How to distinguish the accusative case from the genitive case. The difference between the accusative case and the nominative case

Name: Accusative.

Accusative, answering questions from whom? what?, is used only in combination with a verb and its forms: participle and gerund. The main, typical function of the accusative case is to express the direct object of action with transitive verbs: I look at a picture, I prepare a lesson, I open a book, I put on a dress.

The accusative tense denotes the time of the action: Meet every day. He wasn't feeling well last night.
The accusative of quantity is used to indicate value, when indicating the quantitative side of the manifestation of a verbal action. It costs two rubles. Repeat three times.
The accusative measure indicates a measure of time or space. Wait a whole week. Walk five kilometers.
The accusative of the object names the object to which the action is directed. Read a book. Throw the ball.
The accusative of result denotes the object that is the result of the action. Dig a hole. Sew a dress.

To find out the accusative case, you need to substitute the word VINYU to the noun, that is, I ACCUSE, or I SEE.

I blame (who?) the boy
I see (who?) a baby elephant
I see (what?) a palm tree

Prepositions with the accusative case: IN, ON, FOR, UNDER, THROUGH, ABOUT.

In addition, the accusative case, in combination with transitive verbs formed from intransitive ones using prefixes, denotes a measure of time and distance: work for a whole month, sleep the whole way, run three thousand meters.

In combination with intransitive verbs, the accusative case can also denote a measure of weight, time, distance and cost: weigh a whole ton, improve all your life, rest for a week, run a mile, cost a penny, etc.

The accusative case is:
1) a noun form included in the singular and plural paradigm, with one of the following endings (in orthographic form):
singular - horse, land, wife, land, swamp, field, bone, daughter, name, path;
plural - horses, land, wives, lands, swamps, fields, bones, daughters, names, paths;
2) a number of such noun forms, united by the system of meanings described below;
3) the form of an adjective or participle included in the paradigm, with one of the following endings (in orthographic form):
in the singular - round and round, round, round; blue and blue, blue, blue; strong and strong, strong, strong; fox and fox, fox, fox;
in the plural - round and round, blue and blue, strong and strong, fox and fox;
4) a number of such forms of an adjective or participle, united by a common syntactic function.

The main meanings of the accusative case are objective and attributive.
Object value case manifests itself:
1) with transitive verbs: buy a house, read a book, wait for a friend;
2) with predicatives: it’s a pity, it’s a pity (it’s a pity for my brother), and also it’s necessary, it’s necessary, it hurts, it’s visible, it’s heard, it’s noticeable - when the sentence contains an indication of the subject of the state: I need a pass; His arm hurts;
3) in one-part sentences meaning the required object: A carriage for me!; Reward for the brave! Determinative (by measure, time, quantity).

Subject meaning appears only in a sentence. This:
1) the accusative case, placed in the initial position in sentences reporting the state of a person, with a predicate - a verb with the meaning of an emotional or external state and a subject - an abstract noun: I am upset by failure, I am alarmed by lies; The guys were inspired by the success; The family suffered grief; also: He is drawn to travel; The interlocutor is tempted to argue;
2) in sentences such as The child is shivering; The patient feels sick; I'm shaking all over.
Subjective meaning is combined with objective meaning in such types of sentences as The stars are visible; Voices are heard when the perceiving subject is not indicated in the sentence (stars are visible and someone sees stars), as well as in sentences like: A man was killed; A fighter was wounded, in which the subject of the action is not indicated (a person was killed and a person was killed). The increase in the subjective meaning of a verb in a sentence is always determined by the joint action of syntactic and lexical-semantic factors.

The accusative case is combined with a wide range of prepositions - simple and derivative. In combination with simple prepositions - in, on, for, about (ob), according to, under, about, with, through - can have a definitive meaning (in place, time, measure, quality, property, purpose, purpose, reason, etc. .), objective (go deep into work, vote for a candidate, capable of anything, hurt yourself on a joint, go picking berries, think about children), and also performs the function of a necessary informatively replenishing form (reputed as an eccentric, known as a talker).

In a sentence, this case with simple prepositions, in addition to the named meanings, can denote a predicative feature (in the predicate: Letter - to the ministry; Medal - for courage; Path - through the mountains) or extend the sentence as a whole, expressing different types of determination (In a blizzard it’s scary to be in a field; A mile from the city there is a lake; All sorts of miracles are possible on New Year’s Eve; I haven’t slept for a week; There is a store across the road), or an objective meaning (For five - three skis; Not a word about those who left). In sentences such as Fear attacked me; Thought came over him; The guys became stubborn.

In combination with the prepositions for, with, under V. p. in combination with a certain range of words expresses approximateness: He is over thirty; There were over forty visitors; She's nearly fifty; I received a hundred congratulations; We waited for half an hour; About a dozen students are sick. In combination with derivative prepositions and prepositional formations - in response to, including, excluding, despite, despite, after a little, an hour, a minute, a day, passing, through, after a day, an hour, a year, a century.

The accusative case answers the questions "who? what?" and is used in sentences and phrases only with verbs and its forms (participle and gerund). The most common function of this case in the Russian language is the expression of the direct object of the action: I read a book, draw a picture and so on. What else can the accusative case mean, and how to distinguish it from the genitive? Read the article below!

What does case mean?

The case discussed in the article can have completely different meanings.

For example:

The accusative tense will indicate the time of an already completed action - “meet every Tuesday.”
The accusative quantity should be used to denote cost when there is a reference to the quantitative side of the verbal action - “cost one hundred rubles.”
A noun in the accusative case of measure will indicate a measure of time or space - “to run three kilometers.”
The accusative of the object will name the object to which the action is directed - “throw the ball.”
The accusative of the result will designate an object that will be the result of some action - “sew a T-shirt.”

In order to correctly determine the case in front of you, you need to know the questions of the accusative case (who? what?). Substitute “blame” or “see” with the word, and you will immediately understand everything. For example, I blame (who?) my grandmother, I see (what?) a cutlet.

Case meanings

This form of the word has two main meanings: objective and subjective.

The objective meaning may appear next to a transitive verb ( buy a cat), next to the predicate ( sorry, visible, necessary, painful, sorry for the dog) and in one-part sentences expressing the required object ( reward for the brave).
Subjective meaning can only be expressed in a sentence (not in a phrase). The accusative case, located at the beginning of a sentence, which tells us about the state of the person ( The boys were inspired by the award). The subject meaning is expressed by the case in sentences like “The child is shivering.” This meaning is also expressed by sentences that do not have a clear subject of action ( a person was killed).

Case endings

Questions in the accusative case also determine its ending.

So, what should be the endings for these forms of words?

Singular nouns: horse, land, mother, pig, field, mouse, path, banner.
Accusative case of plural (the number plays a big role in setting the correct ending) number: horses, land, mothers, pigs, fields, mice, paths, banners.
Adjectives and participles in the singular have the following endings: oval and oval, oval, oval; soft and soft, soft, soft; hare and hare, hare, hare.

Accusative prepositions

This case can be combined with a large number of prepositions, both simple and derivative. If a word is combined with simple prepositions (in, for, under, on, with), then it has a definitive meaning. Moreover, this definition can be different - by place, time, property, reason, purpose, and so on. Paired with a simple preposition, a word in the case we are analyzing can also have an objective meaning ( vote for a deputy, go mushroom picking). The word can also perform the function of replenishing the necessary information ( got a reputation for being a talker).

In the whole sentence, the form of the word in the accusative case paired with a simple preposition performs other functions. For example, case can indicate a predicative feature ( medal for bravery). The accusative case can even extend the sentence ( a kilometer from the village there is a lake; Miracles happen on New Year's Day). Paired with the prepositions “for” and “under,” the word can express the meaning of approximate ( he is over forty, she is under fifty).

Also, words in the accusative case form can be combined with derived prepositions ( despite, despite, a day later).

How to distinguish the accusative from the genitive: method one

In order not to confuse the cases of the Russian language, you need to remember that each of them has its own question, depending on the meaning of the case. By asking a universal question and finding a match for it, you will easily understand which case the word is in front of your eyes. The genitive case often denotes belonging, the whole-part relationship, a sign of an object in relation to some other object, an object of influence, and so on.

This form of the word is associated with the questions “no who?”, “no what?”. The accusative case will answer the questions “I see who?”, “I see what?” It is very difficult to determine the form of a word only by its meaning or ending. It is too difficult to remember all the meanings of the genitive and accusative case; they have many nuances. And the endings of nouns in these forms may even coincide!

Difficulties can especially often arise in determining the case of an animate noun. If the question is “who?” does not help you cope with the task, then imagine an inanimate noun in place of the animate noun. Ask a question for the genitive “no what?” and for the accusative “I see what?” If the word being defined has the same form as in the nominative case, then it is in the accusative case.

How to distinguish the accusative from the genitive: method two

If the noun in front of you is inanimate, just ask the right question ( I buy (what?) flowerpots; I don’t see (what?) pots). In the second case, the word is in the genitive case.
If you see an animate noun of the 2nd declension masculine, put any word of the 1st declension in its place and watch the ending ( I see a boar - I see a fox: ending y - genitive); ( no boar - no fox: ending ы - accusative).
If you see an animate noun in the plural, then simply replace it with an inanimate noun ( I love people - I love (that) letters- accusative; I love the kindness of people - I love the kindness of letters- genitive).

Remember that in Russian there are many indeclinable nouns ( coffee, flower pots and so on), looking the same in any case. In this case, all higher-level advice may not be suitable. Always check the correctness of the case definition with a key question, and there will be no mistakes.

Instructions

In order to determine case names, it is necessary, first of all, to pose a question to. Words related to nominative case y, to the questions WHO? WHAT? If you asked questions WHO? or WHAT?, then you have a noun used in the accusative form case A.

Determine what the noun is. If the word is the subject, i.e. the main member of the sentence, then it is used in the nominative form case a.Accusative case om denotes a word that is a minor member in a sentence, a direct object. For example, ask the guys to define case in this sentence.
The girl writes. Ask them to pose questions, determine which member of the sentence they are. They should come to the following result. The word “girl” answers the question WHO?, is the subject, which means it is used in the nominative case e. And the word “letter” is a minor member of the sentence, a direct object. It answers the question WHAT? and therefore is used in the accusative case e.

Draw the attention of schoolchildren to the fact that the noun is used with or without it. Words in the nominative case They are not used without prepositions. In the accusative - they have prepositions ON, FOR, THROUGH, IN, etc.

It is also worthwhile when determining case and compare the endings in . So, nouns of the first declension will have endings A, Z, if they are in the nominative form case A. Accordingly, in the accusative case e - U, Yu. For example, in the first declension noun “wall” the ending is A. It is used in the nominative case e. The word "wall" U. This means it has an accusative case.

Case indicates the role of a word in a sentence. You can use the helper phrase WHO DOES WHAT to distinguish between nominative and accusative case to her.

“Ivan Gave Birth to a Girl and Ordered to Drag a Diaper” - the first letters of this literary nonsense orderly read out the list of cases. There are six types of cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. Each of them speaks about the temporary state of a particular noun, which can change in case form. Determining the type of case of a noun is not difficult; you just need to figure out what question each case answers.

Instructions

Case nominative– initial, real sound of the word. Answers the questions “who?” or “what?” If it is inanimate, for example: a window, a house, a book, a bus, then it answers the question “what?”, and if it is animate, for example, a girl, an elephant, a mother, Rita, then, accordingly, it answers the question “who?” This distribution according to the liveliness of the subject will concern everyone, which is why each case has two questions. Example 1. Man (who?) is an animate noun in the nominative case, machine (what?) is an inanimate noun in the nominative case.

Genitive case, from the word “to give birth to whom?” or “what?” No matter how funny it may sound, this is exactly how the question should be asked. A number of questions are the same, so some words will sound the same, the main thing is to put the case question correctly. Example 2. A person (whom?) is an animate noun in the genitive case, a car (what?) is an inanimate noun in the genitive case.

The accusative case answers the question: “whom to blame?” or “what?” In the above example, an inanimate noun coincides, so the case is determined logically, according to meaning. Example 4. A person (who?) is an animate noun in the accusative case, a car (what?) is an inanimate noun in the accusative case. But if it makes sense: I bought a car (genitive case), but crashed the car (accusative case).

The instrumental case sounds like: “to create by whom?” or “what?” Example 5. By a person (by whom?) is an animate noun in the instrumental case, by a machine (by what?) is an inanimate noun in the instrumental case.

Prepositional case - posing a question that is not consonant with its name: “to talk about whom?” or “about what?” It is easy to determine a word in this case, since a noun in this case always has . Example 6. About a person (about whom?) is an animate noun in the prepositional case, about a car (about what?) is an inanimate noun in the prepositional case.

Video on the topic

Helpful advice

Even if a case question does not match the meaning in a given sentence, it should still be asked to determine the case of a noun.

Sources:

School experience
cases example words

Tip 3: How to distinguish the genitive case of a noun from the accusative case

Cases of the Russian language is a category of a word that shows its syntactic role in a sentence. Schoolchildren memorize the names of cases and their signs, that is, questions, but sometimes difficulties arise. For example, when you need to distinguish the genitive case from the accusative case.

You will need

Knowledge of the Russian language according to the school curriculum, nouns in the accusative and genitive cases,

Instructions

There are six: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. To determine case, auxiliary words and questions are used. The spelling of the ending of the word depends on this. Very often they confuse the genitive (no: whom? what?) and the accusative (blame: whom? what?), since the questions to animate objects are asked the same: “who?”

Ask a question. If in doubt, ask the noun a qualifying question: “no what?” (for genitive) and "I see what?" (for accusative). If a word takes the form of the nominative case, it means that in this case it is accusative. For example: small fish (accusative: I see what? a fish, you can’t say: there’s nothing? a fish).

If you need to determine the case in order to place endings, substitute the word “cat” or any other word instead of the noun, but be sure to use the first one. Depending on the ending, determine the case. For example: pride in the teacher is the accusative case, because, substituting the word “cat” in place of the noun, we get: pride in the cat. The ending "u" indicates the accusative case. The ending "and" is in the genitive.

Analyze the relationship of words in. Genitive, as a rule, the relationship between a part and the whole (a glass of milk), belonging to something (a sister’s jacket), it is used in comparison (more beautiful than a queen). The accusative is used to convey spatio-temporal relations (work for a week), the transition from an action to an object (drive a car).

note

The accusative case denotes the complete coverage of the object by the action, a certain amount (drink milk), and the genitive case denotes the extension of the action to part of the object (drink milk).

Helpful advice

An inanimate noun in the accusative case does not change, unlike the same noun in the genitive case: I saw a house (accusative), there were no houses in the area (genitive)

Sources:

Page dedicated to the grammatical characteristics of a noun

Unlike the Finnish and Hungarian languages, in which there are one and a half to two dozen cases, in Russian grammar there are only six of them. The endings of words in different cases may be the same, so to determine the case, you need to ask the correct question about the word being checked.

Instructions

To determine the case of a noun, carefully read the phrase in which it appears. Find the word that the noun you are checking refers to - that’s why words you will ask a question. For example, you are given the phrase “I love dogs,” and you need to determine the case of the noun “dogs.” The word “dogs” in this sentence is subordinate to the word “love”. Therefore, you will ask a case question as follows: “I love whom?”

Each of the six cases has its own special question. So, in the nominative case they answer the question “who?” or “what?” The auxiliary word “is” can be substituted for this case. For example, there is (who?). The question of the genitive case is “who?” or “what?” The auxiliary word “no” can be substituted for the noun in this case. Dative to the question “to whom?/what?” and is combined with the auxiliary word “to give.” The question of the accusative case is “who?” or “what?”, and its auxiliary word is “blame.” Nouns in the instrumental case answer the question “by whom?/what?” and are combined with the words “created” and “pleased.” Finally, with the following questions: “about whom?/about what?”, “in whom?/in what?”. One of the auxiliary words of this case is the word “I think”.

To determine case, you first need to find the noun or pronoun to which it refers. Having determined the case of this main word, you will also recognize the case of the adjective, since they always agree in gender, number and case with those nouns () on which they depend. For example, “Kolya ate a big pear,” the noun “pear” is used in the accusative case, therefore the case of the adjective “big” related to it is also accusative.

A noun is a part of speech that designates a person or thing and answers the questions “who?” So what?". Nouns change according to cases, of which there are six in the Russian language. To prevent cases from being confused with each other, there is a strict system of rules and differences between them. To be able to correctly and quickly determine the accusative case, you need to know its questions and what it is used for.

Instructions

To never make a mistake with the case of a noun, remember that each of them has unique questions specific to it, by asking which you will receive the corresponding one. Accusative case questions are the question “I see who?” for the animate and “I see what?” for inanimate nouns.

In addition, learn the definitions of the accusative case of the Russian language, or, more precisely, the cases when it is used. So, the accusative case denotes the transfer of temporal and spatial relations (week, walk a kilometer); transition of the action entirely to the object (driving a car, leafing through a book). Very rarely the accusative case as a dependence on (offended for a friend).

However, even using rules or endings, it is sometimes very difficult to determine case, so always use special questions. In terms of its questions, the accusative case partially coincides with the genitive and nominative. In order not to confuse them, do the following: if in front of you, and it answers the question “who?”, which coincides with, substitute it in its place and ask a question to it. If the word answers the question “I see what?”, then you have the accusative case.

What case is needed for negation?

A noun referring to a negative verb can take the genitive or accusative form, for example: didn't read this article - didn't read this article. The difficulty lies in the fact that in some cases one case or another is preferable, while in others there is an equal opportunity to use both the genitive and accusative cases.

When is the genitive case needed?

When combined with a verb Not have: Not It has rights, values, sense, intentions, concepts, influence; Not It has Houses, money, cars, brother, friend, information.

If there are words no, nobody's neither one : did not take any responsibility, did not lose a single gram, did not read a single article.

With verbs of perception, thought: didn’t understand the question, didn’t know the lesson, didn’t feel pain, didn’t notice the mistake, didn’t see the road sign.

If the noun has an abstract meaning: does not waste time, does not feel desire, does not hide joy.

If a pronoun is used as a dependent word: I won’t allow this; don't do that.

If there are intensifying particles before the verb or immediately before the name And, even : We were leaving behind shopping three of us, But Lyuba And words say Not succeeded, old men themselves All chose(Kettle.); Hands trembling And Not hold even bowls With medicine - Not hold them And books(Sart.); On sidewalks closely, But nobody you Not will push, nobody neither With by whom Not quarrels, Not you'll hear even loud words(gas.)

If there is a repeating conjunctionno no: does not read either books or newspapers.

Notplays roles, Not produces impression, Not draws does not pay attention, does not pay attention,Not brings damage, Not gives significance, no doubt, does not participate etc. And also: Not speaking (Not having said) thin words; Not reduce eye With whom-what-l.; Not find to myself places; whip butt Not you'll kill me.

When is the accusative case needed?

If negative Not stands not with a verb, but with another word:I don’t really like poetry, I don’t always read books, I haven’t fully mastered the subject(cf.: I love poetry, but not very much; reads books, but not always; mastered the subject, but not completely).

If a verb, in addition to this noun, must have another dependent noun or adjective: he doesn't find the book interesting; I didn’t read the article last night; did not provide the region with electricity; Isn't it You Not do you think this practice useful?

If the noun refers to an infinitive separated from a negated verb by another infinitive: he doesn't want to start writing his memoirs(cf. he doesn't want to write memoirs And memoirs).

If there are pronouns in a sentence indicating the definiteness of the object: This song Not you'll strangle, Not you will kill; he didn't solve this problem(cf.: he didn't solve problems); Rostov, Not wanting impose yours acquaintance, Not went V house(L. Tolstoy).

If there is a subordinate clause with the word after the noun which : He didn't read the book I gave him.

With an animate noun or with a proper noun: Co time my conduction I Not I love Lesnaya street(Paust.); But Surovtsev already understood, What leave, Not having seen I believe, Not V forces(Chuck.).

If negation is part of the particle barely Not, a little Not, a little-a little Not: Barely Not dropped cup; A little Not missed it tram; A little was Not lost ticket.

In actually negative sentences likeNo one show work; nowhere publish article.

In some stable combinations: Not fool to me head; Not rock teeth.

In other cases, nouns in the described constructions can usually be used in the form of both the genitive case and the accusative case.

Which case was used earlier in these constructions - genitive or accusative?

Previously, verbs with negation were almost always used in the genitive case. “Russian Grammar” writes: “The single old norm of the obligatory genitive case for verbs with negation in the modern language under the influence of colloquial speech is not maintained: in many cases, the use of the accusative case is not only preferred, but is also the only correct one.”

The strict obligatory nature of the genitive case for a verb with negation was questioned already in the 19th century. Objecting to the criticism, A. S. Pushkin wrote: “The verse “I don’t want to quarrel for two centuries” seemed incorrect to the criticism. What does the grammar say? That an active verb, controlled by a negative particle, no longer requires the accusative, but the genitive case. For example me Not writing poems. But in my verse the verb quarrel we control not a particle Not, and the verb Want. Ergo rule does not apply here. Take, for example, the following sentence: I Not I can let you start writing ... poetry, and certainly not poems. Is it really possible that the electrical force of a negative particle must pass through this entire chain of verbs and be reflected in a noun? I don’t think so” (from the article “Rebuttal to Critics”, 1830).

References:

Graudina L.K., Itskovich V.A., Katlinskaya L.P. Dictionary of grammatical variants of the Russian language. –3rd ed., erased. M., 2008.

Russian grammar / Ed. N. Yu. Shvedova. M., 1980.

How to distinguish the accusative case from the genitive and nominative?

Perhaps the most interesting of all cases in the Russian language is the accusative. Because everyone else answers their questions calmly and does not cause difficulties. With the accusative case everything is different. It can very easily be confused with a nominative or genitive. After all the accusative case answers the questions “Whom?” What?" The accusative case denotes the object of the action. A noun, being in the accusative case, experiences the action of another noun, which in this sentence is a predicate. Everything becomes clear with the example: “I love my brother.” The noun "brother" will be in the accusative case. And he will experience a feeling of love from the pronoun “I”. What you should pay attention to when determining the case, so as not to confuse it with the nominative, is the ending. Below is the table:

To distinguish the accusative case from the genitive case, we will use auxiliary words and questions. For the genitive - no (who, what), for the accusative - I see (who, what). As you can see, the questions are different for animate and inanimate objects. Let's play on this.

Let's look at an example:

“Grandma is not at home.” Let's substitute an inanimate object - “there are no keys in the house.” No one, what? Grandmothers, keys. Genitive.

“I don’t see a plate on the table.” Let's substitute an animate object - “I don’t see my brother on the table.” I don’t see who – my brother, I don’t see what – a plate. Whom, what – accusative case.

Features of the accusative case.

The accusative case is used with prepositions such as “In, for, about, on, through.” Difficulties may still arise with the accusative case when tense concepts are indicated in sentences. Let's give an example: “Rewrite an essay all night.” The nouns “night” and “abstract” are in the accusative case in this sentence. You need to be extremely careful with such offers. Along with the confusion between the accusative and the nominative, it can also be confused with the genitive. Let's give an example: “Wait for mother” and “Wait for message.” In the first case the case will be genitive, and in the second case it will be accusative. The difference here is due to the declination of animate and inanimate objects, as we already wrote above.