Which doctor prescribes nootropics? Nootropic drugs. What determines the therapeutic effect of drugs from this group?

The modern rhythm of life can easily unsettle you. Heavy loads at work and study negatively affect the state of the nervous system. To improve performance, there are special drugs that stimulate the human body and increase productivity. Nootropic drugs were created for people who have suffered traumatic brain injury and stroke. But, often, they are prescribed to healthy people to improve brain function and relieve stress on the nervous system. We have compiled a rating of the best new generation nootropic drugs that deserve respect and trust. .

The best nootropic drugs without additional effects

Nootropil is the best nootropic drug of the new generation, which is most often prescribed to patients experiencing memory problems. It stimulates certain areas of the brain and improves its activity. Nootropil is sold both in tablets and in solution for intravenous administration. Doctors recommend using a nootropin drug, not only for medical reasons, but also as a preventive measure, especially at times when stress levels are greatly increased. It does not dilate blood vessels, which is very good for teenagers and students who plan to improve brain activity during exam periods.

Pros:

• Can be used during increased mental stress. For example, during exam periods, when stress and brain activity have the greatest impact on the nervous system;
• Protects brain cells from hypoxia;
• Can be given to schoolchildren;
• Reduces stress levels, increases concentration and attention level.

Minuses:

• Should not be used by people with renal failure or after a cerebral hemorrhage;
• Improvements begin to be felt only after two weeks of use.

In official terms, Cavinton (vinpocetine) is in the category of drugs that improve blood circulation in the brain. But in terms of its chemical composition, it is also one of the best nootropic drugs of the new generation. The medicine can be used for a wide range of diseases, as well as in preventive measures to increase brain activity.

Pros:

• Reduces stress levels and improves brain activity;
• Can be used to improve concentration:
• Sold in tablets and liquid form.

Minuses:

• For elderly people with heart rhythm disturbances, it is not recommended.

Pantogam is the best new generation nootropic drug developed based on herbs. It has a positive effect on brain activity, improves thought processes and allows you to concentrate. The manufacturer assures that Pantogam is suitable even for children, especially schoolchildren during exam periods. Doctors also recommend this nootropic drug to people who are stressed and at the level of nervous exhaustion.

Pros:

• An effective drug;
• Suitable for children;
• Herbal based.

Minuses:

• Do not use for kidney problems, pregnant or breastfeeding mothers.

The best nootropic drug of the new generation, Semax, will appeal to customers who do not like swallowing pills, much less administering the medicine intravenously. It is instilled into the nose and affects proteins that interact with the nervous system. The drug begins to act instantly; immediately after administration, you feel an improvement in concentration and a decrease in stress levels. Semax is the best nootropic drug developed according to the most modern requirements.

Pros:

• Convenient input method;
• Valid for 24 hours after a single injection.

Minuses:

• It should not be used during pregnancy or breastfeeding, and is also not recommended for people suffering from acute psychosis.

The list of drugs in this group contains substances that help protect the brain from damage and stimulate nerve cells to restore them to the level of healthy people.

Nootropic drug, what is it?

The concept of “nootropic drug” was first introduced in the last century by Belgian pharmacologists.

Nootropics are neurometabolic stimulants that activate metabolic processes in the brain, increasing its overall resistance to extreme situations and influences.

A distinctive factor from psychostimulants is that nootropics are antihypoxants (resist oxygen starvation of the brain), but do not negatively affect the human body, do not lead to disruptions in the functioning of the brain, and do not impair coordination of movements.

Medicines in this group are often of interest to students and people who experience severe intellectual or stress loads, since the instructions indicate that the drugs promote better assimilation of information, quick thinking, improvements in studies and smooth out the effect on the brain under stress and mental stress.

In pharmacology, there is one division of nootropics into two groups:

Which pharmacological group do they belong to?

The nootropic group includes drugs with nootropic action, and they are classified in pharmacology under the code (ATC code: N06ВХ).

The first drug in the group of nootropic drugs is Piracetam.

It was opened back in 1963, and gave rise to their development. The nootropic became the main competitor of psychostimulants, since the side effects from it were not so serious.

Nootropic therapy does not cause addiction, toxic damage, agitation and exhaustion of the body, which are inherent in psychostimulants. In the initial stages of the drug's development, it was used to treat brain dysfunction in older people.

Fact! In modern pharmacology, Piracetam is listed under the name Nootropil.

The table shows a list of drugs that are most often prescribed in nootropic treatment.

Mechanism of action of nootropics

Most drugs in the nootropic group affect neurotransmitters (substances that promote the interaction of nerve cells with each other).

Nootropic therapy affects acetylcholine (which carries out neuromuscular transmission), serotonin (the hormone of happiness), dopamine (the precursor of norepinephrine, which is a necessary part of the “reward system” of the brain, as it induces a feeling of pleasure, which affects the processes of motivation and learning) and norepinephrine ( one of the most important “mediators of wakefulness”).

The effect of a nootropic can prolong life and rejuvenate the body.

Also, these drugs protect nerve cells from deformation and eliminate oxygen starvation, stimulate metabolic processes and simply improve blood circulation in brain tissue.

Different drugs from the nootropic group can have different effects on the body, it all depends on the group to which the drug belongs.

Among them:

Fact! To stimulate biochemical processes in the brain, it may take from a couple of days to a couple of weeks, depending on the drug used. This explains why nootropics are used in courses. There is no point in taking pills immediately before exercising your brain; you should start using them about a month in advance.

What effect do nootropics have?

The impact on the above mechanisms in the brain makes it possible to conclude that the following positive effects have on the body and its systems:

• Vasovegetative action characterized by acceleration of blood circulation and elimination of the main signs of neurocircular dystonia;
• Antihypoxic effect due to the formation of increased resistance of brain cells to oxygen starvation;
• Antidepressant effect. Certain nootropics are prescribed for depression and are aimed at counteracting it;
• Psychostimulating effect caused by stimulation of brain functioning in people with mental disorders suffering from apathy and motor retardation;
• Antiepileptic effect characterized by the fact that it prevents convulsions, confusion and complete loss of consciousness, as well as the prevention of behavioral and autonomic system disorders;
• Sedative effect characterized by a calming effect;
• Nootropic effect is aimed at stimulating cognitive activity;
• Antitoxic action e - this is neutralization, or removal of toxins from the human body;
• Adaptogenic effect due to the development of the body’s resistance to the influence of negative factors;
• Immunostimulating effect characterized by strengthening the immune system and increasing the body’s overall resistance;
• Lipolytic action due to the use of fatty acids as a source of energy.

Note! Nootropics, in most cases, are prescribed for the elderly and children. This is explained by the fact that in old age it is necessary to correct deviations in the functionality of intellectual activity (memory, attention). Prescription in childhood occurs in the fight against intellectual development disorders of the child.

Is it dangerous to be treated with nootropics and are they harmful?

The consequences of using nootropics can range from headaches and dizziness to overexcitation of the nervous system.

But since they are not pathologically dangerous, the catalog of drugs can be prescribed to almost any patient.

The most serious and common side effect is withdrawal symptoms.

It can occur when the use of medications is abruptly stopped, which leads to suffering in the body.

Its most common manifestations can be headaches, lethargy, aggressiveness, loss of sleep, dizziness, etc. That is why the cessation of the course of treatment occurs with a gradual reduction in the drugs used.

The main side effects reported with nootropics are listed below:

Indications for the use of nootropics

The main indications for nootropics and their therapy are the following:

Contraindications to the use of nootropics are:

• Hemorrhagic stroke;
• Severe kidney pathologies;
• The period of bearing and feeding a child;
• Kidney or liver failure;
• Clearly manifested psychomotor agitation;
• Sensitivity to the active ingredients of the drug.

Most Common Nootropics

Nootropic therapy medications are divided into groups of new and old generation. The latter include medications that were discovered a long time ago, even at the start of neurostimulants. These are the production forms of Piracetam.

Such drugs are:

• Pramiracetam;
• Aniracetam;
• Oxiracetam;
• Isacetam;
• Etiracetam;
• Detiracetam;
• Nefiracetam.

After the nineties of the twentieth century, a new round took place in the history of the development of nootropics. New drugs have a selective effect on individual body functions.

The most commonly prescribed new generation drugs are:

• Pantogam– the most effective nootropic drug, often used for treatment in childhood. The main active ingredient is vitamin B15, which is found in almost all plant substances;
• Phenibut is prescribed for a state of general weakness, neuroses, sleep disorders and deviations in the normal functioning of the vestibular apparatus. The interaction of Phenibut helps children overcome stuttering and various tics. This drug normalizes metabolism, stimulates mental processes (memory, attention, etc.), and also has an antioxidant effect. This drug contains practically no toxins and does not cause allergies;
• Fezam is a nootropic prescribed in combination with other drugs for problems with blood circulation in the brain cavity. This drug eliminates the effects of oxygen starvation, helps against headaches, migraines, dizziness and memory loss. Long courses of treatment are prescribed for stroke, traumatic brain injury and inflammation of the membranes and tissues of the brain;
• Piracetam is a classic remedy prescribed to improve metabolic processes in the brain. Effectively treats dizziness, improves memory, and treats encephalopathy in childhood. The drug quickly relieves the negative effects of excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages. It is used for viral neuroinfections and as one of the drugs for restoration after death of heart muscle tissue. The drug is sold both in tablets and in ampoules, solutions, syrups and capsules, which helps to choose the most convenient form of use;
• Cinnarazine– a drug from the nootropic group that helps expand the walls of brain vessels and helps increase their size without affecting blood pressure. Nootropil cinnarizine is an effective drug against motion sickness, as well as suppressing nystagmus. The drug helps relieve high blood pressure, tinnitus, general weakness, headaches, restores normal sleep, removes aggressiveness, etc.;
• Actovegin– a drug from the group of nootropics, aimed at combating oxygen starvation of the brain, restoring metabolic processes, and promoting rapid healing of wounds. The drug is available in tablets and as an ointment or cream;
• Cerebrolysin is a nootropic used in combination with other medications. This drug has passed all tests and confirmed its safety and effectiveness. Stimulates mental activity and improves mood. Long-term use of the drug improves memory processes, increases concentration and the ability to learn.

What actions will help you recover faster and keep your body normal?

Preventive actions to prevent the use of nootropics are:

• Maintaining a daily routine with proper rest and sleep (at least 8 hours);
• Proper nutrition should be balanced and varied, with plenty of vitamins and nutrients;
• Maintaining water balance (at least 1.5 liters of clean water per day) will help the blood not to thicken and circulate normally;
• Avoid stressful situations, psycho-emotional and intellectual excessive stress;
• Stop smoking, alcohol and drugs;
• Get a full examination once a year.

Conclusion

Nootropic drugs are effective means used to improve the functioning of brain processes.

It is especially effective to take them in courses, in advance of intellectual or psycho-emotional stress.

A wide range of drugs and a low chance of side effects make the drugs accessible and effective. To prevent complications, it is better to consult a qualified doctor.

Nootropics (Greek) noos- thinking, mind; tropos- direction) - means that have a specific positive effect on the higher integrative functions of the brain. They improve mental activity, stimulate cognitive functions, learning and memory, increase the brain’s resistance to various damaging factors, incl. to extreme stress and hypoxia. In addition, nootropics have the ability to reduce neurological deficits and improve cortico-subcortical connections.

The concept of nootropic drugs arose in 1963, when the first drug of this group, piracetam, was synthesized and clinically used by Belgian pharmacologists S. Giurgea and V. Skondia. Subsequent studies have shown that piracetam facilitates learning processes and improves memory. Like psychostimulants, the drug increased mental performance, but did not have the side effects inherent in them. In 1972, K. Giurgea proposed the term “nootropics” to designate a class of drugs that have a positive effect on the higher integrative functions of the brain.

There is a group of “true” nootropic drugs, for which the ability to improve mnestic functions is the main, and sometimes the only effect, and a group of nootropic drugs of mixed action (“neuroprotectors”), in which the mnestic effect is complemented and often overlaps with other, no less significant ones. manifestations of action. A number of substances belonging to the group of nootropic drugs have a fairly wide range of pharmacological activity, including antihypoxic, anxiolytic, sedative, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant and other effects.

The nootropic effect of the drug can be either primary (direct effect on the nerve cell) or secondary, due to the improvement of cerebral blood flow and microcirculation, antiplatelet and antihypoxic effects.

There are a number of synonyms to designate substances in this group: neurodynamic, neuroregulatory, neuroanabolic or eutotrophic agents, neurometabolic cerebroprotectors, neurometabolic stimulants. These terms reflect the general property of the drugs - the ability to stimulate metabolic processes in nervous tissue, especially in various disorders (anoxia, ischemia, intoxication, injury, etc.), returning them to normal levels.

After the successful introduction of piracetam into medical practice, more than 10 original nootropic drugs of the pyrrolidine series were synthesized, currently in phase III clinical trials or already registered in a number of countries: oxiracetam, aniracetam, etiracetam, pramiracetam, dupracetam, rolisiracetam, cebracetam, nefiracetam, isacetam , detiracetam, etc. These nootropic drugs, based on their chemical structure, are called “racetams”. Following them, other groups of nootropic drugs began to form, including cholinergic, GABAergic, glutamatergic, peptidergic; in addition, nootropic activity was identified in some previously known substances.

Existing nootropic drugs can be classified as follows:

1. Pyrrolidine derivatives (racetams): piracetam, etiracetam, aniracetam, oxiracetam, pramiracetam, dupracetam, rolisiracetam, etc.

2. Dimethylaminoethanol derivatives (precursors of acetylcholine): deanol aceglumate, meclofenoxate.

3. Pyridoxine derivatives: pyritinol, Biotredin.

4. Derivatives and analogues of GABA: gamma-aminobutyric acid (Aminalon), nicotinoyl-GABA (Picamilon), gamma-amino-beta-phenylbutyric acid hydrochloride (Phenibut), hopantenic acid, pantogam, calcium gamma-hydroxybutyrate (Neurobutal).

5. Cerebrovascular agents: ginkgo biloba.

6. Neuropeptides and their analogues: Semax.

7. Amino acids and substances affecting the system of stimulating amino acids: glycine, Biotredin.

8. Derivatives of 2-mercantobenzimidazole: ethylthiobenzimidazole hydrobromide (Bemityl).

9. Vitamin-like agents: idebenone.

10. Polypeptides and organic composites: Cortexin, Cerebrolysin, Cerebramin.

11. Substances of other pharmacological groups with a nootropic component:

Correctors of cerebrovascular disorders: nicergoline, vinpocetine, xanthinol nicotinate, vincamine, naftidrofuryl, cinnarizine;

General tonics and adaptogens: acetylaminosuccinic acid, ginseng extract, melatonin, lecithin.

Psychostimulants: salbutiamine;

Antihypoxants and antioxidants: oxymethylethylpyridine succinate (Mexidol).

Signs of nootropic activity are present in the pharmacodynamics of glutamic acid, memantine and levocarnitine.

In addition, the experiment showed the nootropic effect of a number of neuropeptides and their synthetic analogues (ACTH and its fragments, somatostatin, vasopressin, oxytocin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, melanostatin, cholecystokinin, neuropeptide Y, substance P, angiotensin II, cholecystokinin-8, peptide analogues of piracetam, etc. .).

Currently, the main mechanisms of action of nootropic drugs are considered to be the influence on metabolic and bioenergetic processes in the nerve cell and interaction with the neurotransmitter systems of the brain. Neurometabolic stimulants improve penetration through the BBB and glucose utilization (especially in the cerebral cortex, subcortical ganglia, hypothalamus and cerebellum), improve the exchange of nucleic acids, and activate the synthesis of ATP, protein and RNA. The effect of a number of nootropics is mediated through the neurotransmitter systems of the brain, among which the most important are: monoaminergic (piracetam causes an increase in the content of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, some other nootropics - serotonin), cholinergic (piracetam and meclofenoxate increase the content of acetylcholine in synaptic endings and the density of cholinergic receptors, choline alfoscerate, pyridoxine and pyrrolidine derivatives improve cholinergic transmission in the central nervous system), glutamatergic (memantine and glycine act through N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subtype).

As a result of clinical studies and animal experiments, a number of additional mechanisms have also been identified that contribute to the nootropic activity of neurometabolic stimulants. Nootropics have membrane stabilizing (regulation of the synthesis of phospholipids and proteins in nerve cells, stabilization and normalization of the structure of cell membranes), antioxidant (inhibition of the formation of free radicals and lipid peroxidation of cell membranes), antihypoxic (reducing the oxygen demand of neurons under hypoxic conditions) and neuroprotective effects ( increasing the resistance of nerve cells to the effects of unfavorable factors of various origins). A significant role is played by improving microcirculation in the brain by optimizing the passage of red blood cells through the microvasculature and inhibiting platelet aggregation.

The result of the complex effect of nootropic drugs is an improvement in the bioelectrical activity and integrative activity of the brain, which is manifested by characteristic changes in electrophysiological patterns (facilitation of the passage of information between the hemispheres, an increase in the level of wakefulness, an increase in the absolute and relative power of the EEG spectrum of the cortex and hippocampus, an increase in the dominant peak). Increased cortico-subcortical control, improved information exchange in the brain, a positive effect on the formation and reproduction of a memory trace lead to improved memory, perception, attention, thinking, increased learning ability, and activation of intellectual functions. The ability to improve cognitive functions has given rise to the designation of nootropic drugs as “cognitive stimulants.”

In the spectrum of pharmacological activity of nootropics (neurometabolic stimulants), the following main effects are distinguished:

1. Nootropic effect (impact on impaired higher cortical functions, level of judgment and critical capabilities, improvement of cortical control of subcortical activity, thinking, attention, speech).

2. Mnemotropic effect (effect on memory, learning ability).

3. Increasing the level of wakefulness, clarity of consciousness (impact on the state of depressed and darkened consciousness).

4. Adaptogenic effect (increasing the body’s overall resistance to extreme factors).

5. Antiasthenic effect (reducing the severity of weakness, lethargy, exhaustion, mental and physical asthenia).

6. Psychostimulating effect (influence on apathy, hypobulia, spontaneity, poverty of motives, mental inertia, psychomotor retardation).

7. Antidepressant effect.

8. Sedative/tranquilizing effect, reducing irritability and emotional excitability.

In addition, nootropics affect the autonomic nervous system and help correct disorders in parkinsonism and epilepsy.

Of the above pharmacodynamic properties, some are common to all nootropic drugs, others are inherent only in some of them.

The stimulating effect of nootropics on mental activity is not accompanied by speech and motor excitation, depletion of the body's functional capabilities, or the development of addiction and addiction. However, in some cases they can cause restlessness and sleep disturbances. The positive properties of nootropics are their low toxicity, good compatibility with drugs from other pharmacological groups and the virtual absence of side effects and complications. It should be noted that the effects of this group develop gradually (usually after several weeks of use), which makes it necessary to prescribe them for a long time.

Initially, nootropics were used primarily to treat brain dysfunction in elderly patients with organic brain syndrome. In recent years, they have become widely used in various fields of medicine, including geriatric, obstetric and pediatric practice, neurology, psychiatry and addiction medicine.

Nootropic drugs are used for dementia of various origins (vascular, senile, Alzheimer's disease), chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency, psychoorganic syndrome, the consequences of cerebrovascular accidents, traumatic brain injury, intoxication, neuroinfection, intellectual-mnestic disorders (impaired memory, concentration, thinking ), asthenic, asthenic-depressive and depressive syndrome, neurotic and neurosis-like disorder, vegetative-vascular dystonia, chronic alcoholism (encephalopathy, psychoorganic syndrome, abstinence), to improve mental performance. In pediatric practice, indications for prescribing nootropics include delayed mental and speech development, mental retardation, consequences of perinatal damage to the central nervous system, cerebral palsy, attention deficit disorder. In acute conditions in the neurological clinic (acute ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury), the effectiveness of piracetam, choline alfoscerate, glycine, and Cerebrolysin has been shown. Some nootropics are used to correct neuroleptic syndrome (deanol aceglumate, pyritinol, pantogam, hopantenic acid), stuttering (Phenibut, pantogam), hyperkinesis (Phenibut, hopantenic acid, memantine), urinary disorders (nicotinoyl-GABA, pantogam), sleep disorders (glycine , Phenibut, calcium gamma-hydroxybutyrate), migraines (nicotinoyl-GABA, pyritinol, Semax), dizziness (piracetam, Phenibut, ginkgo biloba), for the prevention of motion sickness (Phenibut, GABA). In ophthalmology (as part of complex therapy), nicotinoyl-GABA is used (open-angle glaucoma, vascular diseases of the retina and macula), ginkgo biloba (senile macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy).

The last decade of the 20th century was marked by a high pace of research activity related to the search and study of the mechanism of action of new and existing nootropic drugs. The search for a basic hypothesis of the action of nootropics is still ongoing, one that can integrate already known aspects of the mechanism of action of nootropics and determine their future fate. It is urgent to search for new drugs that would have greater pharmacological activity and would have a selective effect on the integrative functions of the brain, correcting the patient’s psychopathological state, his mental activity and orientation in everyday life.

Drugs

Drugs - 3733 ; Trade names - 152 ; Active ingredients - 26

Nootropic drugs that improve nutrition and blood circulation in the brain belong to the category of drugs that improve the activity of higher mental functions of the brain:

Another positive effect is considered to be the protection of the gray matter of the brain from overload and oxygen starvation. They are also used in the treatment of strokes and heart attacks.

Pharmacological group

Nootropics are placed in a separate pharmacological group (ATC code: N06ВХ).

Piracetam (1963) is considered the first discovered nootropic, which gave rise to the “racetome” branch. It became the main competitor for psychostimulants, but did not have the side effects (addiction, exhaustion, psychomotor agitation, intoxication) that the latter were prone to. The new synthesized drug improved memory, attention, and helped to concentrate better. In its early days, the new drug was used to treat brain dysfunction in older people.

In 1972, a new designation was proposed - “nootropic”. Piracetam is now known under the trade name Nootropil. However, the mechanism of its action has not yet been fully studied.

What determines the therapeutic effect of drugs from this group?

Ensures the operation of the following mechanisms, thanks to which the positive effect of taking nootropics is achieved:

• supports the energy structure of the neuron;
• improves the main and conductive functions of the central nervous system;
• activates the plastic function of the central nervous system;
• improves metabolic processes (glucose utilization);
• stabilizes cell membranes;
• reduces the neuron's need for oxygen;
• has a neuroprotective effect.

Pharmacological properties and mechanism of action

The active substances of nootropic drugs penetrate well through the myelin barrier of nerve fibers. In the neuron, metabolism, bioenergetic and bioelectric processes are enhanced, and neurotransmitter exchanges are accelerated.

In the nerve cell, the concentration of adenylate cyclase and norepinephrine increases; ATP (even in conditions of lack of oxygen), GABA, and dopamine are more actively produced. The work and release of the mediator serotonin occurs faster, and glucose is utilized more efficiently.

Due to these processes, the body receives a stimulating effect in relation to cognitive functions, for which nootropics received the additional name “cognition stimulants.” In addition to positive changes in the nerve cell, neurostimulants improve microcirculation and blood flow in the brain.

Result of action and expected effect

Nootropic action leads to the following effects:

• the thinking function is activated;
• memory improves;
• consciousness clears up;
• physical strength increases;
• an antidepressant effect occurs;
• a sedative effect appears;
• fat burning occurs;
• immunity is strengthened;
• operational readiness is activated.

Classification of modern nootropics

There is a huge number of developed nootropic drugs around the world (the full list includes up to 132 items). In pharmacology, the following groups of drugs have been synthesized, which are divided according to their chemical composition:

1. Pyrrolidine group (“racetams”): Etiracetam; Oxiracetam; Pramiracetam.
2. Group derived from dimethylaminoethanol: Phenotropil; Deanol aceglumate; Meclofenoxate.
3. GABAergic: Aminalon; Picamilon; Phenibut.
4. Group derived from pyridoxine: Pyritinol; Biotredin.
5. Neuropeptides: Noopept; Semax; Selank.
6. Polypeptides: Cortexin; Cerebrolysin; Cerebramin.
7. Amino acids: Glycine; Biotredin.
8. Group derived from 2-mercantobenzimidazole: ethylthiobenzimidazole hydrobromide (Bemityl).
9. Vitamin: Idebenone.

Old and new generation drugs

Nootropic drugs are also divided into old and new generation groups. Old-generation nootropics include drugs discovered at the dawn of the synthesis of neurostimulants. This is the so-called derivatives of the first discovered nootropic – Piracetam (“racetams”). These include:

• Oxiracetam;
• Aniracetam;
• Etiracetam;
• Pramiracetam;
• Dupracetam;
• Rolisiracetam;
• Cebracetam;
• Nefiracetam;
• Isacetam;
• Detiracetam.

With the onset of the 90s of the 20th century. A new page is opening in the history of the development of nootropics. Modern drugs have a more flexible selective action and fewer side effects. Here is a list of the most popular new generation nootropic drugs:

• Phezam (improves cerebral circulation, protein and energy metabolism, has a vasodilating effect);
• Phenylpiracetam (recovery after a stroke, improved attention, concentration, memory, improves the transfer of information between the hemispheres, anticonvulsant effect);
• Noopept (memory restoration and other lost cognitive functions, relief of anxiety, treatment of headaches);
• Selank (relieves anxiety and stress, enhances mental capabilities, elevates mood).

What is good for a Russian is death for a German

In the post-Soviet space, nootropics are associated with drugs that enhance “brain metabolism.” However, in addition to nootropic, these drugs also have a number of other therapeutic effects. Therefore, brain stimulants are also used as medicines for brain diseases.

Drugs of this group can be prescribed for the following disorders:

Basically, such treatment is experimental in nature and often leads to side effects and increased symptoms of certain diseases.

Let's consider the indications and contraindications for use for the most popular drugs in this group.

Piracetam

Has structural similarities to GABA. It has neuroprotective and vascular effects. Indications for use of piracetam:

Despite the fact that in Western medicine this drug is not a drug, in Russia piracetam began to be used for therapeutic purposes for a number of diseases:

Contraindications to the use of the drug:

Fenotropil

A new generation nootropic, which belongs to the group of so-called. "racetams". Stimulates motor reactions (similar to doping). It has an anticonvulsant and antiasthenic effect. Indications for use:

Contraindications for use: individual intolerance.

Semax

A domestic development belonging to the group of neuropeptide nootropic drugs. Applicable for the following cases:

• increasing adaptive capabilities under stress;
• prevention of psycho-emotional overload;
• deterioration in concentration;
• memory impairment;
• recovery after craniocerebral surgery;
• migraine.

There are the following contraindications:

• increased sensitivity to nootropic components;
• acute mental illness;
• anxiety;
• convulsions.

Side effects

Nootropics are a double-edged sword when it comes to brain function. Taking them in compliance with all instructions will have a beneficial effect. However, if you deviate even one step from the doctors’ instructions, this can lead to an increase in the symptoms of the disease for which the drug is prescribed, or have a negative effect on cognitive functions.

Let's look at the pronounced side effects using examples of the most popular drugs:

1. Piracetam. Side effects caused by this drug: deterioration of intellectual abilities; worsening dementia; increased anxiety and irritability; sleep disturbance or drowsiness; decreased concentration; disruption of the gastrointestinal tract (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea).
2. Phenotropil. The side effects caused by this drug are as follows: insomnia; psychomotor agitation; hyperemia of the skin; increased blood pressure; feeling of warmth.
3. Semax. No side effects have been identified, except for irritation of the nasal mucosa with frequent use of the bottle.

Features of application

It should be remembered that a drug that stimulates brain activity must be used only after certain conditions are met.

The first thing to do is consult a neurologist. After you receive a positive verdict from the doctor, you should prepare your body to take the nootropic.

This preparation consists of a kind of laying the foundation on which the building of the effective influence of the brain stimulator will be erected. This foundation is the fortification of the body, in which the necessary substances when taking a nootropic will quickly and efficiently reach the brain at the molecular level, which will allow the stimulant to be better absorbed. Fortification includes the following substances and natural complexes:

Dosages and regimens for taking nootropics from the TOP-3

Nuances of use and dosage of popular nootropic drugs.

He was the first

The beneficial effects of Piracetam appear only after long-term use. Excretion from the body through the kidneys. Course 6-8 weeks mg/day.

• capsules;
• solution for intramuscular and intravenous administration;
• solution for oral administration;
• syrup;
• pills.

Fenotropil

After administration, Phenotropil is quickly absorbed by the body and penetrates into all tissues. Excretion from the body is carried out through the kidneys and liver.

Domestic development

Methods of taking Semax:

Release form: dropper bottle.

Golden ten

Based on reviews, we have compiled a list of the best nootropic drugs according to people:

Efficiency not proven?

The attitude of medical luminaries towards nootropics is shrouded in doubt and uncertainty. Countless clinical trials of nootropics are still being conducted, but this pharmacological group has not managed to gain a foothold in the status of drugs with proven effectiveness.

Observations by specialists have made it possible to draw a number of more or less stable conclusions regarding the following drugs:

1. Piracetam. Clinical studies (333 studies since 1972) have shown that the drug has an enhancing effect on the effect of taking antidepressants, psychostimulants and indirect anticoagulants. Its effectiveness has been proven in the treatment of ischemic strokes (except acute) and heart attacks, due to its ability to relieve oxygen deficiency.
2. Vinpocetine. This drug, which has passed 27 clinical trials, still remains unconvincing for specialists in some of its properties. However, it was noted that the drug can have a vascular effect (vasodilator) and stimulates metabolism in brain tissue. It is used for brain injuries, strokes, cerebral atherosclerosis, and memory disorders.
3. Cerebrolysin. 53 clinical trials. Doctors noted that the drug has a positive effect in the treatment of acute strokes and helps alleviate the condition of patients with Alzheimer's disease.

What is there for children?

For children, there are special granules for making syrup. In pediatric practice, there are cases of the use of nootropics in cases of the following disorders:

• cerebrasthenic;
• encephalopathic;
• memory impairment;
• intellectual inhibition.

Indications for the use of nootropics in childhood:

Patient reviews and a doctor's review of nootropics will help to finally clarify the situation.

The opinion of ordinary people

I took Piracetam capsules. The drug really works, but you shouldn't expect anything supernatural from it. I never became a genius, but the learning processes are really improving, which helped me successfully prepare for the exam at the institute. It also helped me concentrate on exams.

The first nootropic I came across was Piracetam. I took it according to all the rules (along with vitamins and lecithin). After a two-month course, I can say that I liked the effect: increased excitement, desire to do something, long-term concentration.

I became interested in the topic of nootropics for a long time, I tried a lot and I especially want to mention Phenotropil. After taking it, you feel the effect of slowing down time. I have time for everything. More than enough strength. I once wrote a coursework in 3 hours (I took 3 pills).

Doctor Review

As a doctor, I am interested in the effect of nootropics within the framework of evidence-based medicine. Let's define the terms. Evidence-based medicine is a series of studies of a drug or treatment method on a certain number of patients. Methods and drugs that have passed this selection can be considered proven effective.

Does this mean that all methods and medicines that have not received recognition from doctors and remain with the status of “ineffective” cannot be used in medical practice? Rated drugs that have successfully passed testing do not always have the desired effect. Just like drugs that were screened out during research may still be useful.

Nootropics are heavily criticized in the light of evidence-based medicine; their effect is equated to the placebo effect. Most of these drugs have not gained acceptance.

But I cannot agree with this position, since for 15 years I have been observing a pronounced clinical effect from some nootropic drugs (Phenibut). On the other hand, the drug Picamelon does not give such a rosy picture - the desired effect is not observed.

The well-known stimulant of brain activity Nootropil has shown itself remarkably in terms of stimulating operational readiness. However, none of these drugs have received recognition from the scientific community.

Thus, the doctor should not blindly focus on the standards of evidence-based medicine. He must select what is appropriate for this particular patient in this particular situation.

Summing up

Over the course of its almost half-century history, this pharmacological group has undergone significant evolution. More than a hundred trade names of nootropics have been created.

Their functionality includes a wide practical range: from the treatment of senile brain dysfunction to use in obstetrics, neurology and psychiatry. However, the mechanisms of their effect on the human body have not yet been solved - scientists have not yet come to the main proven hypothesis of his work.

Further testing of the drug is ongoing, and new samples are being synthesized.

I really like nootronic, my wife and I drink it, now we don’t sit at home exhausted after a hard day at work))

I don't know if nootropics work. I prescribe them because the old guys at the institute said that this is how it should be done. Children have been taking them for years and there is an effect, but how to prove that this effect is precisely from the nootropic, and not from other methods of treatment or simply compensation by the body? I read the results of studies (333 on Piracetam, of which exactly 0 (N-O-L-L) - proved that it has an effect), I read about the clinical experience of foreign colleagues - “nootropics are considered dietary supplements and are not on the list of drugs in the USA and Europe” . Parents ask me “Do they work?!”

I convince them, persuade them to take Cortexin, Pantogam, Phenibut, Cerebrolysin, etc. But I myself am not sure of their effectiveness.

P.S.: My friend Socrates, let's define the terms - “evidence-based medicine” is based on evidence, not the opinion of doctors (the opinion of experts is the criterion of effectiveness D, while the results of research are criterion A or B. There is also C - this is the result of studies of effectiveness , but on a very narrow sample and specific conditions. There are also F. and E).

P.P.S. There is drug No. 1 and drug No. 2. It has been proven that drug No. 1 acts on the body and leads to result X and does not lead to result Y, Z.

It has been proven that drug No. 2 acts on the body and does not lead to result Y.

And then there is a researcher who wants to see result Y after drug No. 2.

and having seen result Y after using drugs No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, do you think it is logical to explain this as a result of the action of drug No. 2?

Nootropics: action, indications, list of modern and effective ones, reviews

Nootropics are a group of psychotropic drugs that affect the higher functions of the brain and increase its resistance to negative exogenous factors: excessive stress, intoxication, injury or hypoxia. Nootropic drugs improve memory, increase intelligence, and stimulate cognitive activity.

From the ancient Greek language, the term “nootropics” means “the desire for thinking.” This concept was first introduced in the last century by pharmacologists from Belgium. Cerebroprotectors activate neurometabolic processes in the brain and increase the body’s overall resistance to extreme factors.

Nootropics were not separated into an independent pharmacological group; they were combined with psychostimulants. Unlike the latter, nootropic drugs are antihypoxants, but do not have a negative effect on the body, do not disrupt brain activity, do not affect motor reactions, and do not have a hypnotic or analgesic effect. Nootropics do not increase psychophysical activity and do not cause pharmacological dependence.

All nootropic drugs are divided into 2 large groups:

• “True” nootropics that have the only effect - improving memory and speech;
• “Neuroprotectors” with antihypoxic, sedative, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant effects.

Nootropics have a primary effect, which is a direct effect on the structures of the nervous system, and a secondary effect aimed at improving microcirculation in the brain, preventing thrombosis and hypoxia. Nootropic drugs stimulate metabolic processes in nervous tissue and normalize them during ischemia, poisoning and traumatic injury.

Currently, pharmacologists are developing and synthesizing new nootropic drugs that have fewer side effects and are more effective. They are characterized by low toxicity and practically do not cause complications. The therapeutic effect of nootropics develops gradually. They should be taken continuously and for a long time.

New generation nootropics are used in various medical fields: pediatrics, obstetrics, neurology, psychiatry and addiction medicine.

Mechanism of action

Nootropics have a direct effect on a number of brain functions, activate them, stimulate mental activity and memory processes. They facilitate the interaction of the right and left hemispheres, as well as the main centers located in the cerebral cortex. Nootropic drugs rejuvenate the body and prolong life.

Neurometabolic cerebroprotectors are nootropic drugs that received their second name due to their biogenic origin and effect on cellular metabolism. These medications increase glucose utilization and ATP formation, stimulate the biosynthesis of proteins and RNA, suppress the process of oxidative phosphorylation, and stabilize cell membranes.

Mechanisms of action of nootropics:

• Membrane stabilizing;
• Antioxidant;
• Antihypoxic;
• Neuroprotective.

As a result of a course of use of nootropic drugs, mental and cognitive processes improve, intelligence increases, metabolism in the nervous tissue is activated, and the brain's resistance to the negative effects of endogenous and exogenous factors increases. Cerebrovasoactive drugs also have a special mechanism of vasodilatory action.

The effectiveness of nootropics increases when they are combined with angioprotectors and psychostimulants, especially in weakened individuals.

Nootropic drugs are most often prescribed to older people and children. In old age, it is necessary to correct impaired functions of the intellect: attention and memory, as well as increase creative activity. For children, neurometabolic stimulants will help in the fight against mental retardation.

Main effects

Nootropic drugs have the following effects on the human body:

spectrum of action of nootropics

1. Psychostimulant - stimulation of brain functions in mentally inert individuals suffering from hypobulia, apathy, and psychomotor retardation.
2. Antihypoxic - formation of resistance of brain cells to oxygen deficiency.
3. Sedative - a calming, slowing effect on the body.
4. Antiasthenic - elimination of symptoms of asthenic syndrome.
5. Antidepressant - fight against depression.
6. Antiepileptic - prevention of seizures, loss and confusion, behavioral and autonomic disorders.
7. Nootropic - stimulation of cognitive activity.
8. Adaptogenic - the development of resistance of the body to the effects of negative factors.
9. Vasovegetative - acceleration of cerebral blood flow and elimination of the main symptoms of neurocirculatory dystonia.
10. Lipolytic - the use of fatty acids as a source of energy.
11. Antitoxic - neutralization or removal of various toxic substances from the body.
12. Immunostimulating - strengthening the immune system and increasing the overall resistance of the body.

Indications and contraindications

Indications for the use of nootropic drugs:

• Psychoorganic syndrome is a broad group of diseases manifested by dystrophic changes in nervous tissue. These include dementia of various etiologies, neuroinfection, epilepsy, parkinsonism, ischemic stroke, and cerebral palsy.
• Chronic alcoholism with withdrawal symptoms or delirium.
• Addiction.
• Correction of neuroleptic syndrome.
• Asthenia of neurotic or organic origin: asthenodepressive and asthenoneurotic syndromes, vegetative-vascular dystonia, insomnia, migraine, emotional lability.
• Somatovegetative disorders.
• Urinary disorders of neurogenic origin.
• Chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency.
• Neurosis-like and neurotic disorders.
• Chronic psychopathology: neurosis-like disorders, schizophrenia, depressive states, mental retardation in children.
• Sickle cell anemia.
• Organic brain syndrome in the elderly.
• Complex therapy of ophthalmological pathology.

Nootropics are contraindicated in persons with individual hypersensitivity to the main active ingredient of the drug, severe psychomotor agitation, hepatic-renal failure or bulimia, as well as those who have suffered an acute hemorrhagic stroke, suffer from Gettington's chorea, have severe renal impairment, and pregnant and lactating women.

Side effects

Side effects that occur during treatment with nootropic drugs:

1. Hyperexcitability,
2. Weakness,
3. Insomnia,
4. Worry, anxiety,
5. Dyspeptic symptoms
6. Hypotension,
7. Hepato- or nephrotoxicity,
8. Eosinophilia,
9. Frequent attacks of angina pectoris,
10. Convulsions, seizures,
11. Balance imbalance
12. Hallucinations,
13. Ataxia,
14. confusion,
15. Fever,
16. Thrombophlebitis and pain at the injection site,
17. Motor disinhibition,
18. Feeling of heat and facial flushing,
19. Rash on the face and body like urticaria.

Description of drugs

List of the best nootropic drugs that are widely used in medical practice:

• Piracetam has a positive effect on metabolic processes in the brain. The drug is prescribed for the treatment of dizziness, improving memory, correction of dyslexia, cerebrovascular disease and encephalopathy in children. Piracetam is a first-aid remedy for withdrawal symptoms and delirium in alcoholics. It is used for viral neuroinfections and in complex therapy of myocardial infarction.
• Vinpocetine is a neurometabolic agent that dilates blood vessels in the brain and improves microcirculation. The drug supplies brain tissue with oxygen and nutrients and reduces systemic blood pressure. Vinpocetine tablets thin the blood and improve its rheological properties. The medicine has an antioxidant and neuroprotective effect. First, the drug is administered intravenously for 14 days, and then proceed to oral administration of tablets.
• "Phenibut" is prescribed to patients with asthenia, neuroses, insomnia, and dysfunction of the vestibular apparatus. Phenibut helps children cope with stuttering and tics. The drug normalizes metabolism in tissues, has a psychostimulating, antiplatelet and antioxidant effect. Phenibut is low-toxic and non-allergic.
• "Pantogam" is an effective nootropic drug widely used to treat children. The main active ingredient of the medicine is vitamin B 15. This is a physiologically active substance found in almost all plants and products.
• "Phenotropil" is a latest generation drug that is popular with both patients and doctors. It has a pronounced adaptogenic effect and increases the body's resistance to stress. The drug is not addictive. It is often recommended to students while preparing for a session.
• Phezam is a nootropic drug intended for the complex treatment of cerebrovascular disorders. It has an effective effect on the nervous system, improves brain microcirculation, dilates blood vessels, and stimulates the functioning of the organ of hearing and vision. “Fezam” eliminates the effects of hypoxia, relieves headaches, fights dizziness and amnesia. Persons who have suffered a stroke, encephalitis or TBI take Phezam for a long time. It helps patients recover quickly and eliminates the negative consequences of pathologies. “Piracetam” and “Cinnarizine”, which are part of the drug, dilate blood vessels in the brain, improve brain nutrition, protein and carbohydrate metabolism, stimulate local blood flow, and reduce blood viscosity. Thanks to both components, the antihypoxic effect and antiplatelet activity are enhanced, and metabolism in the cells of the nervous system improves.
• "Cinnarizine" is a nootropic drug that strengthens the walls of brain vessels and causes their dilation without changing blood pressure. Cinnarizine has a sensitizing effect, suppresses nystagmus and is an effective preventative against motion sickness. It dilates small arteries and peripheral capillaries. The drug is produced in a single dosage form - in the form of tablets for oral use. "Cinnarizine" is prescribed not only for the treatment of cerebrovascular insufficiency, but also for the prevention of migraine attacks and kinetosis. The medicine relieves the symptoms of vegetative-vascular dystonia and hypertension: tinnitus, weakness, headache, dizziness. "Cinnarizine" is used to alleviate the condition during menopause. The drug normalizes sleep, relieves irritability, headaches, and eliminates hot flashes.
• "Cerebrolysin" is a complex nootropic drug that has undergone clinical trials that have confirmed its effectiveness and safety. The medicine is produced in the form of tablets and solution for injection. Cerebrolysin is prescribed for the treatment of patients with various forms of mental and neurological diseases. According to reviews, Cerebrolysin activates mental processes and improves mood. Long-term use of the drug improves memory processes, increases concentration and learning ability.
• "Actovegin" is an antihypoxic drug intended for the treatment of metabolic and vascular disorders of the brain and promotes rapid wound healing. The medicine is used for the prevention and treatment of radiation skin lesions, peripheral vascular disorders, and diabetic polyneuropathy. "Actovegin" is produced in tablets for oral use, as well as in the form of a solution for intramuscular, intravenous and intra-arterial injections. Actovegin gel, ointment and cream are used topically.

Reviews of nootropics from patients

Most reviews of nootropic drugs are positive, due to their effectiveness in various vascular disorders. Nootropics normalize the condition of patients for a long time, eliminating the symptoms of cerebrovascular insufficiency.

Maria: The drug “Phenibut” helped me cope with a difficult life situation, which first made me depressed, and then completely deprived me of peace and sleep. I wanted to cry and scream all the time. A neurologist prescribed Phenibut to my child. After reading the instructions, I decided to drink it. The pills gave me back my sleep, peace and tranquility. Nervousness, irritability and anxiety no longer torment me. My child began to sleep better after treatment with Phenibut. He no longer throws me tantrums for no reason. I would recommend this drug to people suffering from insomnia, apathy towards everything, and depression. For me, Phenibut is the best nootropic!

Oleg Anatolyevich: “Piracetam” is a classic, true nootropic drug that has had the most beneficial effect on my body. For many years I have been suffering from arthrosis, chondrosis, and vegetative-vascular dystonia. Problems with the spine and blood vessels led to the fact that the brain stopped regularly receiving oxygen and the nutrients it needed. After the first three days of taking Piracetam, I developed drowsiness, which quietly went away on its own, and along with it anxiety, tension and apathy. An amazing lightness appeared in the body. The brain began to work much better, attention and memory improved, and performance increased. My mood improved noticeably and steadily; it became smooth and positive throughout the day. It costs a lot!

Dmitry: Headaches have plagued me since childhood. And not so long ago, panic attacks appeared, rapid heartbeat, pulsation in the temples. The neurologist prescribed me the nootropic drug Phezam. You need to take it in a course of one tablet three times a day. I took a pill during an attack, after which the pulse returned to normal, the headache disappeared, and the anxiety dulled. In addition, I noticed that Phezam is an excellent remedy for nausea, motion sickness and dizziness. I rarely take this drug, but it always helps. I recommend it to anyone who is anxious and often nervous.

Zinaida: I took Picamilon for prophylactic purposes. The body does not always recover quickly after physical or mental stress. Nootropics speed up the healing process. “Picamilon” improves mental state, increases the resistance of the nervous system to aggressive influences, and is used for depression and heavy physical exertion. This harmless drug always helps me. In addition, it is an excellent price-quality ratio. The cost of Picamilon tablets is rubles, and the solution for injection is 120 rubles. In general, I'm satisfied!

Most reviews about the use of nootropics for children are positive. 10 days after the start of treatment, children's sleep improves, it becomes deep and long. They focus better on their studies and comprehend the learning material. The newest nootropic drugs are well tolerated by children. The only disadvantage of drugs in this group is their ability to cause drowsiness and lethargy in the first days of treatment.

Nootropics: list of drugs

Nootropics are a widely used group of drugs in neurology. They improve brain function and have many other positive effects.

Nootropics - what kind of medicine?

Nootropics are understood as a group of psychotropic drugs that increase the resistance of the central nervous system to the effects of negative factors - injuries, poisoning, oxygen starvation, insomnia, stress. Another name for the drugs is cerebroprotectors.

Nootropics are combined into one section with psychostimulants, but they have a significant difference from the latter. They do not cause addiction, do not increase physical activity, are not harmful to the body, and do not affect reactions and essential processes. New generation nootropics are now widely used in neurology, pediatrics, psychiatry, and narcology. The mechanism of action of drugs is based on:

• increasing glucose utilization;
• accelerating the formation of ATP, proteins and RNA;
• suppression of oxidative processes;
• stabilization of cell membranes.

The primary effect of nootropics is a positive effect on the nervous system. The secondary effect is aimed at optimizing blood flow in the brain, preventing the appearance of blood clots, and preventing oxygen deficiency.

Types and functions of nootropics

The entire list of nootropics can be divided into 2 groups - true and neuroprotectors. The former improve memory, speech and a number of other brain functions. The second ones are higher in effectiveness, as they have additional effects - relaxing, sedative, antihypoxic, etc.

Only a doctor can determine which nootropics are best to take. There are different groups of drugs, each of which has its own indications.

Some medications should be taken to improve metabolism in the brain, others are better for increasing cerebral blood flow, and others optimize memory and learning material. Due to the difference in indications, the selection of medications should be entrusted to a specialist.

Who are the drugs indicated for?

Now nootropics are prescribed to adults and children, because the range of their use is very wide. Medicines increase physical activity and endurance, therefore they are indicated for athletes and people involved in physical labor. They will help an elderly person to correct age-related changes in memory, intelligence, and impairments due to dementia.

Schoolchildren and students will find medications useful for better assimilation of information during intense workloads and exams.

What other indications exist for taking medications? This:

1. chronic vascular insufficiency;
2. suffered a stroke and head injury;
3. neuroses, neurotic disorders;
4. vegetative-vascular dystonia;
5. stressful conditions, depression;

Even with urinary disorders that are caused by nervous disorders, nootropics can help. They are also prescribed for anemia, diseases of the eyes and spine.

The most popular nootropics

In the ranking of cerebroprotectors, the first places are occupied by true nootropics without additional effects. Many of them belong to medicines of previous generations, but they are not losing ground due to their high efficiency, low price, and availability. If we consider widely prescribed nootropics, the list of drugs will be as follows:

1. Nootropil (Piracetam) - from 25 rubles. It is prescribed to almost all neurologist patients and is available in solution and tablets. Improves the mechanisms of storing information, has a positive effect on learning, increases the nutrition of nervous tissue and glial cells. The medicine also protects the brain from hypoxia and increases stress resistance. Piracetam should not be taken if you have a hemorrhagic stroke or kidney failure.

A unique cerebroprotector is the drug Semax (nasal drops, from 400 rubles). It contains peptides that have a powerful nootropic, protective, antioxidant, and antihypoxic effect.

What other nootropics do doctors prescribe?

In addition to the medications described, there are other cerebroprotectors recommended by doctors. For example, the drug Phenotropil (RUB 1,070) is one of the best nootropics prescribed for asthenic syndrome, as a neuromodulator and anticonvulsant.

The medicine improves mood, accelerates the exchange of information between the hemispheres, increases the threshold for pain perception and the body's resistance during periods of increased stress. The drug optimizes the quality of life in many nervous disorders.

Due to its psychostimulating effect, Phenotropil cannot be purchased without a prescription!

The list of nootropic drugs is impressive. Among the medical prescriptions you can find the following:

1. Actovegin (600 rub.). Indicated after strokes, diabetic neuropathy, head injury, trophic pathologies, well tolerated by patients, even allowed for pregnant women.

Other well-known cerebroprotectors are Meclofenoxate, Aminalon, Bemitil, Calcium Hopanthenate, Neurobutal, Instenon, etc.

New generation drugs

Nowadays, combination drugs containing several active ingredients are very popular. A representative of the latest generation of drugs is Orocetam (from 500 rubles) - a derivative of orotic acid and piracetam. The drug is used for severe injuries, intoxications, improves the metabolism of brain tissue, and prevents the development of hypoxic phenomena.

Another remedy is Phezam (piracetam and cinnarizine). The price of the medicine is rubles, it is indicated for migraines, headaches, after strokes, injuries, improves memory, normalizes brain function in case of dementia, decreased intelligence. At the same time, the drug dilates blood vessels, optimizing cerebral blood flow.

New generation nootropics are also widely prescribed in ophthalmology - they seriously improve the functioning of the optic nerve.

Among the combined cerebroprotectors, it is worth noting Thiocetam, Tanakan, Akatinol, Omaron, Olatropil, as well as gamma-aminobutyric acid derivatives - Picamilon, Gammalon, Gamalate B6, Neuro-norm.

Nootropics for children

In pediatrics, only those medications are used that have a minimum of side effects and contraindications. But in children, with long-term treatment, they can still increase nervous excitability and cause sleep disturbances, so the indications for use are very strict:

• developmental delay;
• attention deficit hyperactivity syndrome;

Children are most often prescribed medications Phenibut and Pantogam in syrups; older children can be given tablets and capsules. Glycine, an amino acid related to the body, is considered harmless to the body. Also used in pediatrics are Cortexin, Picamilon, and to a limited extent - Mexidol, Neuromultivit. Course use corrects childhood pathologies of the central nervous system and prevents the progression of diseases.

Thioctic acid did not help me, and nothing has helped me yet, but I was only poisoned by the medicines, now

Just when I had a cold, I had a severe cough. The pharmacy advised for treatment

I've heard of many of these remedies. But in my opinion, Bronchobos helps best with coughs. By the way I

I got rid of papilloma on my palm in just one day with the help of Celandine, I just applied it to it

I can’t tell you about children, I don’t have any. But I buy Ingavirin for myself. It's quite enough for me

Nootropics (Greek noos mind, reason + tropos direction)

The main NS used in medical practice is piracetam, which chemically is a cyclic analogue of γ-aminobutyric acid (). Properties of N. s. Some other analogues of GABA are also present, for example aminalone, pantogam and a number of drugs belonging to other classes of chemical compounds (acephen, pyriditol, etc.).

Along with nootropic activity, drugs in this group also have other pharmacological properties. For example, piracetam, pantogam and aminalone show some anticonvulsant activity, and pyriditol has antidepressant and sedative properties.

Mechanisms of action of N. s. little studied. It has been established that the stimulating effect of N. s. on memory and learning are determined mainly by their effect on metabolic processes in nervous tissue. So, it is known that many N. s. stimulate tissue metabolism, increase the turnover rate and enhance the utilization of glucose by brain cells. Most N. s. have antihypoxic properties. Ability N. s. improving energy processes in nervous tissue is one of the main reasons for increasing the brain’s resistance to hypoxia and toxic effects on it under the influence of drugs of this group. Caused by some N. s. An increase in cerebral blood flow also appears to be important in the mechanisms of their action on the processes of memory, thinking and learning. Obviously, for this reason, some drugs (for example, Cavinton, nicergoline) have nootropic activity, mainly improving.

Apply N. s. mainly for disorders of memory, attention, speech, etc., caused by vascular diseases of the brain (atherosclerosis, chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency, stroke), traumatic brain injuries, intoxication (for example, alcoholism), in the recovery period after suffering neuroinfections and mental deficiency (mental retardation) and mental retardation in children. Along with this, certain drugs from among N. s. prescribed for other indications. Thus, piracetam is sometimes used as a corrector for the side effects of neuroleptics (see Antipsychotics) and other psychotropic drugs, because it weakens the mental, neurological and somatovegetative disorders they cause. Pantogam is used for Jacksonian epilepsy, hyperkinesis, parkinsonism, clonic stuttering in children and as a corrector for neuroleptic syndrome that occurs during intoxication with antipsychotics. Pyriditol can be included in the complex therapy of neurotic disorders and depression with symptoms of lethargy and adynamia. Acefen is sometimes used for neurotic, hypochondriacal and asthenoylochondriac conditions, diencephalic syndrome, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Side effects of certain drugs of group N. s. manifests itself differently, although for many of them the most characteristic signs of this action are increased anxiety, anxiety, etc. Along with this, piracetam can cause dyspeptic disorders and coronary insufficiency, aminalon - dyspeptic disorders, fever and fluctuations, mainly in the first days after the administration of this drug. The side effects of Pantogam are manifested mainly by allergic reactions of the skin (cutaneous) and mucous membranes (allergic and conjunctivitis). Pyriditol can cause nausea and headache, and in children - psychomotor problems. Side effects of acephen are characterized by anxiety and fear. In patients with paranoid and hallucinatory symptoms, acephen can cause their intensification.

General contraindications for use for the N. group. in no. The use of aminalon and pantogam has not been established. Piracetam is contraindicated in acute renal failure and pregnancy, pyriditol - in case of increased convulsive readiness, epilepsy and psychomotor agitation, acephen - in infectious diseases of the central nervous system.

The main N. pages, their doses, methods of application, release forms and storage conditions are given below.

Aminalon(Aminalonum; synonym: gammalon, ganevrin, etc.) prescribed orally (before meals) for adults at 0.5-1.25 G 3 times a day, for children depending on age - in daily doses from 0.5 to 3 G. The duration of treatment ranges from 2-3 weeks to 2-6 months. Release form: tablets 0.25 G, coated

Acefen(Acephenum; synonym: analux, cerutil, meclofenoxate hydrochloride, etc.) used orally at 0.1-0.3 G 3-5 times a day. The duration of treatment is 1-3 months. Release form: tablets 0.1 G, coated. Storage: list B; in a dry place, protected from light.

Pantogam(Pantogamum) taken orally after 15-30 min after meal. Adults are usually prescribed 0.5-1 G, children - 0.25-0.5 G appointment. Daily dose 1.5-3 G(adults) and 0.75-3 G(for children) is divided into 3-6 doses. The course of treatment is 1-6 months. Repeated courses of treatment are carried out after 3-6 months. Release form: tablets of 0.25 and 0.5 G. Storage: in a dry place, protected from light.

Piracetam(Pyracetamum; synonym: nootropil, pyramem, etc.) is used orally, intramuscularly or intravenously. At the beginning of treatment, the drug is prescribed orally at 0.4 G 3 times a day and increase the dose to a total daily dose of 2.4-3.2 G and more. Upon achieving a therapeutic effect, the daily dose is reduced to 1.2-1.6 G. For children under 5 years of age, the drug is usually prescribed orally at 0.2 G for admission, from 5 to 16 years old - 0.4 each G 3 times a day. The duration of treatment ranges from 2-3 weeks to 2-6 months. Repeated courses of treatment are carried out after 6-8 weeks. The drug is administered intramuscularly or intravenously initially in daily doses of 2-4 G, then in daily doses of 4-6 G. Release form: capsules containing 0.4 G drug; tablets 0.2 G, coated; 20% solution in ampoules of 5 ml. Storage: list B; in a dry place, protected from light.

Pyriditol(Pyriditolum; synonym: encephabol, pyritinol, etc.) prescribed orally after 15-30 min after meals for adults 0.1-0.3 G per appointment, children - 0.05-0.1 G 2-3 times a day. Daily doses for adults 0.2-0.6 G, for children 0.05-0.3 G. At the beginning of treatment, the drug is taken in smaller doses than average. The course of treatment is from 1-3 months to 6-8 months in adults and from 2 weeks to 3 months in children. Repeated courses are carried out in adults after 1-6 months, in children after 3-6 months. Release form: tablets of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 G, coated. Under the name "Encephabol" the drug is produced in 0.1 G in dragees and in the form of syrup containing 0.1 G in every 5 ml, in bottles of 200 ml. Storage: in a dry place, protected from light.

1. Small medical encyclopedia. - M.: Medical encyclopedia. 1991-96 2. First aid. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 1994 3. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Medical Terms. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. - 1982-1984.

See what “Nootropic drugs” are in other dictionaries:

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