What are some examples of book vocabulary? Vocabulary of written speech (book and high)

Sexual vocabulary Medical sexology is the only branch of the science of sex and sexual relations that has received official status in Russia. The specific terms that prevail in it constitute the lexical field of communication among sexologists,

METAPHORICAL VOCABULARY

METAPHORICAL VOCABULARY Used in folklore to define basic sexual concepts Male genital organ Female genital organs The process of copulation ram ram play (girl) battery lady drive white

In the modern Russian literary language, book vocabulary bears the stamp primarily of the Old Church Slavonic language. This is manifested in the presence of Old Church Slavonic morphemes (suffixes and prefixes), added during word formation to native Russian, Old Church Slavonic or foreign-language roots:

-ti-, -stv-, -stvi-, -ost, -ni-, -eni-, -ani- etc. (these suffixes usually serve to form verbal nouns characteristic of book speech; in colloquial speech we rarely resort to such nouns, preferring verbs): develop - develop you e, master – master eni e, influence – influence neither e, produce – production stv oh, hello - hello sti e, search - search neither I;

-tai, -tel: progress tai, Glasha tai, voyeur tai, authorities tel, under tel, creation tel ;

bottom- (nis-), up- (resur-), from (is-), pre- (pre-), through-: walk(neutral) – nis walk(book) , fall(neutral) – nis fall(book) , sing(neutral) – sun sing(book) , give(neutral) – WHO give(book) , sit(neutral) – sun sit down(book) , conduct(neutral) – pre conduct(book) , write(neutral) – before write(book) .

All participle suffixes (-ush-, -yush-, -ash-, -box-, -vsh-, -sh-, -t-, -eat-, -om-, -im-, -enn-, -nn-) and suffixes of comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives (-ee, -e, -she, -aysh-, -eysh-) are also Old Church Slavonic, so these forms are used mainly in book speech: Vedas ohm oh, store them oh, nonsense ushch oh, liku yushch yay, cheerful box yay, scream asch yay, love box oh, saved me yonn oh, great aish yay, smart eish th etc. In colloquial speech we prefer verbs to participles, and adjectives with words to adjectives in the form of degrees of comparison Very. Wed: The earth, abundantly watered by rain, turned lushly green(book) and The rain poured heavily on the earth, and it turned green(colloquial); most famous(book) – very famous(colloquial), richest(book) – very rich(colloquial), most talented(book) – very talented(colloquial).

Vocabulary borrowed from other languages ​​is stylistically neutral (names of objects taken from other peoples: beets, notebook, doll, sail, lantern, ribbon(Greek) workbench, painter, clover, bandage(German) suit, blouse, loaf, lamp(French) plaid, cupcake, tank, tram, hockey(English.), bazaar, robe, treasury, herd, watermelon, barn(Turkic language), etc.

A large layer of borrowed vocabulary is bookish in its stylistic coloring: abstract, appeal, office, inauguration, ceremony etc.

Foreign language morphemes are actively used by the Russian language to form book vocabulary. These are consoles anti-(gr. opposite, hostility), dis-(French from, times; destruction, removal, absence of something), counter-(lat. against), super-(lat. above, above), fast-(lat. after), suffixes –ist-, -ism-, -izatsi- etc., which can be added to roots that are different in terms of origin - Old Russian, Old Church Slavonic, foreign: anti-scientific, antibodies, antichrist, disinfection, disorganizer, counteragent, counterattack, dust jacket, superman, postfix, postposition, atheist, feminism(women's movement for equal rights of women with men), democratization, as well as foreign language roots

air(lat. bird) – aviation, airmail, auto(Greek self) – machine gun, car, autograph, agro(gr. field) – agronomist, aqua(lat. water) – watercolor, astro(gr. star) – astronaut, astronomy, biblio(Greek book) – library, bibliography, bio(Greek life) – biography, biology, hubbub(gr. marriage) – monogamy, polygamy, gastro(gr. stomach, abdomen) – gastronomy, gastritis, geo(gr. earth) – geography, geology, hemo(gr. blood) – hemoglobin, gram(Greek notation, letter, sign) – logogram, telegram, graph(Greek I write) – autograph, biographer, humane(lat. human) – humanist, humane, demo(Greek people), times(gr. power) – democracy, core(gr. place for running) – airfield, cosmodrome, log(gr. teaching, word) – psychology, morphology, meter(gr. measure) – meter, thermometer, morpho(gr. form) – morphology, pan(gr. all) – panorama, pneumatic (gr. blow) – pneumatic pump, pre(gr. pre) – preamble, prefix, proto(group one) – prototype, psycho(gr. soul) – psychiatrist, psychology, theca(gr. container, box) – library, music library, thermo(gr. warm) – heat treatment, type(gr. imprint, image) – prototype, background(gr. sound) – telephone, tape recorder, photo(gr. light) – camera, epo(gr. speech) – epic, orthoepic.

In book vocabulary, special lexical layers are distinguished: special, official and sublime vocabulary.

Special vocabulary is characteristic of various fields of science and technology. The bulk of words in special vocabulary are terms. A term is the name of a certain concept of some field of science, technology, or art. Terms are contained in special terminological dictionaries. There are few of them in the explanatory dictionary of the literary language, only commonly used ones. For example, oversized– a product or product whose dimensions do not meet the norm, standard (special) (region of production), negation– the same as negation (in grammar: a word or morpheme that contains the meaning of the opposite of what is affirmed, for example “no”, “not”, “neither” (special), (region of science)), negative– 1) containing a negation, rejecting something; 2) in grammar: a sentence containing a negation before the predicate or as part of the predicate (special), (region of science) Negative sentence; 3) in mathematics: representing a value taken with a minus sign, less than zero (special), (region of science) A negative number; 4) relating to that type of electricity, the material particles of which are called electrons (specialty), (region of science) Negative electric charge. (Ozhegov, Shvedova, 2000 ed.). Terms contained in terminological dictionaries (dictionary of mathematical terms, dictionary of musical terms, dictionary of economic terms) can be classified as passive vocabulary, because These words are used only by a narrow circle of specialists. For people involved in other fields of activity, they are incomprehensible and are unlikely to ever be in demand. For example, prosopopoeia– one of the techniques of artistic depiction, which consists in the fact that animals, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena are endowed with human abilities and properties: the gift of speech, feelings, thoughts (synonym: personification); oxymoron- a phrase consisting of a combination of sharply contrasting, internally contradictory features in the definition of a phenomenon. Sounding silence, bitter joy. (Dictionary of literary terms). It is unlikely that such words will be needed by a specialist in any other field of knowledge, not a literary scholar.

In the explanatory dictionary, next to the words of special vocabulary there is a stylistic mark (specialist.).

The language of business papers must comply with traditions official business style of literary language. The main features of the official business style are accuracy, excluding the possibility of any other interpretations and ambiguities, and locale– the desire to express thoughts in a uniform way by combining standard language models in a certain logical sequence. Bringing linguistic and textual means (arrangement of parts of text, highlighting paragraphs, headings, choice of font, etc.) of official documents to a single model, i.e. standardization and unification of business writing, justified by considerations of convenience, saving time when composing texts of business letters, and their processing. Language models are stable (clichéd, standardized) language expressions that make it possible to express regularly recurring situations of business communication with a high degree of accuracy. Over many years of practice in business correspondence, language formulas have been developed that allow one to clearly and concisely state the motives, reasons and goals of an official message, formulate a request, warning, order, assurance, refusal, etc.: in confirmation of our agreement...; in accordance with the customer's letter... etc. (motive for creating the document); due to delay in receiving the cargo...; in connection with the completion of work on... etc. (reasons for creating the document); to reconcile controversial issues...; to avoid conflict situations...; etc. (the purpose of creating the document); please consider the opportunity...; I order the creation of a commission...; We insist on compliance with all terms of this agreement... etc. (request, order, demand); We remind you that the agreement expires... etc. (reminder, warning); appoint to the position of head of department...(order, order); we inform you that...; we inform you that... etc. (message, notification), etc.

Words and expressions of official vocabulary used in a different, non-official business style of speech are called clericalisms (from the word office - a department of an institution in charge of official correspondence and preparation of current documentation). If in an official letter you can “raise the question of marriage,” then in a personal letter addressed to your beloved girl, this combination of words is inappropriate. In the first case, this is the vocabulary of an official business style, in the second - clericalism. The concept of “bureaucracy” was introduced by K.I. Chukovsky. Officialism is a clerical cliche that is perceived negatively because it impoverishes live speech, does not correspond to the chosen style, and its use is not justified. For example, you cannot say to a child: “What issue are you crying about, baby?”

In the explanatory dictionary, next to the words of official business vocabulary there is a stylistic mark (official).

In book speech it stands out noticeably sublime vocabulary. It allows you to make your speech solemn. Such vocabulary is used especially actively in poetry (hymns, odes). Most of its origin is archaisms - outdated words (not to be confused with historicisms - words denoting objects and phenomena that have passed away, for example, Posad- part of the city located outside the city walls, inhabited by artisans and merchants; golovazhnya– measure of salt of Ancient Rus'; hryvnia- a monetary unit of Ancient Rus', a silver ingot weighing about half a pound). Basically, archaisms are Old Slavonicisms: mouth-lips, cheeks - cheeks, eyes - eyes, brow - forehead, hands - arms, right hand - right hand, sleep - skin, father - father, Fatherland - Motherland etc.

In the explanatory dictionary, next to the words of sublime vocabulary there is a stylistic mark (high).

In journalistic works, sublime vocabulary is used for two purposes: to create solemnity and as a means of irony. An ironic impression is created when colloquial or colloquial words are used next to words of sublime vocabulary.

Book words (vocabulary of book styles) are words that are found in scientific literature (in articles, monographs, textbooks), and in journalism (including in newspapers), and in business documents, and in fiction*, why They are difficult to assign to any particular style. These include: aboriginal, hypothesis, hyperbolize, view, disharmonize, given("this"), disorient, declarative, slapstick, introduction, emergence, innate, pompous, hegemony, illusion, illusory, intuition, eradication, dry up, for, origins, count, indifferent, proper, transformation, touch, illumination("image, display"), colleague, motive("cause"), punctual, original, unreal, find, sudden, prevail, due to the fact that, loss and etc.

* So, for example, the word transformation can be found in the author’s language of the fiction writer, in journalistic and scientific works (below it is in italics): “At that time I was very busy transformation Konstantinovsky Land Surveying School to the Konstantinovsky Land Surveying Institute" (S. Aksakov); "Methods were demonstrated transformation telephone into a microphone that transmits received speech over a distance of hundreds of kilometers" (New World. 1971. No. 11. P. 176), etc.

In addition, bookish words are words that can hardly be said to be used in different styles of writing, but which are clearly uncharacteristic of casual conversation. These are, for example, memorable, excess, overthrow, gain and so on.

Some book words stand out for their “scientific” character, gravitate towards (but do not belong!) to scientific terminology ( impulsive, intense, hypothesis, hyperbolize, prevail, illusory etc.), which gives rise to some linguists calling them “general scientific words”. Others make up a category that can conditionally be called book-literary ( overthrow, loss, mortal, hope, thirst, lofty, sweet-tongued, memorable, scourge, trend, powerful, unattainable, visit, pet, gain etc.). At the same time (this is worth emphasizing again) neither one nor the other belongs to any one style. So, hypothesis, intensive, identical, isolate, interpretation, ignore, transform, characterize and others are used not only in scientific works, but also in journalism (and some of them, such as, intense, transformation, characterized, and in official business documents); words introduction, implementation, implementation and others are characteristic not only of the language of journalism, but also of the language of official business documents; book and literary plunge, crave, memorable, scourge, fermentation, unattainable etc. are inherent not only in the language of fiction, but also in the language of journalism, etc.

The “bookishness” of book vocabulary can be different. In some cases it is not very noticeable, not very distinct; words with such a faint bookishness are called moderately bookish*. These include many verbal nouns in -nie, -nie, -ie, formed from stylistically neutral and moderately literary verbs: arising, taking, touching, weighing, receiving, touching, considering, walking etc., as well as nouns such as significance, exile, incident, origins, measure, enemy, innovation, appearance, inhabitant, object(in the meaning of “a phenomenon, object, person to which someone’s activity, someone’s attention is directed”), carnage etc. The words are also moderately bookish congenital, lofty(And pomp), significant(And significantly, significance), visible(visibly), perverted(perverted, perversity), sophisticated(sophisticated, sophistication), sudden(suddenly, suddenness), unattainable(unattainable), immemorial;inexhaustible, repeated(repeatedly, repeated), charming(charming, charming), seductive(seductively), erect, lay down, arise, renew, infuse(hope, faith) choose, get rid of("to eradicate"), isolate, dry up, resent, decapitate, effectuate, characterize;very, from the outside, must;something, several(meaning "to some extent": " some tired"), some, as a result, since and etc.**

* The authors of the 4-volume Dictionary of the Russian Language, in which bookish vocabulary is in principle distinguished (with the mark “bookish.”), do not give marks to moderately bookish words, considering them stylistically neutral. More or less consistently, this vocabulary is qualified as book vocabulary in the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" according to d ed. D.N. Ushakova.

** You can indicate that some, i.e. moderate, bookishness distinguishes gerunds and participles formed not only from moderately bookish, but also from stylistically neutral verbs.

In other words, “bookishness” is felt much more clearly. That is why they are called purely bookish. This: altruism, hypothesis, doctrinaire, hypothetical, hyperbole, hyperbolize, hypertrophied, for, illusory, indifferent, colleague, lapidary, nuance, unshakable, neophyte, bearer, nostalgia, promised, clothe, foreseeable, acquire, odious, burden, prerogative, pet, piety, precedent, zealous, truism and etc.

A significant part of bookish words (moderately and strictly bookish) do not express any emotional assessment, but only name some phenomena, objects, properties, actions (usually of an abstract nature). In many cases, they have an inter-style synonym that completely matches their meaning: given – this;hyperbolize - exaggerate;someone - someone;significant - big;a few - a little;for, since - because;lapidary - short;once upon a time - once upon a time etc.

But among the book vocabulary there are also words that, in addition to denoting the corresponding phenomena, properties, actions, also contain their assessment - positive or negative, disapproving. This evaluation of words is usually indicated in explanatory dictionaries by the corresponding mark (“iron.” - ironic, “joking.” - humorous, “with a tinge of disapproval,” “with a tinge of disdain,” etc.) or by the interpretation of the meaning itself. Litter "shutl." stands, for example, in the words great, green, dwelling, clothe (and vestments) and some etc.; marked "iron." we find with the words mortal, lofty, most humble, panacea, notorious, person(in the meaning of “person”, “personality”), etc. And the evaluative value of such words as doctrinaire, vandalism, insinuation, obscurantist, spotlight and so on. shown in dictionaries with a corresponding explanation of the meaning of the word. For example:

Vandalism– merciless destruction and destruction of cultural and artistic monuments*.

Doctrinaire- a person who blindly and pedantically follows any particular doctrine; scholastic, reciter.

* In this and other interpretations given below, words expressing an assessment of the phenomenon or person they call are highlighted.

To vocabulary writing These include words that are used primarily in written varieties of the literary language: in scientific articles, textbooks, in official documents, in business papers, and are not used in casual conversations or in everyday speech.
The language of fiction (prose, poetry, drama) does not belong to specifically written varieties of speech (as well as to specifically oral types of speech).
The vocabulary of fiction, based on neutral words, can include words of both oral and written speech (as well as, along with them, all varieties of popular vocabulary: dialectisms, professionalisms, jargons).
There are two types of written vocabulary:
1) Book vocabulary;
2) High vocabulary (poetic, solemn).
A functional-style stratification of book vocabulary is noted:
1) Official business;
2) Scientific;
3) Newspaper and journalistic.
Official business vocabulary is used in government documents of the following types:
1) Laws;
2) Regulations;
3) Charters;
4) Instructions;
5) Office and administrative papers;
6) Business letters;
7) Agreements;
8) Legal business documents;
9) International agreements;
10) Communiqué;
11) Diplomatic notes, etc. This vocabulary is characterized by:
a) isolation (there are no inclusions of other styles);
b) semantic clarity;
c) maximum unambiguity;
d) the presence of clichés, stereotypes, cliches. Main lexical groups of business style:
1) Names of business papers: application, instruction, explanatory, report, note, certificate, petition;
2) Names of documents: diploma, passport, certificate, charter;
3) Business and production-technical terminology: cargo turnover, carrying capacity, supply, recyclable materials, medical personnel, overalls, financial department;
4) Nomenclature names (names of various institutions, officials and their posts): general directorate, ministry, engineer, inspector. In modern business style, abbreviations are widely used: KB - design bureau; UKS - capital construction management, etc.
For scientific vocabulary foreign style inclusions are also not typical. In the scientific style, words with abstract semantics are used. In the lexical system of the scientific style, first of all, general scientific vocabulary can be distinguished: abstraction, argumentation, research, classification, method, methodology, object, systematization, etc.
Features of the vocabulary of the scientific style include the mandatory presence of terms. Term- this is a word or phrase used to most accurately name special concepts in the field of production, science, and art.
The set of terms of a certain field or branch of knowledge forms a terminological system (terminology) called metalanguage of this science.
Each science necessarily has its own terminology (metalanguage). An example of a developed terminological sphere (developed meta-language) is linguistics: Morpheme, sentence, prefix, phrase, suffix, inflection, etc.
Main function newspaper and journalistic style is a function of influence, because the main feature of journalism is political emphasis, citizenship, and polemical intensity.
Newspaper and journalistic vocabulary is most common in newspaper and magazine reviews, in socio-political and literary critical articles, in pamphlets, feuilletons, essays, proclamations and so on, for example: humanism, unity, neutrality, autonomy, patriotism, propaganda, event, progressive, etc.
Unlike book vocabulary, which accurately names abstract concepts, but is somewhat dry (that is, minimally emotional), vocabulary high characterized by elation, often solemnity and poetry. Words of high vocabulary belong to four parts of speech:
1) Nouns: Daring, chosen one, fatherland, accomplishment, creator;
2) Adjectives: Sovereign, daring, radiant, irreversible;
3) Adverbs: Forever, from now on;
4) Verbs: To erect, to erect, to delineate, to accomplish.
High vocabulary gives speech a solemn, upbeat or poetic sound. It is used in cases when we are talking about significant events in the life of the country and people, when the author’s feelings are high and festive.
L. Leonov justified the need to use lofty words: “Just as it is shameful to speak about Pushkin, according to Belinsky, in humble prose, the name of Tolstoy today requires a festive verbal frame.”
For example, recalling his first meeting with L.N. Tolstoy, V.A. Gilyarovsky wrote: “This meeting with the great Lev Nikolaevich is unforgettable, this is the best moment of my life.” In this passage, the word unforgettable sounds more sublime than unforgettable.
Vocabulary of fiction (poetry, prose, drama), which may include:
1) Neutral words;
2) Words of oral and written speech;
3) Non-national vocabulary.