Hypotonic type of response to stress. Hypertensive type of response to stress. Types of reactions of the cardiovascular system to stress

There are 5 types of blood pressure response to physical activity:

1. normotonic– systolic blood pressure increases no more than normal (150%) from the initial level; Heart rate increases to 60–80%;

2. hypotonic(asthenic) – systolic blood pressure does not change or decreases; Heart rate increases more than 100% of the original;

3. hypertensive– systolic blood pressure increases by more than 160-180%;

4. dystonic– a sharp decrease in diastal blood pressure to 0 mmHg, the appearance of the “endless tone” phenomenon;

5. stepped– an increase in blood pressure develops over a long period after exercise – 2-3 minutes.

Only type 1 is normal. Hypotonic (2nd) type indicates low physical fitness of the subject. Hypertensive type (3rd) is detected with NCD, the beginning of hypertension. Types 4 and 5 indicate fatigue syndrome.

In addition, there are three type of response to physical activity.

Physiological

- during load: the possibility of increasing the intensity of the load is subjectively felt; Heart rate – within the limits established for a given athlete, free rhythmic breathing.

- good health, a feeling of “muscular joy”; decrease in heart rate to 120 beats/min or less for 3 minutes.

2. "Borderline"

- during load: feeling of extreme load; the appearance of discomfort or pain in the chest; increase in normal breathing rate.

- immediately after exercise (workout): mental depression, after 3 minutes the heart rate is more than 120 beats/min; pain and discomfort even during low-intensity exercise.

Pathological

- during load: loss of coordination, pallor, chest pain, heart rhythm disturbances.

- immediately after exercise (workout): Heart rate within 3 minutes after training exceeds 140 beats/min; chest pain persists; feeling of extreme fatigue, malaise, dizziness.

The hypertensive type of reaction is associated with the phenomena of overfatigue or overtraining. It can also be a sign of a prehypertensive state, but it can also be observed in completely healthy, well-trained athletes who show changes mainly in the values ​​of maximum blood pressure. Cause. This is due to an increase in hemodynamic shock, proportional to the kinetic energy with which blood is ejected from the heart into the vessels. During physical activity, the kinetic energy of cardiac output always increases, and therefore the hemodynamic shock increases significantly (in some athletes it can reach 25-40 mm 64T. St.

The hypotonic type of reaction is characterized by a slight increase in maximum blood pressure, in response to the load, accompanied by a sharp increase in heart rate at the 2nd and 3rd loads (up to 170-190 beats/min). Recovery of heart rate and blood pressure is slow. These changes are apparently due to the fact that the increase in minute volume is provided mainly by increased heart rate, while the increase in systolic volume is small. This type of reaction is considered unfavorable.

The dystonic type is characterized mainly by a decrease in minimum blood pressure, which after the 2nd and 3rd loads becomes equal to zero (“infinite tone phenomenon”). Maximum blood pressure in these cases increases to 180-200 mm 64T. Art. The initial idea that this type of reaction is observed in individuals with impaired vascular tone (hence the name dystonic reaction) has not been confirmed. Most likely, the “infinite tone phenomenon” has a methodological origin. The fact is that Korotkoff sounds, heard when measuring blood pressure, arise due to the fact that “vortices” (turbulent fluid flow) are formed in the blood flowing through the artery narrowed by the cuff. As soon as the lumen of the vessel becomes normal, the blood flow in it is normalized and the blood movement becomes laminar; The “sounding” of the artery stops. During physical activity, when the volumetric velocity of blood flow sharply increases, turbulent flow can occur in a vessel of normal diameter. Therefore, if you use a phonendoscope to listen to the “sounding” of the arteries in the area of ​​the elbow bend directly during exercise, then the sound phenomenon will naturally be detected during any sufficiently intense work. Thus, the “infinite tone phenomenon” is a normal phenomenon for loading conditions and the very beginning of the recovery period. It is considered as a negative sign only in cases where the “sounding” of the arteries

And finally, during the test there may be a reaction with a stepwise increase in maximum blood pressure. This type of reaction is characterized by the fact that maximum blood pressure, which usually decreases during the recovery period, in some athletes increases in the 2nd-3rd minutes compared to the value in the 1st minute of recovery. This type of reaction is most often observed after a 15-second run. Experience shows that it is associated with a deterioration in the functional state of the athlete’s body. At the same time, it can be an indicator of the inertia of systems that regulate blood circulation. The fact is that the burn-in period, according to a number of indicators of the cardiovascular system, lasts 1-3 minutes. It follows from this that with 15 seconds of work, the activity of the cardiovascular system does not reach a steady state and in some individuals, despite the cessation of the load, the development of the circulatory function may continue for some time. The considered criteria used to assess the results of testing an athlete's fitness have different values ​​at different stages of the training macrocycle. They are most informative during the competitive period, when the appearance of certain atypical reactions may be the result of a violation of the training regime or improper construction of it. At the beginning of the preparatory period, with an insufficient level of functional readiness, atypical reactions are detected more often.

Table 1 Protocol for conducting a three-stage combined functional test by S.P. Letunova (normotonic type of reaction)

BMI = body weight (kg) / height2 (m)

Body mass index (BMI) is used to estimate weight in relation to height and provides a reasonable estimate of total body fat in studies involving specific populations. In addition, BMI correlates with both morbidity and mortality, thus providing a direct indicator of health status and risk of disease.

The method does not provide information about the distribution of fat in different parts of the body, it is difficult to explain to the client and it is difficult to plan for actual weight loss due to changes in BMI. In addition, BMI has been shown to overestimate body fat mass in muscular individuals (eg, many athletes) and underestimate in individuals with loss of muscle mass (eg, older adults).
Excess weight is defined when BMI is 25–29 kg/m2, and obesity is defined when BMI is greater than 30 kg/m2. For people with a BMI greater than 20 kg/m2, mortality for many health conditions increases with increasing body weight.
World Health Organization (WHO), for men and women, recommended BMI, 20 – 25 kg/m2

Vegetative index (Kerdo index)

VI = (1 – ABP/HR) X 100
VI is considered to be one of the simplest indicators of the functional state of the autonomic nervous system, reflecting the ratio of the excitability of its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions (excitation and inhibition, respectively - SSF). The value of VI in the range from -15 to +15 indicates the balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic influences. A VI value greater than 15 indicates a predominance of the tone of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system and indicates satisfactory adaptation to the workload; a VI value less than minus 15 indicates a predominance of the tone of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, which is a sign of the presence of a dynamic mismatch (Rozhentsov, Polevshchikov, 2006; S. – 156).
For a trained person, VI before exercise usually has a minus sign, or ranges from - 15 to + 15.
An excessive increase in VI usually indicates a person’s hypertensive reaction to the load - a discrepancy between the proposed load and the level of training. Such loads should not be frequent even among well-trained athletes.
A decrease in VI also indicates poor exercise tolerance. VI values ​​below – 15 indicate the most unfavorable type of response of the autonomic nervous system to stress – hypotonic.

Blood pressure (BP)

It is measured at rest, so there should be no activity for 15 minutes before its determination. If systolic pressure exceeds 126 mm Hg. Art., and diastolic – 86 mm Hg. Art., measure it again after hyperventilation (five maximum deep and fast inhalations and exhalations). if the pressure remains elevated, check the cuff width and take readings again after 15 minutes. If it continues to be elevated, conduct a more in-depth examination.
Gender differences do not affect blood pressure levels, but after puberty (16–18 years), blood pressure in men is slightly higher than in women. Daily fluctuations in blood pressure are at least 10–20 mmHg. Art. and decrease during night sleep.
Horizontal body position, physical and mental rest are among the factors that reduce blood pressure. Eating, smoking, physical and mental stress leads to increased blood pressure. With heavy physical activity, blood pressure can increase significantly. The ADD reaction is especially important. In trained athletes, intense exercise is accompanied by a decrease in blood pressure.
BP in obese people is higher than in people with normal or low weight (muscle mass). In athletes living in cold climates, blood pressure is 10 mm Hg. Art. higher, in warm weather there is a tendency towards a decrease in blood pressure.
Normally, there is a pressure asymmetry: blood pressure on the right shoulder is slightly higher than on the left. In rare cases, the difference reaches 20 and even 40 mmHg. Art.

Systolic pressure (SBP)

Systolic pressure is considered normal at values ​​from 90 to 120 mmHg.

• A value below 90 is hypotension, most often observed in women due to low absolute muscle and body mass in general, as well as short stature. It may also indicate insufficient nutrition (starvation, unphysiological diet).
• Values ​​from 120 to 130 mm Hg – moderately elevated blood pressure. Moderately elevated blood pressure may be observed at rest in individuals with large heights, body weight and/or muscle mass (especially with a sharp increase in body weight). It may be caused by a person's agitation before exercise, white coat syndrome, or caused by a recent meal.
• 140 and above are a sign of hypertension, but multiple measurements throughout the day are required to confirm the diagnosis. If the diagnosis is confirmed, the doctor is obliged to recommend taking medications that normalize blood pressure.

Diastolic pressure (DBP)

It is considered normal at values ​​from 60 to 80 mm Hg.

• Values ​​from 80 to 90 mm Hg indicate a moderately increased blood pressure.
• Blood pressure of 90 mmHg and above is a sign of hypertension.

It should be noted that the final conclusion is made not based on the best, but on the worst of the indicators. Thus, both 141 over 80 and 130 over 91 indicate hypertension.

Pulse pressure (PP)

Defined as the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. All other things being equal (same peripheral resistance, blood viscosity, etc.), pulse pressure changes parallel to the value of systolic blood volume (an indirect indicator of myocardial load). Normally it is 40 – 70 mmHg. Art. Pulse pressure may increase as a result of an increase in blood pressure or a decrease in blood pressure

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

SBP = ADD + 1/3(ADS - ADD)
All changes in mean arterial pressure are determined by changes in cardiac output (MV) or total peripheral resistance (TPR)
SAD = MO x OPS
A normal SBP can be maintained against the background of a decrease in OPS due to a compensatory increase in the MO.

Five types of cardiovascular system (CVS) response to physical activity
(Kukolevsky, 1975; Epifanov. 1990; Makarova, 2002)

1. Normotonic type of CV response on physical activity is characterized by:

• adequate intensity and duration of work performed by increasing heart rate, within 50 - 75% (Epifanov, 1987);
• an adequate increase in pulse blood pressure (the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure) due to an increase in systolic blood pressure (no more than 15 - 30% (Epifanov, 1987)) and a small increase (within 10 - 35% (Makarova, 2002), 10 - 25 % (Epifanov, 1987)) by a decrease in diastolic blood pressure, an increase in pulse pressure by no more than 50 - 70% (Epifanov, 1987).
• rapid (i.e., within specified rest intervals) restoration of heart rate and blood pressure to initial values

The normotonic type of reaction is the most favorable and reflects the body’s good adaptability to physical activity.

2. Dystonic type of reaction , as a rule, occurs after loads aimed at developing endurance, and is characterized by the fact that diastolic blood pressure is heard to 0 (the “infinite tone” phenomenon), systolic blood pressure rises to values ​​of 180 – 200 mm Hg. Art. (Karpman, 1980). This type of reaction may occur after repeated exercise after exercise.
When diastolic blood pressure returns to initial values ​​within 1–3 minutes of recovery, this type of reaction is regarded as a variant of the norm; if the “endless tone” phenomenon persists for a longer time, it is considered an unfavorable sign (Karpman, 1980; Makarova, 2002).

3. Hypertensive type of reaction characterized by:

• an increase in heart rate that is inadequate to the load;
• inadequate load increase in systolic blood pressure to 190 – 200 (up to 220) mm Hg. Art. more than 160 - 180% (Epifanov, Apanasenko, 1990) (at the same time, diastolic pressure also increases slightly by more than 10 mm Hg (Epifanov, Apanasenko, 1990) or does not change, which is due to a significant hemodynamic shock during physical activity in some athletes (Karpman, 1980));
• slow recovery of both indicators.

The hypertensive type of reaction indicates a violation of regulatory mechanisms that cause a decrease in the efficiency of the functioning of the heart. It is observed in chronic overstrain of the central nervous system (neurocirculatory dystonia of the hypertensive type), chronic overstrain of the cardiovascular system (hypertensive variant) in pre- and hypertensive patients.

4. Stepwise reaction maximum blood pressure is characterized by:

• a sharp increase in heart rate;
• an increase in systolic blood pressure that continues in the first 2–3 minutes of rest compared to the 1st minute of recovery;

This type of reaction is unfavorable. It reflects the inertia of regulatory systems and is recorded, as a rule, after high-speed loads (Makarova, 2002). Experience indicates that this type of reaction is associated with a deterioration in the functional state of the athlete’s body (Karpman, 1980, p. 113). The time for performing the load (30 s) may be insufficient to train the cardiovascular system, which, according to a number of indicators, lasts 1 – 3 minutes. In some individuals, despite the cessation of the load, the development of circulatory function may continue for some time (Karpman, 1980, ibid.). Thus, this type of reaction is most likely to occur after the first test of 20 squats, which is performed before class.

5. Hypotonic type of reaction characterized by:

• a sharp, inadequate increase in heart rate (up to 170–190 beats/min (Karpman, 1980); more than 100% (Epifanov, Apanasenko, 1990); up to 120–150% (Epifanov, 1987));
• absence of significant changes in blood pressure (systolic pressure slightly or does not increase at all, and sometimes even decreases, pulse pressure decreases (Epifanov, Apanasenko, 1990));
• slow recovery of heart rate and blood pressure.

The hypotonic type of reaction is the most unfavorable. It reflects a disturbance (decrease) in the contractile function of the heart (“hyposystole syndrome” in the clinic) and is observed in the presence of pathological changes in the myocardium (Makarova, 2002). Apparently, the increase in cardiac output is provided mainly by an increase in heart rate, while the increase in systolic volume is small (Karpman, 1980).
Pathological reactions to stress during regular physical training can turn into physiological ones (Epifanov, 1987, p. 50). With unfavorable types of reactions, which most often appear at the beginning of the preparatory period (Karpman, 1980., P. 114), additional (clarifying) pressure measurements are possible, described (Richard D. H. Backus, and David K. Reid 1998., P. 372 ).

Additional Information.

If high-intensity training sessions are planned (especially preparation for competitions), it is necessary that the client undergo a full medical examination (including a dentist).
To check the state of the cardiovascular system, it is necessary to perform an ECG under stress. Possible myocardial pathologies are revealed by an echocardiogram.
Be sure to evaluate your diet (analysis of everything you ate for a week or more) and daily routine - the possibility of organizing adequate recovery.
It is strictly forbidden to prescribe medications to a client (especially hormonal ones) - this is the responsibility of the doctor.

Referring the client for echocardiography and stress ECG to exclude cardiac pathology is recommended under the following circumstances:

• Positive answers to questions about symptoms of cardiovascular diseases
• Slow recovery of pulse and/or respiration during orientation
• High heart rate and blood pressure with light loads
• Unfavorable type of reaction to physical activity
• History of cardiovascular diseases (previous)

Before receiving the test results:

• Pulse when walking is not higher than 60% of the maximum (220 - age). If possible, introduce additional aerobic exercise on days free from strength training, gradually increasing its duration to 40 - 60 minutes.
• The strength part of the lesson is 30-40 minutes, monitor the technique of performing the exercises, use a tempo of 3:0.5:2:0, while controlling your breathing (do not hold your breath). Use alternating exercises for “top” and “bottom”. Don't rush to increase intensity
• Of the available control methods Necessarily use blood pressure measurements before and after training, heart rate before and after (if you have a heart rate monitor, then during training). Observe the speed of breathing recovery, do not start the next approach until it normalizes.

The article was prepared by Sergey Strukov

Determining the type of response of the cardiovascular system to physical activity is based on assessing the direction and severity of changes in basic hemodynamic parameters (heart rate and blood pressure) under the influence of different types of physical activity, as well as the rate of their recovery.
Depending on the direction and severity of changes in heart rate and blood pressure, as well as on the speed of their recovery, five types of response of the cardiovascular system to physical activity are distinguished:

• Normotonic
• Dystonic
• Hypertensive
• With a stepwise increase in maximum blood pressure
• Hypotonic

1. adequate intensity and duration of work performed by increasing heart rate;
2. an adequate increase in pulse pressure (the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure) due to an increase in systolic blood pressure and a slight (within 10-35%) decrease in diastolic blood pressure;
3. rapid (i.e., within specified rest intervals) restoration of heart rate and blood pressure to initial values ​​(after 20 squats - 3 minutes, after 15 seconds of running at a maximum pace - 4 minutes, after 3 minutes of running at a pace of 180 steps per minute - 5 min).

Dystonic type reactions, as a rule, occurs after loads aimed at developing endurance, and is characterized by the fact that diastolic blood pressure can be heard down to 0 (the “infinite tone” phenomenon).
When diastolic blood pressure returns to initial values ​​after 1-3 minutes of recovery, this type of reaction is regarded as a variant of the norm; if the “infinite tone phenomenon” persists for a longer time, this is considered an unfavorable sign.

Hypertensive type of reaction characterized by:

1. an increase in heart rate that is inadequate to the load;
2. inadequate load increase in systolic blood pressure to 190-200 mm Hg. (at the same time, diastolic blood pressure also increases slightly);
3. slow recovery of both indicators.

Reaction with a stepwise increase in maximum blood pressure characterized by:

1. a sharp increase in heart rate;
2. an increase in systolic blood pressure that continues during the first 2 to 3 minutes of rest;
3. slow recovery of heart rate and blood pressure.

Hypotonic type reactions characterized by:

1. a sharp, inadequate increase in heart rate;
2. absence of significant changes in blood pressure;
3. slow recovery of heart rate.

The results of the analysis of the dynamics of the type of reaction of the cardiovascular system to an additional control load, which is carried out before and after training (after 10 - 20 minutes), can be used to assessment of immediate tolerance of training sessions.
Any functional test is usually used as this control load (20 squats, 15 s running in place at maximum pace, 1-3 min work on a bicycle ergometer, step test, etc.).
The only requirement isstrict load dosing!!!

In this case, it is customary to distinguish 3 reaction options:

• The first option is characterized by an insignificant difference in the reaction to an additional standard load performed after a sufficiently intense training (class) from the reaction to it before the training. There may be only slight changes in heart rate and blood pressure, as well as in the duration of recovery. Moreover, in some cases the reaction to the load after exercise may be less pronounced, and in others more pronounced, than before exercise. In general, this option shows that the athlete’s functional state does not change significantly after the lesson.
• The second variant of the reaction indicates a deterioration in the functional state, which manifests itself in the fact that after exercise, the shift in heart rate as a reaction to additional load becomes greater, and the rise in blood pressure is smaller than before exercise (the “scissors” phenomenon). The duration of recovery of heart rate and blood pressure usually increases. This may be due to insufficient preparedness of the student or severe fatigue caused by very high intensity and volume of physical activity.
• The third reaction option is characterized by a further deterioration in adaptability to additional load. After an activity aimed at developing endurance, a hypotonic or dystonic reaction appears; after speed-strength exercises, hypertonic, hypotonic and dystonic reactions are possible. Recovery is significantly prolonged. This reaction option indicates a significant deterioration in the functional state of the student. The reason is insufficient preparedness, overwork or excessive workload in class.

Treadmill test

Treadmill (treadmill) is a device that allows you to reproduce walking or running at a certain speed at a certain slope (see Fig. ). The speed of the tape, and therefore the subject, is measured in m/s or km/h. In addition, the treadmill is equipped with a speedometer, a slope meter and a number of control devices.

The regularity of monitoring the main clinical and physiological indicators is the same as with the submaximal step test and test on a bicycle ergometer.

1) horizontal belt level with increasing speed from 6 km/h to 8 km/h, etc.;

2) constant speed with a stepwise increase in slope of 2.5 degrees, and in this case two options are possible: walking at a speed of 5 km/h and running at a speed of 10 km/h.

The treadmill reproduces the usual human activities. It is preferable when examining children and the elderly.

The WHO group of occupational physiologists noted the agreement between the results of various tests under identical loads. Thus, in the examined young healthy men, MPK was 3.68 ± 0.73 during the step test, 3.56 ± 0.71 during the bicycle ergometer test, and 3.81 ± 0.76 l/min during the treadmill test; Heart rate, respectively, 188 ± 6.1; 187 ± 9; 190 ± 5 in 1 min. The content of lactic acid in the blood is 11.6 ± 2.9; 12.4 ± 1.7; 13.5 ± 2.3 mmol/l.

Determination and assessment of the functional state of the body as a whole is called functional diagnostics.

In connection with the intensification of the educational and training process and the growth of sports results, frequent competitions, especially international ones, the need for a correct assessment of the functional state of athletes becomes obvious, and on the other hand, the importance of determining the adequacy of training for a given individual.

The study of the functional state of persons involved in physical education and sports is carried out through the use of various functional tests. During a functional test (test), the reaction of organs and systems to the influence of any factor, more often physical activity, is studied.

The main (mandatory) condition for this should be its strict dosage. Only under this condition is it possible to determine changes in the reaction of the same person to stress under different functional states.

For any functional test, the initial data of the studied indicators are first determined, characterizing a particular system or organ at rest, then the data of these indicators immediately (or during the test) after exposure to one or another dosed factor and, finally, after the cessation of loads until the test subject returns to the original state. The latter allows you to determine the duration and nature of the recovery period.

Most often in functional diagnostics, tests are used with physical activity such as running, squats, jumping, climbing and descending steps (step test) and others. All these loads are measured in both pace and duration (duration).

In addition to tests with physical activity, other tests are also used: orthostatic, clinostatic, Romberg test.

It should be noted that it is impossible to correctly assess the functional state of an athlete’s body using one indicator.

Only a comprehensive study of the functional state, including testing with physical activity, ECG recording, biochemical tests, etc., makes it possible to correctly assess the functional state of the athlete.

Functional tests are divided into specific and nonspecific. Specific are called such functional tests, the impact factor in which is the movements characteristic of a particular sport. For example, for a runner such a test would be running (or running on a treadmill), for a swimmer - on a hydraulic channel, etc. Nonspecific (inadequate) tests include tests that use movements that are not characteristic of a particular sport. For example, for a wrestler - bicycle ergometer load, etc.

Classification of functional tests

Classification of functional (stress) tests (tests). Functional tests can be one-stage, when one load is used (for example, running in place for 15 seconds, or 20 squats, or throwing a stuffed animal in wrestling, etc.); two-moment - when two loads are given (for example, running, squats), three-moment - when three tests (loads) are given sequentially one after another, for example, squatting, 15 s. running, and 3-minute jogging in place. In recent years, one-time tests (tests) are more often used and estimates are carried out (preliminary competitions) with the measurement of various indicators (heart rate, blood pressure, ECG, lactate, urea and other indicators).

When performing tests with physical activity, it is very important to perform them correctly and dosage in terms of pace and duration.

When studying the body's response to a particular physical activity, attention is paid to the degree of change in the determined indicators and the time of their return to the original level. Correct assessment of the degree of reaction and the duration of recovery allow a fairly accurate assessment of the condition of the subject.

Based on the nature of changes in heart rate and blood pressure (BP) after testing, five types of reactions of the cardiovascular system are distinguished: normotonic, hypotonic (asthenic), hypertonic, dystonic and stepwise (Fig. ).

Types of reactions of the cardiovascular system to physical activity and their assessment: 1 - normotonic; 2 - hypotonic; 3 - hypertensive; 4 - dystonic; 5 - step

Normotonic type of reaction cardiovascular system is characterized by increased heart rate, increased systolic and decreased diastolic pressure. Pulse pressure increases. This reaction is considered physiological, because with a normal increase in heart rate, adaptation to the load occurs due to an increase in pulse pressure, which indirectly characterizes an increase in the stroke volume of the heart. An increase in systolic blood pressure reflects the force of left ventricular systole, and a decrease in diastolic blood pressure reflects a decrease in arteriolar tone, providing better blood access to the periphery. The recovery period for such a reaction of the cardiovascular system is 3-5 minutes. This type of reaction is typical of trained athletes.

Hypotonic (asthenic) type of reaction The cardiovascular system is characterized by a significant increase in heart rate (tachycardia) and, to a lesser extent, an increase in stroke volume of the heart, a slight increase in systolic pressure and a constant (or slight increase) in diastolic pressure. Pulse pressure decreases. This means that increased blood circulation during exercise is achieved more by increasing heart rate rather than increasing stroke volume, which is irrational for the heart. The recovery period is delayed.

Hypertensive type of reaction physical activity is characterized by a sharp increase in systolic blood pressure - up to 180-190 mm Hg. Art. with a simultaneous rise in diastolic pressure to 90 mm Hg. Art. and higher and a significant increase in heart rate. The recovery period is delayed. The hypertensive type of reaction is assessed as unsatisfactory.

Dystonic type of reaction cardiovascular system on physical activity is characterized by a significant increase in systolic pressure - above 180 mm Hg. Art and diastolic, which after stopping the load can sharply decrease, sometimes to “0” - the phenomenon of endless tone. Heart rate increases significantly. Such a reaction to physical activity is regarded as unfavorable. The recovery period is delayed.

Step type reaction characterized by a stepwise rise in systolic pressure in the 2nd and 3rd minutes of the recovery period, when systolic pressure is higher than in the 1st minute. This reaction of the cardiovascular system reflects the functional inferiority of the regulatory circulatory system, therefore it is assessed as unfavorable. The recovery period for heart rate and blood pressure is prolonged.

The recovery period is important in assessing the response of the cardiovascular system to physical activity. It depends on the nature (intensity) of the load, on the functional state of the subject and other factors. The response to physical activity is considered good when, with normal initial pulse and blood pressure data, a recovery of these indicators is noted in the 2-3rd minute. The reaction is considered satisfactory if recovery occurs in the 4-5th minute. The response is considered unsatisfactory if, after exercise, hypotonic, hypertonic, dystonic and stepwise reactions appear and the recovery period lasts up to 5 minutes or more. No recovery of heart rate and blood pressure within 4-5 minutes. Immediately after exercise, even with a normotonic reaction, it should be assessed as unsatisfactory.

The Nowacki test is recommended by WHO for widespread use. To carry it out, a bicycle ergometer is used. The essence of the test is to determine the time during which the subject is able to perform a load (W/kg) of a specific power, depending on his own weight. In other words, the load is strictly individualized.

In Fig. the testing scheme is shown: the load starts with 1 W/kg of mass, every 2 minutes it increases by 1 W/kg until the subject refuses to perform the work (load). At this moment, oxygen consumption is close to or equal to MPK, and heart rate also reaches its maximum values.

Novakki test: W - load power; t - time

In the table Novacchi test parameters assessments of the testing results of healthy individuals are given. The Novakki test is suitable for studying both trained and untrained individuals, and can also be used in the selection of rehabilitation agents after injuries and diseases. In the latter case, the test should begin with a load of 1/4 W/kg. In addition, the test is also used for selection in youth sports.

Novacchi test parameters

*See picture .

Cooper test

Cooper test (K. Cooper). Cooper's 12-minute test involves covering the maximum possible distance by running in 12 minutes (on flat terrain without ups and downs, usually in a stadium). The test is stopped if the subject has signs of overload (severe shortness of breath, tachyarrhythmia, dizziness, pain in the heart, etc.).

The test results are highly consistent with the MPK value determined during treadmill testing (Table Gradations of physical condition based on the results of a 12-minute test).

Gradations of physical condition based on the results of a 12-minute test*

* The distance (in km) covered in 12 minutes by women is indicated in parentheses (according to K. Cooper, 1970).

To assess the functional state of the body based on MPK, various gradations have been proposed. G.L. Strongin and A.S. Turetskaya (1972), for example, based on the use of maximum stress tests in men, four groups of physical performance are distinguished: low - with MPK less than 26 ml/min/kg, reduced - with 26-28 ml/min/kg, satisfactory - with 29- 38 ml/min/kg and high - at more than 38 ml/min/kg.

Depending on the size of MPK, taking into account age, K. Cooper (1970) distinguishes five categories of physical condition (very poor, poor, satisfactory, good, excellent). The gradation meets practical requirements and allows one to take into account the dynamics of the physical state when examining healthy people and people with minor functional impairments. K. Cooper's criteria for various categories of physical condition of men based on MPK are given in Table. Assessment of physical condition based on MPK value.

Assessment of physical condition based on MPK (ml/min/kg)

The Cooper test can be used to select schoolchildren in sections for cyclic sports, as well as to monitor fitness (Table. Correlation between the results of the 12-minute test and MPK). The test makes it possible to determine the functional state of the athlete and those involved in physical education.

Correlation between the results of the 12-minute test and MPK (according to K. Cooper)

Tests and assessments of athletes' condition

Flack's test(determination of physical performance indicator). The patient inhales into the mouthpiece of the air pressure gauge, holding his breath at the pressure gauge reading of 40 mmHg. Art. The duration of the breath hold is noted, where the heart rate is calculated every 5 s in relation to the resting level. Test assessment: in well-trained people, the maximum increase in heart rate does not exceed 7 beats in 5 s; with an average level of fitness - 9 beats; in mediocre condition - 10 beats. and more. An increase in heart rate, followed by a drop, indicates that the subject is unsuitable for intense muscle loads. A significant increase in heart rate, and then its slowdown, occurs in individuals with increased nervous tone. They can have high performance.

The Flack test reflects the functional state of the right chambers of the heart.

Sample V.I. Dubrovsky tests resistance to hypoxia. The subject is placed on the chest and abdominal wall with cuffs connected to the scribe. After a deep breath, the breath is held and the first ascillations are recorded on the kymograph, indicating contraction of the diaphragm. The length of breath holding indicates the degree of resistance to hypoxia. The higher it is, the better the athlete’s functional state.

Frampton test. The subject moves from a lying position to a standing position, and immediately his heart rate and blood pressure are measured for 2 minutes. The results of this test are expressed using the formula:

Krempton index = 3.15 + PA = Sc / 20

where RA is systolic blood pressure, Sc is heart rate. The obtained data is evaluated according to the table:

Orthostatic test is carried out as follows. The athlete lies on the couch for 5 minutes, counting his pulse. Then he stands up and the pulse is counted again. Normally, when moving from a lying position to a standing position, the heart rate increases by 10-12 beats/min. Up to 20 beats/min is a satisfactory response, more than 20 beats/min is unsatisfactory, which indicates insufficient nervous regulation of the cardiovascular system.

Clinostatic test- transition from a standing position to a lying position. Normally, the pulse slows down, not exceeding 6-10 beats/min. A sharper slowdown in heart rate indicates increased tone of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Circulation efficiency coefficient (CEC)- This is essentially the minute volume of blood.

KEK = (BP max. - BP min.) x HR

Normally KEK = 2600, increases with fatigue.

Temporal blood pressure (TBP) is measured according to Ravinsky-Markelov with a special cuff 4 cm wide. Normally, it is equal to 1/2 of the maximum blood pressure. When tired, temporal pressure readings increase by 10-20 mmHg. Art.

Endurance coefficient (KB) is determined by the Kwas formula. The test characterizes the functional state of the cardiovascular system. This test is an integral value that combines heart rate and systolic and diastolic pressure. Calculated using the following formula:

CV = (HR x 10) / pulse pressure

Normally, KV = 16. An increase in it indicates a weakening of the activity of the cardiovascular system, a decrease indicates strengthening.

Valsalva maneuver is as follows. After a complete exhalation and a deep inhalation, the athlete exhales into the mouthpiece of the pressure gauge and holds his breath at 40-50 mmHg. Art. During exercise, blood pressure and heart rate are measured. With stress, diastolic pressure increases, systolic pressure decreases and heart rate increases. With good functional condition, the duration of tension increases, with fatigue it decreases.

Kerdo index (IK) represents the ratio of blood pressure, d and p, that is:

IK = 1 - [(D/P) x 100]

where D is diastolic pressure, P is pulse. In a healthy person, it is close to zero; when sympathetic tone predominates, an increase is observed, while parasympathetic tone decreases and becomes negative. When the state of the autonomic nervous system is in equilibrium, IK = 0.

When the balance shifts under the influence of the sympathetic nervous system, diastolic blood pressure falls, heart rate increases, IK = 0. With increased functioning of the parasympathetic nervous system, IK< 0. Исследование необходимо проводить в одно и то же время суток (например, утром после сна). ИK информативен в игровых видах спорта, где высоко нервно-психическое напряжение. Kроме того, этот показатель надо рассматривать в комплексе с другими показателями, в частности, с биохимическими (лактат, мочевина, гистамин, гемоглобин и др.), с учетом активности физиологических функций. Необходимо учитывать уровень подготовки спортсмена, функциональное состояние, возраст и пол.

Mean arterial pressure

Mean arterial pressure- one of the most important parameters of hemodynamics.

SBP = BP diast. + blood pressure pulse / 2

Observations show that with physical fatigue, average blood pressure increases by 10-30 mmHg. Art.

Systolic volume (S) and minute volume (M) calculated using the Lilienstrand and Zander formula:

S = (Pd x 100) / D ,

where Pd is pulse pressure; D - average pressure (half the sum of the maximum and minimum pressures); M = S x P, where S is systolic volume; R - heart rate.

Reaction Quality Index (RQI) Kushelevsky and Zislin are calculated using the formula:

RCC = (RA 2 - RA 1) / (R 2 - R 1)

where P 1 and RA 1 are the pulse values ​​and pulse amplitude in a state of relative rest before exercise; P 2 and RA 2 - pulse values ​​and pulse amplitude after exercise.

Ruffier index. The pulse is measured in a sitting position (P 1), then the athlete performs 30 deep squats for 30 seconds. After this, count the pulse while standing (P 2), and then after a minute of rest (P 3). The index is assessed using the formula:

I = [(P 1 + P 2 + P 3) - 200] / 10

The index is assessed:< 0 - отлично, 1-5 - хорошо, 6-10 - удовлетворительно, 11-15 слабо, >15 - unsatisfactory.

Functional test according to Kwerg includes 30 squats in 30 s, maximum running in place - 30 s, 3-minute jogging in place with a frequency of 150 steps per minute and jumping rope - 1 min. The complex load lasts 5 minutes. Immediately after the exercise in a sitting position, heart rate is measured for 30 s (P 1), again after 2 (P 2) and 4 minutes. (P 3).

The index is estimated using the formula:

[working duration (in sec) x 100] /

> 105 = very good, 99-104 - good, 93-98 - satisfactory,< 92 - слабо.

Skibinskaya index. The vital capacity of the lungs (VC) (in ml) and breath holding (in s) are measured. Using a combined test, the cardiorespiratory system is assessed using the formula:

[(VC / 100) x breath holding] / pulse rate (in min.)

Index Score:< 5 - очень плохо, 5-10 - неудовлетворительно, 10-30 - удовлетворительно, 30-60 - хорошо, >60 is very good.

For highly qualified athletes, the index is more than 80.

English
functional tests– functional tests
test on treadmill (treadmill)
classification of functional tests
Novakki test – test Novakki
Kupera test – test Kupera
tests and assessment of athletes – test and assessment of athletes
mean arterial pressure