Symposium of pediatric surgeons. Minister Veronika Skvortsova will take part in the Symposium of pediatric surgeons with international participation “Hirschsprung's disease and neurointestinal dysplasia in children. All-Russian Symposium of Pediatric Surgeons

Everyone in life has encountered various diseases of the ENT organs; the most common are viral or bacterial infections in the form of ARVI, influenza or sore throat. But there are a number of other pathologies, the symptoms of which need to be known in order to diagnose the disease in time.

Structure of the pharynx and larynx

To understand the essence of diseases, you should have a minimal understanding of the structure of the larynx and pharynx.

Regarding the pharynx, it consists of three sections:

upper, nasopharynx;
oropharynx, middle section;
laryngopharynx, lower section.

The larynx is an organ that performs several functions. The larynx is the conductor of food to the digestive tube, and it is also responsible for the flow of air into the trachea and lungs. In addition, the vocal cords are located in the larynx, thanks to which a person is able to make sounds.

The larynx functions as a movement apparatus that has cartilage connected to ligaments and muscle joints. At the beginning of the organ is the epiglottis, the function of which is to create a valve between the trachea and the pharynx. At the moment of swallowing food, the epiglottis blocks the entrance to the trachea, so that food enters the esophagus and not into the respiratory organs.

What are the pathologies of the ENT organs?

According to their course, diseases are classified into: chronic and acute. In the case of an acute course of the disease, symptoms develop instantly and are pronounced. The pathology is more difficult to tolerate than in a chronic course, but recovery occurs faster, on average in 7-10 days.

Chronic pathologies arise against the background of a constant, untreated inflammatory process. In other words, the acute form becomes chronic without proper treatment. In this case, the symptoms do not arise so quickly, the process is sluggish, but complete recovery does not occur. With the slightest provoking factors, for example, hypothermia or a virus entering the body, a relapse of the chronic disease occurs. As a result of a constant focus of infection, a person’s immunity is weakened, because of this it is not difficult for a virus or bacteria to penetrate.

Diseases of the pharynx and larynx:

epiglottitis;
pharyngitis;
tonsillitis;
laryngitis;
nasopharyngitis;
adenoids;
laryngeal cancer.

Epiglottitis

Diseases of the larynx include inflammation of the epiglottis (epiglottitis). The cause of the inflammatory process is the entry of bacteria into the epiglottis by airborne droplets. Most often, the epiglottis is affected by hemophilus influenza and becomes the cause of the inflammatory process. The bacterium can not only cause disease of the epiglottis, but is also the causative agent of meningitis, pneumonia, pyelonephritis and other pathologies. In addition to hemophilus influenza, the following can cause inflammation of the epiglottis:

streptococci;
pneumococci;
candida fungus;
burn or foreign body entering the epiglottis.

Symptoms of the disease develop rapidly, the main ones include:

difficult breathing with whistling. Swelling occurs in the epiglottis, which leads to partial closure of the larynx and trachea, which complicates the possibility of normal air flow;
pain when swallowing, difficulty swallowing food with a feeling that there is something in the larynx;
redness of the throat, pain in it;
fever and increased body temperature;
general weakness, malaise and anxiety.

Epiglottitis most often occurs in children aged 2 to 12 years, mostly boys. The main danger posed by inflammation of the epiglottis is the possibility of suffocation, therefore, at the first symptoms of the disease, you should immediately consult a doctor. There are acute and chronic inflammations of the epiglottis. If an acute form of pathology has developed, the child should be urgently taken to the hospital; transportation should be done in a sitting position.

Treatment consists of antibiotic therapy and maintaining patency of the upper respiratory tract. If life-threatening symptoms cannot be relieved, a tracheotomy is performed.

Rhinopharyngitis

Inflammation of the nasopharynx, which occurs when the throat and nose are infected by a virus, is called rhinopharyngitis. Symptoms of inflammation of the nasopharynx:

nasal congestion, resulting in difficulty breathing;
acute sore throat, burning sensation;
difficulty swallowing;
nasal voice;
temperature increase.

Children tolerate the inflammatory process in the nasopharynx more difficult than adults. Often, the inflammation from the nasopharynx spreads to the auricle, which leads to acute pain in the ear. Also, when the infection spreads to the lower respiratory tract, the symptoms are accompanied by cough and hoarseness.

On average, the course of the nasopharyngeal disease lasts up to seven days; with proper treatment, nasopharyngitis does not take a chronic form. Therapy is designed to eliminate painful symptoms. If the infection is caused by a bacteria, antibacterial drugs are prescribed, in case of a viral infection, anti-inflammatory medications are prescribed. It is also necessary to rinse the nose with special solutions and take antipyretics if necessary.

Diseases of the larynx include acute and chronic laryngitis. An acute form of the pathology, rarely develops in isolation; more often, laryngitis becomes a consequence of a respiratory disease. In addition, acute laryngitis can develop as a result of:

hypothermia;
when staying in a dusty room for a long time;
as a result of an allergic reaction to chemical agents;
the result of smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages;
professional overload of the vocal cords (teachers, actors, singers).

Symptoms of such a disease of the larynx as laryngitis are characterized by:

Acute laryngitis with voice rest and the necessary treatment goes away within 7-10 days. If the doctor’s recommendations regarding treatment are not followed, the symptoms of the disease do not go away, and laryngitis itself becomes chronic. For laryngitis it is recommended:

alkaline inhalations;
voice rest;
warm drink;
antitussives;
antiviral and immunomodulatory agents;
antihistamines for severe swelling;
gargling;
hot foot baths, to drain blood from the larynx and reduce its swelling, etc.

Pharyngitis

Diseases of the pharynx most often manifest as pharyngitis. This infectious pathology often develops against the background of a viral or bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract. Isolated pharyngitis occurs as a result of direct exposure to the pharyngeal mucosa of an irritant. For example, when talking for a long time in cold air, eating too cold or, conversely, hot food, as well as smoking and drinking alcohol.

Symptoms of pharyngitis are as follows:

sore throat;
pain when swallowing saliva;
feeling of abrasion;
pain in the ear when swallowing.

Visually, the pharyngeal mucosa is hyperemic, in places there may be an accumulation of purulent secretion, the tonsils are enlarged and covered with a whitish coating. It is important to differentiate acute pharyngitis from catarrhal tonsillitis. Treatment is mainly local:

gargling;
inhalation;
compresses on the neck area;
dissolving lozenges for sore throat.

Chronic pharyngitis develops from acute, as well as against the background of chronic tonsillitis, sinusitis, dental caries, etc.

Diseases of the pharynx can be expressed as a sore throat. Inflammation of the lymphoid tissue of the tonsils is called tonsillitis or tonsillitis. Like other diseases of the pharynx, tonsillitis can be acute or chronic. The pathology is especially common and acute in children.

The cause of tonsillitis is viruses and bacteria, mainly the following: staphylococcus, streptococcus, pneumococcus, fungi of the genus Candida, anaerobes, adenoviruses, influenza viruses.

Secondary tonsillitis develops against the background of other acute infectious processes, for example, measles, diphtheria or tuberculosis. The symptoms of sore throat begin acutely; they are similar to pharyngitis, but have certain differences. The tonsils greatly increase in volume, are painful to the touch, depending on the form of tonsillitis, are covered with purulent plaque, or their lacunae are filled with purulent contents. The cervical lymph nodes are enlarged and may be painful when pressed. Body temperature rises to 38-39 degrees. The throat feels pain when swallowing and soreness.

The classification of tonsillitis is quite extensive; the following forms are distinguished:

catarrhal - superficial damage to the tonsils occurs. the temperature rises slightly, within 37-37.5 degrees. Intoxication is not severe;
lacunar, the tonsils are covered with a yellowish-white coating, purulent secretion is observed in the lacunae. The inflammatory process does not spread beyond the lymphoid tissue;
follicular, tonsils are bright scarlet, swollen, suppurating follicles are diagnosed in the form of whitish-yellowish formations;
phlegmonous form, most often a complication of previous types of tonsillitis. Not only the tonsils are affected, but also the peritonsil tissue. The pathology occurs acutely, with sharp pain, most often the abscess occurs on one side. Regarding treatment, opening of the purulent sac and further antibacterial therapy is required.

Treatment is mainly medicinal, antibacterial and local action on the pharyngeal mucosa. In cases where the pathology becomes chronic, systematically recurrent tonsillitis or the presence of an abscess, these are indications for tonsil removal. Surgical excision of lymphoid tissue is resorted to in extreme cases, if drug therapy does not bring the desired results.

Adenoid vegetations

Adenoids are hypertrophy of the nasopharyngeal tonsil and occur in the nasopharynx. Most often diagnosed in children between 2 and 12 years of age. As a result of the growth of adenoid vegetation, nasal breathing is blocked and a nasal voice occurs; with the long-term presence of adenoids, hearing loss occurs. Hypertrophy of the nasopharyngeal tonsil has three stages, the second and third are not amenable to drug treatment and require surgical intervention - adenotomy.

Foreign bodies in the larynx or pharynx

The cause of a foreign body entering the throat is most often inattention or haste while eating. Children, left unattended by their parents, may try to swallow various small objects, such as toy parts.

Such situations can be extremely dangerous, it all depends on the shape and size of the foreign object. If an object gets into the larynx and partially blocks its lumen, there is a danger of suffocation. Symptoms of a person choking are:

This situation requires urgent medical care for the victim. Emergency assistance must be provided immediately, otherwise there is a high risk of suffocation.

Cancer of the pharynx or larynx

Diseases of the pharynx can be different, but the most terrible and certainly life-threatening is cancer. A malignant formation in the pharynx or larynx may not manifest itself in any way in the early stages, which leads to late diagnosis and, accordingly, untimely prescription of therapy. Symptoms of a tumor in the larynx are:

persistent sensation of a foreign body in the larynx;
desire to cough, disturbing object;
hemoptysis;
constant pain in the throat area;
difficulty breathing when the tumor reaches a large size;
dysphonia and even aphonia, when the formation is localized near the vocal cords;
general weakness and loss of ability to work;
lack of appetite;
weight loss.

Oncological diseases are extremely life-threatening and have a disappointing prognosis. Treatment for laryngeal cancer is prescribed depending on the stage of the pathology. The main method is surgery and removal of the malignant tumor. Radiation and chemotherapy are also used. The prescription of one or another treatment method is purely individual.

Every disease, regardless of the complexity of its course, requires attention. You should not self-medicate, much less diagnose yourself. Pathology can be much more complex than you think. Timely diagnosis and compliance with all doctor’s instructions allows for a complete recovery and absence of complications.

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Abrasions, superficial wounds of the mucous membrane with sharp foreign bodies, bone fragments ingested with food; rupture of the soft palate when falling with the mouth open.

Clinical symptoms. Sharp pain, painful swallowing, bleeding, life-threatening if the vessels of the external carotid artery system are damaged.

Diagnostics. Assess the patient’s condition, complaints, anamnesis; circumstances of the injury, objective examination: examination of the oral cavity, pharynx (integrity of mucosal tissue, bleeding); pharynx functions (swallowing, difficulty breathing due to reactive edema); laboratory examination (clinical blood test, TAPS).

Complication of pharyngeal wounds: wound infection, inflammatory processes, aspiration pneumonia, secondary bleeding from large vessels of the neck.

Burns of the pharynx and oral cavity with irritating liquids

Objectively: depending on the degree of damage - diffuse hyperemia, ulceration of the epithelium with the formation of plaque, necrosis of tissue of the submucosal and muscular layers. Burns of the pharynx are combined with burns of the esophagus and larynx.

Foreign bodies of the pharynx

Causes. Often ingested with food (fish and chicken bones, seed husks), random foreign objects, lack of eating culture, hasty eating; may have dentures.

Clinical signs. Sensation of a foreign object in the throat, retching, stabbing pain when swallowing; with large foreign bodies - respiratory distress, hemoptysis, cough, difficulty breathing can occur if a leech comes in contact with a leech while swimming in a pond.

Acute inflammatory diseases of the pharynx

Adenoiditis

Children of preschool age are sick.

Causes. Infection; disease as a complication of inflammation in the nose and paranasal sinuses; pathogens: staphylococci; intracellular microorganisms: mycoplasma, chlamydia, rhinoviruses; influenza virus, activation of banal flora under the influence of cold; artificial nutrition.

Clinical symptoms. Acute onset, dryness, burning, difficulty in sucking at an early age, headache.

Regional lymph nodes, submandibular and cervical, are enlarged and painful.

Complications: otitis media, sinusitis, relapses of the disease lead to hypertrophy of the pharyngeal tonsil.

Acute pharyngitis

Causes. Infection; decreased body resistance; preceded by nasopharyngitis; weather.

Objective signs: the temperature is normal, the mucous membrane of the posterior and lateral walls of the pharynx is sharply hyperemic.

Sore throat - acute tonsillitis

The most common diseases of the pharynx.

Causes. Pathogen: hemolytic streptococcus, staphylococcus, adenovirus.

Predisposing factors: decreased immunity, local and general hypothermia.

Classification of sore throats:

primary - develops independently;
secondary - develops against the background of infectious diseases (measles, scarlet fever, diphtheria, syphilis).

For blood diseases (leukemia, monocytosis, agranulocytosis).

Primary sore throats

Catarrhal sore throat

Clinical symptoms. The mildest form is characterized by local manifestations; in children, the temperature rises, the general condition suffers, sore throat, dryness.

Objectively: hyperemia of the mucous membrane, swelling of the palatine tonsils, enlarged, covered with mucous discharge; the submandibular lymph nodes are enlarged and slightly painful.

The course of the disease is up to 5 days.

Follicular tonsillitis

The palatine tonsils are enlarged, there are enlarged suppurating follicles on the surface, which open when ripe, forming white plaques on the surface of the tonsils.

Lacunar tonsillitis

The sore throat lasts up to 3 days; with treatment, the inflammation disappears on the 7th day.

Differential diagnosis - should be distinguished from tonsillitis with scarlet fever, diphtheria, blood diseases.

Take into account the epidemic situation.

Pharyngeal abscesses

Peritonsillar abscess

Causes. Penetration of infection from the depths of the lacunae into the peri-almond space with complicated angina; contributing factors: decreased body resistance, carious teeth, local hypothermia.

Objectively during pharyngoscopy: hyperemia of the pharyngeal mucosa on the affected side, tension of the palatine tonsil on one side, asymmetry of the soft palate, painful infiltrate around or behind the tonsil, the small uvula is swollen. The submandibular lymph nodes are enlarged and painful. When ripe, spontaneous openings are possible with the release of a significant amount of purulent exudate with an unpleasant odor.

Retropharyngeal abscess

Causes. Spread of infection from the nose, nasopharynx, pharyngeal injuries.

Clinical symptoms. The condition is serious. Anxiety, refusal to eat. Difficulty breathing, nasal sound. Clinical symptoms depend on the location of the abscess in the lower sections; suffocation and cyanosis are possible.

Objectively: during pharyngoscopy, a spherical infiltrate and hyperemia are determined along the posterior wall of the pharynx, pushing the palatine tonsil and posterior arch anteriorly. In young children, palpation examination is informative.

Differential diagnosis. A retropharyngeal abscess must be distinguished from subglottic laryngitis, a foreign body of the larynx.

Complications. A retropharyngeal abscess is dangerous due to aspiration of the respiratory tract with purulent contents when the abscess is opened on its own; death from suffocation is possible; a large infiltrate can close the passage to the larynx, which will lead to breathing problems up to asphyxia, sepsis.

Periopharyngeal abscess

Causes. Sore throats, paratonsillitis, carious teeth, pharyngeal injuries.

Clinical symptoms. The general condition is serious, difficulty opening the mouth, and possible difficulty breathing.

Pharyngoscopy reveals hyperemia and infiltration on the lateral surface of the pharynx.

Complications: purulent mediastinitis.

Throat diseases are common in children and adults, since the larynx is the first filter after the nasopharynx through which all pathogenic microorganisms pass. Most pathologies have a similar clinical picture, but a different etiology. Treatment includes taking medications, using folk remedies and correcting nutrition.

The human throat is often affected by pathogenic microorganisms

List of throat diseases

The cause of a sore throat can be various pathogenic microorganisms, neoplasms, and mechanical damage. Often unpleasant sensations occur with a cold, flu, or acute respiratory viral infection.

The main causes of throat diseases:

viral infections - rotaviruses, adenoviruses, enteroviruses provoke the development of pharyngitis, acute laryngitis;
bacterial pathologies - develop against the background of active reproduction, staphylococci, sore throat and tonsillitis are considered childhood diseases, most often these diseases are diagnosed at the age of 5–15 years;
fungal diseases;
various types of neoplasms - malignant tumors, papillomas, polyps, metastases in the pharynx;
mechanical damage.

All infectious diseases of the throat, in addition to obvious pain when swallowing, are accompanied by other accompanying symptoms - body hyperthermia, loss of strength, muscle pain, migraine, rhinitis, swollen lymph nodes, increased salivation, looseness.

Angina

A sore throat often develops in a child as a complication of colds and flu. You can see in the photo what a healthy throat and mucous membrane looks like in various forms of pathology. The ICD-10 code is J03, for the chronic form – J35.

Healthy human throat

Types of sore throat:

Catarrhal tonsillitis is the mildest form of the disease, characterized by slight swelling of the tonsils, redness and graininess of the mucous membrane of the pharynx, pain when swallowing, and a white coating on the tongue. In adults, a slight increase in temperature is observed; in children, the thermometer readings can reach 40 degrees. The duration of the illness is no more than 5 days.
Catarrhal tonsillitis is the mildest type of the disease
Lacunar tonsillitis - the disease develops rapidly, the temperature rises very quickly, weakness and headache appear. Pus accumulates inside the tonsils, plugs form, which noticeably rise above the surface of the tonsils in the form of tubercles.
With lacunar angina, the temperature rises sharply
Follicular tonsillitis - begins with a sharp and rapid increase in temperature to 39 degrees or more, intense sore throat and migraine pain occur. The tonsils swell and turn red, and many yellow spots of pus can be seen on their surface.
With follicular tonsillitis, the tonsils turn red
Phlegmonous tonsillitis - purulent processes occur in the lymphoid tissue, an abscess develops. The disease occurs against a background of high fever, chills, sore throat is most often one-sided, worsens when swallowing, talking, and bad breath appears.

With phlegmonous sore throat, accumulations of pus appear
Inflammation of the palatine tonsils is a consequence of frequent sore throats and can occur in acute and chronic forms. Measles, scarlet fever, and diphtheria can provoke the development of the disease. The ICD-10 code is J03.
With tonsillitis, the tonsils become inflamed
Tonsillitis most often occurs without an increase in temperature, is accompanied by atrophy of the lymphoid tissue of the tonsils, and breathing problems occur against the background of hypertrophy.
Sudden hoarseness and hoarseness often occur with hormonal disorders - pathology of the thyroid gland, estrogen deficiency in women during menopause.
Laryngitis
The inflammatory process is localized in the mucous membrane of the larynx and occurs in acute and chronic forms. The disease develops from hypothermia, inhalation of cold or polluted air, or tobacco smoke. The ICD-10 code is J04.
Acute laryngitis is most often one of the symptoms of ARVI, influenza, whooping cough, scarlet fever, and develops with hypothermia, prolonged stay in a room with dusty air, against the background of addictions. The disease is characterized by a barking cough, but after a while the cough begins, the person complains, the voice becomes hoarse, it may disappear completely, the temperature rises slightly, and interferes with the cough.

Forms and symptoms of chronic laryngitis:
Catarrhal - accompanied by diffuse damage to the laryngeal mucosa. The main signs are hoarseness, weakness, a feeling of narrowing of the throat, and a wet cough periodically appears.
Hypertrophic - against the background of prolonged inflammation, the epithelium grows into other layers of the epidermis. The disease is accompanied by aphonia, burning in the throat, and cough.
Atrophic - the inner lining of the larynx atrophies and becomes thin. Symptoms: decreased voice tone, sore throat, dry cough; during a severe attack, crusts streaked with blood may come off.

With hypertrophic laryngitis, it is sometimes necessary to remove areas with hyperplasia surgically.

Acute or chronic inflammatory process in the mucous membrane of the pharynx. The ICD-10 code is J02.
The acute form of the pathology develops against the background of infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract. Pharyngitis can occur with prolonged inhalation of frosty air through the mouth, against the background of smoking and alcohol abuse, after eating very hot or cold food. The sore throat intensifies when swallowing saliva, the disease is accompanied by a low-grade fever, a sore throat occurs, but in general the person feels normal.
Throat with pharyngitis
Chronic pharyngitis develops against the background of sinusitis, tonsillitis, caries, metabolic disorders, heart and lung diseases. The pathology is combined with atrophy of the nasal mucosa, accompanied by severe scratching in the throat, dry barking cough, swelling of the tongue, purulent discharge, and low-grade fever.
The acute form of laryngitis is a dangerous disease for children under two years of age, often accompanied by severe catarrhal rhinitis, swelling and inflammation of the nasopharyngeal mucosa, which causes a significant deterioration in nasal breathing.
Inflammation of the pharyngeal tonsil is often viral in nature, manifests itself in the form of severe headache, dry choking cough, attacks of shortness of breath and suffocation, and is diagnosed in children aged 3–15 years. The ICD-10 code is J35.
The disease develops against a background of weakened immunity, vitamin D deficiency, hypothermia, a history of chronic rhinitis or upper respiratory tract diseases.
Adenoiditis - inflammation of the pharyngeal tonsil
Malignant and benign neoplasms
Laryngeal cancer is difficult to diagnose in the early stages because the disease can occur for a long time without pronounced symptoms, so tumors are often diagnosed when they reach a large size. The ICD-10 code is C32.
Possible signs of oncology:
sensation of a foreign body in the throat, soreness, discomfort when swallowing;
labored breathing;
the presence of bloody inclusions in the mucus from the throat and nose;
increased salivation;
frequent ear congestion without obvious signs of inflammation;
toothache, while the dentist cannot detect the cause of the discomfort;
hoarseness of voice.

Blood clots in saliva may indicate the development of tumors in the throat
Benign neoplasms are less dangerous, but also require immediate treatment, since if they are frequently injured, serious complications can arise. Polyps and vocal nodules appear on the larynx due to constant tension of the ligaments, smoking, and chronic inflammatory processes. The reason for the formation of papillomas is the activation of HPV, growths appear on the trachea and vocal cords. All non-cancerous tumors have an ICD-10 code of D10.
Most often, laryngeal cancer is diagnosed in men aged 55–65 years, heavy smokers.
Mycoses of the larynx
Fungal infections develop against a background of weakened immunity and can have an acute or chronic form. They manifest themselves as redness of the throat and tonsils, pain when swallowing, ulcers and erosions in the mouth, sores in the corners of the mouth, dry cough, fever, swelling and tenderness of the cervical and submandibular lymph nodes. The ICD-10 code is B37.
Fungal infection of the throat
The main types of fungal pathologies of the oral cavity:
pseudomembranous candidiasis - most often diagnosed in children and the elderly;
mycosis – develops against the background of diabetes mellitus;
erythematous chronic itching.

Pain and burning when swallowing can be caused by reflux disease - the acidic contents of the stomach penetrate the upper esophagus, throat, irritating the mucous membranes.

Other throat diseases
A sore throat may be a sign of other diseases that are not related to ENT pathologies.
What diseases can cause a sore throat:
Laryngospasm - most often occurs in children with rickets, hydrocephalus, and formula feeding. Symptoms are a decrease in the diameter of the pupil, strong closure of the vocal cords, convulsions, fainting, noisy breathing. In adults, the skin becomes red or bluish and a hacking cough appears. ICD-10 code – 5.
Swelling of the larynx - develops against the background of allergies, injuries of the larynx, pathologies of the heart and blood vessels. The person experiences pain when swallowing and has difficulty breathing. The ICD-10 code is J4.
Laryngeal stenosis - the lumen of the respiratory tract is completely or partially closed due to swelling of the larynx, insect bites, injuries, the cause may be syphilis, diphtheria, neoplasms of various origins. Signs: profuse cold sweat, breathing problems, shortness of breath, hoarse voice, mucous membranes and skin acquire a blue tint, possible loss of consciousness, respiratory arrest. ICD-10 code – 6.

Laryngeal stenosis - closure of the airway due to swelling
Mechanical damage to the larynx is often diagnosed in young children, since they may accidentally swallow a foreign object. In adults, pathology can occur when swallowing a fish bone; singers and lecturers are susceptible to the disease due to constant increased stress on the ligaments.
Which doctor should I contact?
If a sore throat appears, it is necessary, after examination and preliminary diagnosis, he will give a referral to.
Additionally, consultation with an infectious disease specialist may be required.
If the illness is psychosomatic in nature, the patient will be looked at. A doctor from one of these areas will be able to make an accurate diagnosis based on the test results.

Diagnosis of throat diseases
The patient is examined using special instruments - laryngoscopy and pharyngoscopy make it possible to identify in which part of the throat the mucous membrane is most hyperemic and swollen, to assess the condition of the vocal cords and the posterior wall of the larynx, and to detect lumps of pus.
Basic diagnostic methods:
clinical blood and urine analysis;
throat swab, sputum culture;
MRI, histological examination of the tumor - allows you to determine the origin of the tumors;

Since throat diseases are often of bacterial origin, before prescribing therapy, sputum is tested for sensitivity to antibacterial drugs.
Ultrasound of the larynx shows the cause of the disease
Treatment methods for throat diseases
To eliminate unpleasant symptoms and prevent the development of complications in the treatment of throat diseases, medications and diet therapy are used, and alternative medicine recipes will help speed up the healing process.
Medicines
To treat throat diseases, I use medications in tablet form, topical agents, the choice of drugs depends on the type of pathogen.
Main groups of drugs:
antibiotics – Amoxicillin, Augmentin;
antiviral drugs - Remantadine, Tamiflu;
antifungal agents – Fluconazole, Levorin;
antihistamines – Ebastine, Cetirizine;
– Paracetamol, Nurofen;
mucolytics – ACC, Prospan, Ambroxol;
local antiseptics - Tantum Verde, Ingalipt, Lizobakt, Miramistin;
streptococcal and staphylococcal bacteriophages.

Recently, doctors are increasingly resorting to surgery to remove tonsils in the throat, since the tonsils are organs of the immune system and prevent infection from entering the bronchi, trachea, and lungs.
Amoxicillin is an antibiotic drug
Folk remedies
When treating throat diseases, it is necessary to maintain bed rest, drink more warm drinks, milk, tea with raspberries or black currants, rosehip decoction, alkaline mineral waters without gas are good for pain and soreness.
How you can treat throat diseases at home:
honey is one of the best remedies for treating sore throat; it can be lubricated on the tonsils, consumed in its pure form, or prepared as a gargle;
inhalations with essential oils of eucalyptus, fir, pine, tea tree;
a regular heat or alcohol compress on the neck, hot foot baths with mustard;
Gargling is an effective method of combating throat diseases. For procedures, you can use a decoction of chamomile, sage, linden, oak bark, St. John's wort;
You can take diluted tincture of propolis, garlic, and calendula internally;
you can treat inflamed tonsils with a mixture of juice from aloe, kalanchoe and propolis tincture; sea buckthorn oil softens the throat well and eliminates purulent processes.

Gargling with chamomile decoction helps to cope with sore throats.
Honey should not be added to hot drinks - under the influence of high temperatures the product acquires carcinogenic properties. Boiling water destroys vitamin C in lemon, raspberries, and black currants.
Any thermal procedures can be carried out only at normal temperatures.
Nutritional Features
To reduce inflammation, pain, swelling of the mucous membrane, and not injure the irritated throat, you must adhere to a special diet.
Nutrition principles:
It is necessary to exclude hot, sour, spicy, salty foods from the diet, give up heavy fatty and sweet dishes, and junk food;
all dishes must have a comfortable temperature and soft consistency;
the menu should contain a lot of vegetables and fruits, especially those high in vitamin C and iodine - greens, bell peppers, carrots, seaweed;
Every day you need to consume 10–15 ml of olive or corn oil;
Fermented milk products will help speed up recovery and prevent the development of dysbiosis when taking antibiotics;
Smoking and drinking alcohol are strictly prohibited.

Garlic, onions, ginger, cinnamon, and star anise effectively fight viruses.
If you have a sore throat, you should not eat spicy food.
Possible complications
Without proper and timely treatment, acute inflammatory processes in the throat turn into chronic diseases, which is fraught with constant relapses at the slightest hypothermia and weakened immunity.
What are the dangers of throat diseases?
tonsillitis often causes complications in the heart, joints, kidneys - rheumatism, infectious polyarthritis, paratonsillitis, nephritis develop;
with chronic tonsillitis, vasculitis and skin dermatoses often develop;
hypotonic dysphonia – the functioning of the vocal cords and laryngeal muscles worsens;
jaw spasm;
retropharyngeal abscess;
chronic bronchitis, sinusitis, sinusitis, otitis;
severe eye pathologies;
hepatitis A, B.

If streptococci from the tissues of the throat penetrate into the blood, sepsis will begin to rapidly develop.

If your throat is not treated, chronic sinusitis may develop.
Prevention
To prevent the development of throat diseases, you need to follow simple rules of prevention and strengthen the immune system.
How to avoid a sore throat:
take daily walks in the fresh air;
stop smoking;
maintain optimal temperature and humidity in the room;
eat food at a comfortable temperature;
the diet should contain a sufficient amount of vitamins and microelements;
avoid hypothermia.

Stop smoking to avoid throat diseases
To avoid catching an infection, you must follow the rules of hygiene, do not touch your face with dirty hands, take antiviral drugs during epidemics of acute respiratory viral infections and influenza, and lubricate your nose with oxolinic ointment when leaving the house.
The list and symptoms of throat diseases are quite large, so if you experience discomfort when swallowing or hoarseness, you should consult a doctor. Correct diagnosis and adequate therapy will help avoid the development of severe, sometimes fatal, complications.