Various approaches to determining language norms. Language norms of the Russian language

Essay

Topic: Standards of modern Russian language

Introduction

1 The concept of a language norm and its functions

2 Norms of modern Russian language

3 Language norms and speech practice

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

The history and culture of the people is reflected in the language. Moreover, the most essential part of the collective experience of a people, which manifests itself in intellectual activity and in the “inner world” of a person, finds its expression through language in oral speech and in written texts.

The concepts of “normal” and “norm” are important for many types of human activity. There are standards for the production of products (for example, at a factory) and normals, i.e. technical requirements that these products must satisfy. Nutritionists talk about nutritional standards, athletes “fit” into certain standards (in running, in jumping). No one doubts the fact that in any civilized society there are norms of relationships between people, norms of etiquette; Each of us has an idea of ​​what is normal for human communication, and what is abnormal, goes beyond the limits of some unwritten norm. And our everyday speech is replete with these words: How are you? - Fine!; Well how are you? - Nothing, it’s normal. Moreover, the norm is invisibly present in our statements that do not contain the words norm or normal. When we say: a comfortable chair, a too dark room, inexpressive singing, we mean certain generally accepted “norms” for the comfort of a chair, the lighting of the room, and the expressiveness of singing.

There is a norm in language too. And this is quite natural: language is an integral part of not only a civilized society, but also of any human society in general. Normativity is compliance with language norms, which are perceived by its speakers as an “ideal” or correct model.

The language norm is one of the components of national culture. Therefore, the development of a literary norm, its codification, and the reflection of the normalizing activities of linguists in grammars, dictionaries and reference books are of great social and cultural importance.

All of the above justifies the relevance of this topic.

Purpose of the work: a comprehensive study and analysis of the norms of the modern Russian language.

The work consists of an introduction, 3 chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.

1 The concept of a language norm and its functions

Norm is one of the central linguistic concepts. Most often, this term is used in combination with “literary norm” and is applied to those varieties of language that are used in the media, in science and education, in diplomacy, lawmaking and legislation, in business and legal proceedings and other areas of “socially important” predominantly public communication. But we can talk about the norm in relation to a territorial dialect or social jargon. Thus, linguists use the term norm in two senses - broad and narrow.

In a broad sense, the norm refers to such means and ways of speech that have been spontaneously formed over many centuries and which usually distinguish one type of language from others. That’s why we can talk about a norm in relation to a territorial dialect: for example, normal for Northern Russian dialects is Okanye, and for Southern Russian dialects - Akanye. Any social or professional jargon is also “normal” in its own way: for example, what is used in trade argot will be rejected as alien by those who speak the jargon of carpenters; established ways of using linguistic means exist in army jargon and in the jargon of musicians-“labukhs”, and speakers of each of these jargons can easily distinguish someone else’s from their own, familiar and therefore normal for them, etc.

In a narrow sense, a norm is the result of the codification of language. Of course, codification is based on the tradition of the existence of language in a given society, on some unwritten but generally accepted ways of using linguistic means. But it is important that codification is the purposeful ordering of everything related to language and its application. The results of codifying activities are reflected in normative dictionaries and grammars.

The norm as a result of codification is inextricably linked with the concept of literary language, which is otherwise called normalized or codified. The territorial dialect, urban vernacular, social and professional jargons are not subject to codification: after all, no one consciously and purposefully makes sure that Vologda residents consistently okal, and residents of the Kursk village Akali, so that sellers, God forbid, do not use the terminology of carpenters, and soldiers - words and expressions of Labouche jargon, and therefore the concept of norm in the narrow sense of this term just discussed is not applicable to such varieties of language - dialects, jargons.

Language norms are not invented by scientists. They reflect natural processes and phenomena that have occurred and are occurring in the language and are supported by the speech practice of native speakers of a literary language. The main sources of the language norm include the works of classical writers and some modern writers, the language of Central Television announcers, generally accepted modern usage, data from live and questionnaire surveys, scientific research by linguists, the language system (analogs), and the opinion of the majority of speakers.

Norms help the literary language maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional jargon, and vernacular. This is an important function of norms - the function of protecting the language. In addition, norms reflect what has developed historically in a language - this is a function of reflecting the history of the language.

Speaking about the essence of a norm, it should be remembered that a norm is not a law. The law constitutes a necessity that does not allow any deviations, while the norm only prescribes how it should be. Let's compare the following examples:

1. A stone thrown up must then fall down (this is a law of nature);

2. A person living in a society must follow the rules of the community, for example, not knocking on the wall with a hammer after 11 pm (these are social norms);

3. A person in the process of verbal communication must place stress correctly (these are language norms).

So, the norm only indicates how it should be - this is the function of the prescription.

Thus, a language norm is the traditionally established rules for the use of speech means, i.e. rules of exemplary and generally accepted pronunciation, use of words, phrases and sentences.

2 Norms of modern Russian language

There are written and oral norms.

Written language norms are, first of all, spelling and punctuation norms. For example, the spelling N in the word worker, and НН in the word nameNNik, is subject to certain spelling rules. And the placement of a dash in the sentence Moscow is the capital of Russia is explained by the punctuation norms of the modern Russian language.

Oral norms are divided into grammatical, lexical and orthoepic.

Grammar rules are the rules for using the forms of different parts of speech, as well as the rules for constructing a sentence. The most common grammatical errors associated with the use of the gender of nouns are “railroad rail, French shampoo, big corn, registered parcel, patent leather shoes.” However, rail, shampoo is a masculine noun, and callus, parcel, shoe are feminine, so we should say “railroad rail, French shampoo and large callus, customized parcel, patent leather shoe.”

Lexical norms are the rules for using words in speech. An error is, for example, using the verb lay down instead of putting. Despite the fact that the verbs lay down and put down have the same meaning, put down is a normative literary word, and lay down is a colloquial word. The expressions: I put the book back in its place, etc. are errors. The verb to put should be used: I put the books in place.

Orthoepic norms are pronunciation norms of oral speech. (Orthoepy from the Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech). Compliance with pronunciation standards is important for the quality of our speech. Pronunciation that corresponds to orthoepic standards facilitates and speeds up the process of communication, therefore the social role of correct pronunciation is very great, especially now in our society, where oral speech has become a means of the widest communication at various meetings, conferences, and forums.

The norm is conservative and is aimed at preserving the linguistic means and rules for their use accumulated in a given society by previous generations. The unity and universality of the norm are manifested in the fact that representatives of different social strata and groups that make up a given society are obliged to adhere to traditional methods of linguistic expression, as well as those rules and regulations that are contained in grammars and dictionaries and are the result of codification. Deviation from linguistic tradition, from dictionary and grammatical rules and recommendations is considered a violation of the norm. However, it is no secret that at all stages of the development of a literary language, when using it in different communicative conditions, variants of linguistic means are allowed: you can say cottage cheese - and cottage cheese, spotlights - and spotlights, you are right - and you are right, etc.

The norm relies on traditional ways of using language and is wary of linguistic innovations. “The norm is recognized as what was, and partly what is, but not at all what will be,” wrote the famous linguist A.M. Peshkovsky. He explained this property of both the literary norm and the literary language itself: “If the literary dialect changed quickly, then each generation could only use the literature of its own and the previous generation, many two. But under such conditions there would be no literature itself, since the literature of each generation is created by all previous literature. If Chekhov had not already understood Pushkin, then Chekhov probably would not have existed. Too thin a layer of soil would provide too little nutrition for literary sprouts. The conservatism of the literary dialect, uniting centuries and generations, creates the possibility of a single powerful centuries-old national literature.” However, the conservatism of a norm does not mean its complete immobility in time. It is another matter that the pace of normative changes is slower than the development of a given national language as a whole. The more developed the literary form of a language is, the better it serves the communicative needs of society, the less it changes from generation to generation of people using this language.

LANGUAGE NORM, ITS ROLE IN THE FUNCTIONING OF LITERARY LANGUAGE. TYPES OF NORM.

The concept of "speech culture"

Our discipline is called "Russian language and culture of speech." We have been speaking Russian since childhood. What is speech culture?

The concept of “speech culture” is capacious and multifaceted. In general terms, it can be defined as the ability to express one’s thoughts clearly and clearly, to speak competently, the ability not only to attract attention with one’s speech, but also to influence listeners. Proficiency in speech culture is a unique characteristic of professional suitability for people engaged in a wide variety of activities: diplomats, lawyers, politicians, school and university teachers, radio and television workers, managers, journalists, etc.

Speech culture as a special linguistic discipline has its own scientific definition: this is the quality of speech that ensures the most effective communication, subject to linguistic, communication And ethical normal As follows from this definition, speech culture includes three components: linguistic, communicative and ethical. Let's look at them.

Linguistic component of speech culture

The linguistic component of speech culture involves, first of all, its normativity, i.e. compliance with the norms of the literary language, which are perceived by its speakers as an “ideal” or correct example. The linguistic norm is the central concept of speech culture, and the linguistic component of speech culture is considered the main one. The question of a norm arises when there are two or more contenders for it, for example: normative keel é tr or profanity keel ó meter, normative Great Danes ó R and profanity d ó talk etc.

The concept of language norm

Language norm- these are traditionally established rules for the use of speech means, i.e. rules of exemplary and generally accepted pronunciation, use of words, phrases and sentences.

The norm is mandatory and covers all aspects of the language. There are written and oral norms.

Written language norms- These are, first of all, spelling and punctuation standards. For example, writing N in a word hard worker, And NN in a word birthday boy obeys certain spelling rules. And placing a dash in a sentence Moscow is capital of Russia explained by the punctuation norms of the modern Russian language.

Oral norms are divided into grammatical, lexical and orthoepic.

Grammar rules - these are the rules for using forms of different parts of speech, as well as the rules for constructing sentences.

The most common grammatical errors associated with the use of gender of nouns: railway rail, French shampoo, big callus, registered parcel post, patent leather shoes. However rail, shampoo - it is a masculine noun and callus, parcel, shoe - feminine, so you should say: railway rail, French shampoo And big callus, custom parcel, patent leather shoe.

Lexical norms - these are the rules for using words in speech. An error is, for example, the use of the verb lay down instead of put. Even though the verbs lay down And put have the same meaning put - this is a normative literary word, and lay down- colloquial. The error is the following expressions: I put the book back in its place He puts the folder on the table etc. In these sentences you need to use the verb put: I put the books in their place, He puts the folder on the table.

Orthoepic norms - These are pronunciation norms of oral speech. They are studied by a special branch of linguistics - or-phoepia (from the Greek. orthos- "correct" and epos- "speech").

Compliance with pronunciation standards is important for the quality of our speech. Spelling errors cat á log, sound ó nit, means á etc. always interfere with the perception of the content of speech: the listener’s attention is distracted and the statement is not perceived in its entirety

You should consult the Spelling Dictionary about stress in words. The pronunciation of the word is also recorded in spelling and explanatory dictionaries. Pronunciation that corresponds to orthoepic standards facilitates and speeds up the process of communication, therefore the social role of correct pronunciation is very great, especially now in our society, where oral speech has become a means of the widest communication at various meetings, conferences, and forums.

The diagram below shows the different types of norms.

Types of language norms

Language norm- ϶ᴛᴏ rules for the use of speech means in a certain period of development of the literary language, ᴛ.ᴇ. rules of pronunciation, word usage, use of grammatical and stylistic means. This is a uniform, exemplary, generally accepted use of language elements (words, phrases, sentences).

Norm - ϶ᴛᴏ a relatively stable way of expression, historically accepted in the language community (the norm is implemented in the language on the basis of the choice of one of the options, mandatory for the educated part of society).

Types of language norms:

Rules of agreement

Norms related to the laws of language.

The standards include:

Lexical norms;

Grammar rules;

Orthoepic

Orthoepic norms (pronunciation norms) cover pronunciation itself and norms of word stress. These norms are related to the phonetic level of the language. Compliance with spelling norms is an important part of speech culture, because Their violation creates an unpleasant impression on the listener about the speech and the speaker himself, and distracts from the perception of the content of the speech. Orthoepic norms are recorded in orthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language and dictionaries of accents.

Lexical norms (norms of word usage) are associated with understanding the correctness, accuracy, and appropriateness of a word in the context and text. Lexical norms are reflected in explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries of foreign words, terminological dictionaries and reference books. Compliance with lexical norms is the most important condition for the accuracy of speech and its correctness. (when leaving the house, my hat flew off - a hat leaving the house)

Grammatical norms (morphological and syntactic) regulate the choice of the necessary grammatical forms of words or grammatical constructions. These norms are associated with the morphological and syntactic levels of language and are based on their systematics. Grammatical norms are divided into word-formation, morphological and syntactic. Word formation norms determine the order of combining parts of a word and forming new words. A word-formation error is the use of non-existent derivative words instead of existing derivative words with another affix, for example: character description, salesmanship, hopelessness, the writer’s works are distinguished by depth and truthfulness. Morphological norms require the correct formation of grammatical forms of words of different parts of speech (forms of gender, number, short forms and degrees of comparison of adjectives, etc.). A typical violation of morphological norms is the use of a word in a non-existent or inflectional form that does not correspond to the context (analyzed image, reigning order, victory over fascism, called Plyushkin a hole). Sometimes you can hear such phrases: railway rail, imported shampoo, registered parcel post, patent leather shoes. There is a morphological error in these phrases - the gender of the nouns is incorrectly formed. Syntactic norms prescribe the correct construction of basic syntactic units - phrases and sentences. These norms include rules for word agreement and syntactic control, relating parts of a sentence to each other using the grammatical forms of words so that the sentence is a literate and meaningful statement. Violations of syntactic norms are found in the following examples: Reading it, the question arises; The poem is characterized by a synthesis of lyrical and epic principles; Having married his brother, none of the children were born alive.

A linguistic norm is a historically determined set of commonly used linguistic means, as well as the rules for their selection and use, recognized by society as most suitable in a specific historical period. A norm is one of the essential properties of a language, ensuring its functioning and historical continuity due to its inherent stability, although not excluding the variability of linguistic means and noticeable historical variability, since the norm is designed, on the one hand, to preserve speech traditions, and on the other, to satisfy current and the changing needs of society. A special case of a language norm is a literary norm.

The main sources of language norms include:

Works of classical writers;

Works by contemporary writers who continue classical traditions;

Media publications;

Common modern usage;

Data from linguistic research.

The characteristic features of language norms are:

Relative stability;

Prevalence;

Common usage;

General obligatory;

Conformity to the use, custom and capabilities of the language system.

In literary language, the following types of norms are distinguished:

1) norms of written and oral forms of speech;

2) norms of written speech;

3) norms of oral speech.

1) The norms common to oral and written speech include:

*lexical norms;

*grammatical norms;

*stylistic norms.

2) Special norms of written speech are:

*spelling standards;

*punctuation standards.

3) Applicable only to oral speech:

*pronunciation standards;

*accent norms;

*intonation norms.

Orthoepic norms.

Orthoepic norms include norms of pronunciation, stress and intonation. Compliance with spelling norms is an important part of speech culture, because their violation creates in listeners an unpleasant impression of the speech and the speaker himself, and distracts from the perception of the content of the speech. Orthoepic norms are recorded in orthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language and dictionaries of accents. Intonation norms are described in “Russian Grammar” and Russian language textbooks.

Morphological norms.

Morphological norms require the correct formation of grammatical forms of words of different parts of speech (forms of gender, number, short forms and degrees of comparison of adjectives, etc.). A typical violation of morphological norms is the use of a word in a non-existent or inflectional form that does not correspond to the context (analyzed image, reigning order, victory over fascism, called Plyushkin a hole). Sometimes you can hear the following phrases: railway rail, imported shampoo, registered parcel post, patent leather shoes. There is a morphological error in these phrases - the gender of the nouns is incorrectly formed.

Syntactic norms.

Syntactic norms prescribe the correct construction of basic syntactic units - phrases and sentences. These norms include rules for word agreement and syntactic control, relating parts of a sentence to each other using the grammatical forms of words so that the sentence is a literate and meaningful statement. Violation of syntactic norms is found in the following examples: while reading it, a question arises; The poem is characterized by a synthesis of lyrical and epic principles; Having married his brother, none of the children were born alive.

Speech etiquette. Specifics of Russian speech etiquette.

Speech etiquette is a system of rules of speech behavior and stable formulas of polite communication.

Possession of speech etiquette contributes to the acquisition of authority, generates trust and respect. Knowing the rules of speech etiquette and observing them allows a person to feel confident and at ease, and not experience awkwardness or difficulties in communication.

Strict adherence to speech etiquette in business communication leaves clients and partners with a favorable impression of the organization and maintains its positive reputation.

Speech etiquette has national specifics. Each nation has created its own system of rules of speech behavior. In Russian society, such qualities as tact, courtesy, tolerance, goodwill, and restraint are of particular value.

The importance of these qualities is reflected in numerous Russian proverbs and sayings that characterize ethical standards of communication. Some proverbs indicate the need to listen carefully to your interlocutor: A smart person does not speak, an ignorant person does not allow him to speak. Tongue - one, ear - two, say once, listen twice. Other proverbs point out typical mistakes in constructing a conversation: Answers when he is not asked. Grandfather talks about chicken, and grandmother talks about duck. You listen, and we will remain silent. A deaf man listens to a mute man speak. Many proverbs warn about the danger of an empty, idle or offensive word: All a person’s troubles come from his tongue. Cows are caught by the horns, people by the tongue. A word is an arrow; if you release it, it will not return. What is unspoken can be expressed, what has been said cannot be returned. It's better to understate than to overtell. It buzzes from morning to evening, but there is nothing to listen to.

*Tactfulness is an ethical norm that requires the speaker to understand the interlocutor, avoid inappropriate questions, and discuss topics that may be unpleasant for him.

*Carefulness consists in the ability to anticipate possible questions and wishes of the interlocutor, the willingness to inform him in detail on all topics relevant to the conversation.

*Tolerance means being calm about possible differences of opinion and avoiding harsh criticism of the views of your interlocutor. You should respect the opinions of other people and try to understand why they have this or that point of view. Closely related to such a character quality as tolerance is self-control - the ability to calmly respond to unexpected or tactless questions and statements from an interlocutor.

*Goodwill is necessary both in relation to the interlocutor and in the entire structure of the conversation: in its content and form, in intonation and choice of words.

Functional styles. Scientific style.

Functional speech styles are styles used in one or another area of ​​human communication; a type of literary language that performs a specific function in communication.

To avoid confusion with linguistic styles, functional styles are sometimes called linguistic genres, functional varieties of language. Each functional style has its own characteristics of using a general literary norm; it can exist both in written and oral form. There are five main types of functional speech styles, differing in the conditions and goals of communication in some area of ​​social activity: scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial, artistic.

Official business style.

Official business style is a functional style of speech, the environment of verbal communication in the field of official relations: in the field of legal relations and management. This area covers international relations, law, economics, the military industry, advertising, communication in official institutions, and government activities.

Business style is used for communication and information in an official setting (the sphere of legislation, office work, administrative and legal activities). This style is used for drawing up documents: laws, orders, regulations, characteristics, protocols, receipts, certificates. The scope of application of the official business style is law, the author is a lawyer, lawyer, diplomat, or just a citizen. Works in this style are addressed to the state, citizens of the state, institutions, employees, etc., in order to establish administrative-legal relations.

This style exists more often in written speech; the type of speech is predominantly reasoning. The type of speech is most often a monologue, the type of communication is public.

Style features - imperativeness (due character), accuracy, not allowing two interpretations, standardization (strict composition of the text, precise selection of facts and ways of presenting them), lack of emotionality.

The main function of the official business style is informational (transfer of information). It is characterized by the presence of speech cliches, a generally accepted form of presentation, a standard presentation of the material, the widespread use of terminology and nomenclature names, the presence of complex unabridged words, abbreviations, verbal nouns, and the predominance of direct word order.

Peculiarities:

1) compactness;

2) standard arrangement of material;

3) widespread use of terminology;

4) frequent use of verbal nouns, complex conjunctions, as well as various stable phrases;

5) the narrative nature of the presentation, the use of nominative sentences with listing;

6) direct word order in a sentence as the predominant principle of its construction;

7) a tendency to use complex sentences that reflect the logical subordination of some facts to others;

8) almost complete absence of emotionally expressive speech means;

9) weak individualization of style.

Journalistic style.

Journalistic style- functional style of speech, which is used in the following genres: article, essay, report, feuilleton, interview, pamphlet, oratory.

The journalistic style serves to influence people through the media (newspapers, magazines, television, posters, booklets). It is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary, logic, emotionality, evaluativeness, and appeal. In addition to neutral, it widely uses high, solemn vocabulary and phraseology, emotionally charged words, the use of short sentences, chopped prose, verbless phrases, rhetorical questions, exclamations, repetitions, etc. The linguistic features of this style are affected by the breadth of topics: there is a need to include special vocabulary that requires explanation. On the other hand, a number of topics are in the center of public attention, and vocabulary related to these topics takes on a journalistic connotation. Among such topics, we should highlight politics, economics, education, healthcare, criminology, and military topics.

The journalistic style is characterized by the use of evaluative vocabulary that has a strong emotional connotation.

This style is used in the sphere of political-ideological, social and cultural relations. The information is intended not only for a narrow circle of specialists, but for broad sections of society, and the impact is aimed not only at the mind, but also at the feelings of the recipient.

Functions of journalistic style:

*Informational - the desire to inform people about the latest news as soon as possible

*Influencing - the desire to influence people's opinions

Speech task:

*influence mass consciousness

*call to action

*provide information

The vocabulary has a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring and includes colloquial, colloquial and slang elements. Vocabulary characteristic of the journalistic style can be used in other styles: official business, scientific. But in a journalistic style, it acquires a special function - to create a picture of events and convey to the addressee the journalist’s impressions of these events.

In literary language, the following types of norms are distinguished:

– norms of written and oral forms of speech;
– norms of written speech;
- norms of oral speech.

To the norms general for oral and written speech, include:

– lexical norms;
– grammatical norms;
– stylistic norms.

Special norms of written speech are:

– spelling standards;
– punctuation standards.

Only for oral speech applicable:

- pronunciation standards;
– stress norms;
– intonation norms.

Norms common to oral and written speech relate to linguistic content and text construction.

Lexical norms, or norms of word usage, are norms that determine the correctness of choosing a word from a number of units that are close to it in meaning or form, as well as its use in the meanings that it has in the literary language. Lexical norms are reflected in explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries of foreign words, terminological dictionaries and reference books. Compliance with lexical norms is the most important condition for the accuracy of speech and its correctness. Their violation leads to lexical errors of various types (examples of errors from the essays of applicants):

incorrect choice of a word from a number of units, including confusion of paronyms, inaccurate choice of a synonym, incorrect choice of a unit of the semantic field ( bone type of thinking, analyze the life activity of writers, Nikolaev aggression, Russia experienced many incidents in domestic and foreign policy in those years);

violation of lexical compatibility norms ( a herd of hares, under the yoke of humanity, a secret curtain, ingrained foundations, went through all stages of human development);

the contradiction between the speaker’s intention and the emotional and evaluative connotations of the word ( Pushkin correctly chose the path of life and walked along it, leaving indelible traces; He made an incredible contribution to the development of Russia);

use of anachronisms ( Lomonosov entered the institute; Raskolnikov studied at the university); a mixture of linguistic and cultural realities (Lomonosov lived hundreds of miles from the capital);

incorrect use of phraseological units ( Youth was flowing out of him; We need to take him out to fresh water.).

Grammar rules are divided into word-formation, morphological and syntactic. Grammatical norms are described in "Russian Grammar" (M., 1980, vol. 1-2), prepared by the Academy of Sciences, in Russian language textbooks and grammatical reference books.

Word formation norms determine the order of combining parts of a word and forming new words. A word-formation error is the use of non-existent derived words instead of existing derived words with a different affix, for example, character description, salesmanship, hopelessness, the writer’s works are distinguished by depth and truthfulness.

Morphological norms require the correct formation of grammatical forms of words of different parts of speech (forms of gender, number, short forms and degrees of comparison of adjectives, etc.). A typical violation of morphological norms is the use of a word in a non-existent or inflectional form that does not correspond to the context ( analyzed image, reigning order, victory over fascism, called Plyushkin a hole). Sometimes you can hear such phrases: railway rail, imported shampoo, customized parcel post, patent leather shoes. There is a morphological error in these phrases - the gender of the nouns is incorrectly formed.

Syntactic norms prescribe the correct construction of basic syntactic units - phrases and sentences. These norms include rules for word agreement and syntactic control, relating parts of a sentence to each other using the grammatical forms of words so that the sentence is a literate and meaningful statement. Violations of syntactic norms are found in the following examples: Reading it, the question arises; The poem is characterized by a synthesis of lyrical and epic principles; Married to his brother, none of the children were born alive.

Stylistic norms determine the use of linguistic means in accordance with the laws of the genre, the features of the functional style and, more broadly, with the purpose and conditions of communication. Unmotivated use of words of a different stylistic connotation in the text causes stylistic errors. Stylistic norms are recorded in explanatory dictionaries as special notes, and are commented on in textbooks on the stylistics of the Russian language and speech culture. Stylistic errors consist of violating stylistic norms, including units in the text that do not correspond to the style and genre of the text. The most common stylistic mistakes are:

stylistic inappropriateness ( obsessive, royal chaos, doesn't care, the love conflict is depicted in all its glory– in the text of an essay, in a business document, in an analytical article);

the use of cumbersome, unsuccessful metaphors ( Pushkin and Lermontov are two rays of light in a dark kingdom; Did he have the right to cut off this thread of life that he did not hang himself?);

lexical deficiency ( This question worries me deeply);

lexical redundancy ( He wakes them up so that they wake up; We must turn to the period of their life, that is, to the period of time when they lived);

ambiguity ( Oblomov's only entertainment is Zakhar; All actions and relationships between Olga and Oblomov were incomplete).

Spelling standards- these are the rules for naming words in writing. They include rules for designating sounds with letters, rules for continuous, hyphenated and separate spelling of words, rules for the use of capital letters and graphic abbreviations, and rules for hyphenating words.

Punctuation standards determine the use of punctuation marks. Punctuation tools have the following functions:

delimitation in a written text of one syntactic structure (or its element) from another;

fixation in the text of the left and right boundaries of a syntactic structure or its element;

combining several syntactic structures into one whole in a text.

The norms of spelling and punctuation are enshrined in the “Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation” (M., 1956), the only most complete and officially approved set of spelling rules, published twice - in 1956 and 1962. Based on these rules, various reference books on spelling and punctuation have been compiled.

Orthoepic norms include norms of pronunciation, stress and intonation. Compliance with orthoepic norms is an important part of the culture of speech, since their violation creates in listeners an unpleasant impression of the speech and the speaker himself, and distracts from the perception of the content of the speech. Orthoepic norms are recorded in orthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language and dictionaries of accents. Intonation norms are described in “Russian Grammar” (Moscow, 1980) and Russian language textbooks.