Consequences after polio vaccination. Vaccination against polio. Mixed paralytic form

Poliomyelitis is a viral disease that occurs mainly in Asia and Africa. Having the ability to travel through the air, the virus reaches prosperous regions of Europe and America. WHO sees only one way to combat the epidemic - to vaccinate children and adults.

Vaccination against polio is included in the immunization calendar and is considered mandatory.

Types of polio vaccines with drug names

Polio vaccines are available in 2 forms:

• Drops. Contains weakened forms of the virus of all 3 types, administered orally to develop passive immunity in the intestines. It is called Sebin oral polio vaccine (OPV).
• Homogeneous suspensions in disposable 0.5 ml syringes. They also include dead viral forms of 3 types. Vaccination is done intramuscularly. Immunity is formed at the injection site and then spreads throughout the body. It is called “inactivated Salk vaccine” (IPV).

The first form of vaccine is cheaper than the second. It is successfully produced by domestic pharmaceutical companies, in contrast to IPV, which is an imported product.

Polio vaccines are divided into 2 types - monocomponent and combined:

• the first include Poliorix and Imovax Polio;
• the second ones are Infanrix Penta, Infanrix IPV, Tetrakok, Microgen (see also:).

Differences between OPV and IPV

Each type of polio vaccine has its own positive aspects and side effects, although IPV has fewer unpleasant symptoms after administration. In countries with high epidemiological levels, OPV is widely used. The reason is the cheapness of the drops and the development of strong immunity. The distinctive features of the vaccines are presented in the table below.

Table of characteristics of polio vaccines:

How vaccines work

The operating principle of OPV is as follows. Once on the root of the tongue or tonsil, the vaccine is absorbed into the blood and enters the intestines. The incubation period of the virus is a month, the body actively begins to produce antibodies (protective proteins) and protective cells that can destroy the polio pathogen upon contact with it in the future. The first constitute secretory immunity on the intestinal mucous membranes and in the blood. Their task is to recognize the virus and prevent it from entering the body.

Additional bonuses from OPV are:

• Blocking the entry of the wild form of the virus while it is weakened in the intestines.
• Activation of interferon synthesis. The child may be less likely to suffer from viral respiratory diseases and influenza.

The principle of operation of IPV: once it enters muscle tissue, it is quickly absorbed and remains at the injection site until antibodies are produced, which spread throughout the circulatory system. Since they are not present on the intestinal mucous membranes, contact with the virus in the future will lead to infection of the child.

Children's vaccination schedule

In the Russian Federation, a sequence of polio vaccinations has been approved, consisting of 2 stages - vaccination and revaccination. In the absence of serious illnesses in the child that give the right to a deferment from vaccination, the schedule is as follows:

• the first stage - at 3, 4.5 and 6 months;
• the second stage - at 1.5 years, 20 months and 14 years.

The schedule involves a combination of OPV and IPV. Pediatricians recommend intramuscular injections for infants, and drops for babies after one year of age. For older children, the polio vaccine is given in the shoulder.

If parents choose only IPV for their child, then it is enough to vaccinate 5 times. The last injection is given at 5 years of age. Missing a vaccine as scheduled does not mean you need to start the regimen all over again. It is enough to agree on the optimal time with the immunologist and carry out as many procedures as necessary.

How is the polio vaccine given?

At the time of vaccination, the child must be healthy, with normal body temperature, without relapse of the allergic disease. If necessary, the pediatrician can prescribe tests - blood, urine and stool. Parents have the right to examine their child without their appointment and consult with an immunologist.

OPV

For a child under one year old, OPV is dripped onto the root of the tongue with a special pipette or syringe without a needle. Here the concentration of lymphoid tissue is greatest. For older children, the vaccine is dripped onto the tonsils. A sufficient amount of pink liquid is 2-4 drops.

The quality of OPV depends on compliance with the rules for its storage. The live vaccine is frozen and transported in this form. After defrosting, it retains its properties for 6 months.

It is important to ensure that the vaccine is delivered accurately so that the child does not swallow it or regurgitate it, otherwise it is necessary to re-instill it. In the first case, the drug will be broken down by gastric juice. After administering the drops, the child is allowed to drink water and eat food after an hour and a half.

IPV

The vaccine with killed polio pathogens is distributed in disposable syringes with a volume of 0.5 ml or is part of combined vaccines. It is better to discuss where to administer it with your pediatrician. Usually, children under 1.5 years old are given an injection in the thigh area into the muscle tissue (we recommend reading:). For older children - in the shoulder. In rare cases, the vaccine is administered under the shoulder blade.

The skin puncture site does not need to be protected from water when swimming. It should not be rubbed or exposed to direct sunlight for the next 2 days.

4 inactivated vaccines are equal in quality of immunity produced to 5 OPV. To develop lasting immunity against polio, pediatricians insist on a combination of live and dead viruses.

Contraindications to vaccination

The following conditions are contraindications for polio vaccination:

• infectious disease in a child;
• period of exacerbation of a chronic disease.

Children with the following diseases and pathologies completely refuse polio vaccination due to complications. For oral vaccine:

• HIV, congenital immunodeficiency, the presence of the latter in the child’s relatives;
• pregnancy planning, already pregnant mother of a baby for whom vaccination is planned;
• neurological consequences after previous vaccinations - seizures, disturbances in the functioning of the nervous system;
• severe consequences after the previous vaccination - high temperature (39 and above), allergic reaction;
• allergy to vaccine components (antibiotics) – streptomycin, kanamycin, polymyxin B, neomycin;
• neoplasms.

For vaccination with a non-live virus:

• allergy to neomycin, streptomycin;
• complications after the last vaccination - severe swelling at the site of skin puncture up to 7 cm in diameter;
• malignant neoplasms.

Normal reaction to vaccination and possible side effects

The introduction of a foreign substance inevitably causes a reaction in the body. After vaccination against polio, it is considered conditionally normal when the baby develops the following symptoms:

• on days 5-14 the temperature rose to 37.5 degrees;
• there is a bowel disorder in the form of diarrhea or constipation, which goes away on its own after a couple of days;
• vomiting, nausea and weakness appear;
• anxiety increases before bedtime, he is capricious;
• the puncture site turns red and thickens, but its diameter does not exceed 8 cm;
• A mild rash appears, which can be easily treated with short-term use of antihistamines.

Possible complications

Complications after vaccination can be serious and dangerous. The first are the result of violation of vaccination requirements, for example, when a child had an acute respiratory viral infection or his immunity was weakened by a recent illness.

After vaccination against polio, dangerous complications of OPV are vaccine-associated polio and severe intestinal dysfunction. The first type of manifestation and treatment methods are identical to the “wild” form, therefore the baby must be hospitalized in the infectious diseases department of the hospital. The second occurs when diarrhea does not go away within 3 days after vaccination.

The likelihood of VAP occurring as a complication is higher with the first injection, and with each subsequent injection it decreases. The risk of VAP is higher in children with immunodeficiency and pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract.

Complications after the administration of an inactivated vaccine are of a different nature. The most dangerous of them are arthritis and lifelong lameness. Serious side effects will include allergic reactions such as swelling of the lungs, limbs and face, itching and rash, and difficulty breathing.

Can you get polio from a vaccinated child?

The answer is clear - yes, it is possible. Especially when a baby vaccinated with a live vaccine comes into contact with children who have not received it or have weakened immunity.

The risk of contact remains for:

• pregnant women;
• adults with HIV infection, AIDS;
• travelers visiting countries with a high epidemiological threshold for polio;
• medical workers - doctors in infectious diseases hospitals and laboratory technicians who come into contact with the virus during the creation of the vaccine;
• cancer patients and people taking medications to suppress the immune system.

In preschool institutions, children without vaccinations are limited to attending for a month, in school - up to 2 months. Strict adherence to hygiene rules and the use of personal belongings by each child can significantly reduce the risk of infection.

Is it worth getting vaccinated or can I refuse?

Each parent finds the answer for himself. On the one hand, there are recommendations from the WHO and the country’s Ministry of Health, which clearly insist on vaccination, based on the statistics of mortality from the virus. On the other hand, each baby’s body has its own characteristics, and his parents, having understood the mechanism of action of the vaccine, its composition and consequences, may be afraid to vaccinate.

The former are supported by the majority of pediatricians, immunologists, and heads of children's institutions, who use methods of psychological pressure on parents. The country's legislation protects the interests of the latter, leaving the right to parents to make decisions on the issue of vaccinating their child.

Many children in the 20th century remained disabled because of this. Seventy years ago, vaccination methods against the terrible virus were developed. But many children have unexpected reactions to the polio vaccine. Stories from friends and reviews on social networks frighten young mothers, and they doubt whether it is worth risking the child’s health and having such a dangerous vaccination? Before making a decision, you need to know the whole truth about vaccination.

What is polio

Nowadays it is rare to see an adult in Europe, much less a child, wearing thick orthopedic shoes. In the last century, many children aged 5-10 years old were severely limping and were forced to compensate for difficulties when walking by wearing special shoes. These were minimal consequences of polio. At that time, the spread of poliovirus was in the nature of a pandemic - an epidemic that swept the whole world.

Humanity knew no salvation from the terrible infection. The virus was transmitted through the air, through household contacts. The pathogenic pathogen survived well in the external environment, tolerated low and high temperatures, and was not afraid of ordinary disinfectants - bleach, potassium permanganate. The virus could live in water, milk, and feces.

The picture of the disease can be blurry, moderate or acute. Poliovirus lives asymptomatically in the human body for about two weeks. The onset of the disease often occurs as a gastrointestinal upset with vomiting, high fever and headache.

The picture of the disease can be blurred, moderate or acute

After 5-6 days, the acute phase gives way to the paralytic phase. The muscles of the neck, abdomen, face, larynx, respiratory muscles, and most often the muscles of the legs are affected by paralysis. After six months, the child recovers, but residual effects remain forever: a curved spine, shortened legs, local muscle paralysis.

In many cases, those infected with polio (mainly preschool children) die.

There is no cure for the disease. Modern medicine only treats symptoms - gastrointestinal disorders, headaches, etc. If paralysis of the pharynx or respiratory muscles is observed, artificial stimulation of respiration is performed. Patients are isolated in infectious diseases hospitals for at least a month. The patient needs to stay in bed for two to three weeks. Special care for paralyzed limbs is required.

Upon recovery, patients are prescribed physical therapy, hydrotherapy, sea bathing, and therapeutic mud. Limb deformities sometimes have to be treated surgically.

Modern medicine only treats symptoms - gastrointestinal disorders, headaches

Vaccinations against polio

In the sixties of the 20th century, American researchers Salk and Sabin found a miraculous remedy against a deadly virus. They developed a vaccine against polio.

In the late 1980s, the World Health Assembly decided to take global action to eradicate polio. Vaccination has become the main means of combating the virus. Mass prevention initially reduced the incidence by 5 times, then eliminated polio in many countries.

Now, thanks to vaccinations, poliovirus has practically disappeared in Europe and America. Is polio vaccination still relevant today? Side effects from it are sometimes frightening for parents of small children.

The boundaries of the modern world have narrowed significantly. People migrate from Asia and Africa to Europe, travel, and conduct trade and cultural exchanges. Third world countries continue to be affected by isolated outbreaks of poliovirus infection. Humanity cannot yet do without vaccination. It is impossible to destroy a pathogenic pathogen because it is constantly changing, creating new strains.

Thanks to vaccinations, poliovirus has practically disappeared in Europe and America

Vaccination reliably protects a person from infection for 10 years. At the end of this period, vaccination must be repeated. But even unexpected infection of a vaccinated person with a mutant strain does not lead to deaths.

Poliomyelitis: vaccination, vaccination schedule

Modern immunology uses 2 types of vaccinations: oral (drops) and inactivated vaccine. The first type was developed by the American virologist A.B. Sabin. The vaccine is called “live” because it contains a special weakened poliovirus. These are reddish drops that are administered through the mouth, trying to get to the root of the tongue closer to the tonsils. Absorbed through the lymph into the intestines, the vaccine helps the body's immune system create antibodies. The body reacts to a false virus as if it were a real disease, but more weakly. Experts say that polio drops are the best method of vaccinating children.

An inactivated version of the vaccine was developed by the American scientist J. Salk. It is administered by injection into the shoulder or thigh. The injection contains destroyed poliovirus. The contents of the vaccine enter directly into the blood. This does not create false strains. European doctors use both types of vaccines.

Young parents are interested in the polio vaccine - when it is done, how many times, what type of vaccine is used. The first injection is given to a 2-month-old child. It is repeated 2-3 times, at intervals of 1.5-2 months. For the second and third vaccinations, drops can be used. Repeated vaccination is carried out at 1.5 years, then at 1 year 8 months. The third vaccination is given to a 14-year-old teenager.

Modern immunology uses 2 types of vaccinations: oral (drops) and inactivated vaccine

According to the recommendations of pediatricians, polio vaccination and DTP (tetanus, whooping cough and diphtheria vaccine) are often given together. This use of vaccines strengthens the child’s body’s resistance to several infections at once.

Polio vaccination: consequences, reviews

Even healthy children feel the first signs of vaccination after a few days. Allergy sufferers may feel the effects of vaccination immediately after the procedure. Fever after polio vaccination is one of the common consequences. There may be redness and swelling at the injection site, decreased appetite, and weakness. The final grafting occurs after 3 weeks, and then the muscles can enter a state of short-term paralysis.

Most often, a strong reaction occurs after drip vaccination. Parents who search the Internet for information on the queries “polio vaccine drop reaction” may find two opposing opinions. Official medicine calls for mandatory vaccination of children. But experienced doctors know cases of severe consequences. These are severe damage to the spinal cord and nerves, inflammation of the joints, allergic reactions, and diarrhea. Knowing about such consequences, parents often refuse vaccinations, which is not the right step.

Most often, a strong reaction occurs after drip vaccination

If you track the opinions of parents about the consequences of the polio vaccine, the reviews will be mostly positive. Other than a short-term fever and mild rash, most children do not experience any discomfort.

Doctor Komarovsky about polio vaccinations

The famous Ukrainian pediatrician Yevgeny Komarovsky speaks out for mandatory vaccination against this dangerous disease. However, he emphasizes that vaccination mostly does not cause dangerous consequences. He notes that the main mistrust of parents is caused by the inactivated polio vaccine. Komarovsky explains: this type of vaccination is not an infection, and it is almost impossible to get poliovirus from a newly vaccinated child.

Basic advice from the famous pediatrician:

• You cannot change the intervals between vaccinations on your own, without the advice of a doctor; Vaccination at incorrect intervals can cause serious complications;
• You should not refuse vaccination just because you are afraid of the consequences;
• Before vaccination, parents and pediatrician should check the baby for contraindications;
• children with chronic diseases must undergo an examination by an immunologist and receive permission from him for vaccination;
• You cannot vaccinate while taking antibiotics;
• If the first vaccination causes allergic reactions, it is necessary to show the child to an allergist or immunologist.

Before vaccination, parents and pediatrician should check the baby for contraindications

Complications after polio vaccination

Complications after polio vaccination occur for several reasons:

1) a natural reflex of the immune system to the introduction of infection;

2) mutation of viruses included in the vaccination material;

3) general allergic mood of the body;

4) congenital abnormalities in the development of internal organs;

6) mental disorders;

7) respiratory disease or influenza at the time of vaccination;

8) congenital reduced immunity;

9) subjective qualities of the organism.

A search on the topic “poliomyelitis, vaccination: complications, reviews” shows that sometimes parents and pediatricians face significant problems. It can be:

• internal swelling of the respiratory organs and suffocation;
• limb spasms;
• urticaria-type rash with painful itching;
• temperature jump above 39°;
• severe lethargy.

temperature jump above 39° as a complication of temperature

Vaccine-associated poliomyelitis occurs when there are congenital immune problems. In all these cases, immediate hospitalization of the child is necessary.

Contraindications to polio vaccination

Before vaccination, it is necessary to find out whether the child has any contraindications. This is especially true for drip vaccination. Children cannot be vaccinated if the following conditions exist:

1) immunodeficiency of any kind;

2) any neurological abnormalities, including those that occurred after the first vaccination;

3) taking medications that artificially enhance immunity - often such drugs are prescribed for organ transplantation;

4) taking antibiotics.

The inactivated polio vaccine is less reactive. Contraindications for injection:

1) pronounced manifestations of allergies;

2) negative reaction after the first vaccination;

4) oncological tumors and polyps;

6) drug or surgical therapy for cervical erosion.

Before vaccination, it is necessary to find out whether the child has any contraindications

Any chronic diseases should be under close medical supervision. Children and adults with bronchial asthma, diseases of the nervous system, and gastrointestinal tract react especially hard to vaccination. As a rule, in these cases, doctors prohibit vaccination. Children and adults who are currently undergoing treatment with any medications are not subject to vaccinations.

Why is vaccination necessary?

Many parents, knowing that the poliovirus has been practically defeated in Europe and America, believe that vaccinating their children is not so important. But it should be remembered that Asian and African countries are still affected by severe outbreaks of polio every year. Wild strains of the virus are especially active in the warm season. Poverty, poor hygiene, and a large concentration of population in eastern and southern cities lead to the rapid spread of infection.

Epidemiologists warn that the virus enters Europe every five years. Mass migrations of the population during the year may lead to new outbreaks of various infectious diseases, including polio. In addition, an unvaccinated baby can be infected in a child care facility by peers who have recently been vaccinated.

The immunologist must decide in the case of each specific disease when and how the polio vaccine should be given

The immunologist must decide in the case of each specific disease when and how the polio vaccine should be given. Contraindications are taken into account by a specialist, and vaccination conditions are adjusted taking them into account.

Children suffering from chronic diseases can be vaccinated only in the stage of stable remission. The same applies to the manifestations of seasonal allergies and bronchial asthma.

Sometimes you can vaccinate an allergic person with poliovirus if you take antihistamines and eat hypoallergenic food a few days before vaccination. Only a doctor should select medications and diet, and prescribe the timing of vaccinations.

There is only one protection against the deadly disease - the polio vaccine. The consequences of vaccination are rarely serious. The benefits of vaccinations significantly exceed the acceptable harm.

Vaccination against polio

Why is polio dangerous?

Types of vaccines

Contraindications

• Acute infections.
• High temperature.
• Skin rash.

OPV is not given if the child has:

• Immunodeficiency.
• HIV infection.
• Acute illness.
• Oncopathology.

Advantages and disadvantages

Adverse reactions

• Nausea.
• Abnormal stool.
• Increased body temperature.

Possible complications

Komarovsky's opinion

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Is it worth getting vaccinated against polio: the opinion of Dr. Komarovsky

Doctor's opinion

Evgeniy Komarovsky is a well-known pediatrician and advocates compulsory vaccination of children against polio. Komarovsky notes that today the polio vaccine is the only highly effective remedy that can reduce the likelihood of a disease in a small child to a minimum.

The pediatrician also emphasizes that this vaccination has virtually no health-hazardous consequences and its feasibility cannot be overestimated.

All the consequences of introducing a vaccine into the body are justified by its properties.

Poliomyelitis can have many negative consequences, which will certainly affect the child’s health.

Evgeny Komarovsky notes that the signs of pathology can be the same as those of any viral disease. And within two weeks, symptoms may not appear at all. After a certain time, polio will affect the condition of the gastrointestinal tract, nasopharynx, and esophagus. Damage to the mucous membrane occurs quite quickly. Also, diseases can lead to the development of bleeding of the digestive system, promote the formation of ulcers or erosion of the walls of the stomach and intestines. Pneumonia and other pathologies are common.

Dr. Komarovsky says that a small child does not yet have an established immune system, and his body is not yet able to resist serious viral infections. This is why there are vaccinations that allow you to develop antibodies to a certain type of harmful bacteria.

The only way to protect yourself from polio disease is to get vaccinated, since other drugs and medicines during the treatment process cannot have the desired effect. They usually provide temporary relief of associated symptoms.

Since most parents have many concerns about polio vaccination, Evgeniy Komarovsky explained the principle of its action. First of all, he asked to pay attention to the fact that such an inactive vaccination against this disease is not aimed at infecting the child with bacteria.

Since the virus is very dangerous and can cause damage to the spinal cord of a growing child, introducing bacteria into a fragile body is a very dangerous method of preventing pathology. For this reason, a different principle and approach is needed in preventing the initiation of the organism.

Komarovsky strongly recommends that all children be vaccinated against polio without fail, despite some of its negative properties. The drugs themselves already have two methods of vaccination: inactivated and oral (injection and drops). Each of these methods is considered safe enough to be used to prevent pathology.

The pediatrician believes that introducing an inactivated vaccine (injection) into the child’s blood is the most effective way. However, the oral method (taking drops) is simpler, but with a slightly reduced effect. Typically, the latter method is used for very young children, and also when it is impossible to administer the vaccine directly under the skin.

Dr. Komarovsky has recommendations and opinions regarding the introduction of the polio vaccine. First of all, he notes that the inactivated vaccine itself is practically unable to infect a baby with poliovirus. The likelihood of developing symptoms of the disease after vaccination is less than 0.01%.

The vaccination should be done under the supervision of a doctor, adhering to all his recommendations and clear instructions. This is due to the fact that vaccination takes place at certain intervals, which must be strictly adhered to. Failure to comply with deadlines may result in certain complications for the child. Also, the effectiveness of the administered drug will be reduced if one or several of them are missed.

Dr. Komarovsky insists that you cannot independently change the timing of your child’s vaccination. This must be taken seriously, carefully following all the doctor’s instructions. Otherwise, you can harm the baby. Also, you should not refuse vaccination due to unfounded fears. Parents should understand that the effectiveness of the vaccine is more important than the temporary inconvenience of side effects of the drug.

Another point that is one of the most important when vaccinating children is contraindications. Typically, doctors must check the child's reaction to certain components of the drug to eliminate the possibility of harm to his health. However, parents should also monitor this situation. Before vaccination drops or injections are used, a preliminary examination by an immunologist is necessary.

Typically, such precautions are necessary for those children who have chronic diseases. However, upon examination, the doctor may notice some mild signs and promptly prescribe disease prevention. If the doctor sees no reason to refuse vaccination, then he gives permission to administer the drug.

Komarovsky also draws attention to the fact that it is impossible to give an injection while taking antibiotics. Two weeks after completion of treatment, you can begin a course of vaccination for your child. If, after the first injection, the baby develops allergic signs, then you should definitely consult a doctor for examination (allergist or immunologist). They must determine the degree of danger of taking such a drug.

Video “Is it worth getting vaccinated”

Benefits of vaccination

Evgeny Komarovsky notes the most important property of the polio vaccine. Once a child is vaccinated, it is virtually impossible for a child to become infected with poliovirus. The probability may be less than 0.5%. Regardless of what type of vaccination is used (injection or drops), they stimulate the synthesis of interferon in the human body. Interferon is a remedy against many viruses.

This vaccination also helps strengthen the body to fight the pathogens of influenza and other respiratory diseases. Statistically speaking, complications do not occur often. With each new administration of the drug (three times), the likelihood of their detection decreases. Since the consequences of polio can be very dangerous and sometimes lead to death, the benefits of this vaccination are of great importance.

Disadvantages of vaccination

Evgeny Komarovsky believes that this type of vaccination has its drawbacks, which usually result in complications.

Often complications arise for certain reasons:

• the natural reaction of the child’s immune system to the introduction of a substance into the body;
• mutation of various viruses along with the components of the drug;
• allergic sensitivity of the baby’s body to certain components;
• HIV disease;
• birth defects and abnormalities in the development of internal organs;
• psychological disorders;
• respiratory diseases and groups during drug administration;
• congenital reduced immunity;
• individual characteristics of a young organism.

Among the side effects that occur after an injection or taking drops with the vaccine, you can find a sharp jump in body temperature. The temperature can rise to several degrees in a short period of time. The child may also experience a temporary decrease in activity, lethargy and drowsiness.

Swelling of the mucous membrane of the respiratory organs is much less common. In this regard, children may experience suffocation, decreased blood pressure, and oxygen starvation. In this case, you need to consult a doctor. He may prescribe a drug that relieves swelling and inflammation. If the symptoms appear acutely, then you need to call an ambulance.

Sometimes temporary limb spasms or brief reflexes can be observed.

The most common symptoms after an injection are a profuse rash on the body (similar to hives), which is very itchy. Your doctor may recommend a soothing cream or ointment to relieve itching and prevent skin irritation.

If the baby had congenital problems with the immune system, then there is a risk of acquiring vaccine-associated polio. At the first sign of it, the child will need urgent hospitalization.

Is it worth doing?

To answer this question, it is necessary to note that in different countries the frequency of the disease is quite different. In civilized countries of the West and America, polio disease is rare, since the virus has been practically defeated. This was also influenced by mass vaccination of the population. However, outbreaks of this disease regularly occur in the countries of the Far East and Africa.

If you do not get vaccinated in a timely manner, at an early age, then there is a risk of acquiring pathology, since carriers of the virus often come to Europe. Thus, in a short period of time, an epidemic could arise in countries where polio is now practically absent.

Today, in the CIS countries, vaccination against polio is considered mandatory. Cases of infection of children by unvaccinated children in kindergartens and schools have been recorded. Vaccination should be done if the immunologist does not find compelling reasons to refrain from administering the drug. Usually, an appropriate decision needs to be made for each baby.

The doctor should also take into account contraindications for injections with the drug or oral drops. For chronic diseases, vaccination is permissible only at the stage of stable remission. This also applies to seasonal allergies and asthma. An injection or use of the drug in the form of drops is contraindicated if a person has tumors of oncological origin or polyps in the gastrointestinal tract. Also, the drug should not be administered if you are using medications that temporarily enhance immunity.

Video “Myths about vaccination with Dr. Komarovsky”

From this video you will learn what popular myths are common among young and even more experienced parents.

Komarovsky about polio vaccination.

Poliomyelitis is a viral infection (viral means there are no drugs that can kill the pathogen). It is transmitted through the mouth: by water, that is, as a disease of dirty hands. The only effective way of prevention is vaccination.

To understand further text, here is some brief information about vaccines.

OPV (oral polio vaccine) is a vaccine containing a live, attenuated polio virus. Drops into the mouth - 2 drops onto the tongue.

IPV is a polio vaccine containing inactivated (killed) polio virus. It is administered by injection (injection). IPV may be included in combination vaccines, such as Infanrix and Pentaxim.

Questions and answers

My child is vaccinated according to the calendar (in whole or in part). Should I agree to additional polio vaccination? If yes, then why is it needed?

Active circulation of polio viruses has been confirmed in Ukraine. It (this circulation) can be interrupted by simultaneous mass vaccination of children with OPV, which is carried out in several rounds.

Children who are correctly vaccinated according to the calendar using IPV have virtually no risk of getting sick, but can be carriers (and spreaders) of the virus, since IPV (unlike OPV) does not form local immunity in the intestines.

It is fundamentally important that for children initially vaccinated with IPV, subsequent OPV vaccination is absolutely safe.

My child is not vaccinated at all. Can he receive polio drops?

If the child is more than 2 months old and has never been vaccinated against polio, vaccination should begin with IPV.

OPV is administered no earlier than 2 weeks after IPV.

I know that the vaccine was thawed and then frozen again. What does it mean? Is it dangerous?

For those vaccinated, it means nothing and poses no danger. WHO, the vaccine manufacturer and the Ministry of Health have confirmed that repeated freezing of the vaccine does not affect its effectiveness and safety. Some journalists, some businessmen close to the Ministry of Health who have lost the opportunity to make money by purchasing a vaccine, and all professional opponents of vaccinations do not agree with this, so you have the opportunity to read about this regularly.

Can I determine if the vaccine was stored incorrectly?

WHO experts and the vaccine manufacturer officially advise that OPV is heat sensitive, so its quality must be carefully monitored using temperature indicators.

Parents have the opportunity to personally verify the suitability or unsuitability of the vaccine.

All bottles are equipped with a thermal indicator (usually located on the label). The thermal indicator is a square located inside a circle. If the bottle is exposed to excessive heat, the square will darken. You can only use bottles where the inner square is lighter than the outer circle.

Is the polio vaccine dangerous for a child?

Both OPV and IPV are among the safest vaccines. The only serious complication of OPV is the so-called vaccine-associated polio (VAP). The vaccine is live, so some unvaccinated children (on average 1 in 3 million) may develop the disease after vaccination. It is in order to avoid VAP that vaccination begins with IPV - the inactivated vaccine creates immunity sufficient to prevent VAP.

• IPV is not dangerous in principle;
• OPV is dangerous for the unvaccinated;
• OPV is not dangerous for those previously vaccinated with IPV.

Is a child vaccinated with a live polio vaccine dangerous to others?

A child vaccinated with OPV releases live virus into the environment for some time, i.e., it is a source of infection. For those fully or partially vaccinated against polio, there is no risk. For those who are not vaccinated at all, theoretically there is a risk of the disease, and it is 1 case per 7–14 million vaccinations. However, even this risk can be reduced by observing basic rules of personal hygiene (reminder: polio is a disease of dirty hands).

Taking into account the extremely low probability of developing VAP in contacts, there is no need for any isolation, bans or quarantines, and such measures are not taken in any country in the world.

In conclusion, a few words about my attitude to the “document” of an anonymous group of authors who are hiding under the guise of the “Civil Rights Defense League.”

The main thing in my opinion is my enormous disappointment due to the fact that many people are seriously considering and actively disseminating this anonymous verbiage, built on incomplete, unreliable and deliberately false information and, moreover, created by an organization that is professionally engaged in anti-vaccination activities.

P.S. Here is another video with his participation on this topic

Polio vaccination: consequences, possible adverse reactions, how many vaccinations are given before a year, live vaccine, Komarovsky, contraindications

Not long ago, polio was a serious problem worldwide, causing epidemics with frequent deaths. The beginning of vaccination against the virus that causes this disease has helped reduce the incidence of the disease, which is why doctors call vaccination against polio one of the most important in childhood.

Why is polio dangerous?

Most often, the disease appears in children under five years of age. One of the forms of polio is the paralytic form. With it, the virus that causes this infection attacks the child’s spinal cord, which is manifested by the appearance of paralysis. Most often, children are paralyzed in their legs, less often in their upper limbs.

In severe cases of infection, death can occur as a result of the impact on the respiratory center. This disease can only be treated symptomatically, and in many cases the child does not recover completely, but remains paralyzed for the rest of his life.

It is also dangerous for children that they carry the polio virus. With it, a person does not develop clinical symptoms of the disease, but the virus is released from the body and can infect other people.

Types of vaccines

The drugs used to vaccinate against polio are available in two versions:

1. Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). This drug does not contain a live virus, so it is safer and practically does not cause side effects. The use of this vaccine is possible even in situations of decreased immunity in a child. The drug is injected intramuscularly into the area under the shoulder blade, into the thigh muscle or into the shoulder. This vaccine is called IPV for short.
2. Live polio vaccine (oral - OPV). It includes several types of weakened live viruses. Due to the method of administration of this drug (by mouth), this vaccine is called oral and is abbreviated as OPV. This vaccine is presented in the form of a pink liquid with a salty-bitter taste. It is applied in a dose of 2-4 drops to the child’s tonsils so that the drug reaches the lymphoid tissue. It is more difficult to calculate the dosage of such a vaccine, so its effectiveness is lower than that of the inactivated version. In addition, the live virus can be released from the child’s intestines in feces, posing a danger to unvaccinated children.

For some features of polio vaccines, see the following video.

The inactivated vaccine is offered in the form of Imovax polio (France) and Poliorix (Belgium).

The polio vaccine can also be included in combination vaccine preparations, including:

Contraindications

• Acute infections.
• High temperature.
• Exacerbations of chronic pathologies.
• Skin rash.
• Individual intolerance, including reactions to streptomycin and neomycin (they are used to produce the drug).

OPV is not given if the child has:

• Immunodeficiency.
• HIV infection.
• Acute illness.
• Oncopathology.
• A disease that is treated with immunosuppressants.

Advantages and disadvantages

The main positive properties of the polio vaccine are:

• The polio vaccine is highly effective. The introduction of IPV stimulates stable immunity to the disease in 90% of vaccinated children after two doses and in 99% of children after three vaccinations. The use of OPV causes the formation of immunity in 95% of babies after three doses.
• The incidence of adverse reactions after polio vaccination is very low.

• Among domestic drugs there are only live vaccines. All inactivated drugs are purchased abroad.
• Although rare, a live vaccine can cause a disease called vaccine-associated polio.

Adverse reactions

The most common adverse reactions to IPV administration, occurring in 5-7% of children, are changes in the injection site. It may be lumps, redness, or soreness. There is no need to treat such changes, as they go away on their own in one to two days.

Also, among the side effects of such a drug, in 1-4% of cases, general reactions are noted - increased body temperature, lethargy, muscle pain and general weakness. It is extremely rare that an inactivated vaccine causes allergic reactions.

The incidence of side effects due to the use of OPV is slightly higher than from the administration of the inactivated virus vaccine. Among them are:

• Nausea.
• Abnormal stool.
• Allergic skin rashes.
• Increased body temperature.

Possible complications

When used for vaccination with live viruses, in one in 750 thousand cases, weakened vaccine viruses can cause paralysis, causing a form of polio called vaccine-associated polio.

Its appearance is possible after the first administration of a live vaccine, and the second or third vaccination can cause this disease only in children with immunodeficiency. Also, one of the predisposing factors for the appearance of this pathology is called congenital pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract.

Is there a fever after vaccination?

Polio vaccination extremely rarely causes reactions in the body, but some babies may develop a fever 1-2 days after the IPV injection or 5-14 days after the OPV vaccine. As a rule, it rises to low-grade levels and rarely exceeds +37.5ºС. Fever is not a vaccination complication.

How many vaccinations are given against polio?

In total, six vaccinations are administered in childhood to protect against polio. Three of them are vaccinations with pauses of 45 days, and after them three revaccinations are performed. Vaccination is not strictly tied to age, but requires compliance with the timing of administration with certain breaks between vaccinations.

The first polio vaccine is most often given at 3 months using an inactivated vaccine, and then it is repeated at 4.5 months, again using IPV. The third vaccination is carried out at 6 months, at which time the child is already given an oral vaccine.

OPV is used for revaccinations. The first revaccination is carried out a year after the third vaccination, so most often babies are revaccinated at 18 months. After two months, the revaccination is repeated, so it is usually done at 20 months. The age for the third revaccination is 14 years.

Komarovsky's opinion

The famous doctor emphasizes that the polio virus seriously affects the children's nervous system with the frequent development of paralysis. Komarovsky is confident in the exceptional reliability of preventive vaccinations. A popular pediatrician claims that their use significantly reduces both the incidence of polio and the severity of the disease.

Komarovsky reminds parents that most doctors have not encountered polio in their practice, which reduces the likelihood of timely diagnosis of the disease. And even if the diagnosis is made correctly, the treatment options for this pathology are not very great. Therefore, Komarovsky advocates vaccinations against polio, especially since there are practically no contraindications to them, and general reactions of the body are extremely rare.

To learn whether your child should be vaccinated, see Dr. Komarovsky’s program.

• Before vaccinating a child, it is important to make sure that he is healthy and there are no contraindications to the vaccine. For this, the child must be examined by a pediatrician.
• Bring a toy or other thing with you to the clinic that can distract your baby from the unpleasant procedure.
• Do not introduce new foods to your child’s diet for several days before vaccination, as well as for a week after it.
• Try not to interrupt your vaccination schedule, as this will reduce the body's defense against infection.

Warning for the unvaccinated

Children who have not been vaccinated against polio, with a decrease in immunity, can become infected from vaccinated children, since after the OPV vaccine is introduced into the child's body, the child excretes weakened viruses in feces up to one month after the day of vaccination.

To prevent infection from vaccinated children, it is important to practice good hygiene, since the main route of transmission of the virus is fecal-oral.

The danger of the disease lies in the pathogen damaging the nerve cells of the child’s spinal cord, which is accompanied by paralysis and subsequent disability. The only reliable method to avoid infection is the polio vaccine. There are currently no other methods for preventing the development of the disease.

It is known that polio vaccination has a similar principle of action to all standard vaccinations. A greatly weakened or killed virus that causes the disease is introduced into the human body, it begins to multiply, causing the immune system to produce antibodies. After a certain time, the bacteria will be eliminated from the body, but will continue to provide “passive” immunization. There are currently two types of polio vaccines:

Anti-polio drops

The polio vaccine in drops is also called “live.” The composition includes all three types of weakened disease virus. The method of administration of the drug is oral; the liquid is pink in color with a bitter-salty taste. The doctor applies 3-4 drops to the child’s tonsils so that the drug penetrates the lymphoid tissue. The dosage must be calculated by a physician; due to incorrect determination of the amount of the drug, its effectiveness is reduced. With this vaccination option, some of the bacteria can get into the child’s stool (become infectious), which will cause infection in unvaccinated children.

Inactivated polio vaccine

This type of vaccination is considered safer because it does not contain a live virus and there is almost zero chance of side effects. The use of IPV is allowed even if the child’s immunity is reduced. The drug is administered intramuscularly under the shoulder blade, shoulder or thigh muscle. In Russia, as a rule, one of the following drugs is used:

1. Imovax Polio. The Belgian vaccine consists of three types of polio virus. The effect of the drug is very mild and can be used at any age, for children with low body weight. Use together with other vaccines is allowed.
2. Poliorix. French drug, the method of exposure is similar to the vaccine described above.

Vaccination against polio is recommended for everyone and should be done in infancy. Parents can refuse vaccination, but this carries a risk of developing the disease. In Russia, doctors advise vaccination together with DTP (whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus), except in cases where the child’s schedule was compiled individually. Carrying out these vaccinations together will develop lasting immunity in your baby from these diseases. For vaccination, two different drugs can be used, for example, Imovax and Infanrix, or a combined version - Pentaxim.

Polio vaccination schedule

WHO has developed a special schedule for developing stable immunity in children to the disease. Vaccination against polio using the example of IPV type in the Russian Federation has the following scheme:

Revaccination against polio

After the first three vaccinations against the disease, it is necessary to do a revaccination, which is done according to the following schedule:

In Russia, OPV and IPV drugs are allowed for vaccination. As a rule, in the first year the baby is vaccinated against polio using an inactivated virus. This type of drug is more expensive than oral drops, so the injection is performed only the first time. In the future, parents can buy OPV, and the child will be given 3-4 drops of the product in the mouth.

When administering the virus orally, it is important that the liquid gets to the root of the tongue, where there is an accumulation of lymphoid tissue. For older children, they try to apply drops to the tonsils. These places have a minimum number of taste buds, so there is a higher chance that the child will swallow the vaccine in full. To apply the drug, doctors usually use a syringe without a needle or a dropper. You can give food after vaccination no earlier than 1 hour later.

• There is slight swelling and pain at the injection site;
• stool disorder lasts up to 2 days, goes away on its own;
• temperature rise to 38.5 °C for 1-2 days;
• redness at the injection site up to 8 cm in diameter;
• single vomiting, nausea;
• nervousness, increased excitability.

Contraindications to vaccination

• a person has HIV, severely weakened immunity;
• pregnancy of the baby’s mother or any other woman in his environment;
• breastfeeding period;
• period of pregnancy planning;
• immunosuppressive therapy is being carried out, neoplasms have appeared;
• there is a negative reaction of the body to vaccination in the past;
• have recently had acute infectious diseases;
• there is an exacerbation of chronic diseases;
• there is an allergy to neomycin, polymyxin B, streptomycin.

There are much fewer prohibitions for conducting TRP. The following contraindications are considered truly dangerous for this type of vaccination:

• immunodeficiency states;
• pregnancy;
• acute infectious disease;
• intolerance to the components of the drug;
• complications after a previous vaccination.

Possible complications after polio vaccination

As a rule, vaccination is well tolerated by children (especially IVP), but the development of side effects is possible depending on the correct preparation of the child for the procedure, the type of drug, and the health of the patient. You should immediately contact the nearest hospital if the following symptoms appear:

• severe adynamia, lethargy;
• heavy breathing, shortness of breath;
• convulsive reactions;
• development of urticaria, severe itching;
• significant increase in temperature (over 39 °C);
• severe swelling of the face and/or limbs.

We received all necessary vaccinations immediately after the birth of the child. We were told that a new polio vaccine was being introduced. There were no consequences, the baby calmly endured all the necessary procedures. The first time we received an injection, then we used drops, we fully comply with the calendar of procedures, and now all that remains is revaccination.

We did not vaccinate the child because OPV scared us because the virus in this vaccine was “live”, and IPV was much more expensive. Now the child has been sent to kindergarten, and they are being re-vaccinated there. Because of this, you will have to “walk” for 60 days so as not to catch the disease from other children. I’m starting to regret that I didn’t vaccinate the baby right away when they offered it at the maternity hospital.

Our whole family listened to Komarovsky during pregnancy, and after the birth of the child we made a vaccination regimen according to his recommendation: 1 - IPV, the next 2 - OPV. The use of both types of vaccinations guarantees maximum immunity from the disease and stops the circulation of the pathogen inside the baby’s body.

Poliomyelitis is a dangerous infection of viral origin, manifested by damage to the tissue of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain. The disease is most often registered in children under five years of age.

The causative agent is a representative of the Poliovirus hominis group, which has 3 varieties (type I, II and III). Entering the body through the digestive tract, the polio virus infects cells of the nervous system. As a result, paralysis develops, which in especially severe cases leads to disability or death.

According to statistics, most infections are asymptomatic, and from 1 to 5% of children suffer from severe forms. However, only a third of them recover without consequences, the rest remain with motor impairments of varying degrees of severity (up to paralysis) for the rest of their lives, and every tenth dies. Poliomyelitis is incurable (therapy is symptomatic), and the virus is widespread. The only protection against it is timely routine vaccination.

In medicine, this term refers to the introduction into the body of a special drug containing the pathogen in a killed or weakened form. The response of the immune system is the production of antibodies - specific glycoproteins that prevent the virus from multiplying and the development of the disease. As a result, stable protection (immunity) is formed from infection in the event of a live pathogen entering the body, as evidenced by the analysis of antibodies to polio in a vaccinated person.

To reliably protect your child, you need to start getting vaccinated from a very early age. Up to three months, the baby is protected by passive immunity received from the mother, and then vaccination is necessary. For it to be effective, it is necessary to comply with the timing of polio vaccination and revaccination, otherwise the intensity of the immune system will weaken.

Thanks to mass compulsory vaccination of children, it was possible to get rid of the threat of epidemics almost 100% and reduce the incidence to isolated cases in developed countries. The fact that the disease sometimes occurs is associated with refusal to immunize. In countries with low standards of living and medical care, poliovirus still poses a serious threat.

Which polio vaccine is best?

This question worries parents who are about to vaccinate their baby, and is due to the fact that there are two types of the drug. Both of them were developed and obtained in the middle of the last century by American scientists, and are successfully used to prevent polio to this day:

• OPV is a trivalent vaccine in the form of drops for oral administration. In it, the poliovirus is attenuated, that is, it is alive, but neutralized, and cannot infect humans.
• IPV is a drug containing killed polio viruses of three types. It is administered by injection intramuscularly.

To figure out which polio vaccine is better and safer, you should study each one in detail separately.

Oral polio vaccine

The search for a reliable prophylactic agent was carried out in the 50s of the last century by many scientists. An effective drug was created by the American virologist Albert Sabin in 1962. It was his version that was licensed in 1962 as the safest and most effective and is now the only one.

Parallel work was carried out in the Soviet Union, where the Sabin vaccine began to be used in medical practice even earlier, which made it possible to reduce the incidence several times by 1962. Today in Russia, vaccination is carried out with a drug produced by the Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis.

Composition and method of application

The polio vaccine contains three attenuated poliovirus serotypes grown in kidney tissue from African monkeys. One dose is enough to form immunity in half of those vaccinated, and three-time vaccination increases this figure to 95% or higher.

OPV is supplied to medical institutions in 5 ml glass vials, each of which is designed for 25 single doses. To get vaccinated, you need to drop 4 drops (0.2 ml) into the child’s mouth with a pipette or syringe. An hour before and after this, he should not be fed or given anything to drink, so as not to deactivate the drug.

Contraindications, side effects

The live polio vaccine cannot be given in the following cases:

• the appearance of neurological disorders as a result of previous vaccination;
• acute or aggravated chronic diseases at the time of the procedure (in this case it is postponed);
• immunodeficiency states, immunosuppression, malignant neoplasms.

A side effect in the form of a rash can very rarely occur only if there is a tendency to allergic reactions. In other cases, the polio vaccine is easily tolerated.

special instructions

It should be borne in mind that the vaccinated OPV carries the poliovirus for 60 days and secretes it, and therefore persons without immunity can be infected. Therefore, it is necessary to temporarily isolate the child from them (and also provide him with separate personal and hygiene items) to prevent the occurrence of vaccine-associated polio. If there are unvaccinated children in the family, routine vaccination should be carried out with an inactivated foreign drug.

Inactivated vaccine

US virologist Jonas Salk presented his development, which began to be used throughout the world, in 1955. The dead vaccine contains three serotypes of formaldehyde-inactivated poliovirus. Two doses of the drug provide lasting immune protection against polio in 90% of those vaccinated, and its three-time use increases this figure to almost 100%.

To date, only two manufacturers offer IPV:

• The French pharmaceutical company SANOFI PASTEUR ®, S.A. An inactivated polio vaccine called Imovax Polio ® is available. A single dose of the drug of 0.5 ml is packaged in a special dose syringe equipped with a needle. The injection is performed in the thigh, in the middle part of the quadriceps muscle for a child, and in the shoulder for adults.

• The Belgian concern GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals ® produces the vaccine under the brand name Poliorix ® in 0.5 ml glass vials. The drug is administered similarly to Imovax ® , but subcutaneous injection is also possible.

The inactivated polio vaccine can cause local (induration at the injection site, redness, itching, pain) and general adverse reactions. The latter include drowsiness, lethargy, moderate fever and muscle pain that occurs in the first days after vaccination. Since the components can cause allergies, IPV is contraindicated in case of intolerance to neomycin ®, streptomycin ®, polymyxin B ®.

Vaccination is also contraindicated for children under three months of age.

Conclusion

The optimal option in modern conditions is to use the vaccination scheme of the National Calendar, where the first two vaccinations are carried out with an inactivated vaccine, and the rest with a live vaccine. This method allows you to combine the advantages of both means of prevention and prevent possible complications.

From the point of view of ease of use, OPV is better because it is taken orally in the form of four drops. In addition, this method provides additional protection, since the vaccine replicates in the digestive tract. It is there that the poliovirus is localized, and when the incubation period ends, polio spreads throughout the body. An undoubted advantage is the low cost of production, which makes it possible to vaccinate the population free of charge on a planetary scale.

Inactivated vaccines for injection are completely safe for the child himself and unvaccinated persons in contact with him from the point of view of the disease of vaccine-associated poliomyelitis. On the other hand, they are quite expensive, and the likelihood of side effects is higher.

Polio vaccination schedule

The national vaccination calendar of the Russian Federation involves three vaccinations and the same number of revaccinations at certain intervals. Starting from the age of three months, the child receives six vaccinations according to the following scheme:

The first two vaccinations since 2011 are performed exclusively with an inactivated drug produced in France or Belgium at the expense of the state. In the future, free OPV vaccination is provided. If desired, parents can replace it with injections of a non-live vaccine for a fee.

Previously, only the domestic drug was used, but for immunization of children in the first six months of life it was replaced by IVP. Such measures were taken for safety reasons in order to completely exclude the possibility of vaccinations developing such complications as vaccine-associated polio. Subsequent use of the oral vaccine is completely harmless.

Consequences of the polio vaccine

The most important consequence is the formation of strong immunity against a dangerous viral disease and protection against it for life.

As a result of mass vaccination throughout the world, polio has been almost completely eradicated. Only a few backward countries pose an epidemiological danger. If by the 80s of the last century the world number of registered cases of paralysis was 350,000 annually, today there are no more than 400.

However, negative consequences are also possible in the form of complications after polio vaccination in children. This refers primarily to VAPP - vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis - due to infection of the body by viruses contained in the live vaccine. This reaction can occur in a child with immunodeficiency conditions. That is why, according to the vaccination calendar of the Russian Federation, the first two vaccinations are performed only with IPV, and replacing it with drops is prohibited. This regimen completely eliminates the risk of VAP.

Parents are also concerned about a possible negative reaction to the polio vaccine in their child. The side effects listed in the instructions for the inactivated vaccine may indeed occur, but they do not pose a danger to health or life. OPV is also harmless if you take into account contraindications and give drops to completely healthy children.

Polio drops are taken as a vaccine to prevent infection. Poliomyelitis is an acute viral disease. It can cause serious harm to the nervous system. Because of this, inflammatory processes may occur in the intestines and nasopharynx. This disease has always been considered a childhood disease; it affects children under the age of 10 years. The source of infection is a sick person. The peak of the disease occurs between August and October.

Indications for use of polio drops

Vaccinations begin for children from the age of two months. This will avoid infection in the future. This is done by instilling 2-4 drops of the drug onto the lymphoid tissue of the baby’s pharynx. In older children, instillation is done on the surface of the tonsils. The first vaccination is done at the age of 3-6 months. After which revaccination is required at 18-20 months and 14 years.

The main indication for taking the drug is prevention of polio infection. After the vaccination has been carried out, you should refuse to eat for an hour, and you should also not drink. The fact is that, together with food and liquid, the medicine will be washed into the stomach and will not have time to form a protective barrier.

After vaccination has been carried out, it is highly not recommended to introduce complementary foods and new foods into the baby’s diet. Because it is possible to develop allergic reactions due to the ingestion of unknown food into the body. Most often this condition is equated with the unsuitability of the medication, this is not so.

Pharmacodynamics

The vaccine against the disease is a stabilized drug. It contains live attenuated polio viruses of Sabin strains type 1, 2 and 3. They enter the human body in multiplied form. Each product intended for vaccination meets all the requirements of the World Health Organization.

After using the product, immunity begins to form in almost 98%. The level of seroconservation after administration of 3 doses of the vaccine can reach 100% concentration. This indicator is observed for three types of poliovirus. An increased level of maternal antibodies can affect the immune response of the drug. Diarrhea during vaccination, as well as family exposure to various vaccines, can lead to negative consequences. Breastfeeding has a particular impact and may result in vaccine failure.

Poliomyelitis droplets contain the viruses of this disease, in a weakened form. Type 1 – at least 1 thousand, type 2 – 100 thousand and type 3 – 300 thousand. This amount will allow the body to develop immunity against the disease.

Pharmacokinetics

The cure for polio must include weakened components of the virus. This will help develop immunity in the body against the disease. The drug contains diphtheria toxoid in the amount of 30 IU, tetanus toxoid – 40 IU and pertussis toxoid 25 mcg.

In addition, the drug contains filamentous hemagglutinin 25 mcg, inactivated polio virus, type 1 40 IU D antigen, inactivated polio virus, type 2 8 IU D antigen, inactivated polio virus, type 3 32 IU D antigen. The auxiliary components are substances such as aluminum hydroxide - 0.3 mg, phenoxyethanol - 2.5 µl, acetic acid or sodium hydroxide - up to pH 6.8-7.3, water for injection - up to 0.5 ml. All together helps strengthen the body. Thus, it is able to resist many viruses and infections. The auxiliary components can be sucrose - 42.5 mg and trometamol - 0.6 mg.

Using polio drops during pregnancy

During pregnancy, vaccination is highly not recommended. It can be justified only if there is a risk of contracting an infection that poses a threat to both the life of the mother and the child.

As you know, in the first trimester of pregnancy you should stop using any medications. After all, there is always a risk of causing irreparable harm to the baby. The child’s nervous system begins to form from the first weeks; any impact on it can lead to the development of pathological processes. High doses of illicit drugs can cause premature birth.

Vaccination against polio is carried out if there is a risk of infection of the baby. But at the same time, the vaccine itself can cause harm to the developing organism. An experienced specialist can make decisions about vaccination, depending on the possible dangers.

Contraindications for use

There are a number of contraindications for vaccination. Thus, it cannot be performed on children with congenital immunodeficiency or HIV (even if one of the family members is infected). If there is a pregnant woman around the baby. This can have a negative impact on the expectant mother.

If a woman is planning a pregnancy or is already pregnant, there is no need to vaccinate. This is done if there is a risk of infection of the mother and child. There is no need to get vaccinated if you are breastfeeding. If before this there was an unusual reaction to other medications, then vaccination is carried out with extreme caution.

Contraindications include allergies to neomycin, polymyxin B and streptomycin. These are the components that make up the vaccine. It should not be used in the presence of acute infectious diseases, even after complete recovery.

Neurological disorders, as well as immunodeficiency, malignancy and immunosuppression can interfere with vaccination. Routine vaccination should be postponed if there is a severe course of ARVI or acute intestinal diseases. Vaccinations can be done after the temperature has normalized.

Side effects of polio drops

There is practically no reaction to the vaccine. In some cases, allergic reactions occur. This is due to individual intolerance to the components of the drug. Therefore, before using it, you should familiarize yourself with the composition and identify the body’s reaction to its components. Urticaria or Quincke's edema is extremely rare.

Cases of vaccine-associated diseases have been recorded. This condition occurs once in three million. This condition requires a differential diagnosis with polio-like diseases. In order to limit the circulation of the virus among people around a vaccinated child, certain rules must be followed. The baby must have a separate crib, potty, bed linen, clothes, dishes, etc. This will prevent parents from being influenced by the vaccine. Because it can only be carried out for children.

Reaction from polio drops

Many parents are interested in the question of whether complications are possible after vaccination and how they manifest themselves. Usually, the vaccine does not cause any reactions. But still, one case in 2.5-3 million is recorded. In order to exclude any reactions, it is worth vaccinating only children in excellent health.

Preference should be given to the injection itself rather than drops. The first option is much safer and does not cause side effects as often. The doctor and the baby’s parents decide which type of vaccine to choose. In any case, it is important to prepare the child for this procedure.

Occasionally, after the vaccine is administered, the baby experiences diarrhea or an allergic reaction. They do not pose any danger and do not require special treatment. The baby will go away on its own after a few days. If your child's condition is very disturbing, you can take him to see a therapist.

Diarrhea after polio drops

The baby's gastrointestinal tract is very weak. Therefore, any influence on it can lead to negative consequences. Indigestion is the most common symptom after receiving the polio vaccine. The occurrence of diarrhea is associated with the content of live bacteria in the vaccine. They are the ones that affect the intestinal mucosa. If diarrhea lasts more than a day, you should inform your physician.

The vaccine, in droplet form, consists of weakened viruses. Intestinal upset can occur with oral vaccination with live viruses. The fact is that they are able to actively reproduce in the digestive system. The sensitive intestine readily perceives this influence on it and responds with disorder. Moderate diarrhea after vaccination does not pose any danger. If there is any doubt, it is better to visit a doctor, especially if the baby has a severe disorder.

Temperature after polio drops

After vaccination, the temperature may increase slightly or remain unchanged. As doctors say, there is no need to worry about this. Even if the temperature has risen to 38-38.5 degrees. This is a normal reaction of the body to the introduction of a weakened virus into it. If the temperature increases with additional reactions, including diarrhea and allergic reactions, you should go to the hospital.

Hyperthermia develops within several hours after the vaccine is administered. Sometimes this period extends for 2-3 days. Therefore, it is worth monitoring the baby’s condition for several days. The temperature can also last for 2-3 days. In some cases even two weeks. It all depends on the baby’s immunity. If the increase is not accompanied by other reactions, there is no reason to worry. No additional treatment is provided, but antipyretics are allowed.

Directions for use and doses

The vaccine is used about 4 times. The age of vaccination is noted in a special calendar of preventive vaccinations; it can be obtained from the supervising therapist. Usually, the nurse or the doctor himself is responsible for notifying about the day of vaccination. This is done in advance so that parents have time to prepare.

Use 4 drops of the product at one time. Everything is carried out in accordance with the packaging of the drug. The vaccination dose should be dropped into the mouth using the dropper or pipette included with the bottle. The action is carried out an hour before meals. Under no circumstances should you take the drops or drink the liquid within an hour after use. The vaccine will simply end up in the stomach and will not perform its protective functions.

According to this principle, the product is used 4 times, but only on the appointed days. During the period of use, you should monitor the baby’s condition and record possible changes. The vaccine is usually well tolerated.

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Overdose

With the correct dosage, no adverse reactions can occur. The fixed dose is 4 drops. In some cases, 5 is used. This is not fraught with anything for the child. However, it is necessary to monitor his condition. Some children have a hard time with vaccination, so even a slight increase in the dose can cause an overdose.

If a large amount of the drug enters the gastrointestinal tract, poisoning may occur. It is advisable to give the baby a gastric lavage and consult a doctor. Nausea and vomiting may occur if a significant amount of the drug enters the stomach. This doesn't happen very often.

In case of overdose, fever and severe diarrhea may occur. If these symptoms persist for more than a day, and the diarrhea is severe, consultation with a specialist is necessary. In some cases, the temperature lasts for 2 weeks. The disorder occurs due to the sensitivity of the baby's digestive organs.

Interactions with other drugs

Vaccination against polio can be carried out on the same day along with vaccination with DTP vaccine (ADS or ADS-M toxoid). It is possible to use the product with other drugs if the vaccination schedule was drawn up by a doctor.

In accordance with the recommendations, the product is used simultaneously with vaccines against hepatitis B, whooping cough, tetanus, and rubella. But only if they are included in the immunization scheme. Concomitant use with rotavirus vaccine is not able to affect the immune response to poliovirus antigens. Although the live vaccine can significantly reduce the immune response, anti-rotavirus IgA levels have been shown to reach target levels after the first dose. And this happens after the second dose of the vaccine is administered. At the same time, clinical protection is maintained. If the drug is prescribed along with other vaccines based on live bacteria, then at least a month should pass between administrations. No other incompatibilities have been reported.

Storage conditions

The vaccine must be stored at -20 degrees. This will maintain its effectiveness for 2 years. At temperatures from 2 to 8 degrees Celsius, the shelf life does not exceed one year. If the vaccine is located in twenty-degree cold conditions, then it is not worth placing it in other temperature conditions. If there is such a need, the shelf life is reduced to 6 months.

To maintain optimal effectiveness of the drug, it is worth keeping it in the refrigerator. Exposure to direct sunlight should be avoided. If the drug is not expected to be used in the near future, it is better to place it in the cold. If possible, maintain a temperature of 20 degrees below zero. If the vaccine was accidentally exposed to a different temperature. If you suspect an increase in the limits, it is worth checking the effectiveness of the vaccine. It is likely that it is no longer usable.

Once the bottle is opened, it must be used within 8 hours. During this time, the vaccine is stored at a temperature of 2-8 degrees Celsius. If it is not intended to be taken within 8 hours of opening, the vaccine must be frozen immediately. It has been proven that repeated freezing and thawing does not affect the quality of the product. The drug should be stored out of the reach of children.

Best before date

The duration of storage depends entirely on the conditions. So, at a temperature of more than 20 degrees below zero, the period is 2 years. If the drug is stored at a temperature of 2 to 8 degrees Celsius, the shelf life is reduced to a year. If defrosting and re-freezing is necessary, the shelf life does not exceed six months. The temperature must be monitored.

In addition to temperature, conditions and the appearance of the bottle also play an important role. It should not be damaged or punctured. You should pay attention to the appearance of the vaccine itself. The color and smell should remain unchanged. A similar requirement is put forward for consistency. All three parameters must be unchanged.

To prevent trouble, you should hide the product away from children. They can harm themselves and damage the vaccine vial. The drug is afraid of direct sunlight, so the best place to store it is in the refrigerator. Under such conditions, the vaccine will last for more than one year.

It is important to know!

Poliomyelitis [from the Greek polio (gray), myelos (brain)] is an acute viral anthroponotic infectious disease with a fecal-oral transmission mechanism, which is characterized by predominant damage to motor neurons of the spinal cord and brain with the development of paralysis.

If you think that polio has been defeated, you are not entirely right. This disease, alas, leaves many children from Africa and Asia crippled, and in our latitudes, alas, there are epidemics. Vaccination is the only way to protect your children, and it is considered one of the most easily tolerated, but still, it also has side effects. But first things first.

Why is it dangerous and why vaccination is needed

Poliomyelitis is a disease caused by an enterovirus that affects the spinal cord in young children. As a result, paralysis develops, most affecting those muscles whose neurons are most affected by the virus. Most often, this disease develops in babies 5-6 months old, so the vaccine should be administered at a very early age.

The virus itself belongs to the enteroviruses, that is, it lives only in the intestines and to the picornavirus family, it has one RNA chain and a protein shell. Poliomyelitis is caused by three strains, which, when they enter the body, begin their reproduction in the tonsils, after which they penetrate the spinal cord and destroys motor neurons and atrophies muscles. This virus is quite tenacious and persists in water, milk and feces for about six months. At an early stage, polio has the following symptoms:

• Disorders of housing and communal services;
• Heat;
• Headache;
• Weakness;
• Convulsive seizures.

At the beginning of the last century, polio became a real epidemic, and only a vaccine invented by American scientists could stop it. This vaccine contains all three known strains of the virus, and its side effects are mild.

The vaccine can be oral, which contains live viruses, and in the form of an inoculation, in which the virus is inactivated. The oral vaccine is considered more effective, but it is not easy to store and may be regurgitated by a small child.

The most popular vaccinations and vaccinations are:

• Poliorix. A French vaccine, the side effects of which are minimal, so it can be used even for children with weak immunity;
• Imovax polio is a vaccine from Belgium, similar to poliorix;
• Pentaxim is a complex vaccination that protects against polio, DPT and Haemophilus influenzae infection;
• Tetrakok is a French vaccine, the side effects of which are minimal, because it does not contain merthiolate;

In Europe, by the way, live vaccines are not used.

Vaccinations begin for babies at three months, and it is better to start with an oral vaccine.

Contraindications and preparation for the vaccine

The polio vaccine is considered safe, but it still has contraindications and side effects.

Contraindications include:

• Immunodeficiency;
• Neurological disorders;
• Acute diseases or exacerbation of chronic ones;
• Neoplasms;
• Malformations of the digestive organs;
• Taking drugs that suppress the immune system;
• Allergies.

Like any other vaccinations, this one cannot be given if the baby has recently experienced a serious illness or the reaction to a previous vaccination was negative.

To prevent side effects from making themselves felt, the baby needs to be prepared for vaccination.

Be sure to take a general urine and blood test a couple of days before vaccination. You also need to give your child antihistamines for two or three days.

If the child is very young, you should not give him new foods as complementary foods before vaccination. In addition, make sure that your first aid kit contains the usual medications that reduce fever and allergy medications. If you choose a live virus instead of a polio vaccine, your baby should not be fed or watered for two hours after receiving it. If the child burps, the vaccine is given again.

Side effects

Side effects are not very common, but they can happen.

So, after vaccination, the baby’s temperature may rise. This can happen either in a day or two, or in a week or two.

There may also be redness, swelling, or pain at the injection site. But they too pass.

In addition, vaccination can cause allergies. If your baby is predisposed to such reactions, it is very important to keep an antihistamine on hand.

It is extremely rare to experience seizures or even paralysis. Sometimes they occur simply against the background of high temperature.

Even less commonly, VAP, that is, vaccine-associated polio, can occur. VAP can occur if the child has an immunodeficiency or if a vaccinated child has been in contact with an unvaccinated child. But this is a rare occurrence in any case. And yet, do not leave the hospital immediately after vaccination - it is better to watch the baby for thirty to forty minutes than to rush headlong to the hospital again. And for the next few days, monitor the child’s condition as closely as possible.

Vaccination will protect your child from polio. Frequency of polio vaccination How and where to get vaccinated against polio: rules for vaccination