried out immediately. The results of the study are reported to the veterinary institution or veterinary specialist who sent the biomaterial to the laboratory, and to the chief state veterinary inspector of the district (city).

5.4. The chief state veterinary inspector of the district (city), upon receiving information about the detection of a case of rabies in animals, is obliged to:

- immediately report the animal disease to the territorial center of state sanitary and epidemiological supervision, the chief state veterinary inspectors of neighboring areas and a higher veterinary authority; - together with a representative of the state sanitary and epidemiological surveillance service, go to the site, conduct an epizootic and epidemiological examination of the epizootic focus and the affected area, determine the boundaries of the threatened zone and develop an action plan to eliminate the epizootic focus and prevent new cases of the disease; - draw up materials on establishing quarantine and submit them for approval to the local administration.

5.5. According to quarantine conditions, dog and cat exhibitions, breeding and training of dogs are not allowed in settlements unaffected by rabies. The trade in pets is stopped, the export of dogs and cats outside the troubled area and the capture (for export to zoos, for the purpose of resettlement in other areas, etc.) of wild animals in quarantined areas and in endangered zones are prohibited.

5.6. Specialists of the veterinary and sanitary-epidemiological services organize the following activities in areas unaffected by rabies:

- carry out explanatory work among the population about the danger of rabies and measures to prevent it; - organize a door-to-door (door-to-door) inspection of a disadvantaged settlement to identify people in need of vaccinations against rabies, check the living conditions of dogs, cats and other animals, identify patients with rabies, those suspected of having the disease and animals suspected of being infected; - kill all identified animals with rabies, as well as dogs and cats suspected of having the disease, except for those that have bitten people or animals, which are isolated and left under observation; - the corpses of animals killed and killed from rabies are burned or disposed of at enterprises producing meat and bone meal. Burial in cattle burial grounds is allowed. Skinning corpses is prohibited; - when cases of rabies in wild animals are detected, together with the environmental protection and hunting authorities, they take all available measures (shooting, trapping, baiting in holes) to reduce the number of wild predators, regardless of the hunting periods established in the area.

5.7. In an epizootic focus of rabies, constant surveillance is established over a group of animals (farm, herd, herd, flock, herd), from which patients or those suspected of rabies have been isolated. These animals are examined at least three times a day and subjected to forced vaccinations with rabies vaccine in accordance with the instructions for its use. After vaccinations, 60-day isolation of animals is required.

5.8. Clinically healthy animals bitten by wild predators or dogs are allowed to be killed for meat, regardless of vaccination against rabies.

5.9. Slaughter is carried out on site, on the farm, and the resulting products are used on a general basis.

5.10. Milk from clinically healthy animals from a farm unaffected by rabies (herd, herd, flock, herd) is allowed, regardless of vaccinations against rabies, to be used for human food or animal feed after pasteurization at 80-85 degrees. C for 30 minutes or boil for 5 minutes.

5.11. Wool obtained from clinically healthy animals of the rabies-unaffected group is transported from the farm in dense fabric containers only to processing enterprises with an indication in the veterinary certificate that it is subject to disinfection in accordance with the current “Instructions for the disinfection of raw materials of animal origin and enterprises for its procurement, storage and processing."

5.12. Places where there were animals sick or suspected of having rabies, animal care items, clothing and other things contaminated with saliva and other secretions of animals with rabies are disinfected in accordance with the current “Instructions for veterinary disinfection of livestock facilities.”

5.13. Quarantine is lifted by decision of the local administration (based on the joint representation of the chief veterinarian of the district or city and the head of the territorial center of state sanitary and epidemiological supervision) after two months from the date of the last case of animal rabies, subject to the implementation of the planned anti-epizootic and preventive measures.

Part 6

Anti-epidemic measures

6.1. Persons injured or salivated by a rabid patient or an animal suspected of having this disease are considered to be at risk of infection with the rabies virus.

6.2. Medical workers who have identified persons at risk of infection with the rabies virus are required to promptly report them (emergency notification, telephone message, etc.) to the territorial Center for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision.

6.3. The Center for State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance is obliged, on the basis of an operational report from a hospital, outpatient clinic or trauma center (office), surgical room, about each case of contact regarding each case of the risk of infection with the rabies virus:

- register the victim in the journal (form 060U); - immediately conduct an investigation of such a case by filling out the “Card of epizootic and epidemiological survey of the focus of a zoonotic disease” (form 391-U); - inform the chief state veterinary inspector of the district (city) about known animals that have caused damage, in order to establish observation and quarantine of the latter; - identify the circle of people at risk of infection with the rabies virus and in need of therapeutic and prophylactic immunization, and send them to the trauma center (office), and in the absence of the latter, to the surgical room.

6.4. Persons exposed to the risk of infection with the rabies virus undergo a course of therapeutic and preventive immunization in accordance with the regulatory and instructional documents of the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Safety of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of the Russian Federation.

6.5. Persons with rabies are hospitalized.

Purpose of the lesson: to study methods for diagnosing rabies, a system of preventive and health measures.

Materials and equipment: smears from brain tissue with Babes-Negri bodies, positive precipitation reactions in agar gel, slides, films, posters, vaccine samples, veterinary legislation.

Location of the lesson: auditorium of the Department of Epizootology.

METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS

Rabies is an acute disease caused by a virus from the Rabdoviridae family, dangerous to all warm-blooded animals and humans.

Diagnostic methods. The diagnosis is made based on

Epizootological data, clinical observations, pathological-anatomical and laboratory studies.

During an epizootological study, the nature of the epizootic situation in the given area and neighboring areas is taken into account, the seasonality of the disease and anamnesis data indicating an attack or the appearance of wild predators or dogs suspected of the disease are taken into account.

Of the clinical signs, the most important are unprovoked aggressiveness, paresis and paralysis, developing in a certain sequence. When studying the clinical picture, it is necessary to keep in mind the atypical form of the disease, or the so-called<лисье бешенство», которое у крупного рогатого скота протекает Кратковременно и проявляется клинически в основном тимпаний а также парезами и параличами.

Laboratory methods for diagnosing rabies are of utmost importance. Entire corpses or heads of small animals are sent to the laboratory by special order, and heads of large animals are sent by special order. Corpses and heads are sent in double plastic bags, in metal containers or in other moisture-proof containers. When taking and packaging material, be sure to follow safety precautions: wear gloves, safety glasses, and wash your hands thoroughly with soap.

Comprehensive laboratory analysis includes histological examination to detect Babes-Negri inclusion bodies, serological examination - RP in agar gel, fluorescent antibody method and bioassay on white suckling mice or rabbits. The detected virus is identified in PH in mice.

New methods for diagnosing rabies have been developed - radioimmunoassay (RIA), express diagnostics using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Identification of the virus using sets of monoclonal antibodies is promising.

In differential diagnosis, it is necessary to exclude the nervous form of distemper in dogs and infectious encephalomyelitis in horses.

Preventive and health measures. All events are regulated by the current Rules and basically boil down to the following.

They control and regulate the number of wild predatory animals, and catch stray dogs and cats. According to the recommendation of the OIE (1976), in areas unaffected by rabies, the number of foxes should not exceed 1 ... 2 individuals per 10 km2.

They keep strict records of domestic cats and dogs and regulate the conditions under which they are kept.

In all populated areas of the Russian Federation, all dogs, regardless of their identity, and in some cases cats, are required to be vaccinated against rabies. The following vaccines are used in our country: dry inactivated ethanol vaccine (DGNKI); dry culture inactivated vaccine from the Shchelkovo-51 strain; culture lyophilized and culture sorbed vaccine from strain TS-80 (VNI-IVViM); virus vaccine for oral immunization of carnivores against rabies (sinrab) (ARRIAH).

In areas where there is a permanent problem with rabies in wild predators, routine preventive vaccination of cattle is necessary. If there is economic opportunity, wild predators are immunized by the oral method 2 times a year (February-April and October-December).

When rabies is detected, a locality is quarantined and health measures are initiated in accordance with the current Rules.

Quarantine is lifted by decision of local administration authorities 2 months from the date of the last case of the disease, subject to the implementation of planned anti-epizootic and preventive measures.

TASK FOR INDEPENDENT WORK

Solve an epizootological problem.

The area is free of rabies. A wolf ran into a herd of cows while grazing and bit several animals. The wolf was not caught. Especially large (10 x 15 cm) and deep wounds were on the head, neck, and dewlap of one cow. Due to severe bleeding from the wounds, the cow was slaughtered by the shepherd.

1. List the animals that carry the rabies virus in nature.

2. Decide what to do with the meat from a forcedly killed cow.

3. Develop an action plan to prevent rabies and eliminate the epizootic outbreak.

Among the variety of zoonotic infectious diseases, rabies (hydrophobia) occupies a special place, since the rabies virus affects, along with humans, almost all warm-blooded animals. According to the World Health Organization, rabies ranks fifth among infectious diseases in terms of economic damage caused. Every year, up to 50 thousand people die from rabies around the world. The geography of the spread of rabies in Russia is expanding. Historically, the territories of the Central, Volga, Ural, Southern and Siberian federal districts of the Russian Federation have always been considered disadvantaged - they account for 77% of all registered animal diseases.

In recent years, the number of cases of rabies in animals has sharply increased in the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation, which has worsened the epizootic situation in the Moscow region and Moscow. Since the beginning of 2012, according to the Office of Rospotrebnadzor in the Moscow Region, more than 260 cases of animal rabies have been identified and laboratory confirmed. In Moscow, 15 cases of animal rabies have been registered in Zelenogradsky (9 cases), Troitsky and Novomoskovsky (5 cases) administrative districts, directly adjacent to the rabies-prone areas of the Moscow region (Solnechnogorsk, Leninsky, Podolsky, etc.).

Complications of the epizootic situation regarding rabies in the Zelenograd administrative district of Moscow arose in January 2012, 9 cases of rabies were registered among wild and urban animals, rabies was laboratory confirmed in 5 foxes and 4 dogs. There were constant runs of wild animals into residential areas of the district (foxes).

The unfavorable epizootic situation regarding rabies among animals in the Zelenograd district is a direct consequence of the sharp deterioration in recent years of the epizootic situation regarding rabies in the Moscow region, and especially in the Klin and Solnechnogorsk districts. At the same time, the situation is aggravated by the increase in the population of urban stray animals every year.

In order to ensure epidemic and epizootic well-being in the Zelenograd District, a lot of joint work was carried out by the Territorial Department of the Rospotrebnadzor Office in the Zelenograd District, the state veterinary service of the Zelenograd District, and the housing and communal services service.

At a meeting of the Sanitary and Anti-Epidemic Commission of the Prefecture of the District, the “Action Plan for eliminating the outbreak of animal rabies in the Zelenograd Administrative District and preventing human diseases” was approved.

Activities were carried out aimed at preventing rabies among owned and stray animals: additional veterinary vaccination points were located throughout the district (97 points) and unscheduled vaccination of domestic and stray animals against rabies was organized. Specialists of the state veterinary service carried out regular inspections of the territory of the district in order to identify dogs and cats kept in various organizations (GSC, industrial zones, commercial enterprises, etc.), as well as stray animals. Since the beginning of the year, a total of 16,929 animals have been vaccinated against rabies in the district, which is 24% more than in 2011. 454 stray animals were captured from the territory of the district, including 414 dogs and 40 cats. Of these, 341 dogs and 40 cats were sent to Moscow shelters after sterilization. 73 dogs from rabies-prone areas of the district were sent for quarantine to the Mosvetstation State Budgetary Institution.

In all rabies outbreaks, a comprehensive epizootological and epidemiological examination was carried out in order to establish the cause of the outbreak and identify the population in contact with an animal sick or suspected of rabies. 18 residents of Zelenograd were identified who had contact with an animal sick or suspected of having rabies. Explanatory work was carried out with everyone on anti-rabies vaccinations. Of the contact persons, 14 people began a course of rabies vaccinations, 4 people refused to receive rabies vaccinations, but vaccinated their pets against rabies.

Forced disinfection and deratization were carried out in all foci of rabies, as well as places where animals were captured and sent for quarantine to the State Budgetary Institution "Mosvetstation", the total area of ​​disinfection and deratization treatment was more than 5000 m2.

Work has been organized with the media to explain to the population the epizootic situation and the measures taken to prevent rabies among people and animals. On information stands in each residential building, with the assistance of the Administration, information about the rabies situation, preventive measures, and the addresses of vaccination points was posted for the population.

In order to prevent rabies among wild animals, specialists from the State Veterinary Inspectorate of the Zelenograd District and the Office of Specially Protected Natural Areas in the Zelenograd Administrative District of Moscow carried out a vaccine for oral immunization of wild carnivores against rabies “Rabivak-O/333” in forest areas within the boundaries of the Zelenograd Administrative District districts.

The only way to prevent the development of the disease in a person after a bite, scratch, or salivation is to carry out specific anti-rabies treatment. Rospotrebnadzor draws the attention of the population that rabies (hydrophobia) is a dangerous viral infectious disease that affects the central nervous system. The main features of this natural focal disease are the spread and transmission of the rabies virus from animals to humans through bites, as well as salivation of the skin and mucous membranes. The rabies virus appears in the saliva of an infected animal 3-10 days before the first clinical signs, which in the case of a bite or salivation during this period poses a particular danger, since these circumstances are often not paid attention to. Rabies disease can be prevented only by receiving a timely course of rabies vaccinations. Therefore, if bitten or salivated by animals, you should immediately seek medical help. The mortality rate for rabies in both humans and animals is 100%. People who do not seek medical help most often become infected with rabies and die.

The latent (incubation period) in humans from the moment of the bite to the development of the disease usually ranges from 10 days to 3 months or more. The first signs of the disease are itching at the site of the bite, neuralgic pain, and fever. There is no treatment for rabies once clinical signs appear! The patient is given symptomatic therapy aimed at reducing his suffering.

If you are bitten, scratched or slobbered by an animal, including a domestic one, and especially a wild one, for no apparent reason, you must immediately carry out a thorough initial treatment of the area of ​​contact with the animal. Wash the wound with soapy water, treat the edges with iodine, apply a bandage and be sure to contact a medical facility as soon as possible for a course of rabies treatment.

The set of measures currently adopted in our country to prevent rabies in domestic animals and people includes the following.

It is necessary to ensure that no dog remains outside the control of its owner. This is helped by registering dogs and issuing a certificate to the owner. The annual re-registration of dogs is carried out with the broad participation of public order authorities and the public, with random checks of individual areas.

2. Vaccination of dogs, which is carried out simultaneously with their registration and re-registration, as well as other animals (for example, in nurseries).

3. The catching of stray and stray dogs was carried out widely already in the 20s. To combat rabies, special stations were created, provided by the states and equipped with transport from the funds of local Executive Committees. Unfortunately, many of these stations were liquidated in subsequent years.

Shooting dogs cannot be recommended for widespread practice, but is sometimes used in time-limited campaigns to eliminate epizootics (with prior notification of the population). The successful catching of stray dogs is largely determined by the conditions of financial interest (payment for each caught dog).

4. Any aggressive animal that is sick or suspected of having rabies is immediately slaughtered. His corpse is sent to the nearest veterinary laboratory (hospital) in order to clarify the diagnosis. A veterinarian who arrives for an examination immediately reports the results to all local medical and veterinary institutions and the same institutions in neighboring territories. By decision of the Executive Committee of the Council of Working People's Deputies, a quarantine is imposed on a disadvantaged locality for a period of at least 6 months. All stray animals at this point are destroyed, and livestock are vaccinated.

In some cases, in relation to bitten valuable dogs, the Anti-Rabies Committee of the World Health Organization allows the veterinarian to quarantine them for 3 months and carry out a course of vaccination. If the dog was vaccinated more than 1 year ago, it should be revaccinated and kept in quarantine for at least 1 month. A bitten animal without external signs of rabies is isolated and observed in a veterinary facility for 14 days. It is allowed to leave an apparently healthy animal on a leash with the owner, subject to periodic examination by a veterinarian.

Livestock suspected of rabies is allowed to be slaughtered with the permission of a veterinarian, but no later than 8 days after the bite if there are no signs of the disease. The head of the animal is destroyed, the meat can be used. Carcasses of animals slaughtered without permission from veterinary supervision are subject to destruction.

Milk from sick animals can be used only if they have no clinical manifestations, provided that it is boiled or heated at 30°C for 30 minutes.

5. Prevention of diseases in persons bitten by rabid or suspected rabid animals is an important section of anti-rabies activity.

All people bitten, scratched, slobbered by any animal, even apparently healthy ones, are considered suspected of being infected with rabies. An emergency notification is submitted to the sanitary-epidemiological station. They are given local treatment of the wound, specific antitetanus prophylaxis, and, if necessary, anti-rabies preventive immunization.

The bite site is washed with soapy water (with plenty of foam) and treated with tincture of iodine.

The decision to prescribe a course of rabies vaccination is an extremely responsible moment entrusted to the rabies doctor, due to the fact that vaccinations themselves can lead to complications, in some cases severe, and refusal to vaccinate in the event of an unconditional infection can cost the victim his life, since Every rabies disease is fatal.

The prescription of a course of vaccinations against rabies is determined on the basis of the results of clinical and epidemiological data, which are subsequently supplemented by the results of a laboratory study of the bitten animal.

Examine pieces of Ammon's horn 1 cm long from the brain of a fallen or slaughtered animal. The pieces are placed in a jar with glycerin and in an empty jar; pieces of the submandibular gland are placed in the third jar. The jars are tightly closed with a rubber or ground glass stopper, the edges are filled with sealing wax, sealed, then placed in metal cases containing ice. The pencil cases are sealed, their seams are sealed with tin and sealed again, placed in a plywood box and sent to the laboratory by express or special mail. The direction indicates the contents of the dishes, brief epidemiological and clinical information, and the results of the pathological and anatomical autopsy.

Depending on these data, people who apply for rabies treatment are either not prescribed vaccinations at all, or are prescribed for conditional or unconditional indications.

Vaccinations are not prescribed for minor bites if the person bitten has already been vaccinated against rabies, regardless of the statute of limitations. They are also not prescribed for single shallow bites (except for the head and fingers) in areas free from rabies; when bitten by a vaccinated dog; when drooling on intact skin, if the bitten animal was healthy at that moment (certificate from a veterinarian). However, in any case, the animal must be under observation for 14 days. If during this period the animal is diagnosed or suspected of having rabies, the bitten animal will immediately begin a course of vaccinations against rabies. Vaccinations are also not prescribed for bites of cold-blooded animals, or for consumption of heat-treated milk and meat of animals with rabies.

For poultry bites, vaccinations are prescribed only if the bird is clearly sick with rabies, as well as if there are epidemiological indications. For wild bird bites, vaccinations are always prescribed.

In case of bites from other healthy-looking animals, a conditional course of vaccinations is prescribed, the dosage and duration of which is determined by the location and severity of the bites. Severe bites to the head, fingers, or multiple bites to other parts of the body require administration of the vaccine within 3-4 days or rabies gamma globulin according to the instructions. For superficial single bites of the hand, salivation of damaged mucous membranes, two injections of the vaccine are prescribed with an interval of 30 minutes.

In cases where the bitten animal is clinically or laboratory diagnosed with rabies, as well as in cases where the diagnosis could not be established (the animal disappeared, the corpse was destroyed), the bitten person is prescribed an unconditional course of vaccinations.

The dosage and duration of vaccinations are determined by the location and severity of the bites. For bites to the head, hands, multiple bites of other localization, for any bites of wild carnivorous animals, a combined course of vaccinations with anti-rabies gamma globulin is prescribed, and after 24 hours - a vaccine, the administration of which is carried out for 25 days and additionally on the 10th and 20th day after the end of the course.

In case of salivation of intact skin, the course of vaccination is carried out within 12 days.

The Fermi phenol vaccine currently used in the USSR is a 5% suspension of rabbit or sheep brain with the addition of a 1% phenol solution. Its advantage is that it is produced ready-to-eat and can be stored for up to 6 months at a temperature of 2 to 5°.

It should be noted that after storage or transportation in conditions of high or, on the contrary, very low temperature (below 0°), the vaccine becomes unsuitable for use.

The vaccine is injected into the subcutaneous tissue of the abdomen, and in exceptional cases - into the scapular region. Repeated administration of the vaccine in the same place is highly undesirable, as this can lead to shock. Vaccinations are carried out on an outpatient basis, the patient is released 10 minutes after the vaccine is administered. In case of severe bites, vaccinations are carried out in a hospital.

The ampoule is checked before use. The vaccine should not contain lumps or flakes. It is prohibited to drink alcohol during and for a year after immunization.

It is very dangerous to administer gamma globulin 8 days after the administration of any other serum. However, it should be borne in mind that the administration of the drug is mandatory in the presence of vital indications (bites by wild rabid animals, bites of any rabid or suspected rabies animal in the face, head, neck, fingers, multiple bites on the body).

When the disease begins, the patient is isolated in an infectious diseases hospital; in the absence of one nearby, the patient can be placed in a separate ward of a somatic hospital, but it is necessary to isolate it from external stimuli (noise, air movement, bright light) and establish constant monitoring.

The prognosis for the onset of rabies is always unfavorable. Therefore, sanitary propaganda should be aimed primarily at compulsory and early seeking of medical help for all persons bitten, scratched or salivated by domestic and wild animals.

Eliminating rabies in countries where there are no natural foci of this disease seems to be a solvable task. This is confirmed by the experience of those countries in which human diseases were caused only by epizootics among domestic dogs and in which strict legislation was introduced on the procedure for keeping and rules for the import of dogs from outside. By carrying out these measures, rabies was eliminated in the Scandinavian countries already in 1826, in England - in 1903, except for a limited epizootic in 1918-1921 associated with the import of dogs by troops returning from the front.

In countries where there are natural foci of rabies, eliminating this disease is still a difficult task to solve. Available experience suggests that under these conditions, diseases of domestic animals, and therefore the incidence of human diseases, can be reduced to a minimum. This applies to Western European countries. However, in a number of them (Germany, Denmark, Belgium, Luxembourg) in the mid-60s, epizootics arose among foxes, which led to diseases among domestic animals - cows, dogs, cats. It should be noted that dogs in these countries are not immunized.

In a number of countries, the prevention of dog diseases is achieved by combining strict measures for their maintenance with universal immunization. Thus, in the Hungarian People's Republic, where mass immunization of dogs began in 1947, since the early 50s, isolated cases have been registered among domestic animals; rabies has not been registered among people. The same was done in the People's Republic of Bulgaria, where over 7 years since 1948 about 2 million dogs were vaccinated, which led to a decrease in the number of diseases among them from 500 per year to 15 by the end of the 50s, and among people the diseases stopped register.

The problem of eliminating rabies in some areas of our country, where there are natural foci of rabies, involves the extermination of wild carnivores that have no value, but cause great economic damage. This applies primarily to wolves and jackals, for each killed head of which rewards have been established in all union republics. The extermination of wild carnivores is carried out by local hunters' unions using toxic substances, hunting from a helicopter and with flags, and catching young animals. Hypnotic substances are used, which are injected into the carcasses of dead animals in the areas where wolves and jackals spread. Hunting for foxes and raccoon dogs outside the territories of natural foci is permitted only at certain times of the year.

At the same time, it should be noted that in recent years the advisability of the wholesale extermination of any species of wild animal, including wolves, has been questioned, since this leads to a disruption of the natural balance in nature. Of course, such a formulation of the issue complicates, but does not remove from the agenda the problem of eliminating rabies.