The influence of personnel performance on the efficiency of the enterprise of the joint venture "Gayskaya Poultry Farm". Psychology of professional performance III. Theoretical information
The invention relates to psychophysiology and can be used for psychological examination of operators in various fields of work to assess their performance status.
There are known methods for studying the functional state of the operator and assessing his performance status, for example, using physiological methods for objective diagnosis of the condition. First of all, pulse rate, respiration rate, blood pressure, body temperature are subject to assessment (Leonova A.B. Psychodiagnostics of human functional states. - M.: Moscow University Publishing House. 1984. - 200 p.). The obtained data can be supplemented with electrophysiological indicators: electroencephalogram (EEG) - an indicator of the level of brain activation; electrocardiogram (ECG) - assessment of the excitability of the heart muscle; electromyogram (EMG) - an indicator of muscle tone and level of muscle excitability; galvanic skin response (GSR) - an indicator of the reaction of the autonomic nervous system associated with the activity of the reticular formation of the brain; rheoplethysmogram (RPG) is an indicator of vascular tone and the level of blood supply to the organ.
Psychological methods for assessing a subject’s performance status include subjective questionnaires and scaling (Dictionary-reference book for psychodiagnostics. L.F. Burlachuk, S.M. Morozov. Peter, 2004). Questionnaires are usually designed to diagnose a strictly defined condition (stress, fatigue, monotony). The use of scales for studying states is based on the assessment of experiences that arise in the process of a particular state. The use of this method makes it possible to obtain a quantitative assessment of the characteristic being studied, however, difficulty arises in determining the reliability of differentiation of the functional state, which may be associated with the level of training of the subject (the subjectivity of the subject when differentiating his level of readiness for activity).
There are known psychophysiological methods for studying the functional state of the operator and assessing his readiness for activity, for example, using psychophysiological tests “Sense of time” and “Complex visual-motor reaction” (Ilyin E.P. Differential psychology of professional activity. - M.: 2003. - 307 p.). However, these tests are intended for research purposes and are not intended to quickly determine the psychophysiological readiness of the operator to act accurately and in a timely manner (perceive and respond to signals, make adequate decisions under time pressure, etc.).
A psychophysiological method for determining the performance of a human operator (RU 2268650 C1, Medvedev et al., 01/27/2006) based on the degree of mental fatigue is described. The determination of mental fatigue consists of presenting signals of variable frequency to the subject in a rested and tired state, measuring the indicators of the subject’s reaction to the presented signals and assessing the degree of fatigue based on the relative deviation of the values of the measured indicators. The presented signals are formed in the form of test tasks requiring solution. The frequency of presentation of tasks changes in proportion to the frequency of their solution. Performance is assessed by the relative change in the average time to correctly solve a test.
This method is aimed at assessing the mental performance of operators who primarily control complex technical systems remotely, however, it requires a significant amount of time to carry out the test procedure, which does not allow this method to be used for prompt assessment of the performance status, for example, of driver profile operators during pre-trip control.
A psychophysiological method for assessing the level of operator attention is described (RU 2441585C1, Aidarkin E.K. et al., 02/10/2012). Test tasks are presented to perform a simple sensorimotor reaction, differing in the type of stimulus and the size of the interstimulus interval. The coefficients of the dependence of the average reaction time on the interstimulus interval between signals are calculated. Attention characteristics are assessed based on whether the values of the obtained coefficients fall within specified intervals.
The disadvantages of this method of assessing the level of attention, as an important component of the operator’s performance status, include significant duration, and in addition, the calculated coefficients are unstable parameters for objectively identifying the negative dynamics of the operator’s attention level.
The closest in technical essence is the method for determining the professional preparedness of the operator (SU 1706571 A1, Volkov V.G. and Larin I.V. 01/23/1992 - prototype). A series of single stimuli is presented with an interstimulus interval of 2-10 s, four of which are replaced with double signals with an interstimulus interval of 0.3-0.8 s. Then the reaction time to the second and first signals of the double stimulus is averaged and when their ratio does not exceed 1.74, the professional readiness of the operator is determined.
However, this method of assessing the operator’s performance status is based on the use of double-duration signals in the test against the background of a sequence of single signals as diagnostic ones. Moreover, the doubling of reference signals is carried out through the inter-stimulus interval, while awareness and selection of such reference signals is not difficult for the operator, which reduces the reliability of diagnosing states of fatigue and emotional imbalance. Another disadvantage of this method is that the calculated coefficients are unstable parameters for objectively identifying the negative dynamics of the operator’s attention performance state.
The patented psychophysiological method for assessing the operator’s performance includes presenting the operator with stimuli differing in characteristics in a random order and recording the time of the sensorimotor reaction by pressing a button.
The difference between the method is that visual stimuli differing in color and glow duration are presented in the form of color spots, moving along discrete positions on the screen of a neutral background with stops, and only one spot is presented at the current discrete position at a time, the color of which is different from the color of the spot on previous and subsequent positions, and the duration of the glow of the spots is characterized by the first and second, increased relative to the first, duration. In this case, the response time is recorded only to the presentation of a spot with an increased duration by pressing the button corresponding to the color of the current spot, the number of errors is determined, the arithmetic mean response time to signals for the entire test, by which the operator’s performance status is assessed.
The method can be characterized by the fact that the number of color colors of the spot is at least two, and the number of discrete positions is at least three, and also that the screen has a neutral background, predominantly gray, and is the screen of a computer monitor or mobile device.
The method can be characterized by the fact that when there are three color colors, they are changed in the sequence: red, yellow, green, red, yellow, green, etc., and, in addition, by the fact that when there are twelve discrete positions, color spots move along the annular contour clockwise, with discrete positions on the screen corresponding to the full hour of the clock dial hands.
The method can be characterized by the fact that the colors of the spot change in the sequence: red, yellow, green, red, yellow, green, etc., and also by the fact that the duration of the glow of the spot is from 0.6 to 1.0 s.
The method can also be characterized by the fact that the duration of the test is no more than 1 minute with 10 full revolutions of moving color spots across discrete positions.
The technical result is to increase the reliability of determining deviations in the operator's performance status by reducing the level of attention indicators.
In a patented psychophysiological method for assessing the operator's performance status, we were the first to use the phenomenon of increasing the threshold for distinguishing the duration of individual light signals in a presented sequence of homogeneous (in duration) light signals. The ratio of the durations of the reference and extended light signals is selected in such a way that the awareness and identification of such signals poses significant difficulty for the operator if he is in a state of fatigue and emotionally unbalanced. An additional circumstance that complicates the operator's accurate and timely response to signals of extended duration is the use of several response buttons in accordance with the color of the extended signal. The patented method makes it possible to identify unacceptable deviations in the operator’s performance status by reducing the level of attention indicators.
Assessing the performance status of operators involves presenting a light stimulus in the form of a color spot on a screen with a neutral background (on a computer monitor, mobile device, etc.) moving through discrete positions. There is only one spot of color on the screen at a time. The color of the spot changes as it moves to the next position. The number of stain colors is at least two colors. The number of discrete positions of the color spot is at least three.
Randomly, as the light spot moves across positions of the stimulus field, the duration of its glow at one of the positions increases. This increase in glow duration is a signal to respond. The test taker is required to recognize signals throughout the test.
In this case, the number of errors, the response time to each signal, and the arithmetic mean response time to signals for the entire test are recorded as parameters of the sensorimotor reaction, which are used to evaluate the operators’ readiness for activity.
The advantages of the method include the possibility of conducting mass surveys of operators in various fields of work; the possibility of individual use by the operator of this assessment method using a mobile device equipped with appropriate software.
The patented psychophysiological method for assessing the operator’s readiness for activity can be implemented as follows (see drawing).
Visual stimuli are formed on screen 1 with a neutral background on a circular contour 2 in the form of small circles 3 (12 positions in total, like on a watch dial), along which color spot 4 moves. Spot 4 can have three colors: red, yellow or green. The color of spot 4 changes when it moves clockwise (the direction is shown by arrow 5) to the next position in a strict sequence: for example, red (at 12 o’clock), yellow (at 1 o’clock), green (at 2 o’clock), etc. .
In one cycle (moving the light spot across all twelve positions of the stimulus field), the duration of the glow of the color spot in one of the positions increases. This increase in glow duration is a signal to react. On each lap, a signal can appear at any of 12 positions.
The subject observes a screen (gray background), on which a color spot sequentially moves from one position to another. The duration of the glow of a color spot at one position is 600 ms. The increase in the duration of the glow of a color spot at one of the circle positions can be up to 350 ms. The subject must notice the signal and respond as quickly as possible by pressing a button of the same color as the color of the noticed signal.
The following data is recorded:
Number of response errors in the absence of a signal (reaction to the glow of a color spot of background duration);
Number of errors in responding to a signal (pressing the wrong button);
Number of signal skips;
Response time to signals.
The total number of errors in responding to signals and the arithmetic mean response time to signals are calculated.
The test is considered successfully passed if the total number of errors in responding to signals does not exceed the criterial acceptable level.
For fine-grained diagnostics of the dynamics of a subject’s functional state (for example, when assessing the dynamics of athletes’ sports form), it is advisable to use the arithmetic mean reaction time indicator (an increase in the typical reaction time value by more than 20% indicates the formation of a state of fatigue and under-recovery of the body’s physiological resources).
The patented method can be implemented using a device for assessing operator activity (RU 2127547 C1, Bonch-Bruevich V.V. et al., 03/20/1999) with the addition of appropriate software. This device allows you to assess the dynamics of the operator’s state of readiness to operate in personalized conditions during long-term observations. The patented method can also be implemented using a mobile device equipped with software adapted to it.
Since the operator’s performance status is determined primarily by his ability to accurately and timely respond to significant signals, to test the patented technique for validity, classical psychophysiological tests were used: “Sense of time”, “Complex visual-motor reaction”, “Speed of switching attention” (Ilyin E.P. Differential psychology of professional activity. - M.: 2003, Dictionary-reference book on psychodiagnostics. L.F. Burlachuk, S.M. Morozov, Peter, 2004).
Research has shown that the correlation of test results on different samples of operators (locomotive crew workers, bus drivers) ranged from 0.68 to 0.85, which indicates the promise of using the patented psychophysiological method.
1. A psychophysiological method for assessing the operator’s performance, including presenting to the operator in a random order stimuli differing in characteristics and recording the time of the sensorimotor reaction by pressing a button,
characterized in that
present visual stimuli that differ in color and duration of illumination in the form of color spots, moving along discrete positions on a neutral background screen with stops, and at the same time only one spot is presented at the current discrete position, the color of which is different from the color of the spot in the previous and subsequent positions, and the duration The glow of the spots is characterized by the first and, increased relative to the first, second duration, while
the response time is recorded only to the presentation of a spot with an increased duration by pressing a button corresponding to the color of the current spot, the number of errors and the arithmetic mean response time to signals for the entire test are determined, by which the operator’s performance status is assessed.
2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the number of stain colors is at least two, and the number of discrete positions is at least three.
3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the screen of a neutral background, predominantly gray, is the screen of a computer monitor or mobile device.
4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that if there are three colors, they are changed in the sequence: red, yellow, green, red, yellow, green, etc.
5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that when there are twelve discrete positions, the color spots are moved clockwise along the annular contour, with the discrete positions on the screen corresponding to the full hour of the clock dial hands.
6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the colors of the spot change in the sequence: red, yellow, green, red, yellow, green, etc.
7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the duration of the glow of the spot is from 0.6 to 1.0 s.
8. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the duration of the test is no more than 1 minute with 10 full revolutions of moving color spots in discrete positions.
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Currently, three tests are most widely used to indirectly determine general physical performance:
♦ Harvard step test,
♦ Novakki test.
Sample PWC 170
The theoretical basis of the PWC 170 sample is two physiological principles:
1) increased heart rate during muscular work is directly proportional to its intensity (power);
2) the degree of increased heart rate during any (unlimited) physical activity is inversely proportional to the functional capabilities of the cardiovascular system, which is an indirect criterion of general physical performance.
The PWC 170 test is based on determining the power of physical activity at which the heart rate reaches 170 beats/min, i.e. level of optimal functioning of the cardiorespiratory system.
Methodology and principles of assessment.
PWC 170 sample options.
1. Pan-European (M.A. Godik et al., 1994). It involves performing three loads W1-3 of increasing power (each duration is 3 minutes), not separated by rest intervals. During this time, the load increases twice (after 3 and 6 minutes from the start of testing). Heart rate is measured during the last 15 seconds of each three-minute step, the load of which is adjusted so that the heart rate increases to 170 beats/min by the end of the test. Load power is calculated per unit body weight of the subject (W/kg). The initial power is set at the rate of 0.75 - 1.25 W/kg, and its increase is carried out in accordance with the increase in heart rate.
PWC170=((W3-W2)/(HR3-HR2) × (170-HR3)+W3)/body weight, kg
2. Modification by V.L. Karpman et al. (1974). Involves performing two loads of increasing power W1-2 (each duration is 5 minutes) with a rest interval of 3 minutes. When choosing the power of the first load, body weight and the expected level of general physical performance should be taken into account. The subject's heart rate is recorded at the end of each load (the last 30 seconds of work at a certain power level). The test is performed without preliminary warm-up.
PWC170=W1+(W2-W1)×(170-HR1)/(HR2-HR1)
3. Modification by L.I. Abrosimova et al. (1978). It involves performing one load W, causing an increase in heart rate to 150-160 beats/min.
PWC170=W×(170-HR1)/(HR2-HR1)
Table 10
Principles for assessing relative values of the PWC 170 indicator
Harvard step test
The test involves climbing a step at a climbing frequency of 30 times per minute.
The height of the step and the time to climb it are selected depending on the gender and age of the subject (Table 11).
Table 11
Step height and ascent time in the Harvard step test
Each climb consists of four steps:
1 – step one foot onto the step;
2 – put the second leg on it;
Human performance is a function of many variables and depends on the initial functional state of the person and the action of environmental factors in general and production factors in particular. In this regard, to evaluate it, a system of indicators is used that characterize both the quantitative and qualitative results of work, and the functional state of the employee. The performance assessment methodology requires mandatory compliance with certain rules:
● in each specific case, one should rely on indicators that are most adequate for a given type of work;
● do not limit yourself to one indicator, but use a complex of them;
● when analyzing indicators, take into account their normal shifts in connection with daily periodicity;
● quantitative indicators must be supplemented with qualitative ones.
To assess performance, three groups of indicators are used that characterize the results of production activities, physiological changes and changes in a person’s mental functions during the labor process. These are production, physiological and psychological indicators.
Production indicators include:
● labor productivity - production per unit of time;
● labor intensity of work - time spent on a production operation;
● quality of work (products) - presence of defects;
● loss of working time and equipment downtime due to the fault of the employee.
Note that qualitative indicators of work are more informative for assessing performance, since they largely depend on the functional state of the employee and decrease earlier due to fatigue than quantitative indicators.
Physiological indicators include:
● amount of energy consumption;
● pulse rate, stroke and minute blood volume;
● muscle strength;
● muscle endurance;
● time of sensorimotor reactions;
● respiratory rate, pulmonary ventilation, oxygen consumption coefficient;
● strength, mobility, balance of excitation and inhibition processes;
● critical frequency of fusion migtin;
● tremor (tremor of the motor part);
● skin temperature.
In addition to assessing the dynamics of these indicators during the working day, a qualitative assessment should be given, the criteria of which may be:
● performance indicators at maximum voltage;
● the amount of physiological costs per unit of work in the dynamics of the working day, that is, the unique coefficients of efficiency of the employee.
Psychological indicators include:
● attention (concentration, switching, distribution);
● thinking;
● memory;
● perception;
● emotional-volitional tension.
Assessment of performance based on production indicators is based on the use of economic and statistical methods, time-keeping observations, photographs of the working day and the use of equipment, photochrometry, and self-photography.
Production indicators characterize work efficiency and, indirectly, the level of performance. This is due to the fact that labor productivity and the functional state of an employee changes in different directions during a shift. Thus, labor productivity at the end of the shift may increase or remain at a high level, while the functional state gradually deteriorates. Labor productivity begins to decline with a significant development of fatigue, since in its initial stages compensation takes place due to the reserve capabilities of the body. In this regard, the study of the dynamics of the functional state using physiological methods is of particular importance. In this case, it is necessary to study at least three physiological systems or functions:
● the central nervous system, in particular the dynamics of cortical processes;
● key physiological functions for this type of work;
● functions that are least loaded.
To assess such properties of the central nervous system as excitability, strength and mobility of nervous processes, it is necessary to study:
● states of analyzers using the method of determining the critical flicker fusion frequency (CFFM);
● time of sensorimotor reaction using reflexometry.
The application of the method for determining the critical frequency of flicker fusion is based on the fact that the visual analyzer is characterized by a certain level of functional mobility. This level is measured by the maximum frequency of light flashes, at which they no longer differ as separate flashes, but a feeling of continuous light arises. In case of fatigue, this limiting frequency decreases and a person perceives as continuous light such flickering, which she previously clearly perceived as interrupted light. The flicker fusion frequency is measured in hertz.
The reflexometry method consists in the fact that the worker presses the key of the device (or releases the pressed button) in response to the action of a certain stimulus (light, sound). The time from the onset of the stimulus to the response is recorded by an electrosecondometer and characterizes the state of excitation of the higher parts of the brain.
The simple reaction time and the recognition and choice reaction time are studied. A simple reaction is a reaction to one known signal. A choice response is a reaction to one of two or more signals. At the same time, a person must respond to each signal with a certain action.
The reaction time to a stimulus fluctuates during the work shift and is a statistical value. An increase in it indicates a decrease in performance, and in a state of high performance it decreases, but can never be less than a certain physiological limit.
Indicators of muscle strength and endurance are quite informative for assessing performance not only during physical, but also mental and nervously stressful work. Dynamometry methods are used to measure them. The worker makes several maximum pressures on the dynamometer handle and based on these data the average value of muscle strength is determined. The time (in seconds) holding 75% of maximum effort characterizes muscle endurance.
Accuracy and coordination of movements are studied using the coordinometer method. The worker is asked to quickly move the probe of the device along a certain path without deviating from it. Each deviation is recorded by the device. In this case, the task completion time, the total number of errors and their total duration are taken into account.
Tremor is studied in a similar way. In this case, the worker is asked to hold the pin in the round hole for 20 seconds without touching the walls. The hand is not fixed in anything. The number of touches in a state of high working capacity, as a rule, does not exceed 15.
The state of the cardiovascular system of workers is studied using electrocardiography, pulsometry and blood pressure measurements.
During the processing of the material, data on the stroke and minute volume of blood is obtained through appropriate calculations. When tired, blood pressure levels tend to decrease (not always). The pulse response to the same load is greater with significant fatigue. In this case, the recovery of the heart rate slows down.
The functional state of the human respiratory system during labor is assessed by the rhythm, frequency and depth of respiratory movements, as well as by determining the vital capacity of the lungs, minute volume of breathing, and maximum pulmonary ventilation. For this purpose, methods such as pneumography and spirometry are used.
Tidal volume and vital capacity of the lungs are determined using a spirometer. The minute volume of respiration is determined using the calculation method. Based on indicators of gas exchange and oxygen consumption, it is possible to calculate the energy required to perform work. However, these methods are quite complex and are almost never used in production.
The most accessible methods for studying human performance in a production environment are test methods. Using special tests, the properties of nervous processes (excitation and inhibition) and mental functions are studied - indicators of attention, memory, perception, emotional stress, etc.
In addition to objective methods of assessing performance, a survey method is used to study the subjective state of workers, during which they give an assessment of the amount of fatigue in points: no fatigue - 0, mild fatigue - 1, moderate - 2, strong - 3, very strong - 4 points.
The indicators obtained in the dynamics of the working day have different natural measurements and qualitative characteristics. Thus, in some cases, an increase in the value of the indicator indicates an increase in a person’s performance, in others - a decrease. Therefore, standardization of indicators is necessary, which is carried out as follows.
For each indicator, based on the resulting dynamic series, its average value is calculated:
where n is the number of measurements.
After this, the natural values of the indicators are expressed in standardized indicators (x). To do this, each value of the time series must be divided by the average value and multiplied by 100.
Calculations are carried out similarly for all other indicators. At the same time, indicators of functions that increase with a decrease in working capacity must be transformed into inverse values. To do this, you need to subtract 100 from each indicator; then reverse the sign and add 100 again.
The resulting dynamic series of standardized indicators characterizing the dynamics of individual functions of an employee during a work shift.
To assess the integral indicator of performance at each moment of observation, it is necessary to find the arithmetic mean of the standardized indicators of all functions at this moment using the formula
The integral performance indicators for each moment of observation are calculated in a similar way and are used to construct a performance curve during the work shift.
To evaluate the integral indicator, the method of non-parametric statistics is also used, which allows you to combine indicators obtained by different methods (for example, the indicator of CVM, static muscle endurance, hand strength, sensorimotor reaction time, etc.). To do this, the number of cases in which there were no shifts compared to the initial indicators α, the number of cases of improvement in indicators β and the number of cases of deterioration in indicators γ are recorded.
The integral indicator of performance at each moment of observation is calculated using the formula
When studying the performance of a group of workers, the given formula calculates the change indicator for each function at each moment of observation Ki. The integral indicator of changes in the functional state of workers at the time of each observation is calculated using the formula
where n is the number of studied functions for which individual coefficients were calculated.
The values of the Ki and Kint coefficients vary from +1 to -1. The minus sign indicates a deterioration in the functional state of the employee’s body.
Hypokinesia and its negative impact on the functional state of the body in children and adults. Physiological justification for the use of physical activity for health purposes.
The state of low motor activity of a person, accompanied by a limitation in the amplitude, volume and tempo of movements, is called hypokinesia. The development of the disease is possible against the background of mental and neurological disorders, including parkinsonism, and similar extrapyramidal syndromes, as well as catatonic, depressive and apathetic stupor. A person’s sedentary lifestyle or low work activity directly affects the development of the disease. The consequence of work associated with monotony of movements, low level of expenditure on muscle work, lack of movement or the local nature of muscle activity, in which a person is forced to remain in a fixed position for a long time, is often not only hypokinesia, but also physical inactivity. The disease can also occur against the background of intense work activity associated with the monotonous work of a certain muscle group (cashiers, programmers, accountants, operators, etc.). To determine the degree of hypokinesia in medical practice, it is customary to take into account the patient’s energy expenditure, calculated by determining the amount of energy that was expended on muscle activity in a short period of time. The degree of the disease can vary - from a slight limitation of physical activity to its complete cessation. Hypokinesia and its consequences Hypokinesia has a negative impact on the functional activity of internal organs and body systems, the patient's resistance to adverse environmental factors decreases, strength and endurance decrease. The consequence of hypokinesia is a deterioration in human health, disruption of the cardiovascular system, the patient’s heart rate drops, ventilation of the lungs decreases, changes occur in the vascular system, leading to stagnation of blood in the capillaries and small veins. As a result of these processes, swelling of various parts of the body occurs, stagnation occurs in the liver and the absorption of substances in the intestine decreases. Hypokinesia and its consequences also have a negative impact on the functioning of the joints - they lose their mobility due to a decrease in the amount of joint fluid. Physical inactivity and hypokinesia lead to the following negative consequences from various body systems: Decreased performance and functional state of the body; Atrophy, loss of muscle weight and volume, deterioration of their contractility and blood supply, replacement of muscle tissue with fat, as well as loss of protein; Weakening of the tendon-ligament apparatus, poor posture and the development of flat feet; Loss of intercentral connections in the central nervous system due to hypokinesia, changes in the emotional and mental spheres, deterioration in the functioning of sensory systems; The development of hypotension, which significantly reduces a person’s physical and mental performance; Decrease in indicators of maximum pulmonary ventilation, vital capacity of the lungs, depth and volume of breathing; Atrophy of the heart muscle, deterioration of myocardial nutrition and blood flow from the lower extremities to the heart, a decrease in its volume, as well as an increase in the time of blood circulation. According to statistics, almost 50% of men and 75% of women suffer from hypokinesia, and among residents of northern countries these figures are higher than in other regions. Prevention of hypokinesia Regardless of health status, absolutely all people are recommended to follow the principles of proper nutrition and regularly exercise in order to lead a normal lifestyle. To prevent physical inactivity and hypokinesia, people whose work activities are not related to physical labor are recommended to exercise daily, walk, run, swim, ride a bike, etc. During breaks between work, it is necessary to do a light warm-up, it is important to improve the workplace, purchase a chair with a fixed back, and often change your position when working sedentarily. It is important to make it a rule not to use the elevator or public transport if you need to travel a short distance; even such a seemingly insignificant load will help improve a person’s physical condition. Treatment of hypokinesia With a low degree of hypokinesia, a person will only need to increase the level of physical activity - regularly engage in any sport. In more severe cases, if hypokinesia is a consequence of another disease, it is necessary to eliminate the cause that caused it. In some cases, treatment of hypokinesia is possible only in combination with physical activity and drug therapy. Often, medications are prescribed that work at the level of neurotransmitters, improving neuromuscular conduction and regulating muscle tone. In the early stages of hypokinesia, especially in patients with Parkinson's disease, dopaminergic drugs may be prescribed, which become ineffective as their use increases. Hypokinesia is a person’s low physical activity, which may be associated with a passive lifestyle or sedentary work, or occurs against the background of other diseases, including depressive conditions. Hypokinesia and its consequences negatively affect a person’s health in general, jeopardize their normal lifestyle, and also affect the psychological state of the patient. Prevention of the disease includes both a person’s adherence to the principles of a healthy diet and regular aerobic and strength exercise. Treatment of hypokinesia is a complex therapy that includes a gradual increase in the patient’s physical activity (physical activity) and the prescription of a number of medications, depending on the degree of the disease.
WITH There is a group of methods that allows you to integrally assess physical performance - maximum performance.
Performance depends on:
development of muscle mass;
capabilities of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems;
level of oxygen and carbon dioxide transport.
Assessment methods include:
two-stage Master's test or step test;
bicycle ergometry (increasing loads or stepwise);
squat tests (Letunov test).
Student performance and factors influencing it
U Students' study time averages 52-58 hours per week, including lectures, seminars, practical classes and self-study. A student's daily study load is 8-9 hours and his working day is one of the longest. At the same time, more than half of students (up to 57%) do not know how to plan their time budget and engage in self-study also on weekends and holidays. In addition, self-study during part of the semester is not carried out by many students and is compensated by excessively intensive work during the examination period. At the same time, the recovery processes in many of them are defective due to insufficient sleep, little time in the fresh air, insufficient attention to physical education and sports, and for some due to irregular or poor nutrition.
One of the most important conditions for successful academic work is good mental performance. Performance in educational activities largely depends on the personality and temperament of the student, and the characteristics of his nervous system.
U haste in learning may be due to such a typological characteristic as “perseverance,” which is more characteristic of individuals with a predominance of internal and external inhibition. Work that requires great concentration of attention is more successfully performed by students who have a weak nervous system with a predominance of external inhibition or balance, as well as inertia of nervous processes. Tasks that do not require intense attention are better performed by persons with inertia of excitation, great strength of the nervous system, and a predominance of internal inhibition.
When performing academic work of a monotonous nature, people with a strong nervous system experience a faster decline in performance than students with a weak nervous system. U students focused on the systematic assimilation of educational information, the process and curve of its forgetting after passing the exam are characterized by a slow decline. U Those students who systematically did not work during the semester, but studied a large amount of material in a short time in preparation for exams, experienced a sharp decline in the process of forgetting it.
Patterns of changes in students’ performance during the learning process
In the conditions of educational and work activity, students’ performance undergoes changes that reveal certain patterns. They can be observed throughout the day, week, throughout the semester and the academic year as a whole. The severity and other characteristics of these changes are determined both by the functional state of the student’s body before starting work, and by the characteristics of the work itself, its organization and other factors.
There are six periods during the school day.
1. The first period - the period of working in - is characterized by low labor productivity. At the beginning of the lesson, the student cannot immediately concentrate and actively engage in work. It takes at least 10-15 minutes, and sometimes more, before performance reaches its optimal level. This period is characterized by a gradual increase in performance with slight fluctuations.
2. The second period - the period of optimal, stable performance - is manifested by changes in body functions that are most adequate to the educational activity being performed. Its duration can be 1.5-3 hours.
3. The third period – full compensation – is characterized by the appearance of initial signs of fatigue, which can be compensated for by volitional efforts in the presence of positive motivation.
4. The fourth period is manifested by unstable compensation, increasing fatigue, and fluctuations in volitional effort. The productivity of educational activities during this period noticeably decreases. At the same time, functional changes may manifest themselves more noticeably in those organs, systems and mental functions that are of decisive importance within the framework of a student’s specific educational activity, or which have less compensatory capabilities for a given student. Therefore, in some, disturbances may manifest themselves more noticeably in the visual analyzer, in others in a decrease in the stability of attention, in others in difficulty in active memorization or a decrease in the ability to solve problems due to insufficient working memory.
5. The fifth period is characterized by a progressive decrease in performance. Before the end of work, it can be replaced by a short-term increase due to the mobilization of the body’s reserves (the state of “final impulse”).
6. The sixth period is characterized by a further decrease in work productivity if it is forced to continue, which is a consequence of a decrease in mental performance.
If the students’ school day is not limited only to classroom studies, but also includes self-study, then two peaks of performance are found, one of which occurs at 12 o’clock, and the second at 22 o’clock, with a minimum of performance in the middle of the day (16-18 o’clock). The presence of a second increase in performance during self-training is explained not only by the daily rhythm, but also by the psychological attitude towards completing educational work. WITH It should be recognized that fluctuations in mental performance are very significant and individual. It is necessary to experimentally establish your own optimal load, remembering that two hours before bedtime are the most unproductive in terms of remembering information received at this time.
Student performance during the school week
During the week there are three periods.
1. The first period - the beginning of the week (Monday) - is characterized by low performance, since there is a period of working in, the process of entering the usual mode of academic work after resting on a day off.
2. The second period - the middle of the week (Tuesday-Thursday) - is characterized by the most stable and high performance.
3. The third period - the end of the week (Friday, Saturday) - is manifested by a process of decreased performance. In some cases, on Saturday there is an increase in efficiency, the development of a state of “final impulse”.
The typical performance curve may change if there is a factor of neuro-emotional stress that accompanies work over a number of days. If students at the beginning of the week have to experience increased academic loads (colloquia, tests, tests) for two or three days in a row, then by the end of the period of intense work there may be a decrease in mental performance.
On subsequent days of the week, characterized by normal loads, these loads are perceived by students as light, and they effectively stimulate recovery. Deviation from the typical dynamics of performance during the school week can also be caused by an increase in the number of training sessions above the usual, up to 8 - 10 academic hours per day.
During the week, changes in physical performance are also observed, similar to changes in mental performance.
Student performance by semester and overall for the academic year
During the first semester, four periods of changes in the state of performance can be distinguished.
1. The first period - the period of working in - is characterized by a gradual increase in the level of performance, which decreased during the holidays, which lasts up to 3-3.5 weeks.
2. The second period - the period of stable performance - is manifested by maximum performance, the duration of which is up to 2.5 months.
3. The third period - the period of the test session in December - is manifested by the beginning of a decrease in performance, caused by an increase in daily workload to an average of 11-13 hours in combination with pronounced emotional experiences.
4. The fourth period - the period of exams - is characterized by a further decrease in the performance curve.
WITH It is absolutely clear that an even distribution of the academic load and final control points throughout the semester (the so-called cyclic method) allows you to maintain optimal performance and avoid peak emotional stress during the examination session.
During the winter holidays, performance is restored to its original level, and if the rest is accompanied by the active use of physical education and sports, the phenomenon of hyper-restoration of performance is observed.
During the second semester, four periods of changes in the state of performance can also be distinguished.
1. The first period is the warm-up period - the period of restoration of reduced performance after the session and vacation, but its duration does not exceed 1.5 weeks.
2. The second period - the period of stable performance - is manifested by maximum performance, which remains at a high level until mid-April.
3. The third period - the beginning of a decline in performance - appears from mid-April; the decrease is due to the cumulative effect of all negative factors in the life of students accumulated during the academic year.
4. The fourth period - the period of the test session and exams - is characterized by a more pronounced decrease in performance than in the first half of the year.
WITH Following this logic, a lighter session should be provided in the summer and a more intense one in the winter.
During the summer holidays, the recovery process begins, but it is characterized by a slower pace of recovery than during the winter holidays, due to a significantly more pronounced level of fatigue.
Factors that reduce students' performance during the examination period
The noted decrease in students' performance during exams is a consequence of the influence of a large number of unfavorable factors.
First of all, during the exam period the volume, duration and intensity of students’ academic work sharply increase, and all the forces of the body are mobilized. During the exam period, with an average duration of self-study of 8-9 hours a day, the intensity of mental work increases, in relation to the period of training sessions, by 85-100%. At the same time, physical activity is sharply reduced, students’ time in the fresh air is significantly reduced, and some students’ sleep and nutritional patterns are disrupted.
Secondly, exams for students are a powerful emotional factor in student life. During the exams, the results of the academic work for the semester are summed up, and at the same time, the question of whether the student meets the level of the university, or whether to receive a scholarship or grant is often decided. Exams are an important manifestation of personal self-affirmation. At the same time, the exam situation is always characterized by uncertainty of the outcome, which increases their emotional impact. Repeated examination situations are accompanied by pronounced emotional experiences, which are individually different, which creates a state of pronounced emotional tension. As a result, at least a third of students experience strong emotional tension before the exam, and up to two thirds report sleep disturbances during the exam period. U For many students, the heart rate and blood pressure steadily increase, especially at the time of the exam answer, which in the future may serve as a prerequisite for the development of hypertension. U Some students report a decrease in general well-being. U Some students experience a decrease in body weight of 1.5-3.5 kg during the examination period, and this is more characteristic of those students who exhibit greater emotional stress during the examination period.
WITH The degree of emotional stress during exams is higher among students with poor academic performance. At the same time, with equal performance, students with a higher level of training show smaller functional changes, which return to normal more quickly. U untrained, poorly performing students, as the tense state increases, vegetative shifts intensify. This shows that the level of physical fitness largely determines the body’s resistance to emotionally intense academic work.
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